The P-range tree A new data structure for range searching in secondary memory

小学下册英语第2单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A _____ (植物适应性) allows survival in harsh conditions.2.The process of filtration is used to separate ______ mixtures.3.I want to ________ (lead) community projects.4.The ______ teaches us about environmental science.5.What is the capital of the USA?A. New YorkB. Washington D.C. C. Los AngelesD. Chicago6.The elephant sprays water with its ______ (鼻子). It is very ______ (有趣).7. A ____(landslide) occurs when soil and rock move downhill.8. A chemical that causes a reaction to occur is called a ______.9.The Earth's surface is influenced by both human and ______ factors.10. A ____ is a tiny creature that hops in gardens.11.The tree is _______ (covered) in blossoms.12. A __________ is formed from the deposition of sediments in a lake.13.The ________ is a famous landmark in Egypt.14.My grandfather, ______ (我的祖父), tells great stories from the past.15.Chemicals can change color when they undergo a ______.16.The process of turning a gas into a liquid is called ______.17.She can _______ (speak) three languages.18.What do you use to write on paper?A. PaintB. PencilC. ScissorsD. GlueB19.How many senses do humans have?A. FourB. FiveC. SixD. SevenB20.The chemical formula for acetic acid is ______.21.The _____ (商店) opens at nine.22.What do you call the time before noon?A. AfternoonB. MorningC. EveningD. NightB23.The rock cycle illustrates how rocks can change from one form to another over ______.24.The sound of rain is very ______ (放松).25.n rainforest is home to many ________ (动物). The Amaz26.What do you call a house made of ice?A. IglooB. HutC. TentD. Cabin27.What do we call the part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients?A. StemB. LeafC. RootD. FlowerC28.The chemical formula for sodium sulfate is ______.29.I have a ___ (sister/brother) and a dog.30.What do you call the practice of growing crops?A. AgricultureB. HorticultureC. FarmingD. Gardening31.What is the capital city of Belgium?A. BrusselsB. AntwerpC. GhentD. BrugesA32. A __________ is a chemical reaction that produces sound and light.33.I enjoy _____ (painting/drawing).34.What do we call the primary source of energy for the Earth?A. WindB. WaterC. SunD. VolcanoesC35.I can _____ my shoes by myself. (put on)36.What is the capital city of Mexico?A. CancúnB. GuadalajaraC. Mexico CityD. Monterrey37.The country known for its festivals is ________ (印度).38.The _____ (桌子) is made of wood.39.The __________ is a famous mountain in Japan.40.I enjoy _______ (散步) in the evenings.41.What do you call a person who plays an instrument?A. MusicianB. SingerC. DancerD. Actor42. (Civil Rights) Movement fought for equality in the USA. The ____43.I like to _____ (画) flowers.44.The ________ was a famous route for traders in the Middle Ages.45.What is the main source of energy for plants?A. WaterB. SoilC. SunlightD. Air46.He is flying a ___. (kite)47.I believe that everyone should have the opportunity to express their __________.48.I enjoy creating with my ________ (塑料积木).49.The _______ (The Spanish Civil War) was fought between Republicans and Nationalists.50.The __________ (元素) table organizes all known elements.51.What is the fastest land animal?A. CheetahB. HorseC. LionD. Gazelle52.The __________ was a time of significant social change in the 1960s. (社会运动)53.What is the name of the famous bear that loves honey?A. PaddingtonB. Winnie the PoohC. YogiD. Baloo54.The antelope's speed is unmatched, making it one of the swiftest creatures on ____.55.What is the name of the famous bear who loves honey?A. PaddingtonB. Winnie the PoohC. BalooD. Yogi BearB56.The process of using enzymes to break down substances is called ______.57.The ______ helps us learn about ethical practices.58.Birds make _______ (巢) in the trees.59. (Renaissance) was a period of great cultural revival in Europe. The ____60.What is the main ingredient in potato chips?A. RiceB. PotatoC. CornD. WheatB61.What is the name of the person who performs in front of an audience?A. PerformerB. AudienceC. DirectorD. Producer62.We analyze ________ (data) for insights.63.What is the capital city of Nigeria?A. LagosB. AbujaC. Port HarcourtD. Kano64. A polymer is a large molecule made of repeating ______.65.Some animals, like bears, prepare for winter by __________.66.What is the capital of India?A. MumbaiB. New DelhiC. KolkataD. Bangalore67.The __________ is a famous historical site in Cambodia. (吴哥窟)68.Moss often grows in ______ (阴湿) areas.69.The first written language was _____ (cuneiform) developed by the Sumerians.70.My teacher is __________, and she/ he helps us __________.71.The main gas that causes global warming is ______.72.The __________ is a mountain range that runs along the west coast of North America.73. A group of lions is called a ______.74.She is ___ (studying/relaxing) at home.75.What is the fastest land animal?A. CheetahB. LionC. HorseD. GazelleA76.What is the primary color of a honeydew melon?A. GreenB. YellowC. OrangeD. Red77. A ________ (航空港) is where planes take off and land.78.What is the name of the sweet dessert made from sugar and cream?A. MeringueB. PavlovaC. CheesecakeD. TiramisuC79.Herbs are often grown in ______ (窗台) pots.80.Which day comes after Monday?A. SundayB. TuesdayC. WednesdayD. ThursdayB81.Liquid water freezes at _____ ( degrees Celsius).82.What do you call the plant that grows in water?A. TreeB. FlowerC. Aquatic plantD. BushC83.What is the name of the process by which stars generate energy?A. Nuclear FusionB. FissionC. Chemical ReactionD. Thermal Emission84.I drink __________ in the morning.85. A chemical that can accept electrons is called an ______ agent.86.What is the name of the fairy tale character who lost her glass slipper?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. RapunzelD. Sleeping Beauty87.The __________ (历史的共鸣) resonates across cultures.88. A ____(sustainable product) is made with minimal environmental impact.89.Oxygen is essential for ______.90.The fish tank is ___ (full).91.What is the capital of Malaysia?A. Kuala LumpurB. GeorgetownC. MalaccaD. Johor BahruA92.What do you call a young mongoose?A. KitB. PupC. CalfD. Cub93. A __________ is a geological feature that can impact agricultural practices.94.An insulator does not allow heat to ______.95.I want to eat _______ (比萨饼) for dinner.96.How many colors are in a traffic light?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 297.I want to _______ (去参加) a workshop.98. A parrot can ______ (说话) and mimic sounds.99.What is the name of the famous American author known for "The Great Gatsby"?A. F. Scott FitzgeraldB. Ernest HemingwayC. Mark TwainD. John SteinbeckA100.What is the name of the famous wizard in J.K. Rowling's series?A. GandalfB. DumbledoreC. Harry PotterD. FrodoC。

树上启发式合并详解In graph theory, a tree is a widely used data structure that consists of nodes or vertices connected by edges. One common problem in tree algorithms is the need to merge or combine subtrees efficiently. This is where the concept of heuristic merging, also known as tree merging or tree union, comes into play.Heuristic merging is a technique that allows us to efficiently merge two subtrees in a tree structure. It is particularly useful when dealing with large trees where the traditional methods of merging, such as traversing theentire tree, become inefficient. The goal of heuristic merging is to find an optimal way to merge the subtrees based on certain criteria or heuristics.One common heuristic used in tree merging is the sizeof the subtrees. The idea is to merge the smaller subtree into the larger subtree, as merging smaller subtrees is generally faster and requires fewer operations. Thisheuristic is based on the assumption that larger subtrees are more likely to have more nodes and edges, and therefore merging them would result in a more significant reductionin the overall size of the tree.Another heuristic used in tree merging is the depth or height of the subtrees. The depth heuristic suggests merging the subtree with a smaller depth into the subtree with a larger depth. This heuristic is based on the observation that merging a shallow subtree into a deeper subtree can potentially reduce the overall depth of the tree, leading to a more balanced and efficient structure.In addition to size and depth, other heuristics can also be employed in tree merging algorithms. These heuristics can be based on various properties of the subtrees, such as the number of leaves, the average distance between nodes, or even domain-specific characteristics. The choice of heuristics depends on the specific requirements and constraints of the problem at hand.To implement heuristic merging, various data structures and algorithms can be used. One common approach is to use a disjoint-set data structure, also known as a union-find data structure. This data structure allows efficient merging of subtrees by maintaining a set of disjoint sets and providing operations to merge and find the representative of each set. By utilizing heuristics, the merging operation in the disjoint-set data structure can be optimized to achieve better performance.Overall, heuristic merging is a powerful technique in tree algorithms that allows efficient merging of subtrees based on certain criteria or heuristics. By carefully choosing and implementing these heuristics, we can significantly improve the performance and efficiency of tree merging operations.。

数据结构专业英语词汇汇总
- Data structure: 数据结构
- Array: 数组
- Linked list: 链表
- Stack: 栈
- Queue: 队列
- Binary tree: 二叉树
- AVL tree: AVL树 (一种自平衡二叉查找树)
- Red-black tree: 红黑树 (一种自平衡二叉查找树)
- Hash table: 哈希表
- Graph: 图
- Vertex: 顶点
- Edge: 边
- Adjacency list: 邻接表 (一种表示图的数据结构)
- Adjacency matrix: 邻接矩阵 (一种表示图的数据结构) - Heap: 堆
- Binary heap: 二叉堆 (一种特殊的堆数据结构)
- Priority queue: 优先队列 (用堆实现的一种队列)
- Trie: 字典树 (一种用于快速检索的树形数据结构)
- Big O notation: 大O符号 (一种表示算法时间复杂度的记号) - Sorting algorithm: 排序算法
- Searching algorithm: 算法
- Abstract data type (ADT): 抽象数据类型
- Hashing: 哈希函数的计算过程
- Collision: 哈希冲突 (发生在两个不同的键值被映射到相同的哈希桶时)。

