Noninvasive Optical, Electrical, and Acoustic Methods of Total Hemoglobin Determination
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《光电技术》专业英语词汇1.Absorption coefficient 吸收系数2.Acceptance angle 接收角3.fibers 光纤4.Acceptors in semiconductors 半导体接收器5.Acousto-optic modulator 声光调制6.Bragg diffraction 布拉格衍射7.Air disk 艾里斑8.angular radius 角半径9.Airy rings 艾里环10.anisotropy 各向异性11.optical 光学的12.refractive index 各向异性13.Antireflection coating 抗反膜14.Argon-ion laser 氩离子激光器15.Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数16.Avalanche 雪崩17.breakdown voltage 击穿电压18.multiplication factor 倍增因子19.noise 燥声20.Avalanche photodiode(APD) 雪崩二极管21.absorption region in APD APD 吸收区域22.characteristics-table 特性表格23.guard ring 保护环24.internal gain 内增益25.noise 噪声26.photogeneration 光子再生27.primary photocurrent 起始光电流28.principle 原理29.responsivity of InGaAs InGaAs 响应度30.separate absorption and multiplication(SAM) 分离吸收和倍增31.separate absorption grading and multiplication(SAGM) 分离吸收等级和倍增32.silicon 硅33.Average irradiance 平均照度34.Bandgap 带隙35.energy gap 能级带隙36.bandgap diagram 带隙图37.Bandwidth 带宽38.Beam 光束39.Beam splitter cube 立方分束器40.Biaxial crystal双s 轴晶体41.Birefringent 双折射42.Bit rate 位率43.Black body radiation law 黑体辐射法则44.Bloch wave in a crystal 晶体中布洛赫波45.Boundary conditions 边界条件46.Bragg angle 布拉格角度47.Bragg diffraction condition 布拉格衍射条件48.Bragg wavelength 布拉格波长49.Brewster angle 布鲁斯特角50.Brewster window 布鲁斯特窗51.Calcite 霰石52.Carrier confinement 载流子限制53.Centrosymmetric crystals 中心对称晶体54.Chirping 啁啾55.Cladding 覆层56.Coefficient of index grating 指数光栅系数57.Coherence连贯性pensation doping 掺杂补偿59.Conduction band 导带60.Conductivity 导电性61.Confining layers 限制层62.Conjugate image 共轭像63.Cut-off wavelength 截止波长64.Degenerate semiconductor 简并半导体65.Density of states 态密度66.Depletion layer 耗尽层67.Detectivity 探测率68.Dielectric mirrors 介电质镜像69.Diffraction 衍射70.Diffraction g rating 衍射光栅71.Diffraction grating equation 衍射光栅等式72.Diffusion current 扩散电流73.Diffusion flux 扩散流量74.Diffusion Length 扩散长度75.Diode equation 二极管公式76.Diode ideality factor 二极管理想因子77.Direct recombinatio直n接复合78.Dispersion散射79.Dispersive medium 散射介质80.Distributed Bragg reflector 分布布拉格反射器81.Donors in semiconductors 施主离子82.Doppler broadened linewidth 多普勒扩展线宽83.Doppler effect 多普勒效应84.Doppler shift 多普勒位移85.Doppler-heterostructure 多普勒同质结构86.Drift mobility 漂移迁移率87.Drift Velocity 漂移速度88.Effective d ensity o f s tates 有效态密度89.Effective mass 有效质量90.Efficiency 效率91.Einstein coefficients 爱因斯坦系数92.Electrical bandwidth of fibers 光纤电子带宽93.Electromagnetic wave 电磁波94.Electron affinity 电子亲和势95.Electron potential energy in a crystal 晶体电子阱能量96.Electro-optic effects 光电子效应97.Energy band 能量带宽98.Energy band diagram 能量带宽图99.Energy level 能级100.E pitaxial growth 外延生长101.E rbium doped fiber amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器102.Excess carrier distribution 过剩载流子扩散103.External photocurrent 外部光电流104.Extrinsic semiconductors 本征半导体105.Fabry-Perot laser amplifier 法布里-珀罗激光放大器106.Fabry-Perot optical resonator 法布里-珀罗光谐振器107.Faraday effect 法拉第效应108.Fermi-Dirac function 费米狄拉克结109.Fermi energy 费米能级110.Fill factor 填充因子111.Free spectral range 自由谱范围112.Fresnel’s equations 菲涅耳方程113.Fresnel’s optical indicatrix 菲涅耳椭圆球114.Full width at half maximum 半峰宽115.Full width at half power 半功率带宽116.Gaussian beam 高斯光束117.Gaussian dispersion 高斯散射118.Gaussian pulse 高斯脉冲119.Glass perform 玻璃预制棒120.Goos Haenchen phase shift Goos Haenchen 相位移121.Graded index rod lens 梯度折射率棒透镜122.Group delay 群延迟123.Group velocity 群参数124.Half-wave plate retarder 半波延迟器125.Helium-Neon laser 氦氖激光器126.Heterojunction 异质结127.Heterostructure 异质结构128.Hole 空穴129.Hologram 全息图130.Holography 全息照相131.Homojunction 同质结132.Huygens-Fresnel principle 惠更斯-菲涅耳原理133.Impact-ionization 碰撞电离134.Index matching 指数匹配135.Injection 注射136.Instantaneous irradiance 自发辐射137.Integrated optics 集成光路138.Intensity of light 光强139.Intersymbol interference 符号间干扰140.Intrinsic concentration 本征浓度141.Intrinsic semiconductors 本征半导体142.Irradiance 辐射SER 激光144.active medium 活动介质145.active region 活动区域146.amplifiers 放大器147.cleaved-coupled-cavity 解理耦合腔148.distributed Bragg reflection 分布布拉格反射149.distributed feedback 分布反馈150.efficiency of the He-Ne 氦氖效率151.multiple quantum well 多量子阱152.oscillation condition 振荡条件ser diode 激光二极管sing emission 激光发射155.LED 发光二极管156.Lineshape function 线形结157.Linewidth 线宽158.Lithium niobate 铌酸锂159.Load line 负载线160.Loss c oefficient 损耗系数161.Mazh-Zehnder modulator Mazh-Zehnder 型调制器162.Macrobending loss 宏弯损耗163.Magneto-optic effects 磁光效应164.Magneto-optic isolator 磁光隔离165.Magneto-optic modulator 磁光调制166.Majority