iBT writing讲义

To list points1）first, second, third, last2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally3）the first, the second, the third, the last4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally6）to start with, next, in addition, finally7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least8）most important of all, moreover, finally9）on the one hand, on the other hand10）for one thing, for another thingone/another/a further/an additional (major) advantage of … is…The main/greatest/first advantage of… is…One/another/a further/an additional (major) disadvantage/drawback of…The main/greatest/most serious/first disadvantage/drawback of …Another negative aspect of …To introduce points/arguments for or against One (very convincing) point/argument in favor of…/against… is thatA further common criticism of …/ It could be argued that…often claimed/suggested/It is widely + argued/maintained/ + thatgenerally felt/believed/heldSome/many/most people/experts/scientists/skeptics/critics+(1)claim/suggest/argue/feel that…maintain/believe/point out/agr ee/hold that…(2)advocate(+ing/noun)/support the view that…oppose the view that…(3) in favor of/against…are + of the opinion that/convinced that…opposed to …Paraphrase(1)It is widely maintained that recycling some products reduces the amount of damage we do to the environment.Most people advocate…(2)Some people still oppose the view that mothers can be career women too. Some people feel…(3)One argument against nuclear testing is that it has long-lasting effects on surrounding areas.Skeptics point out that…(4)It is generally held that harsher punishments for criminals would result in a decrease in the crime rate.Many people support…(5)Critics often argue that the use of computers is reducing levels of literacy.A further common criticism…To add more points to the same topicIn addition (to this), not only…butfurthermore, also/as well,moreover, both… and,besides,apart fromwhat is more,as well as,not to mention (the fact) that,also,There is another side to the issue/question/argument of …To make contrasting pointsOn the other hand, however, still, yet, but nonetheless, nevertheless, even so+(1)it might be said/argued/claimed that…(2)oppose this viewpointOthers/ + (strongly) disagree…Many people claim/feel/believe thisargument is incorrect/misguidedAlthoughThoughEven thoughWhileWhilstWhereasDespite/in spite of (the fact that)Regardless of the fact thatOpponents of …argue/believe/claim that…The fact that…contradicts the belief/idea that..While it is true to say that…, in fact…While/although…, it cannot be denied that…Paraphrase(1)Pets can prove to be good companions. They teach children a sense of responsibility.(not only)(2)Many people nowadays decide to open their own business. A slump in the economy has resulted in the closure of many small business.(even though)(3)Computers are time-saving devices. They can do things which people could hardly do before.(apart from)(4)Living in the countryside can be beneficial for your health. Some essentials are not so easily available in the country as in the city.(despite)(5)Voting gives you a voice in the decisions of the government. It gives you a feeling of belonging to a larger community.(not to mention that)Complete the sentences(1)Regardless of the fact that country life can be much healthier than city life, _________.(2)Efforts have been made to reduce discrimination between men and women; nonetheless,___________.(3)In spite of making some attempts to end wars worldwide,___________.(4)Many people feel that the testing of products on animals is cruel, while________.To introduce examplesFor exampleFor instanceSuch asLikeIn particularParticularlyEspeciallyThis is (clear) illustrated/shown by the fact that…One/a clear/striking/typical example of (this)…The fact that…show/illustrates that…Two examples that aptly illustrate this point involve…An even more striking example of how… involve…Consider examples, such as…consider/imagine, for instance, …One need look no further than + n.To emphasize a pointClearly,obviously,it is obvious,naturally,of course,needless to say,indeedTo express realityIn fact,the fact (of the matter) is,actually,in practice,it is a fact that,in effectTo make general statementsAs a (general) rule,generally,in general,on the whole,by and large,in most casesTo make partially correct statements To a certain extent/degree,to some extent/degree,in a way/sense,this is partly true (but),to a limited extent,there is some truth in (this),in some cases,up to a pointTo explain/clarify a pointIn other words,that is to say,this/which means thatTo express causeOwing to, in thatdue to (fact that),on account of,on the ground that,given that,because,as,sinceTo express effectTherefore,thus,as result/consequence,consequently,for this reason,if…were to happen, the effect/result would be…To express intentionTo,so as to,in order to,so that,with the intention of (+ -ing)conclusion expressing balanced considerations/opinion indirectly In conclusion,On balance,All things considered,Taking everything into account/consideration,To conclude,To sum up,All in all,Finally/lastly,It can/must be said/claimed that…It seems/appears that…It would seem thatIt is likely/unlikely/possible/foreseeable that…It is clear/obvious that…The best course of action would be to …Achieving a balance between…would be…It is true to say that…All things considered, the obvious conclusion to be drawn is that…There is no absolute answer to question of…In the light of this evidence, it is clear/obvious that…Conclusion expressing opinion directlyit is my belief/opinion that…I (firmly) believe/feel/think that…I am convinced that…I am inclined to believe that…I (do not) agree that/withConclusion expressing opinion directlyTaking everything into account, I therefore conclude/feel/believe (that)…For the above-mentioned reasons, therefore, I (firmly) believe that…Useful expressions for giving opinionsTo my mind/To my way of thinking, …It is my (firm) belief/opinion/view/conviction (that)In my opinion/view…It strikes me that…I am inclined to believe that…It seems/appears to me…As far as I am concerned…Useful expressions: Problems & SolutionsSteps should be taken so as to solve…Measures must be taken in order to overcome/combat/deal with/eradicate…Useful expressions: Problems & SolutionsSerious attempts to halt/prevent/solve…must be made. People/governments should focus their/our attention on ways+(1)To solve/overcome the problem of …(2)To improve the situation of …(3)To reduce the impact of … on society…Transitional words表示举例(exemplification)所用的过渡词：For example, for instance, a good case in point, in the case of, as an example, as a case, as an illustration, such as, in point, namely, like, that is, say表示列举(enumeration)所用的过渡词：序数词(first, second, third,…), first of all, firstly, in the first place, to begin with, besides, in addition to, moreover, furthermore, next, also, as well, too, what is more, beyond that, for one thing… for another thing…, finally, at least表示原因(cause)所用的过渡词：Because, because of, since, for, as, be due to, owing to, on account of, as a result of, on the ground of, derive from, originate from, lead to, result(in), based on表示结果(result)所用的过渡词：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for this reason, as a consequence, on that account, …follow(s)…表示比较(comparison)所用的过渡词：Like, both…and…, equally important, similarly, likewise, in common, in the same way, in the same manner, the same…as, as…as…, 比较级, increase/decrease, enhance, change, enlarge, new, different, distinctive, relative表示对比(contrast)所用的过渡词：By contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, not… but…, rather than otherwise, unlike, instead, conversely表示让步(concession)所用的过渡词：Though, although, even though, but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, yet, admittedly, in spite of, despite, it is true…but…, granted that表示强调(emphasis)所用的过渡词：Mainly, chiefly, especially, indeed, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, particularly, certainly, above all, surely, undoubtedly, no doubt, all in all, most important/significant of all表示引导(introduction)所用的过渡词：Generally(speaking), frankly(speaking), comparatively(speaking), in general, in my opinion, in a way, in a sense, in some cases, obviously, clearly, undoubtedly,nowadays, recently, currently, now, in the past, …years ago表示结论(conclusion)所用的过渡词：In conclusion, in short, as a whole, in a word, on the whole, in summary, in brief, to sum up, to conclude, finally, lastly表示时间(time)所用的过渡词：Earlier, previous, formerly, before, after, as, until meanwhile, later, afterwards, next, soon1.Whereas other societies look to the past for guidance, we cast our netsforward（面向未来）2.It is the belief in a brighter future that gives us optimism.3.Even these days, when not all progress seems positive (nuclear weapons,air pollution, unemployment, etc.), the belief remains that for every problem there is a rational solution.4.The job of the parents is to give the children every opportunity while theyare growing up and then get out of their way.5.What deference people in authority do command is based on their actualpowers rather than on their age, wisdom, or dignity.6.In a society that changes as fast as ours, experience simply does not havethe value that it does in traditional societies.7.It has taken a long time to convince the public that free enterprise does notmean that a company should be free to pollute the air, foul the rivers, and destroy the forests.8.The assembly line reduced workers to cogs of machinery and made theirjobs unutterably boring, but it produced goods fast.Food is prepackaged and shopping is impersonal, but the efficiency of the operation produces lower prices and less shopping time.9.As an American is always striving to change his lot, he never fully identifieswith any group.10.In America, there are no such expressions such as in C hina where “the fatpig gets slaughtered,” or in Japan, where “the nail that sticks out gets hammered dow n.”11.This freedom from the group has enabled the American to become“Economic Man”--one directed almost purely by profit motive, mobile and unencumbered（不受阻碍的）by family or community obligations.12.Equipped with the money, one can acquire the taste, style, and ideas thatmark each class and launch a quick ascent of the social ladder.13.Actually, persons in status societies who are secure in their niches （适当的位置）are allowed more eccentricity than Americans, who rely heavily on signals that other people like them.14.When half the population goes to college, one cannot expect the colleges tomaintain the same standards as in countries where only the elite attend.15.Just as not every Japanese is hardworking and deferential to superiors （长者、上司）, not every Chinese is devoted to family, not every American is ambitious or patriotic - or even unsophisticated.16.No one could seriously think that anyone who grows up poor, lives in a badneighborhood, and attends an inferior school has an opportunity equal to that of someone more favored.17.Americans may not have achieved equality, but at least they aspire to it,which is more than many other nations can claim.18.In many countries, when jobs become available for young people in distantcities, when television begins to dominate home life, when ready - made foods appear in the markets, the culture appears more “American” - although the resemblance could be entirely superficial.19.Someone who looks around or down appears shifty （不可靠的）toAmericans, although in fact one doesn’t stare co ntinuously at the other person, but glances elsewhere every few seconds.20.When the demand for something is greater than its supply, producers andsuppliers will sense the possibility of making a profit - the excess of revenues over expenses is the profit.21.The classic example of pure competition occurs with a commodity, likewheat or corn, that has so many producers that no one of them can control its selling price.22.A monopoly occurs when one company alone offers a particular food orservice and therefore controls the market and price for it.23.Private restaurants serve gourmet food for $70 per person; incentivesboosted agricultural production 25 percent and industrial output 80 percent in just three years; farmers are encouraged to raise as much as they can on their own plots, and some become almost rich in the process.