小学下册英语第1单元期末试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A _____ (89) is a small stream.2.We go _____ (shopping) on Saturdays.3.The Sun's core is extremely ______ and hot.4.I want to ________ (run) a marathon.5. A ______ (植物的生态监测) can provide valuable data.6.My friend loves __________ (参与新项目).7.My mom enjoys __________ (和朋友聚会) on weekends.8.Chemical reactions can be affected by surface area and ______.9. A molecule with a high affinity for electrons is called ______.10.The Earth's atmosphere contains various ______ gases.11.I have a toy _____ that can transform.12.We go _____ (hiking) every spring.13.What is the name of the dog in "The Wizard of Oz"?A. TotoB. SnoopyC. PlutoD. Brian答案:A14.What do we call the lines that run north to south on a map?A. LongitudeB. LatitudeC. EquatorD. Meridian答案:a15.ers are __________ (香味) and attract bees. Some flo16.Incorporating native plants into your garden can support local ______. (在花园中加入本地植物可以支持当地生态。

雅思剑12阅读真题Test5Passage1真题精讲雅思剑12阅读真题Test5Passage1原文及答案!剑桥雅思真题练习是权威的复习资料，建议每一位考生都应该做相关练习，目前剑桥雅思已经更新到12了，下面小编为大家带来雅思剑12阅读真题Test5Passage1原文及答案，供大家复习。

雅思剑12阅读真题Test5Passage1原文及题目READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.CorkCork - the thick bark of the cork oak tree (Quercus suber) - is a remarkable material. It is tough, elastic, buoyant, and fire-resistant, and suitable for a wide range of purposes. It has also been used for millennia: the ancient Egyptians sealed their sarcophagi (stone coffins) with cork, while the ancient Greeks and Romans used it for anything from beehives to sandals.And the cork oak itself is an extraordinary tree. Its bark grows up to 20 cm in thickness, insulating the tree like a coat wrapped around the trunk and branches and keeping the inside at a constant 20℃ all year round. Developed most probably as a defence against forest fires, the bark of the cork oak has a particular cellular structure - with about 40 million cells per cubic centimetre - that technology has never succeeded in replicating. The ceils are filled with air, which is why cork is so buoyant.It also has an elasticity that means you can squash it and watch it spring back to its original size and shape when you release the pressure.Cork oaks grow in a number of Mediterranean countries, including Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and Morocco. Theyflourish in warm, sunny climates where there is a minimum of 400 millimetres of rain per year, and not more than 800 millimetres. Like grape vines, the trees thrive in poor soil, putting down deep roots in search of moisture and nutrients. Southern Portugal’s Alentejo region meets all of these requirements, which explains why, by the early 20th century, this region had become the world’s largest producer of cork, and why today it accounts for roughly half of all cork production around the world.Most cork forests are family-owned. Many of these family businesses, and indeed many of the trees themselves, are around 200 years old. Cork production is, above all, an exercise in patience. From the planting of a cork sapling to the first harvest takes 25 years, and a gap of approximately a decade must separate harvests from an individual tree. And for top-quality cork, it’s necessary to wait a further 15 or 20 years. You even have to wait for the right kind of summer’s day to harvest cork. If the bark is stripped on a day when it’s too cold - or when the air is damp - the tree will be damaged.Cork harvesting is a very specialised profession. No mechanical means of stripping cork bark has been invented, so the job is done by teams of highly skilled workers. First, they make vertical cuts down the bark using small sharp axes, then lever it away in pieces as large as they can manage. The most skilful cork- strippers prise away a semi-circular husk that runs the length of the trunk from just above ground level to the first branches. It is then dried on the ground for about four months, before being taken to factories, where it is boiled to kill any insects that might remain in the cork. Over 60% of cork then goes on to be made into traditional bottle stoppers, with most of the remainder being used in the construction trade. Corkboard andcork tiles are ideal for thermal and acoustic insulation, while granules of cork are used in the manufacture of concrete.Recent years have seen the end of the virtual monopoly of cork as the material for bottle stoppers, due to concerns about the effect it may have on the contents of the bottle. This is caused by a chemical compound called 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), which forms through the interaction of plant phenols, chlorine and mould. The tiniest concentrations - as little as three or four parts to a trillion - can spoil the taste of the product contained in the bottle. The result has been a gradual yet steady move first towards plastic stoppers and, more recently, to aluminium screw caps. These substitutes are cheaper to manufacture and, in the case of screw caps, more convenient for the user.The classic cork stopper does have several advantages, however. Firstly, its traditional image is more in keeping with that of the type of high quality goods with which it has long been associated. Secondly - and very importantly - cork is a sustainable product that can be recycled without difficulty. Moreover, cork forests are a resource which support local biodiversity, and prevent desertification in the regions where they are planted. So, given the current concerns about environmental issues, the future of this ancient material once again looks promising.following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 The cork oak has the thickest bark of any living tree.2 Scientists have developed a synthetic cork with the same cellular structure as natural cork.3 Individual cork oak trees must be left for 25 years between the first and second harvest.4 Cork bark should be stripped in dry atmospheric conditions.5 The only way to remove the bark from cork oak trees is by hand.Questions 6-13Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.Comparison of aluminium screw caps and cork bottle stoppersAdvantages of aluminium screw capsdo not affect the 6 ______ of the bottle contentsare 7 ______ to produceare 8 ______ to useAdvantages of cork bottle stopperssuit the 9 ______ of quality productsmade from a 10 ______ materialeasily 11 ______cork forests aid 12 ______cork forests stop 13 ______ happening雅思剑12阅读Test5 Passage1答案解析Test 5 Passage 1Question 1答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：cork oak; thickest bark定位原文：第二段第二句“Its bark grows up to 20cm in thickness, insulating the tree….”解题思路：原文只提到软木橡树的树皮能长到20厘米的厚度，并未提到它的树皮是否是所有树中最厚的。

树种调查英文专业术语Conducting a Tree Species Investigation: A Comprehensive ExplorationThe world around us is teeming with diverse and fascinating flora, each species uniquely adapted to its environment. Among the most captivating of these natural wonders are the myriad tree species that grace our landscapes, providing not only aesthetic beauty but also vital ecological functions. As professionals in the field of environmental science, it is our responsibility to delve deeper into the intricacies of these arboreal marvels, uncovering their taxonomic classifications, physiological characteristics, and roles within their respective ecosystems.At the heart of this endeavor lies the tree species investigation, a meticulous process of identifying, categorizing, and studying the trees that populate a given region. This endeavor requires a comprehensive understanding of botanical terminology, as well as a keen eye for the subtle differences that distinguish one species from another. By mastering the English language lexicon associated with tree taxonomy, we can unlock a wealth of knowledge and unlock the doors to a deeper appreciation of the natural world.To begin our investigation, we must first familiarize ourselves with the fundamental taxonomic hierarchy that governs the classification of trees. At the broadest level, we have the kingdom Plantae, which encompasses all photosynthetic organisms, including both flowering and non-flowering plants. Within this kingdom, trees are classified under the division Tracheophyta, also known as vascular plants, which possess specialized tissues for the transport of water and nutrients.Delving deeper, we find that trees belong to the class Magnoliopsida, or dicotyledons, characterized by the presence of two seed leaves, or cotyledons, upon germination. This class is further divided into numerous orders, each with its own distinctive features and adaptations. For instance, the order Fagales includes the familiar oak, beech, and chestnut trees, while the order Pinales encompasses the coniferous species, such as pines, firs, and spruces.At the species level, the specific epithet, or scientific name, serves as the primary means of identification. This binomial nomenclature system, pioneered by the renowned Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus, assigns each plant a unique two-part name, consisting of the genus and species. For example, the common oak tree is known scientifically as Quercus rubra, where Quercus represents the genus and rubra denotes the specific species.In addition to taxonomic classification, the tree species investigation also delves into the morphological characteristics that distinguish one species from another. These include the shape and arrangement of leaves, the texture and pattern of bark, the structure of the branching pattern, and the overall form and size of the tree. By carefully observing and documenting these features, we can build a comprehensive understanding of the trees within a given ecosystem.Beyond the external features, the physiological attributes of trees also play a crucial role in their identification and classification. Factors such as the presence or absence of needle-like leaves, the arrangement and structure of the vascular system, and the unique chemical compounds produced by the tree can all provide valuable insights into its identity and evolutionary relationships.In the context of a tree species investigation, the study of leaf morphology is particularly important. Characteristics such as leaf shape, venation patterns, and the presence of trichomes (hair-like structures) can be used to differentiate between species. For instance, the maple tree (Acer) is known for its distinctive palmate leaves, while the oak tree (Quercus) typically displays lobed or deeply indented leaf blades.Bark texture and pattern also serve as important identificationmarkers, as the outer layer of a tree's trunk can exhibit a wide range of characteristics, from the smooth, silvery bark of the birch (Betula) to the deeply furrowed, scaly bark of the shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). By familiarizing ourselves with the diverse range of bark textures and patterns, we can enhance our ability to accurately identify tree species in the field.Another crucial aspect of the tree species investigation is the study of the overall tree form, including the branching pattern, the shape of the crown, and the overall height and diameter of the trunk. These characteristics can provide valuable insights into the tree's adaptation to its environment, as well as its stage of growth and developmental maturity. For example, the towering, columnar shape of the bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) is a testament to its ability to thrive in wetland environments, while the broad, spreading canopy of the American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) is an adaptation to life in open, sunny landscapes.As we delve deeper into the world of tree species, we must also consider the unique chemical compounds and secondary metabolites produced by these remarkable organisms. From the fragrant terpenes of the pine (Pinus) to the medicinal alkaloids found in the bark of the willow (Salix), these chemical signatures can serve as valuable tools in the identification and classification of trees. By understanding the role of these compounds in the tree's overallphysiology and ecological interactions, we can gain a more holistic appreciation for the complex and interconnected nature of the natural world.In the course of our tree species investigation, we may also encounter instances of hybridization, where two distinct species interbreed to produce offspring with characteristics intermediate between the parent plants. This phenomenon can present a unique challenge, as the resulting trees may exhibit a blend of features that do not neatly fit into established taxonomic categories. In such cases, a thorough understanding of genetic analysis and molecular techniques may be necessary to accurately identify the hybrid and its parent species.Throughout the tree species investigation, it is essential to maintain meticulous records and documentation. This includes the creation of detailed field notes, the collection of herbarium specimens, and the compilation of comprehensive photographic documentation. By building a robust database of information, we can not only aid in the identification and classification of tree species, but also contribute to the broader scientific understanding of the natural world.As we embark on this journey of tree species investigation, we must remember that our work extends far beyond the mere cataloging of these remarkable organisms. By deepening our knowledge andappreciation of the trees that surround us, we can unlock insights into the complex web of ecological relationships that sustain our planet. From the vital role of trees in the carbon cycle to their importance as habitats for countless other species, our understanding of these arboreal wonders can inform and shape our efforts to protect and preserve the natural environments that we call home.In conclusion, the tree species investigation is a multifaceted and captivating endeavor that requires a deep understanding of botanical terminology, morphological characteristics, and physiological adaptations. By mastering the English language lexicon associated with tree taxonomy, we can unlock a wealth of knowledge and become more effective stewards of the natural world. Through our continued efforts to identify, classify, and study the diverse tree species that grace our landscapes, we can contribute to the greater scientific understanding of the living world and inspire others to appreciate the beauty and complexity of the natural environment.。