carriers 多数载流子167.Matrix emitter 矩阵发射168.Maximum acceptance angle 最优接收角169.Maxwell’s wave equation 麦克斯维方程170.Microbending loss 微弯损耗171.Microlaser 微型激光172.Minority carriers 少数载流子173.Modulated directional coupler 调制定向偶合器174.Modulation of light 光调制175.Monochromatic wave 单色光176.Multiplication region 倍增区177.Negative absolute temperature 负温度系数 round-trip optical gain 环路净光增益179.Noise 噪声180.Noncentrosymmetric crystals 非中心对称晶体181.Nondegenerate semiconductors 非简并半异体182.Non-linear optic 非线性光学183.Non-thermal equilibrium 非热平衡184.Normalized frequency 归一化频率185.Normalized index difference 归一化指数差异186.Normalized propagation constant 归一化传播常数187.Normalized thickness 归一化厚度188.Numerical aperture 孔径189.Optic axis 光轴190.Optical activity 光活性191.Optical anisotropy 光各向异性192.Optical bandwidth 光带宽193.Optical cavity 光腔194.Optical divergence 光发散195.Optic fibers 光纤196.Optical fiber amplifier 光纤放大器197.Optical field 光场198.Optical gain 光增益199.Optical indicatrix 光随圆球200.Optical isolater 光隔离器201.Optical Laser amplifiers 激光放大器202.Optical modulators 光调制器203.Optical pumping 光泵浦204.Opticalresonator 光谐振器205.Optical tunneling光学通道206.Optical isotropic 光学各向同性的207.Outside vapor deposition 管外气相淀积208.Penetration depth 渗透深度209.Phase change 相位改变210.Phase condition in lasers 激光相条件211.Phase matching 相位匹配212.Phase matching angle 相位匹配角213.Phase mismatch 相位失配214.Phase modulation 相位调制215.Phase modulator 相位调制器216.Phase of a wave 波相217.Phase velocity 相速218.Phonon 光子219.Photoconductive detector 光导探测器220.Photoconductive gain 光导增益221.Photoconductivity 光导性222.Photocurrent 光电流223.Photodetector 光探测器224.Photodiode 光电二极管225.Photoelastic effect 光弹效应226.Photogeneration 光子再生227.Photon amplification 光子放大228.Photon confinement 光子限制229.Photortansistor 光电三极管230.Photovoltaic devices 光伏器件231.Piezoelectric effect 压电效应232.Planck’s radiation distribution law 普朗克辐射法则233.Pockels cell modulator 普克尔斯调制器234.Pockel coefficients 普克尔斯系数235.Pockels phase modulator 普克尔斯相位调制器236.Polarization 极化237.Polarization transmission matrix 极化传输矩阵238.Population inversion 粒子数反转239.Poynting vector 能流密度向量240.Preform 预制棒241.Propagation constant 传播常数242.Pumping 泵浦243.Pyroelectric detectors 热释电探测器244.Quantum e fficiency 量子效应245.Quantum noise 量子噪声246.Quantum well 量子阱247.Quarter-wave plate retarder 四分之一波长延迟248.Radiant sensitivity 辐射敏感性249.Ramo’s theorem 拉莫定理250.Rate equations 速率方程251.Rayleigh criterion 瑞利条件252.Rayleigh scattering limit 瑞利散射极限253.Real image 实像254.Recombination 复合255.Recombination lifetime 复合寿命256.Reflectance 反射257.Reflection 反射258.Refracted light 折射光259.Refractive index 折射系数260.Resolving power 分辩力261.Response time 响应时间262.Return-to-zero data rate 归零码263.Rise time 上升时间264.Saturation drift velocity 饱和漂移速度265.Scattering 散射266.Second harmonic generation 二阶谐波267.Self-phase modulation 自相位调制268.Sellmeier dispersion equation 色列米尔波散方程式269.Shockley equation 肖克利公式270.Shot noise 肖特基噪声271.Signal to noise ratio 信噪比272.Single frequency lasers 单波长噪声273.Single quantum well 单量子阱274.Snell’s law 斯涅尔定律275.Solar cell 光电池276.Solid state photomultiplier 固态光复用器277.Spectral intensity 谱强度278.Spectral responsivity 光谱响应279.Spontaneous emission 自发辐射280.stimulated emission 受激辐射281.Terrestrial light 陆地光282.Theraml equilibrium 热平衡283.Thermal generation 热再生284.Thermal velocity 热速度285.Thershold concentration 光强阈值286.Threshold current 阈值电流287.Threshold wavelength 阈值波长288.Total acceptance angle 全接受角289.Totla internal reflection 全反射290.Transfer distance 转移距离291.Transit time 渡越时间292.Transmission coefficient 传输系数293.Tramsmittance 传输294.Transverse electric field 电横波场295.Tranverse magnetic field 磁横波场296.Traveling vave lase 行波激光器297.Uniaxial crystals 单轴晶体298.UnPolarized light 非极化光299.Wave 波300.W ave equation 波公式301.Wavefront 波前302.Waveguide 波导303.Wave n umber 波数304.Wave p acket 波包络305.Wavevector 波矢量306.Dark current 暗电流307.Saturation signal 饱和信号量308.Fringing field drift 边缘电场漂移plementary color 补色310.Image lag 残像311.Charge handling capability 操作电荷量312.Luminous quantity 测光量313.Pixel signal interpolating 插值处理314.Field integration 场读出方式315.Vertical CCD 垂直CCD316.Vertical overflow drain 垂直溢出漏极317.Conduction band 导带318.Charge coupled device 电荷耦合组件319.Electronic shutter 电子快门320.Dynamic range 动态范围321.Temporal resolution 动态分辨率322.Majority carrier 多数载流子323.Amorphous silicon photoconversion layer 非晶硅存储型324.Floating diffusion amplifier 浮置扩散放大器325.Floating gate amplifier 浮置栅极放大器326.Radiant quantity 辐射剂量327.Blooming 高光溢出328.High frame rate readout mode 高速读出模式329.Interlace scan 隔行扫描330.Fixed pattern noise 固定图形噪声331.Photodiode 光电二极管332.Iconoscope 光电摄像管333.Photolelctric