（注意本句中分号的使用）24.All these changes in China’s economic life have brought changes in China’ssocial and cultural life as well, many of which unwanted.25.If productivity measures the efficiency of an economy, a measure of whatan economic system produces is its gross national product (GNP), which is the current market value of all final goods and services that a nation produces within a particular period.26.Current wisdom says that （当前流行的看法认为）if you want a successfulproduct, you need first to perform detailed market analysis, making sure that there are plenty of people who need the new product and that your entry into the market will be able to gain a significant share of that market.27.Started at the turn of the century, 3M ( a giant American company) hasbeen growing at a healthy rate of about 10 percent a year and it boasts of having 45,000 products on the market.28.An entrepreneur is someone like Tom Monaghan, the man who afterbrushes with bankrupt cy turned Domino’s Pizza into the nation’s fastest - growing franchise chain.29.The extent to which the broadcast media should be censored for offensivelanguage and behavior involves a conflict between our right as individuals to freely express ourselves and the duty of government to protect its citizenry from potential harm.30.Although we may not have conclusive scientific evidence of a cause-effectrelationship, ample anecdotal evidence establishes a significant correlation.31.Moreover, both common sense and our experiences with children inform usthat people tend to mimic the language and behavior they are exposed to.32.Those who advocate unbridled individual expression might point out thatthe right of free speech is intrinsic to a democracy and necessary to its survival.33.In sum, it is in our best interest as a society for the government to censorbroadcast media for obscene and offensive language and behavior.34.While individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills andfinding work, both industry and government have some obligation to provide them with the means of doing so.35.The suggested reason for buying the car is obvious: it is the intelligentchoice.（注意冒号的使用）36.In conclusion, I agree that appeals to emotion are more powerful tools thanarguments and reasoning for promoting products.37.Advertising is obviously the most influential art form in this century; it is,therefore, tempting to think that it is the most important.38.The lesson here is that advertising, in itself, probably will not achieve asgreat importance as art.39.Requiring businesses to provide complete product information to customerspromotes various consumer interests, but at the same time imposes burdens on businesses, government, and taxpayer.40.While I doubt that buildings determine our character or basic personalitytraits, I argue that they can greatly influence our attitudes, moods, and even life styles.41.Numerous psychological studies show that different colors influencebehavior, attitudes, and emotions in distinctly different ways.42.Women differ fundamentally from men in childbearing ability; related to thisability is the maternal instinct - a desire to nurture - that is far stronger for women than for men, generally speaking.43.In consumer-driven industries, innovation, product differentiation, andcreativity are crucial to lasting success.44.And in technology, when there are no conventional practices or ways ofthinking to begin with, companies that fail to break away from last year’s paradigm are soon left behind by the competition.45.Whether an individual saves too little or borrows too much depends on thepurpose and extent of either activity.46.The evidence suggests that, on balance, people today tend to concernthemselves with only practical matters that are related to their life.47.Traditionally, saving is viewed as a virtue, while borrowing is considered as avice.48.However, just the opposite may be true under certain circumstances.意识到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb. to the fact/danger接触各种思想，经历：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems接触社会:come into frequent/close contact with the world/society剥夺机会/权利：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity获得成功：achieve/accomplish success提出建议，观点：advance/put forward/come up with arguments/ideas/suggestions做出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study)许多问题：a host of /a multitude of problems影响学习，工作：interfere in, exert a profound influence on life/ personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on越来越：be increasingly+ adj., be on the rise, the growing number of较好的驾驭生活：be a better pilot of one’s life采取措施：take effective step/measures to躲避危险、挑战：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge, shun publicity 补偿损失：compensate for/ make up for the loss/damage解释某现象：account for/explain the phenomenon对……很好的了解:have a better understanding/ appreciation of, have a new perspective on, provide/gain an sight into把某因素考虑进去：take sth. into account(consideration), give much thought to 引起人们注意：claim/call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.培养对……的信心：develop/foster one’s interest/confidence in经历变化，困难，艰险：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience 交流经验，知识：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge发挥，起到重要作用：play an(important/active/great) image生活充满不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice追求学习职业：pursue one’s academic学习知识，技术：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill充分发挥潜力，能力：develop one’s ability/potential to the full, give full play to one’s ability充满激情，渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion for被看做学习的。