小学上册英语第6单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The chemical formula for potassium hydrogen phthalate is _____.2.I have a plant that thrives in _____.3.Which holiday is celebrated on December 25th?A. HalloweenB. ThanksgivingC. ChristmasD. New Year4.The _____ (狮子) lives in prides in the savanna.5.My friend is a _____ (经济学家) and studies money.6.The chemical symbol for cadmium is ______.7.Oxygen is necessary for ______.8.The element with atomic number is ______.9. A ____(mangrove) forest is found in coastal areas.10.What do we call a large body of freshwater?A. OceanB. LakeC. RiverD. Sea11.I like _______ (与人交谈) in different languages.12.The first successful polio vaccine was developed by _______.13.What is 6 x 7?A. 42B. 36C. 30D. 48A14.We visit the ______ (科学馆) for educational field trips.15.We visit the ______ (科学实验室) for hands-on activities.16.What is the name of the famous Italian city known for its canals?A. VeniceB. RomeC. FlorenceD. MilanA17.What is the main ingredient in soup?A. WaterB. SaltC. SugarD. OilA18.What do we call a large body of fresh water surrounded by land?A. OceanB. SeaC. LakeD. RiverC19.I see a _____ (fox) in the woods.20.What do we call a large area of flat land?A. MountainB. PlainC. PlateauD. ValleyB Plain21.What is the main ingredient in guacamole?A. TomatoB. AvocadoC. OnionD. Pepper22.I love the smell of fresh __________ (花卉).23.The snail moves at a _________ (慢) pace.24.I enjoy taking photos of the __________ during autumn. (风景)25.The scientist discovered a new _____ (物种).26.The girl loves to ________.27.Which sport is played with a bat and a ball?A. SoccerB. TennisC. BaseballD. SwimmingC28.What do you call the act of moving your body to music?A. DanceB. SingC. JumpD. RunA29. A ______ (蝉) makes a loud sound in the summer.30.What do we call the sweet substance produced by bees?A. HoneyB. SyrupC. JamD. MarmaladeA31.________ (植物生长影响因素) are numerous.32.The ____ has a bright red color and is often seen in gardens.33.Which animal is known as "man's best friend"?A. CatB. DogC. BirdD. FishB Dog34.小蜜蜂) collects pollen from flowers. The ___35.The rabbit is ___ (hopping) through the grass.36.What do we wear on our head for protection?A. ShoesB. HatC. ScarfD. Gloves37.What do you call a scientist who studies rocks?A. GeologistB. BiologistC. ChemistD. PhysicistA38.The capital of Nepal is _____.39.The ancient Greeks had _______ to explain the natural world. (神话)40. A ________ (植物采集) can be educational.41.The process of breaking down food into energy is called ______.42.What do we call the act of identifying problems?A. DiagnosisB. AssessmentC. EvaluationD. All of the AboveD43.The pH scale measures how _______ or basic a solution is.44.What is the name of the first artificial satellite launched into orbit?A. Sputnik 1B. Explorer 1C. Vanguard 1D. Luna 145.What is the capital of Japan?A. TokyoB. BeijingC. SeoulD. BangkokA46.The ______ (狼) howls at the moon at night.47.Recognizing that plants need varying amounts of ______ can lead to healthier growth. (认识到植物对水分的需求差异可以促进健康生长。

The phoenix tree,scientifically known as Sophora japonica,is a species of flowering plant in the pea family,Fabaceae.It is commonly found in East Asia,particularly in China,where it is often associated with the arrival of summer.The leaves of the phoenix tree are distinctive and have several notable characteristics that make them stand out among other deciduous trees.Morphology of the LeavesPhoenix tree leaves are typically compound,with each leaf consisting of numerous leaflets.The leaflets are arranged in pairs along the central stem,or rachis,and they are generally lanceolate or ovate in shape.The leaflets are serrated along the edges,giving them a somewhat jagged appearance.The leaves are also quite large,with some reaching up to30centimeters in length.Color and TextureDuring the growing season,the leaves of the phoenix tree are a vibrant green,providing a lush canopy that is often sought after for shade.The leaves have a smooth texture,with a waxy surface that can give them a glossy sheen in the sunlight.As the seasons change and autumn approaches,the leaves gradually turn a range of yellows and oranges, creating a spectacular display of fall colors.Growth PatternThe phoenix tree is a fastgrowing species,and its leaves are no exception.They grow rapidly in the spring and summer,often reaching their full size within a few months.The leaves also have a relatively short lifespan,typically lasting only one growing season before they fall off in the autumn.This characteristic makes the phoenix tree a deciduous species,shedding its leaves annually.Function and ImportanceThe leaves of the phoenix tree serve several important functions.They are the primary site of photosynthesis,where the tree converts sunlight into energy for growth.The large surface area of the compound leaves allows for efficient light absorption and carbon dioxide uptake.Additionally,the leaves play a role in transpiration,helping the tree to regulate its internal temperature and maintain moisture balance.Cultural SignificanceIn Chinese culture,the phoenix tree is often associated with the mythical phoenix,a symbol of auspiciousness and good fortune.The trees leaves,with their vibrant colors and rapid growth,are seen as a symbol of vitality and renewal.The changing colors of the leaves throughout the seasons also reflect the cyclical nature of life and the passage of time.ConclusionIn summary,the leaves of the phoenix tree are a remarkable feature of this species.Their compound structure,vibrant colors,and rapid growth make them a distinctive element of the trees overall appearance.The leaves also play a crucial role in the trees biology, contributing to its growth and survival.Whether admired for their aesthetic appeal or their ecological importance,the leaves of the phoenix tree are a testament to the beauty and resilience of nature.。

深圳市2024-2025学年第一学期期中质量检测高二英语本试卷共8页，67小题，满分150分。

考试用时120分钟。

注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、考生号、试室号和座位号填写在答题卡上。

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一、单词填空（共10小题，每题1.5分，满分15分）根据语境表达需要，将所给单词的正确形式填入句子中。

1. Mike exchanged a glance with his classmate during the math exam, which ________ (spot) by the teacher.2. We can easily come to a ________ (conclude) that the sharp decrease of wildlife species results from population growth.3. All too often writers of great works have had to face criticism along with ________ (reject).4. As a tour guide, I find it so ________ (embarrass) to see some tourists behaving badly while travelling.5. This hospital ________ (attach) to the medical college nearby was destroyed in the flood.6. This incident has ________ (sharp) public awareness of the economic crisis.7. The success of any company relies heavily on ________ (innovative), dedication, and effective leadership.8. Before handing in the ________ (compose) last week, she revised it again and again.9. I was frightened to death when I caught sight of a snake in the ________ (distant).10. His supporters fell away as his popularity ________ (decline).二、单项选择（共10小题，每题1.5分，满分15分）从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

软件设计师中级专业英语词汇Software Designer: Intermediate Professional English Vocabulary.In the realm of software development, proficiency in professional English is paramount for effective communication, documentation, and collaboration. For mid-level software designers, a robust command of industry-specific vocabulary is essential to navigate complex technical discussions, comprehend documentation, and convey design concepts with precision. This article aims to provide an expansive list of intermediate-level English vocabulary tailored specifically to software designers, enabling them to enhance their professional communication and elevate their design capabilities.Core Concepts.Algorithm: A set of well-defined instructions that solve a specific problem or perform a computation.Architecture: The overall structure and organization of a software system, including its components and their interactions.Data structure: A way of organizing and storing data in a computer system to facilitate efficient access and manipulation.Design pattern: A reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design.Framework: A reusable set of software components and libraries that provide a foundation for building specific applications.Methodology: A structured approach to software development, including processes, practices, and tools.Object: A data structure that encapsulates data and behavior, representing real-world entities.Requirement: A documented need or capability that a software system must fulfill.Source code: The human-readable text form of a computer program, written in a specific programming language.Testing: The process of evaluating the correctness and functionality of a software system.Components and Technologies.Application Programming Interface (API): A set of routines, protocols, and tools that define how two applications interact.Cloud computing: A model for delivering computing resources over the Internet.Database: A collection of organized data, typically stored electronically.Front-end: The part of a software application that interacts directly with the user.Middleware: Software that connects and facilitates communication between different parts of a software system.Operating system: The software that manages computer hardware and provides common services to applications.Server: A computer that provides services to other computers or devices over a network.Web service: A software system that allowsapplications to communicate over the Internet using standardized protocols.Development and Design.Agile: A software development methodology that emphasizes flexibility, adaptation, and customer collaboration.Design thinking: A human-centered approach to design that focuses on understanding user needs and preferences.Iterative development: A software development approach where the system is developed and refined incrementally.Kanban: A visual project management system that uses cards to represent tasks and their progress.Mockup: A low-fidelity representation of a software interface, used for design review and feedback.Prototype: A working model of a software system, used to test concepts and gather user feedback.Scrum: An agile software development framework that emphasizes collaboration, transparency, and iterative delivery.Technical debt: Code or design decisions that may compromise future development or maintenance.User experience (UX): The overall experience of a user when interacting with a software system.Documentation and Communication.Documentation: Written or visual information that explains the design, implementation, and use of a software system.Formal specification: A precise and unambiguous description of a software system's behavior.Issue tracker: A system for tracking and managing bugs or other issues in a software project.Knowledge base: A repository of information and resources related to software development.Meeting agenda: A document that outlines the topics and objectives of a meeting.Proposal: A document that outlines a plan or solutionfor a software project.Technical report: A document that describes theresults of a technical investigation or analysis.White paper: A technical document that provides in-depth information on a specific topic.Wireframe: A low-fidelity representation of a software interface, used for planning the layout and structure.Additional Vocabulary.Binary tree: A data structure that consists of nodes arranged in a hierarchical manner, with each node having at most two child nodes.Cache: A temporary storage area that stores frequently accessed data to improve performance.Cipher: A method of encrypting data to protect its confidentiality.Debugger: A tool that helps identify and fix errors in code.Heap: A dynamic data structure that stores data in a tree-like structure.Inheritance: A mechanism that allows a new class to inherit attributes and methods from an existing class.Polymorphism: A language feature that allows objects of different classes to respond to the same method call differently.Recursion: A technique where a function calls itself, typically to solve a problem by breaking it down into smaller subproblems.Virtual machine: A software layer that simulates a computer system, allowing multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine.By incorporating these intermediate-level vocabulary terms into their professional communication, software designers can elevate their discourse, enhance their problem-solving abilities, and become more effective collaborators in the dynamic and challenging world of software development.。