effect 光电效应334.Spectral response 光谱响应335.Interline transfer CCD 行间转移型CCD336.Depletion layer 耗尽层plementary metal oxide semi-conductor 互补金属氧化物半导体338.Fundamental absorption edge 基本吸收带339.Valence band 价带340.Transistor 晶体管341.Visible light 可见光342.Spatial filter 空间滤波器343.Block access 块存取344.Pupil compensation 快门校正345.Diffusion current 扩散电流346.Discrete cosine transform 离散余弦变换347.Luminance signal 高度信号348.Quantum efficiency 量子效率349.Smear 漏光350.Edge enhancement 轮廓校正351.Nyquist frequency 奈奎斯特频率352.Energy band 能带353.Bias 偏压354.Drift current 漂移电流355.Clamp 钳位356.Global exposure 全面曝光357.Progressive scan 全像素读出方式358.Full frame CCD 全帧CCD359.Defect correction 缺陷补偿360.Thermal noise 热噪声361.Weak inversion 弱反转362.Shot noise 散粒噪声363.Chrominance difference signal 色差信号364.Colotremperature 色温365.Minority carrier 少数载流子366.Image stabilizer 手振校正367.Horizontal CCD 水平CCD368.Random noise 随机噪声369.Tunneling effect 隧道效应370.Image sensor 图像传感器371.Aliasing 伪信号372.Passive 无源373.Passive pixel sensor 无源像素传感器374.Line transfer 线转移375.Correlated double sampling 相关双采样376.Pinned photodiode 掩埋型光电二极管377.Overflow 溢出378.Effective pixel 有效像素379.Active pixel sensor 有源像素传感器380.Threshold voltage 阈值电压381.Source follower 源极跟随器382.Illuminance 照度383.Refraction index 折射率384.Frame integration 帧读出方式385.Frame interline t ransfer CCD 帧行间转移CCD 386.Frame transfer 帧转移387.Frame transfer CCD 帧转移CCD388.Non interlace 逐行扫描389.Conversion efficiency 转换效率390.Automatic gain control 自动增益控制391.Self-induced drift 自激漂移392.Minimum illumination 最低照度393.CMOS image sensor COMS 图像传感器394.MOS diode MOS 二极管395.MOS image sensor MOS 型图像传感器396.ISO sensitivity ISO 感光度。
装饰艺术论文参考文献一、装饰艺术论文期刊参考文献[1].西方现代建筑在哈尔滨的发展轨迹.《哈尔滨工业大学学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2002年3期.刘松茯.[2].建筑中的装饰艺术研究.《重庆大学学报(社会科学版)》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2005年4期.肖平西.[3].论湘南传统民居门窗木雕装饰艺术.《湖南科技大学学报(社会科学版)》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2009年5期.尹建国.谢荣东.[4].当代审美影响下的装饰艺术表现形式.《艺术百家》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2010年z2期.余雅林.[5].视觉平衡视角下的清未女装装饰艺术.《丝绸》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年3期.谭莹.闫夏青.张竞琼.[6].基于地域文化的建筑装饰艺术研究——以明清时期浙西衢州古民居为例.《民族艺术研究》.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2011年5期.叶卫霞.[7].装饰艺术类宋锦产品的创意研究与设计.《丝绸》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年7期.王晨.[8].高山汉服饰纹样的装饰艺术.《纺织学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年5期.张露.牛犁.[9].关注绘画语言与观念现代装饰艺术引发的思考.《芒种》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2016年13期.赵丹丹.[10].豫西传统民居装饰艺术图案的吉祥语意.《艺术百家》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2013年z2期.王莹莹.二、装饰艺术论文参考文献学位论文类[1].郑州地区传统民居的装饰艺术研究.被引次数:9作者:王麟.设计艺术学河南大学2011(学位年度)[2].传统青砖的装饰艺术研究.被引次数:11作者:张俊岭.设计艺术学西安建筑科技大学2007(学位年度)[3].中国装饰艺术美学研究.被引次数:8作者:周春媚.美学广西师范大学2008(学位年度)[4].夏商周青铜容器的装饰艺术研究.被引次数:13作者:杨远.考古学及博物馆学郑州大学2007(学位年度)[5].赣南客家祠堂装饰艺术研究.被引次数:6作者:朱盈.美术学赣南师范学院2010(学位年度)[6].福建莆仙戏台建筑的装饰艺术研究.作者:李碧娥.美术学西南大学2015(学位年度)[7].凉山彝族装饰艺术符号系统解析.被引次数:8作者:宋来福.设计艺术学西南交通大学2006(学位年度)[8].乌鲁木齐新疆国际大巴扎装饰艺术研究.被引次数:1作者:康惠惠.设计艺术学辽宁师范大学2013(学位年度)[9].关中传统民居建筑装饰艺术探究.被引次数:8作者:杨薇.设计艺术学西安建筑科技大学2010(学位年度)[10].马王堆装饰艺术源流研究.被引次数:6作者:陈剑.设计艺术学湖南师范大学2009(学位年度)三、相关装饰艺术论文外文参考文献[1]MethodsforMultiLayerColorPrintingandDecorativeInksforUltraViol etFineArtInkjet.CarinnaParraman《JournalofImagingScienceandTechnology》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20134[2]NoninvasiveandnondestructivemicroXRFandmicroRamananalysisofade corativewallpaperfromthebeginningofthe19thcentury. CastroKPerezAlonsoMRodriguezLasoMDEtxebarriaNMadariagaJM 《Analyticalandbioanalyticalchemistry》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20073[3]Structural,electrical,optical,andmechanicalcharacterizationsof decorativeZrOxNythinfilmsart.no.023715. CarvalhoPVazFReboutaLCunhaLTavaresCJMouraCAlvesECavaleiroAGoudeauPLeB ourhisE《JournalofAppliedPhysics》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20052[4]TheArtandBusinessofDecorativeConcrete.(missing).《Concreteinternational》,被EI收录EI.20126[5]Hightechmeetsdecorativeartinthinfilmdesign.SarahMThomas《MaterialsWorld》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20017[6]TheStudyontheApplicationofMaterialMediaintheModernDecorativeAr t.JianwenLi2012[7]TheStudyontheApplicationofMaterialMediaintheModernDecorativeAr t.JianwenLi2012[8]ADiscussionofBuildinga3DModelDatabaseandInformationQueryPlatfo rmofHuizhouTraditionalDwellingsDecorativeArt. XingSheHaiboWangWangqunXiaoQunYan2012[9]FABRICATIONOFCASTSTONEARTANDARCHITECTURALDECORATIVEARTICLES.A.M.IgnatovaM.M.ChernykhM.N.Ignatov《Glassandceramics》,被SCI收录SCI.20115/6[10]FromPolymertoArt:AnOverviewonApplicationofPolymersforDecorati veCoatings.ParastouKhodaparastHaghi《Polymersresearchjournal》,20134四、装饰艺术论文专著参考文献[1]涪陵陈氏庄园建筑装饰艺术的文化意蕴.余继平,2010首届中国民族聚居区建筑文化遗产国际研讨会[2]沁河流域传统民居中的窗台、门槛、窗额、门额等的装饰艺术. 薛林平.喻涛,2009第十七届中国民居学术会议[3]汽车内饰纺织品的装饰艺术浅析.李嬛,2009旷达2009中国汽车用纺织品创新发展论坛[4]抛釉装饰艺术砖的标准化初探.刘桐荣,20092009年中国陶瓷工业合作与发展高层论坛[5]浅谈大足石刻的装饰艺术.陈卉丽,2009中国文物保护技术协会第六次学术年会[6]浅析岭南传统建筑中装饰艺术的审美特征.陈亚利.陆琦,2010第二届岭南建筑与文化学术研讨会[7]解构传统民居建筑的装饰艺术——陕西韩城党家村装饰文化研究. 王鹏.刘丹,2008第六届全国建筑与规划研究生年会[8]《营造法原》中“窗”的形制与装饰艺术.蔡军.李迪迪,2008中国建筑学会建筑史学分会2008年学术研讨会[9]彩陶文化的多重装饰艺术法则——以马家窑彩陶为例.尹俊燕,2009中国硅酸盐学会陶瓷分会2009年学术年会[10]山西平遥县锢窑民居中的门窗装饰艺术.薛林平.张书勤,2008第十六届中国民居学术会议。
Non-invasive/invasive ventilators无创和有创呼吸机非侵襲性和侵襲性呼吸器User Guide English | 简体中文 | 繁體中文ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Indications for use 11ontraindications Adverse effects 1Stellar at a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Patient interface 33Humidification Internal battery 3ResMed USB stick 3Use on an aircraft 4Mobile use 4Remote Alarm 4Setting up for noninvasive use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Attaching the H4i heated humidifier for noninvasive use 5Setting up for invasive use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Using the Stellar device for the first time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Working with other optional accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Attaching the pulse oximeter 8Adding supplemental oxygen 8Using the FiO2 monitoring sensor 10Attaching an antibacterial filter 10Stellar basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11About the control panel 11LCD screen 12Starting therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Performing a functional test 13Starting therapy 14Stopping therapy 14Turning off the power 14Working with alarms 15Tailoring treatment setup options 15Using mask-fit 16Using the menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Setup menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Setup menu: Clinical Settings (Mask Type) 18Setup menu: Alarm Settings (Alarm Volume) 18Setup menu: Options 18Setup menu: Configuration Menu 19Info menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Event Summary 20Used Hours 20Device Information 2020Reminders Data management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21iCleaning and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Daily 21Weekly 22Monthly 22Replacing the air filter 2223DisinfectionMultipatient use 2324Servicing Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Alarm troubleshooting 24Other troubleshooting 27Technical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Guidance and manufacturer’s declaration – electromagnetic emissions and32immunity Symbols 34General warnings and cautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Limited warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37iiStellar at a glanceThe Stellar comprises:Stellar device • Hypoallergenic air filter • AC power cord • Carry bag • 2 m air tubing •ResMed USB stick • Low pressure oxygen connector.The following optional components are compatible with Stellar:3 m air tubing • SlimLine™ air tubing • Clear air tubing (disposable) • H4i™ heatedhumidifier • Antibacterial filter • Heat moisture exchanger filter (HMEF) • ResMed XPOD oximeter • Nonin™ pulse oximetry sensors • FiO 2 monitoring kit (external cable, T-piece adapter) • FiO 2 monitoring sensor • Stellar Mobility bag • ResMed Leak Valve • Tubing wrap Stellar DC/DC converter.WARNING The Stellar should only be used with air tubing and accessories recommended by ResMed. Connection of other air tubing or accessories could result in injury or damage to the device.1 Remote alarm connection is product model dependent.HandleInfrared connectionfor humidifier Air outlet H4i connectorplug and ACconnectionOxygen inlet Air filter coverXPOD pulse oximeter connectionFiO 2 sensor connectionData port for USB stickData port for direct PC connectionDC power socket AC power socket Power on/standby switchRemote alarm connection 11234AC locking clipAC power cord51Connect the power cord.Connect the power cord.Plug the free end of the power cord into a power outlet. Connect the antibacterial filter firmly onto the air outlet of the device. Connect the external humidifier to the other side of the antibacterial filter.