pmap anon的引用英文回答：Shared Memory Allocation and Protection in the Linux Kernel: A Detailed Exploration of pmap_anon.In a multi-tasking operating system like Linux, one of the key challenges is managing memory effectively. This involves allocating memory to processes and ensuring that they do not interfere with each other's memory spaces. One important data structure in the Linux kernel that plays a crucial role in memory management is the Page Map, also known as pmap.The pmap_anon is a specific type of page map used to manage anonymous memory. Anonymous memory refers to memory that is not backed by any file or device, and is typically used for temporary allocations such as the heap or stack. Unlike file-backed memory, anonymous memory does not have a persistent presence on the disk and is allocateddynamically as needed.Mechanism and Implementation of pmap_anon.The pmap_anon is implemented as a radix tree, which isa specialized data structure optimized for efficient memory management. The radix tree is organized into levels, where each level represents a different bit position in thevirtual address. By using a combination of masks and shifts, the kernel can quickly traverse the tree and locate the appropriate page table entry for a given virtual address.Architecture and Key Functions.The pmap_anon is a complex data structure with several important functions:1. Memory Allocation: pmap_anon manages the allocationof anonymous memory pages. When a process requests memory, the kernel allocates a page from the free memory pool and adds it to the pmap_anon.2. Page Table Management: pmap_anon keeps track of the page table entries associated with each anonymous memory page. It ensures that the page tables are updated correctly when pages are allocated, deallocated, or moved.3. Protection and Permissions: pmap_anon enforces memory protection by setting the appropriate permissionsfor each page. It controls which processes have access to a particular page and what type of access (read, write, execute) they are allowed.4. Page Fault Handling: When a process accesses a page that is not in memory, the kernel triggers a page fault. pmap_anon plays a role in handling page faults by providing the necessary information to the kernel to resolve thefault and bring the page into memory.Performance Optimizations.To improve performance, the Linux kernel employs several optimizations related to pmap_anon. These optimizations include:1. Page Table Caching: The kernel caches page table entries to reduce the overhead of accessing page tables. When a process accesses a page, the kernel checks if the page table entry is cached. If it is, the kernel can avoid traversing the pmap_anon tree and directly access the page table entry.2. Large Page Support: The kernel supports the use of large pages, which are larger than the standard 4KB page size. Large pages improve performance by reducing the number of page table entries required and minimizing the overhead of page table management.中文回答：pmap_anon 在 Linux 内核中的引用，共享内存分配与保护。

树形图详细讲解1.Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady suddenly left.Det A N Qual Vb) The car stopped at the end of the road.Det N V P Det N P Det Nc) The snow might have blocked the road.Det N Aux Aux V Det Nd) He never appears quite mature.N Qual V Deg A2.The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier.Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) full of peopleAPA P Nfull of peopleb) a story about a sentimental girlNPNP PPDet N P NPDet A Na story about a sentimental girlc) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPA Noften read detective storiesd) the argument against the proposalsNPNP PPthe argument against the proposalse) move towards the windowVPV PPP Det Nmove towards the window3.Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.a) The jet landed.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet N Pst VThe jet landedb) Mary became very ill.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPN Pst V APDeg AMary became very illc) What will you talk aboutCPNP C SN Infl NP Infl VPVP NPV P Nd) The apple might hit the man.SNP VPDet N Aux V NPDet NThe apple might hit the manORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet N V NPDet NThe apple might hit the mane) He often reads detective stories.SNP VPN Qual V NPA NHe often reads etective storiesORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPPresentN Qual V NPA NHe often reads etective stories4.The following sentences contain modifiers of various types.For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V NPDet A NA frightened passenger landed the crippled airplaneb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PPP NPDet A NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PPP NPDet NAn unusual event occurred before the meetingd) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.InflP(=S)NP Infl VPDet A NP Pst V PPA N P NPDet A NA quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill5.The following sentences all contain conjoined categories.Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.InflP(=S)NP VPN Aux V NPDet A NPJim has washed the dirty shirts and pants ORInflP(=S)NP VPN Infl V NPDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP VPN VP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPN Pst VP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP VPN VP CON VPVP NP VP NPMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPN Pres VP CON VPVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsd) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.SS CON SNP VP NP VPDet N V Adv Det A N V AdvThe detective went out and the mysterious man came ine) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.SNP VPCPN V C SS CON SNP VP NP VPN Aux V Det N Aux VCrusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt6.The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun.Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP VPCPN V C SNP VPN V NYou know that I hate warOR CPC InflP(=S)NP Infl VPCPN Pres V C SNP VPN V NPNYou know that I hate warb) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.SNP VPCPN V C SNP VPCPN V C SNP VPDet N V AHe said that Tom asked whether the class was over c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP VPN VP NPCPAux Neg V NP C SDet N NP VPN V NPGerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English examd) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP VPCPN VL A C SNP VPDet N V NP NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Roycee) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP VPCPDet N VP C SV P NP VPN V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings7.Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause.Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was too long.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S Deg ANP Infl VPN V NPNThe essay he wrote that was too longSurface StructureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S Deg PNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNThe was too longb) The dog that he keeps bites.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP VC Infl SPres NP VPN V NPNThe dog he keeps that bitesSurface StructureCPC SNP VPDet N CP VC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pres V NPNThe dog bitesc) Herbert found the man she loved.Deep structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPCPDet N C SNP Infl VPNPN VNHerbert found the man she loved whoSurface StructureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPCPDet N SCNP Infl VPNP NPN VN N Herbert found thed) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPP NPC Infl SNNP VPPPN Qual VP NPV P NThe girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguisticsSurface StructureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPP NPC SNNP NP Infl VPPPN N Qual VP NPV P NThe girl majors in linguistics8.The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation.Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a) Would you come tomorrowDeep structureCPC SVPNP AdvPN Infl V Advyou would come tomorrowSurface structureCPC SVPNP AdvPInflN Infl V Advcome tomorrowb) Can you pass me the newspaperDeep structureCPC SVPNP NPN Infl V N Det Nyou can pass me the newspaperSurface structureCPC SVPInfl NP NP NPN Infl V N Det Npass me the newspaperc) Should the students report the incidentDeep structureCPC SVPNP NPDet N Infl V Det Nthe students should report the incidentSurface structureCPC SVPInfl NP NPDet N Infl V Det Nd) What did you eat for lunchDeep structureCPC SVPNP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Nyou did eat what for lunchSurface structureCPNP C SVPInfl NP PPNP NP N N Infl V PN Nfor lunche) Who should this be reported toDeep structureCPC SVPNP PPVP NPN Infl V V PNthis should be reported to whomSurface structureCPNP C SVPN Infl NP PPVP NPN Infl V V PNf) What was Helen bringing to the partyDeep structureCPC SVPNP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Det NHelen was bringing what to the partySurface structureCPNP C SVPN Infl NP PPNP NPN Infl V PN Det Nto the party。

On the Crossing Number of Generalized Fat Trees*Bharati Rajan1, Indra Rajasingh1, and P. Vasanthi Beulah21 Department of Mathematics, Loyola College, Chennai, India2 Department of Mathematics, Queen Mary’s College, Chennai, India*****************Abstract. The crossing number of a graph G is the minimum number ofcrossings of its edges among the drawings of G in the plane and is denoted bycr(G). Bhatt and Leighton proved that the crossing number of a network isclosely related to the minimum layout area required for the implementation ofthe VLSI circuit for that network. In this paper, we find an upper bound for thecrossing number of a special case of the generalized fat tree based on theunderlying graph model found in the literature. We also improve this bound fora new drawing of the same structure. The proofs are based on the drawing rulesintroduced in this paper.Keywords: Drawing of a graph, planar graph, crossing number, generalized fattrees.1 IntroductionCrossing number minimization is one of the fundamental optimization problems in the sense that it is related to various other widely used notions. Besides its mathematical interest, there are numerous applications, most notably those in VLSI design [1, 7, 8, 17] and in computational geometry [19]. Minimizing the number of wire crossings in a circuit greatly reduces the chance of cross-talk in long crossing wires carrying the same signal and also allows for faster operation and less power dissipation. When fabricating a VLSI layout for a network, crossing numbers can be used to obtain lower bounds on the chip area which contributes largely to the cost of making the chip. It is also an important measure of non-planarity of a graph.A drawing D of a graph G is a representation of G in the Euclidean plane R2 where vertices are represented as distinct points and edges by simple polygonal arcs joining points that correspond to their end vertices. A drawing D is good or clean if it has the following properties.1.No edge crosses itself.2.No pair of adjacent edges cross.3.Two edges cross at most once.4.No more than two edges cross at one point.*This work is supported by The Minor Project - No.F.1-2/2010-2011 (RO/SERO/MRP) PNO. 345 of University Grants Commission, Hyderabad, India.A. Abd Manaf et al. (Eds.): ICIEIS 2011, Part III, CCIS 253, pp. 440–448, 2011.© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011On the Crossing Number of Generalized Fat Trees 441 The number of crossings of D is denoted by cr(D) and is called the crossing number of the drawing D. The crossing number cr(G) of a graph G is the minimum cr(D) taken over all good or clean drawings D of G. If a graph G admits a drawing D with cr(D) = 0 then G is said to be planar; otherwise non-planar. It is well known that K5, the complete graph on 5 vertices and K3,3,the complete bipartite graph with 3 vertices in its classes are non-planar. According to Kuratowski’s famous theorem, a graph is planar if and only if contains no subdivision of K5 or K3,3.The study of crossing numbers began during the Second World War with Paul Turán. For an arbitrary graph, computing cr(G) is NP-hard [5]. Hence from a computational standpoint, it is infeasible to obtain exact solutions for graphs, in general, but more practical to explore bounds for the parameter values [3]. Richter and Thomassen [16] discussed the relation between crossing numbers of the complete graphs and the complete bipartite graphs. The bound for cr(K n) and cr(K m,n) are obtained by Guy [6]. In particular, Pan et al. [13] have shown that cr(K11) = 100 and cr(K12) = 153. Nahas [11] has obtained an improved lower bound for cr(K m,n). In [4, 15] the crossing number of some generalized Petersen graphs P(2n + 1, 2) and P(3k + h, 3) has been discussed.Another family of graphs whose crossing numbers have received a good deal of attention is the interconnection networks proposed for parallel computer architecture. The vertices of the graph correspond to processors and the edges represent the communication links between the processors. For hypercubes and cube connected cycles, the crossing number problem is investigated by Sýkora et al. [18]. Cimikowski [3] has obtained the bound for the crossing number of mesh of trees.For various other networks like torus, butterfly and Benes networks, Cimikowski [2] has given the upper bound for the crossing number based on the combinatorial analysis of the adjacency structure of the underlying graph theoretic model of the network. We have obtained improved bounds for the crossing number for two different drawings of the standard butterfly as well as Benes networks [10]. We have also obtained upper bounds for the crossing number for the honeycomb rectangular torus and the honeycomb rhombic torus [14]. To our knowledge, the crossing number of generalized fat trees has not been considered in the literature so far. In this paper we find an upper bound for the crossing number of a special case of the generalized fat tree based on the underlying graph model. We also improve this bound for a new drawing of the same structure.2 Generalized Fat TreesSeveral topologies have been proposed as interconnection networks for multicomputer systems [9]. However, hypercubes suffer from wirability and packing problems for VLSI implementation and a mesh topology has larger diameter and low edge bisection. To overcome these difficulties, Ohring et al. [12] introduced a new family of multiprocessor interconnection networks called generalized fat trees denoted by GFT(h, m,w). This consists of m h processors in the leaf level and routers or switches in the non-leaf levels. In a GFT(h, m,w) = (V h, E h) of height h, level h nodes (top level nodes) are called the root nodes and level 0 nodes are called the leaf nodes. Each non-root has w parent nodes and each non-leaf has m children. Generalized fat trees include as special cases the fat trees used for the connection442 B. Rajan, I. Rajasingh, and P.V. Beulahmachine architecture CM -5, pruned butterflies and various other fat trees proposed in the literature. They also provide a formal unifying concept to design and analyze a fat tree based architecture. In this paper, we have obtained upper bounds for the crossing number for a special case of generalized fat trees.Definition 1. [12] A generalized fat tree (,,)GFT h m w is recursively generated from m distinct copies of (1,,)GFT h m w −,denoted as 11(1,,)(,),01j j j h h GFT h m w V E j m −−−=≤≤−, and w h additional nodes such that eachtop level node (h – 1, k + j w h – 1) of each (1,,)jGFT h m w − for 0 ≤ k ≤ w h – 1 – 1 is adjacent to w consecutive new top level nodes (ie., level h nodes), given by (h , kw ), (h , kw + 1), …, (h , (k + 1) w – 1). The graph (1,,)j GFT h m w − is also called the sub-fat tree of (,,)GFT h m w . A GFT (2,4,2) is shown in Figure 1.Fig. 1. The Generalized Fat Tree GFT (2,4,2)The vertex set of (,,)GFT h m w is given by {}(,):0,01h l l h V l i l h i m w −=≤≤≤≤−, where l is the level of the node and idenotes the position of this node in level l . The distance between two leaves (0, i 1) and (0, i 2) of (,,)GFT h m w is two times the height of the smallest sub-fat tree of (,,)GFT h m w which contains both of them. In this paper we consider the generalized fat tree GFT (h ,3,3). A formal definition is given below.Definition 2. A generalized fat tree GFT (h ,3,3) of height h is recursively generatedfrom 3distinct copies of (1,3,3)GFT h −, denoted as 11(1,3,3)(,),02j j j h h GFT h V E j −−−=≤≤, and 3hadditional nodes such that each top level node (h – 1, k + j 3h ) of each (1,3,3)j GFT h −for 1031h k −≤≤− is adjacent to 3 consecutive new top level nodes (ie., level h nodes), given by (h , 3k ), (h , 3k + 1) and (h , 3k + 2). The graph (1,3,3)j GFT h − is also called the sub-fat tree of GFT (h ,3,3). This construction is sketched in Figure 2 for h = 2.The vertex set of GFT (h,3,3) is given by {}(,):0,031h h V l i l h i =≤≤≤≤−,where l is the level of the node and i denotes the position of this node in level l . HereOn the Crossing Number of Generalized Fat Trees 443 the degree of each root node is 3 and that of each leaf node is also 3. Degree of each intermediate node is 6.Fig. 2. GFT (2,3,3)3 Crossing Number for GFT (h ,3,3)Theorem 1. Let G be GFT (h ,3,3). Then 1133()3424.h h h cr G ++≤−−⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦Proof . We prove the result by induction on the height h .Base case h = 1.Let D be the drawing of GFT (1,3,3). We describe the method of counting the number of crossings in the diagram D of GFT (1,3,3). The edges from the leaf node (0,0) to the top level nodes (1,0), (1,1) and (1,2) do not contribute to the crossing number as shown in Figure 3(a). The edges from the leaf node (0,1) to the top level nodes (1,0), (1,1) and (1,2) contribute (2 + 1 + 0) crossings as in Figure 3(b) and the edges from (0,2) to the root nodes contribute (4 + 2 + 0) crossings as in Figure 3(c). Thus the number of crossings in the diagram D of22313(1,3,3)3(210)93424GFT =++==−−⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦. □Fig. 3. Edges of GFT (1,3,3)Assume that the theorem is true for GFT (h – 1,3,3). Let G be GFT (h ,3,3) and let G 1, G 2 and G 3 be the three copies of GFT (h – 1,3,3) in the drawing of D of G . The crossing number of D is the number of crossings of G 1, G 2 and G 3 together with the444 B. Rajan, I. Rajasingh, and P.V. Beulahnumber of crossings contributed by the additional edges from level (h – 1) to the level h nodes of G . We describe the method of including the additional edges in order to count the number of crossings. The additional nodes are drawn from left to right from the top level nodes of G 1, G 2, G 3 respectively. The edges from the top level nodes of G 1 to the root nodes of G do not contribute to the crossing number. The edges from the top level nodes of G 2 to the root nodes of G contribute (31)(32)...210h h−+−++++ crossings. Similarly the edges from the top level nodes of G 3 to the root nodes of G contribute 2[(31)(32)...210]h h −+−++++ crossings. Hence,12311()()()()3[(31)(32)...210]313333(01...31)424333.424h h h h h h h cr D cr G cr G cr G h h ++=+++−+−++++−≤×−−+×+++−=−−⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦Figure 4 shows the inclusion of additional edges in GFT(2,3,3).Fig. 4. Additional Edges in GFT (2,3,3)4 Proposed Representation for GFT (h ,3,3)We propose a new representation of GFT (h ,3,3) denoted by NGFT (h ,3,3). The following observation in GFT (2,3,3) is useful in drawing the recursive structure of NGFT (h ,3,3).In GFT (2,3,3) each node in level 2 is the root of a complete ternary tree with leaf nodes at level 0. Let T denote all complete ternary trees having the middle one-third nodes in level 2 as roots (shown by broken lines in Figure 5(a)). Take the mirror image of T about the level 0 nodes. In this process, the middle one third nodes in the top level of GFT (2,3,3) and the middle one third nodes in the top levels of the 3 distinct copies of GFT (1,3,3) are brought down the level 0 nodes . Let us name the nodes which are brought down from the level 2 and level 1 nodes as level –2 and level –1 nodes respectively. The resultant graph is a NGFT (2,3,3).On the Crossing Number of Generalized Fat Trees 445 In a similar way, a NGFT(h,3,3) can be drawn from a GFT(h,3,3) by taking the mirror image of all complete ternary trees having the middle one-third nodes at level h as root nodes, about the level 0 nodes.(a)(b)Fig. 5. GFT(2,3,3) and NGFT(2,3,3)4.1 Crossing Number for NGFT(h,3,3)In this section we obtain an improved bound for the crossing number of the new representation.Theorem 2. Let G be NGFT(h,3,3). Then 211()353(32)34h h hcr G h+≤+⋅−+⎡⎤⎣⎦.Proof. We prove the result by induction on the height h.Base case h = 1.Let D be the drawing of NGFT(1,3,3). The edges are added as shown in figures 6(a), 6(b) and 6(c). The edges from the node (1,0) to the nodes (0,0), (0,1) and (0,2)Fig. 6. Edges of NGFT(1,3,3)do not contribute to the crossing number. The edges from the node (–1,1) to the nodes (0,0), (0,1) and (0,2) also do not contribute to the crossing number. But the edges446 B. Rajan, I. Rajasingh, and P.V. Beulahfrom (1,2) to the nodes (0,0), (0,1) and (0,2) contribute (2 + 1 + 0) crossings. Thus the number of crossings in the diagram D ofNGFT (1,3,3)1221(210)3353(32)34=++==+⋅−+⎡⎤⎣⎦. Assume that the result is true for NGFT (h – 1,3,3). Let G be NGFT (h ,3,3) and let G 1, G 2 and G 3 be the three copies of NGFT (h – 1,3,3) in the drawing of G . The crossing number of D is the number of crossings of G 1, G 2 and G 3 together with the number of crossings contributed by the additional edges from level (h – 1) to the level h nodes of G as well as from level –(h – 1) to the level –h nodes of G . Let us first find the number of crossings contributed by the additional edges from level (h – 1) nodes to the level h nodes of G . While in the process of including the additional edges, the edges from the top level nodes of G 1 to the top level nodes of G do not contribute to the crossing number. The edges from the top level nodes of G 2 to the top level nodes of G contribute11111111[(331)(332)...(31)(3+0)][(31)(32)...210]h h h h h h h h −−−−−−−−+−++−+++++−+−++++crossings. Similarly the edges from the top level nodes of G 3 to the top level nodes of G contribute111111112[(331)(332)...(31)(3+0)]2[(31)(32)...210]h h h h h h h h −−−−−−−−+−++−+++++−+−++++crossings. Also the edges from level –h nodes to level –(h – 1) nodes contribute 1111[(31)(32)...10](31)3h h h h −−−−−+−++++−× crossings. Hence,{}11112311112(1)211121()()()()7[(31)(32)...210]3[3333193353(32(1))33313421353(32)3.4](1)()h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h cr D cr G cr G cr G h h −−−−−−−−−−−+=+++−+−+++++≤×⋅+−−=+⋅+×+−+−++×−⎡⎤⎣⎦⎡⎤⎣⎦ □Conjecture : Let G be a generalized fat tree denoted by (,,).GFT h m w ThenOn the Crossing Number of Generalized Fat Trees 447 222212121(1)41(1)()411(1)4h h h h h h h h h h m w m m w w h if m w w m m w m m w cr G w h w if m w w m m m w m m w w w otherwisew m w m +++−−−=−−−≤−=−−−−−−−⎧⎧⎫⎛⎫ ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎝⎭⎪⎨⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎭⎪⎧⎫⎪⎛⎫ ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎝⎭⎨⎨⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎭⎪⎧⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎨⎬⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎩⎭where G=K m,w if 1h =.4.2 Comparison of Crossing Numbers The following table gives the number of crossings of the generalized fat tree GFT (h ,3,3) and the new representation NGFT (h ,3,3).Fig. 7. Comparison of Crossing Numbers of GFT (h ,3,3) and NGFT (h ,3,3)cr (D ) h = 1h = 2 h = 3 h = 4 h = 5 GFT (h ,3,3) 9135 1458 14094 130491 NGFT (h ,3,3) 3 63 756 7614 73386448 B. Rajan, I. Rajasingh, and P.V. Beulah5 ConclusionThe ratio of the upper bound for the crossing number of the proposed drawing of GFT(h,3,3) to that of the original drawing of GFT(h,3,3) is 5/9. The proof of the cr GFT h m w for different values of m and w is under conjecture on ((,,))investigation.References1.Bhatt, S.N., Leighton, F.T.: A Framework for Solving VLSI Graph Layout Problems.Journal of Computer and System Sciences 28, 300–343 (1984)2.Cimikowski, R.: Topological Properties of some Interconnection Network Graphs.Congressus Numerantium 121, 19–32 (1996)3.Cimikowski, R., Vrt’o, I.: Improved Bounds for the Crossing Number of the Mesh ofTrees. Journal of Interconnection Networks 4, 17–36 (2003)4.Exoo, G., Harary, F., Kabell, J.: The Crossing Number of some Generalized Petersengraph. Math. Scand. 48, 184–188 (1981)5.Garey, M.R., Johnson, D.S.: Crossing Number is NP-complete. SIAM J. Algebraic andDiscrete Methods 4, 312–316 (1983)6.Guy, R.K.: Crossing Numbers of Graphs. Graph Theory and Applications. In: Proceedingsof the Conference at Western Michigan University, pp. 111–124. Springer, New York (1972)7.Leighton, F.T.: Complexity Issues in VLSI. MIT Press, Cambridge (1983)8.Leighton, F.T.: New Lower Bound Techniques for VLSI. Mathematical SystemsTheory 17, 47–70 (1984)9.Leighton, F.T.: Introduction to Parallel Algorithms and Architectures: Arrays, Trees,Hypercubes. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo (1992)10.Manuel, P., Rajan, B., Rajasingh, I., Beulah, P.V.: On the Bounds for the CrossingNumber of Butterfly and Benes Networks (submitted for publication)11.Nahas, N.H.: On the Crossing Number of K m,n. The Electronic Journal ofCombinatorics 10 (2003)12.Ohring, S.R., Ibel, M., Das, S.K., Kumar, M.J.: On Generalized Fat Trees. In: Proceedingsof 9th International Parallel Processing Symposium, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 37–44 (1995) 13.Pan, S., Richter, R.B.: The Crossing Number of K11 is 100. Journal of Graph Theory 56,128–134 (2007)14.Rajan, B., Rajasingh, I., Beulah, P.V.: On the Crossing Number of Honeycomb RelatedNetworks. Accepted for publication. Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing (2011)15.Richter, R.B., Salazar, G.: The Crossing Number of P(N,3). Graphs and Combinatorics 18,381–394 (2002)16.Richter, R.B., Thomassen, C.: Relations between Crossing Numbers of Complete andComplete Bipartite Graphs. The American Mathematical Monthly 104, 131–137 (1997) 17.Shahrokhi, F., Sýkora, O., Székely, L.A., Vrt’o, I.: Crossing numbers: Bounds andApplications. J. Bolyai Math. Soc. 31, 179–206 (1997)18.Sýkora, O., Vrt’o, I.: On Crossing Numbers of Hypercubes and Cube Connected Cycles.BIT Numerical Mathematics 33, 232–237 (1993)19.Székely, L.A.: A Successful Concept for Measuring Nonplanarity of Graphs: The CrossingNumber. Discrete Math. 276, 331–352 (2004)。