*If not using an external humidifier, the HMEF can be connected to the ResMed Leak Valve Connect the ResMed Leak Valve to the air tubing. Position the ResMed Leak Valve so that245613External humidifier*Air tubingResMed Leak Valve 123456AC locking clip AC power cordSetting up for invasive use With an external humidifierWithout an external humidifierIf an external humidifier is not being used, you can connect the HMEF to the patient sideof the ResMed Leak Valve.Connect the catheter mount.** The ResMed Leak Valve or the HMEF can be connected to standardised tracheostomy interfaces including connector pieces like catheter mounts.The catheter mount and the external humidifier are not part of the ResMed component.2456131011HMEFCatheter mount**Attaching the pulse oximeterUse of a pulse oximeter may be recommended by your clinician.ContraindicationThe pulse oximeter does not meet defibrillation-proof requirement per IEC 60601-1: 1990, clause 17.h.Connect the plug of the finger pulse sensor to the plug of the pulse oximeter. Connect the plug of the pulse oximeter at the rear of the device.To view the oximetry values, from the Monitoring menu, select Monitoring . Adding supplemental oxygenOxygen may be prescribed by your clinician.Note: Up to 30 L/min can be added.WARNING Oxygen flow must be turned off when the device is not operating, so that unused oxygen does not accumulate within the device and create a risk of e only certified, clean oxygen sources.ResMed strongly recommends adding oxygen into Stellar’s oxygen inlet at the rear of the device. Entraining oxygen elsewhere, ie into the breathing system via a side port or at the mask, has potential to impair triggering and accuracy of therapy/monitoring and alarms (eg, High Leak alarm, Non-vented mask alarm). If used in this way, therapy and alarm operation must be verified each time oxygen flow is adjusted. Oxygen supports combustion. Oxygen must not be used while smoking or in the presence of an open flame. Only use oxygen supply in well-ventilated rooms.The breathing system and the oxygen source must be kept at a minimum distance of 2 m away from any sources of ignition (eg, electrical devices). Oxygen must not be used while the device is being operated within the mobility bag.122To remove supplemental oxygenBefore you remove supplemental oxygen from the device, ensure the oxygen supply has been turned off.Unlock the low flow oxygen inlet on the back of the device by pushing up on the locking clip.Remove the oxygen supply tubing from the oxygen connector port.12Working with other optional accessoriesNote: The FiO 2Connecting a sensor1Connect the air tubing to the T-piece adapter.2Connect the FiO 2 monitoring sensor to the T-piece adapter.3Connect the adapter to the air outlet of the device.4Connect one end of the cable to the FiO 2 monitoring sensor. Connect the other end of the cable to the rear of the device.Start calibration (see “Setup menu: Options” on page 18). This should be repeated periodically at the recommendation of your clinician.Attaching an antibacterial filter12345Fit the antibacterial filter to the air outlet of the device.Attach the air tubing to the other side of the filter.Attach the mask system to the free end of the air tubing.Perform the Learn Circuit function (see “Setup menu: Options” on page 18). From the Setup menu, select Options . This enables the device to compensate for the impedance introduced by the filters.Stellar basics12On when internal battery is in Monitoring Setup Info Push dial click)Therapy LED On during treatment. Flashes during mask-fitting operation.Alarm muteLCD screenThe LCD screen displays the menus, monitoring screens and alarm status.Values on this LCD screen and other screens throughout the User Guide are examplesCheck the FiO2 monitoring sensor (if in use).Start the FiO2 sensor calibration. SelectOptions” on page 18). Follow the instructions on the display.Check pulse oximeter (if in use).Attach the accessories according to the setup descriptions (see “Attaching the pulse oximeter” on page 8). From the MonitoringTo start treatment, press orinto your patient interface and treatment will begin.You can stop therapy at any time, simply remove the patient interface and press to stop if SmartStart/Stop is enabled, simply remove the patient interface, and treatmentAlarm mute keyAlarm messages are displayed along the top of the screen. High priority alarms are , medium priority alarms in yellow and low priority alarms inred during high priority alarms and yellow during medium and low priorityThe alarm volume can be set Low, Medium or High. From the Setup menu, select . After the set value has been confirmed, the alarm will sound and the alarm LEDAlarm settings, see “Setup menu: Alarm Settings (Alarm Volume)” on page 18.once. By pressing the Alarm mute key again, the alarm sounds again. When an alarm is muted, the Alarm mute key LED will light constantly. For a high or medium priority alarm, if after two minutes the problem is still present, theNote: Each program retains its own circuit configuration. When switching betweenprograms, ensure you use the correct circuit (breathing system) as 'learned' for thatprogram. If more than one program has been set up, follow the directions given by your clinician for when and how each program should be used.Notes:Therapy can be stopped at any time by pressing the therapy start/stop button, including during the Ramp Down time.During the Ramp Down time the low pressure alarm is not active.This feature is not available in all countries.Using mask-fitHold down for at least three seconds until pressure delivery starts.If necessary adjust the mask, mask cushion and headgear until you have a good mask fit.After three minutes treatment will begin. Mask-fit can be stopped at any time by pressing .Press for at least three seconds during mask-fit to start the treatment immediately. The mask-fitting feature is disabled when the mask typeUse the push dial to scroll through the menu and change thescreen.Mask type options: Nasal, Ultra, Pillow, Full Face, Trach, Pediatric.Note: When Mask Type is set to Trach or Full Face the Non-Vented Mask alarmautomatically turns on.For a full list of compatible masks for this device, see the Mask/Device Compatibility List on on the Products page under Service & Support. If you do not have internet access, please contact your ResMed representative.Use the push dial to scroll through the menu and change theSetup menu: OptionsPress to display the Options screen.Use the push dial to scroll through the menu and change parameters (see descriptions in the table below).Leave the air circuit unobstructed and open to the air.Press to start the Learn Circuit.Wait for the device to complete its automated tests (<30 sec).The results are displayed when complete. If the circuitconfiguration has been successfully learnt, displays. Ifunsuccessful, displays (see “Troubleshooting” on page 24). The device starts the calibration of the FiO monitoring sensor to measure the oxygen concentration of the breathable air.Press to start the FiOWait for the device to complete its calibration.The results are displayed when complete.Used Hours Device Information RemindersAir filterAir filter coverDisinfectionDisinfection of your device helps to prevent the risk of cross contamination.Disinfect the exterior of the device, and especially the air outlet, with a damp cloth and a An antibacterial filter is mandatory if the device is used on multiple patients.In a mulitpatient use environment, you must perform the following before theLCD: is displayed in the header. Battery is not charging.equipment marked with the following symbol:Testing has been performed at 240 V and 100 V.These guidelines may not apply in all situations. Electromagnetic propagation is affected by absorption and reflection Field strengths from fixed transmitters, such as base stations for radio (cellular/cordless) telephones and land mobile radios, amateur radio, AM and FM radio broadcast and TV broadcast cannot be predicted theoretically with accuracy. electromagnetic environment due to fixed RF transmitters, an electromagnetic site survey should be considered. If the measured field strength in the location in which the device is used exceeds the applicable RF compliance level above, the device should be observed to verify normal operation. If abnormal performance is observed, additional measures may be necessary,Over the frequency range 150 kHz to 80 MHz, field strengths should be less than 3 V/m.Keep away from sunlight;Contains no China environmental hazardous substances•Pay attention to leaks and other unusual sounds. If there is a problem, contact an authorised service agent.•Do not replace any parts in the breathing circuit while the device is in operation. Stop operation before changing parts.Notes:A note advises to special product features.•The above are general warnings and cautions. Further specific warnings, cautions and notes appear next to the relevant instructions in the user guide.•Only trained and authorised personnel are allowed to make clinical setting changes.