小学上册英语第四单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I enjoy _______ (和朋友一起看电影).2.The _______ (猫头鹰) hunts at night.3.The chemical formula for phosphoric acid is ______.4.The puffin has a colorful ______ (喙).5.I have a ______ of stuffed animals. (collection)6.The chemical formula for ammonia is _____.7.My parents surprised me with a trip to the ________ (主题公园). It was the best________ (一天).8.What do we call a person who designs buildings?A. ArchitectB. EngineerC. ContractorD. Developer答案:A Architect9.We have ___ (sport/music) practice today.10.The Milky Way galaxy contains billions of ______.11.What do we call the process of searching for food?A. ForagingB. HuntingC. GatheringD. All of the above答案:D12.My brother is a ______. He enjoys leading group activities.13.Which sport involves kicking a ball into a goal?A. BasketballB. SoccerC. TennisD. Baseball答案:B14.What do we call the cycle of the moon's phases?A. Lunar CycleB. Solar CycleC. Star CycleD. Planetary Cycle15.The __________ (文艺复兴) brought about changes in art and science.16.Which planet is closest to the sun?A. VenusB. EarthC. MercuryD. Mars答案:C17.What do we call the force that pulls objects toward the Earth?A. FrictionB. GravityC. MagnetismD. Acceleration18.What do you call a place where you go to learn?A. LibraryB. SchoolC. ParkD. Store19.What do you call the study of plants?A. BotanyB. ZoologyC. EcologyD. Biology答案:A20.What do we call the time when the sun sets?A. MorningB. NoonC. SunsetD. Nightfall21.We go to the _____ (图书馆) to read.22.What is the color of an orange?A. RedB. GreenC. OrangeD. Yellow答案:C Orange23.The ________ (mountaineer) climbs high peaks.24.We should _______ (尊重) the rules.25.The ________ (shop) is closed today.26.What is the primary color of a honeydew melon?A. GreenB. YellowC. OrangeD. Red27. A _______ (小野猪) forages for roots in the forest.28.My brother is a big __________ of golf. (粉丝)29.I can’t wait to invite friends to play with my __________ (玩具名).30.What is the largest land animal?A. LionB. TigerC. ElephantD. Giraffe答案:C31.The capital of Uzbekistan is __________.32.Fossils can provide information about past ______ environments.33.The _______ (Spanish-American War) resulted in the US gaining territories.34.I have a toy _______ that can light up at night.35.The __________ (文化传承) keeps traditions alive.36.How many players are on a basketball team?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight答案:A37.What do you use to write on paper?A. PaintB. PencilC. ScissorsD. Glue答案:B38. A ____ is known for its ability to leap great distances.39.The flowers bloom in _____ (spring/fall).40. A __________ is a reaction that occurs slowly over time.41.What is the name of the famous dinosaur that is often depicted as being very large?A. Tyrannosaurus RexB. VelociraptorC. TriceratopsD. Brachiosaurus答案:A42.In _____ (澳大利亚), you can find the Outback.43.The __________ helps to protect the brain.44._____ (宝贵的资源) like trees are crucial for our planet.45.What type of animal is a shark?A. MammalB. ReptileC. FishD. Amphibian答案:C46.The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be ______.47.Do you have any __________?48.t brothers made their first powered flight in ______ (1903年). The Wrig49.The sky is _______ (clear/cloudy) today.50.What animal is known for its long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. LionD. Bear答案:B51.My hamster likes to run on the ______ (轮子).52. A rabbit's teeth never stop ______ (生长).53.Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist ______.54.She is a _____ (设计师) who creates websites.55. A ______ is a systematic method for collecting data.56.My puppy loves to play with a ______ (球).57.The _______ (Cuban Missile Crisis) brought the world close to nuclear war in 1962.58.The __________ (历史的意义) can inspire action.59.The mouse is very ______ (聪明) and can find food easily.60.The ancient Romans were skilled in _____ and architecture.61.When the weather is nice, I like to have a __________ outside. (烧烤)62.My cousin is a great ____ (singer).63.The hawk has sharp _______ (爪子) for hunting.64.I enjoy storytelling sessions at the library. The librarian has the best ________ (故事).65.The __________ (古代文明) left behind many archaeological sites.66.Which insect can create honey?A. AntB. BeeC. ButterflyD. Mosquito答案:B67.The _____ (开花) of the cherry blossom tree is celebrated.68. A ____ is a small creature that loves to hop around.69.I like to eat _____ for lunch. (sandwiches)70.My pet's name is __, and I love it very much. (我的宠物叫，我非常爱它。

大学英语四级试练习卷一、阅读理解Passage 1Research Solves Forestry ProblemsForestry is a science and, as such, those who practice it must have one thing that make scientific progress possible: the benefit of research. Every forestry problem solved by research lets forestry advance one more vital step. Logically, therefore, research to solve problems is a major job of the Forest Service. It covers the whole forestry field, including the protection and management of forests, related rangelands, and water-sheds; utilization of forest products; and the economic aspects of forestry. The Service's regional forest and range experiment stations and its Forest Products Laboratory are constantly making new forestry studies throughout the United States and announcing new forestry facts.Redeeming the American Chestnut. Scientists have long been seeking ways of bringing back that valuable and storied tree, the American chestnut. Attacked by a blight (枯萎病) brought in from Asia about 1900, practically all of our native chestnuts were killed. Their gaunt (古瘦如柴的 ) white skeletons are a reminder of a tree whose range extended from New England to Alabama and Louisiana. But there is a glimmer of hope. Forest Service scientists have found a few individual trees that seem to be resistant to the disease. Buds or branches from 28 of these tough survivors have been grafted to other root stocks for multiplication and the chance for further study of their resistance.Forest research may yet make the American chestnut once again tempt the palate (味觉) , and also help supply the nation's timber needs.Can Lightning Fires Be Prevented? Foresters have a hard job making people careful with fire in the forests. At the same time, some of them are trying to make Nature cut down the number of fires she starts with her most powerful fire-starting weapon, lightning.A little white cloud, peeking up over a Montana mountain, is quickly found by a mobile radar unit. It is tracked as it gets bigger and starts its journey with the winds. Finally, any lightning storm which develops in it is analyzed. This cooperative research project, known as "Skyfire", has also made experiments in cloud seeding to reduce lightning occurrence. It is too early for positive conclusions, but scientists believe their findings will lead to a better preparedness and quicker attack on lightning-caused fires. Foresters may eventually be able to prevent lightning fires more easily than those caused by man.Getting More Seed from Better Trees. Would you believe that healthy trees that have been deliberately wounded will produce more seed than undamaged trees? That's what happened when foresters partly girdled (cut away a narrow strip of bark part way around the tree) some longleaf pines in Louisiana—they produced twice as many cones as did ungirdled trees. In Montana, they tried it with five-year ponderosa pines. These experimental trees bore 26 cones as against one cone on the ungirdled control trees. In the South where slash pine is "chipped"(a form of partial girdling) for turpentine, the chipped trees produced 50 per cent more cones than comparable unchipped trees.Developing a White Pine Strain Resistant to Blister Rust. You can always identify the white pines because the needles are in clusters of five—and there are five letters in the word w-h-i-t-e. This also applies to the sugar pine of California, which is also a white pine. Count the letters in s-u-g-a-r. Five again!White pines have a particularly vicious enemy—the disease called blister rust. Long ago scientists found that the disease spores do not go from one white pine to another; they need an alternate host, either currant or gooseberry bushes. Destroy these bushes near white pine trees and the disease is stopped. This sounds easy, but it is a very expensive and tedious job.Well, foresters aren't satisfied with that. They have found a few—just a few —white pine trees that are resistant to the disease. Starting with these few trees, the Forest Service and other public agencies in the United States and Canada are trying to develop a resistant strain of white pine that will still have good timber quality.How to nail a House Together. Nails are the principal fasteners used in building a wood-frame house. How these nails are selected and used determines how solid the building will be. It's important to know the size, number, and placement of nails necessary to construct a house so it will successfully resist such forces of nature as strong winds, hurricanes, earthquakes.The Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, a unit of the Forest Service, has made exhaustive studies of nailing techniques. The results, contained in a booklet, Technique of Hose Nailing, are of value to engineers, architects, carpenters, and home-owners as a guide to the building of betterhouses. With the booklet (available from the U. S. Forest Service) one can judge the quality of the nailing in the construction of his own house.Will "sandwich" Houses Be Practical? The Forest Products Laboratory developed a sandwich building panel with a core of honeycomb paper. Treatment with synthetic resins makes the honeycombed paper resistant to moisture and decay. To study the suitability of such panes for house construction, a test structure was built some years ago at the Laboratory Exposure to Madison's rigorous weather for some time indicates that "sandwiches" will be suitable for use in buildings. Sandwich panels are now used in doors, partitions, furniture, and demountable buildings. In time they will no doubt be used in house construction.Can Direct Seeding of Pine Be Improved? In the past, the replanting of burned-over or clean—cut forest areas has been done by the somewhat slow and laborious method of individual planting of seedlings which had been raised in tree nurseries. Direct seeding in such areas had proven unsuccessful because birds and rodents would help themselves to this ready supply of food before the seed could germinate. Now, discovery of a bird and rodent repellent that can be easily applied to longleaf pine seeds before sowing is- making the direct seeding of trees practical and inexpensive.The repellent, composed of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide, is not harmful to birds or animals in the amounts used and does not retard germination of the seed. Although it is slightly irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat of humans, it is safe to use, according to studies made by the Alexandria (Louisiana) Research Center of the Forest Service and the U. S. Fish andWildlife Service.Direct sowing of tree seeds is the cheapest way to plant. Foresters, however, still advocate setting out seedlings because it is a simpler procedure for most people and more predictable. But seeding is becoming more foolproof and in another few years should be more generally accepted. Seeding costs about $ 8. 50 per acre compared to $ 12 per acre for planting seedlings.Does Age Affect Strength of Wood? A test of the floor joists (托梁) of the Octagon House, Washington, D. C. , shows joists that were cut form virgin Southern yellow pine of high quality to be as strong as when they were installed more than 150 years ago.Mechanical test by the Forest Products Laboratory showed that the timbers were strong enough for their purpose and differed little from the strength of similar newly-cut timbers. The tests were made on sections from several parts of the joists. No decay was found.1.The passage gives a general description of contributions made by forestry.2. Forest fires caused by lightning occur more frequently than those caused by man.3. Blister rust is a serious destroyer of white pine trees.4. The strength of wood-frame houses depends on what sort of nail is used.5. The time when yellow pine was cut to make floor joists prevented them from decaying.6. The bird and rodent repellent, made up of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide does not affect germination of the seed.7. The Forest Service scientists are likely to help fulfill America's timberdemand by saving the American chestnut.8. Each time a forestry problem is solved by research, forestry_______.9. _______pines is a way to get more seed from better trees.10. The honeycombed honeycombed(蜂窝结构的) paper becomes resistant to moisture and decay when it is treated with_______.Passage 2It is estimated that 11 seven hundred million people—about half of the world's population—are unable to read and write, and there are probably two hundredand fifty million more whose level of attainment is so slight that it 12 qualifies a literacy.Recently the attack on illiteracy has been 13 up. A world plan has been drawnup by a committee of UNESCO experts in Paris, as part of the UNESCO Nations Development Decade, and an international conference on the 14 has also been held. UNESCO stresses that functional literacy is the aim. People must learnthe 15 skills of responsible 16 : the ability to read notices, newspapers, timetables, letters, pricelists, to keep simple records and accounts, to 17 out the significance of the information gathered, and to fill in forms.The 18 areas of illiteracy are in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. In Africa there are at least one hundred million illiterates, 19 eighty to eighty-five per cent of the 20 population. In Europethe figure isabout twenty-four million, most of them in Southern Europe, with Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Yugoslavia heading the list (the United Kingdom has about sevenhundred thousand).A. basicB. citizenshipC.steppedD.someE. majorF. barely G.sort H.membershipI. superio r J. entire K.scarcelyL.constitutingM. total N. subjectO.comprisingPassage 3In the age of a global economy and an information society, the world is now • 234 •seeking a new economic pattern beyond traditional capitalism and socialism. As the influence of Japan in the world economy becomes greater, Japanese companies will necessarily be globalized in a "borderless" economy. There are two aspects to the information revolution. The first is rapid technologic innovation in various fields such as microelectronics, new materials and biotechnology. The second is the reorganization of industrial structure. These environmental changes require the Japanese economy to be a driving force of technological innovation and to create new business and new employment opportunities. Japanese companies should meet requirements not only to survive themselves, but also to lead the new industrial revolution throughout the world.We can say that the concept of HES proposes a new economic system which Japan has actually developed in the process of adaptation to a changing environment. HES is a system that can integrate both the efficiency of capitalistic competition and the equality of socialistic democracy. It is a system that can resolve the internal contradiction of both the systems of capitalism and socialism, in which power is concentrated in minority—the capitalists or the central government. Moreover, HES is a system of high productivity, which the Japanese economy demonstrates.In Japan, there seems to have been an invisible principle of "coexistence of opposites. " Historically, Japan has allowed the coexistence of various religions such as Shintoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and Christianity. In the process of modernization after the Meiji Restoration, Japan has incorporated Western science and technology onto the Eastern spiritual culture. Since the Second World War, Japan has built a cooperative relationship between management and labor unions. Today, Japan is trying to synthesize capitalism and socialism into a new economic system.21. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage isA. New Economic Pattern of the 21st CenturyB. The Influence of Japan on the World EconomyC. A Global Economy and an Information SocietyD. A System of High Productivity22. In the 2nd paragraph, the word "borderless" could best be replaced by which of the following?A. lack of borderB. edgelessC. international.D. global23. The phrase "These requirements" in Paragraph 2 meansA. environmental changesB. rapid technological innovation and reorganization of industrial structureC. the Japanese economy to be driving force of technological innovation and to create new business and new employment opportunitiesD. two aspects of information revolution24. HES is a system_______.A. that is a mixture of capitalism and socialismB. whose concept has been created by a changing environment of the worldC. in which Japanese productivity is highD. in which power is concentrated in a minority25. In Japan, an invisible principle of "coexistence of opposites" is shown in the passage in _______ respects.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. fivePassage 4A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three or four maps presents a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasters are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its originalcharacteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time.All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain an enormous amount of information about weather condition existing at the time of observation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, frosts and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day "out-look" which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air levels which often set the stage for the development of air masses, fronts, and storms.Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments are also in progress for weather modification studies. But the limitations of weather modification have prevented meteorological results except in the seeding of supercooled, upslope mountainous winds which have produced additional rainfall on the windward side of mountain ranges. Nevertheless, they have provided a clearer understanding of the fundamentals of weather elements.26. The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageousbecause it_______.A. enables man to alter the weatherB. makes weather prediction easierC. gives the scientist information not obtained readily otherwiseD. uses electronic instruments27. One characteristic of weather maps NOT mentioned by the author in this passage isA. frontsB. thermal changesC. frostD. wind speed28. The thirty-day forecast is determined by examining_______.A. daily weather mapsB. upper air levelsC. satellite reportsD. changing fronts29. At the present time, experiments are being conducted in_____A. 30-day "outlook"B. controlling stormsC. controlling weatherD. determining density of pressure groups30. Artificial rainmaking has been most successful in the_______.A. lake areaB. western slope of mountainsC. grass landsD. windward side of mountains二、完型填空完型填空（一）If you were to begin a new job tomorrow, you would bring with you some basic strengths andweaknesses. Success or (1) in your work would depend, to (2) great extent, (3) your ability to use yourstrengths and weaknesses to the best advantage. (4) the utmost importance is your attitude. A person (5)begins ajob convinced that he isn't going to like it or is (6) that he is going to ail is exhibiting aweakness which can only hinder his success. On the other hand, a person who is secure (7) his belief thathe is probably as capable (8) doing the work as anyone else and who is willing to make a cheerfulattempt (9) it possesses a certain strength of purpose. The chances are that he will do well.(10) the prerequisite skills for a particular job is strength. Lacking those skills is obviously aweakness. A book-keeper who can't add or a carpenter who can't cut a straight line with a saw (11)hopeless cases.This book has been designed to help you capitalize (12) the strength and overcome the (13) that youbring to the job of learning. But insgroupsto measure your development, you must first (14) -- stock ofswheres you stand now. (15) -- we get further along in the book, we’ll be (16) -- in some detail withspecific processes for developing and strengthening (17) -- skills. However, (18) -- begin with, youshould pause (19) -- examine your present strengths and weaknesses in three areas that are critical toyour success or failure in school: your (20) --, your reading and communication skills, and your studyhabits.1.A.improvement B.victory C. failure D. achievement2.A.a B.the C. some D. certain3.A.in B.on C. of D. to4.A.Out of B.Of C. To D. Into5.A.who B.what C. that D. which6.A.ensure B.certain C. sure D. surely7.A.onto B.on C. off D. in8.A.to B.at C. of D. for9.A.near B.on C. by D. at10.A.Have B.Had C. Having D. Had been11.A.being B.been C. are D. is12.A.except B.but C. for D. on13.A.idea B.weakness C. strength D. advantage14.A.make B.take C. do D. give15.A.as B.till C. over D. out16.A.deal B.dealt C. be dealt D. dealing17.A.learnt B.learned C. learning D. learn18.A.around B.to C. from D. beside19.A.to B.onto C. into D. with20.A.intelligence B.work C. attitude D. weakness完型填空（二）The rocket engine, with its steady roar like that of a waterfall or a thunderstorm, is an impressive symbol of the new space age.Rocket engines have 1 powerful enough to shoot astronauts 2 the earth's gravitational pull and 3 them on the moon.We have now become 4 space.Impressive and complex 5 it may appear, the rocket, which was 6 in China over 800 years 7 , is a relatively simple device.Fuel that is 8 in the rocket engine changes 9 gas.The hot and rapidly 10 gas must escape, but it can do so only 11 an opening that 12 backwar D.As the gas is 13 with great force, it 14 the rocket in the 15 direction.Like the kick of a gun 16 it is fired, it 17 the laws of nature 18 by Sir Isaac Newton when he discovered that“ 19 every action, there is 20 equal and opposite reaction.”1.A.shown B.been C.appeared D.proved2.A.against B.despite C.beyond D.from3.A.send nd C.take D.carry4.A.travelers B.astronauts C.researchers D.explorers5.A.that B.so C.as D.sometimes6.A.made B.discovered C.developed D.invented7.A.in advance B.before C.earlier D.ago8.A.round B.contained C.stored D.burned9.A.as B.into C.for D.the10.A.heating B.escaping C.expanding D.conducting11.A.in B.at C.by D.through12.A.turns B.goes C.faces D.directs13.A.transmitted B.dispersed C.erected D.radiated14.A.attracts B.leads C.pulls D.pushes15.A.same B.other C.opposite D.wrong16.A.that B.when C.if D.although17.A.states B.proves C.follows D.breaks18.A.described B.discussed C.considered D.made19.A.like B.as C.with D.for20.A.no B.an C.another D.theCloze三、翻译1. 电影开演半小时了。