•Position the device ensuring the power cord can be easily removed from the power outlet.36内容前言 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1使用指示 1禁忌症 1不良反应 1Stellar 概览 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2患者面罩 3增湿 3内置电池 3ResMed USB 储存器 3在飞机上使用 3动态使用 4远程报警 4为无创使用进行设置. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4连接 H4i 加热增湿器用于无创用途 5为有创使用进行设置. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5首次使用 Stellar 装置 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8使用其他可选的配件. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8连接脉冲血氧仪 8补充供氧 8使用氧浓度监测传感器10连接抗菌过滤器10Stellar 基本知识. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11关于控制面板11LCD 屏幕12开始治疗 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13执行功能测试13开始治疗 14停止治疗 14关闭电源 14使用报警 15调整治疗设置选项15利用面罩配戴功能16使用菜单 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17设置菜单. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18设置菜单:临床设置(面罩类型)18设置菜单:报警设置(报警音量)18设置菜单:选项18设置菜单:配置菜单19信息菜单. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20事件摘要20治疗小时数20装置信息20提示 20数据管理 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21i清洁和维护. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21每日清洁21每周 22每月 22更换空气过滤器22消毒 22多患者使用23维修 23故障排除 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24报警故障排除24其他故障排除26技术规格 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28指南和制造商声明 – 电磁辐射和抗干扰性31符号 33一般性警告和注意事项 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34有限保修 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 iiStellar 概览Stellar 包含:• Stellar 装置 • 防过敏空气过滤器 • 交流电源线 • 背包 • 2米长呼吸管 • 低压氧接头。
电子类专业英语词汇大全(N-Z) 电子类专业英语词汇N电子类专业英语词汇Oobject language,目标语言object plane,物面object program,目标程序object wave,物体声束objective evidence,客观证据objective lens of the scanning electron microscope,扫描电子显微镜物镜objective lens of the transmission electron microscope,透射电子显微镜物镜oblique visibility,斜能见度observability,可观测性;能观测性observation and recording device,观察和记录装置ocean bottom seismograph,海底地震仪ocean date station,浮标站oceanographic geological instrument,海洋地质仪器oceanographic instrumentation,海洋仪器oceanographic measuring system,海洋测量系统oceanographic observation,海洋鄄?BR>oceanographic survey,海洋调查octave,倍频程octave(bandwidth)filter,倍频程(宽带)滤波器octave filter set,倍频程滤波器组odd-even check,奇偶校验off-axis response,离轴响应off-line,离线off-line processing,离线处理;脱机处理off-line system simulation,离线系统仿真office automation (OA),办公自动化office automation system (OAS),办公自动化系统office information system (OIS),办公信息系统officially recognized standard,官方认可标准offset,静差offset coefficient,静差系数oil-filled enclosure (Ex o),充油外壳(Ex o)oil-water meter,原油水分仪omegatron mass spectrometer,回旋质谱计omnidirectional microphone,全向传声器on-cold column injector,冷柱头进样器one-dimensional location,线定位;一维空间定位on-line,在线on-line assistence,在线帮助on-line measurement and frequency spectrum analysis,在线测量频谱分析on-line process gas chromatograph,在线过程气相色谱仪on-line processing,在线处理;联机处理on-line real-time processing,在线实时处理on-line real-time system,联机实时系统on-line system simulation,在线系统仿真on-off action,通断作用on-off controller,通断控制器one-man atmospheric submersible,常人常压潜水器one-third octave filter,1/3倍频程滤波器one-turm time of output shaft,输出轴每转时间one-way communication,单向通信open-circuit intermediate voltage,开路中间电压open front case with pressure relief,带泄压装置的前开式外壳open front case without pressure relief,无泄压装置的前开式外壳(open hole) caliper,井径仪open-jet wind tunnel,开口式风洞open loop,开环open loop control,开环控制open loop control system,开环控制系统open loop electronic balance,开环式电子天平open-loop frequency response,开环频率响应open-loop gain,开环增益open-loop gain characteristic,开环增益特性open loop pole,开环极点open loop process control,开环过程控制open loop remote control system,开环遥测控制系统open loop stabilization,开环稳定open loop transfer function,开环传递函数open loop voltage gain,开环电压增益open loop zero,开环零点open source,裸式离子源open system,开放系统;开环系统open system interconnection (OSI),开放系统互连open tubular column,空心柱opening valve time,开阀时间operating conditions,工作条件operating error,工作误差operating infulence,工作条件影响operating limits,极限工作条件operating period,工作周期operating pressure differential,工作压差operating system (OS),操作系统operating temperature range,工作温度范围operating time,工作时间operational amplifier,运算放大器operational reliability,运行可靠性operational research model,运筹学模型operational unit,运算器operations research,运筹学operative limits,极限工作条件operator,操作员operator command,操作员命令operator's console,操作员操纵台operator's station,操作员站optic fiber displacement meter,光纤式位移计optic fiber position measuring instrument,光纤式位置测量仪optic fiber pressure transducer,光纤压力传感器optic fiber tachometer,光纤式转速表optic fiber tachometric