达梦数据库树状结构查询sql 英文回答：Hierarchical Tree Structure Queries in Dameng Database.Dameng is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that supports hierarchical tree structure queries using the nested set model. The nested set model represents a tree structure as a sequence of nested sets, where each node in the tree is represented by a range of integers. The range of integers for a node includes the range of integers for all of its descendants.To create a hierarchical tree structure in Dameng, you can use the following steps:1. Create a table to store the tree nodes. The table should have the following columns:`id` The unique identifier of the node.`parent_id` The unique identifier of the parent node.`left` The left boundary of the range of integers for the node.`right` The right boundary of the range of integers for the node.2. Insert the root node of the tree into the table. The root node has a `parent_id` of `0`, a `left` value of `1`, and a `right` value of `2`.3. For each child node of the root node, insert the child node into the table. The child node should have a`parent_id` equal to the `id` of the root node, a `left` value equal to the `right` value of the root node, and a`right` value equal to the `left` value of the next child node.4. Continue inserting child nodes until all of thenodes in the tree have been inserted.Once you have created a hierarchical tree structure in Dameng, you can use the following queries to perform tree structure queries:Get the children of a node:sql.SELECT FROM tree_table WHERE parent_id = <node_id>;Get the ancestors of a node:sql.SELECT FROM tree_table WHERE left < (SELECT left FROM tree_table WHERE id = <node_id>) AND right > (SELECT right FROM tree_table WHERE id = <node_id>);Get the siblings of a node:sql.SELECT FROM tree_table WHERE parent_id = (SELECT parent_id FROM tree_table WHERE id = <node_id>) AND id <> <node_id>;Get the level of a node in the tree:sql.SELECT (LENGTH(path) 1) / 2 AS level FROM tree_table WHERE id = <node_id>;Get the path from the root node to a node:sql.SELECT path FROM tree_table WHERE id = <node_id>;Hierarchical tree structure queries are a powerful tool for working with data that has a hierarchical structure. Dameng supports a variety of hierarchical tree structurequeries, which makes it a good choice for applications that require this type of functionality.中文回答：达梦数据库树状结构查询 SQL.达梦是一种关系数据库管理系统 (RDBMS)，它使用嵌套集模型支持树状结构查询。

英语作文长鼻猴The proboscis monkey, native to the rainforests of Borneo, is an extraordinary creature that has captured the fascinationof many. With its distinctive elongated nose, particularly prominent in males, it stands out among its primate relatives. In this essay, we will explore the unique characteristics of this fascinating species, its habitat, and the challenges it faces in the modern world.Habitat and BehaviorProboscis monkeys are arboreal creatures, meaning they spend most of their lives in the trees. They inhabit the mangrove and peat swamp forests of Borneo, where they find ample food and protection from predators. These monkeys are social animals, living in groups that can range from a fewindividuals to as many as 20. They are known for their acrobatic skills, leaping from tree to tree with remarkable agility.DietThe diet of the proboscis monkey is primarily herbivorous, consisting of leaves, fruits, and flowers. They are alsoknown to eat bark and small insects. Their diet is diverse, allowing them to adapt to changes in the availability of food sources within their habitat. One of the most remarkable aspects of their feeding behavior is their ability to digesttough leaves that other animals cannot.Reproduction and Social StructureProboscis monkeys have a unique social structure. Males are often solitary until they reach maturity, at which point they may challenge the dominant male of a group to take over leadership. Females, on the other hand, remain within their natal group throughout their lives. The gestation period for proboscis monkeys is approximately seven months, and they give birth to a single offspring.Conservation ChallengesDespite their fascinating biology and behavior, proboscis monkeys face significant threats to their survival. Deforestation and habitat loss due to logging, oil palm plantations, and other human activities have reduced their living space. Additionally, they are sometimes hunted for food or captured for the illegal pet trade.Conservation EffortsEfforts to conserve the proboscis monkey are ongoing. Protected areas such as national parks and wildlife reserves have been established to safeguard their habitat. Conservation organizations are also working to raise awareness about the proboscis monkey and the importance of preserving their environment.ConclusionThe proboscis monkey, with its unique features and behaviors, is an important part of the biodiversity of Borneo. As stewards of our planet, it is our responsibility to ensure that these remarkable creatures continue to thrive in their natural habitat. By understanding their needs and the challenges they face, we can take action to protect them and the ecosystems they inhabit.In writing about the proboscis monkey, it is crucial to focus on the specific aspects of its life and the importance of conservation. This essay aims to shed light on the species, fostering a sense of appreciation and urgency for its preservation.。