transducer,光纤式转速传感器optical arm length,光臂长度optical Doppler effect,光的多普勒效应optical fiber,光导纤维optical fiber chemical sensor,光纤化学传感器optical fibre magnetometer,光纤磁强计optical fiber sensor,光纤式传感器optical(measurement)method,光测法optical micrometer,光学测微器optical plummet,垂准仪;光学对中器optical pumping,magnetometer,光泵磁强计;光泵磁力仪optical(quantity)transducer(sensor),光(学量)传感器optical reading range,光学读数范围optical spectrometer,光学光谱仪optical system,光学系统optical theodolite,光学经纬仪optical vibrometer,光学测振仪optical wedge micrometer,光楔测微器optima estimation,最优估计optimal control,最优控制optimal control law,最优控制律optimal control system,最优控制系统optimal control theory,最优控制理论optimal decision problem,最优决策问题optimal solution,最优解optimal strategy,最做出策略optimality principle,最优性原理optimization,(最)优化optimization layer,优化层optimization technique,最优化技术optimum frequency,最佳频率order,有序order parameter,序参数ordinary temperature thermistor,常温热敏电阻器organic semiconductor gas transducer [sensor],有机半导体气体传感器organic semiconductor humidity transduce [sensor],有机半导体湿度传感器organic semiconductor thermistor,有机半导体热敏电阻器orientation,定向orientation control,定向控制orifice,节流孔orifice plate,孔板orifice-and-plug flowmeter,锥塞式流量计original system,原系统originator,源发站orthogonal distrortion,正交畸变ortho-projector,正射投影仪oscillating period,振荡周期oscillator,振荡器oscillograph,录(示)波器oscillographic polarograph,示波极谱仪oscilloscope,示波器outboard rotor,外重心转子outdoor location,户外场所outer package,外包装outlier,剔除值output device,输出单元;输出设备output equation,输出方程output error,输出误差output feedback,输出反馈output fluctuation,输出波动output force or torque stability,输出激振力或力矩的稳定性output impedance,输出阻抗output impedance of microphone,传声器输出阻抗output information,输出信息output matrix,输出矩阵output noise,输出噪声output prediction method,输出预估法output shaft rotation clearance,输出轴间隙角output shaft rotation range,输出轴转角范围output shaft torque,输出轴转矩output signal,输出信号output signal "one" level,输出信号“1”电平output signal "zero" level,输出信号“0”电平output state,输出状态output stem travel clearance,输出杆间隙位移output system,输出系统output unit,输出设备output variable,输出变量output vector,输出向量;输出矢量oval gear flowmeter,椭圆齿轮流量计oval wheel flowmeter,椭圆齿轮流量计oven temperature,箱温over-current protection,过电流保护over-voltage protection,过电压保护overall design,总体设计overdampin,非周期阻尼;过阻尼overflow,溢出overflow indication,溢出指示overlapping averages,滑动平均overlapping event,交迭事件overload,过载;超负荷overload flow-rate,过载流量over-load meter,过载仪overpressure characteristic,超压特性overpressure failure,超压破裂overrange,过范围overrange limit,过范围限overshoot,过冲;超调量;过振比overview panel,总貌画面overvoltage protection varistor,过电压保护电压敏电阻器oxide thermistor,氧化物热敏电阻器oxygen bomb,氧弹oxygen bomb calorimeter,氧弹式热量计oxygen (pressure)gauge,氧压力表oxygen regulator,氧气减压器ozone analyzer,臭氧分析仪ozone sonde,臭氧探空仪ozone spectrophotometer,臭氧分光光度仪电子类专业英语词汇PP-net,P-net总线P-scope,P型显示P.T.C.thermistor,正温度系数热敏电阻器p-type oxide gas sensor,P型氧化物气敏元件P-V-T-t technique,压力-容积-温度-时间法pack,包装件package,包装;包装件packaging,包装packaging standard,包装标准packed capillary column,真充毛细管柱packed column,填充柱packed-type solenoid valve,填料函型电磁阀packet,包packet mode,包方式packet sequencing,包排序packet switching,包交换packing,包装packing box assembly,填料函组件packing machine (liquid chromatographic column),(液相色谱柱)装填机packless solenoid valve,无填料函型电磁阀page addressing,页面寻址page printer,页式打印机page-at-a-time printer,一次一页印刷机;页式印刷机panel,盘;屏,画面panel mounting (pressure) gauge,盘装压力表panoramic exposure,周向照射;全景照射pantograph,缩放仪paper based strain gauge,纸基应变计paper chromatography,纸色谱法paper tape,纸带paper tape punch,纸带空孔机paper tape reader,纸带阅读机paper tape unit,纸带单元parachute drogue,漂流伞parallax,视差parallel computer,并行计算机parallel crate controller,并行机箱控制器parallel highway,并行信息公路parallel operation,并行操作;并联工作parallel output system,并行输出制parallel plate micrometer,平板测微器parallel processing,并行处理parallel programming,并行程序设计parallel transmission,并行传输paramagnetic oxygen analyzer,顺磁式氧分析器parameter,参数parametric input,参量输入parasitic echo,干扰反射波parasitic voltage of voltage divider,分压箱寄生电压parasol radiometer,伞式辐射计parent-molecule ion,母分子离子parity check,奇偶校验partial failure,部分失效partial immersion,thermometer,局浸温度计partial pressure gauge (PPG),分压强计partial radiation thermometer,部分辐射温度计partition chromatography,分配色谱法partition coefficient,分配系数partition isothem,分配等温线part-turn electric actuator,角行程电动执行机构Pascal,帕(斯卡)pass-line deflection,跑偏passing unregistered gas (PUG),漏记气体passive remote sensing,被动遥感passive transducer [sensor],无源传感器path,通路path frame,通路帧path protocol,通路协议path unit,通路单元pattern,探伤图形pattern coefficient,图型系数pattern recognition,模式识别peak,峰peak area,峰面积peak base,峰底peak detector,峰值检波器peak distortion,谱峰畸变peak energy,峰能量peak height,峰高peak identification,谱峰鉴别peak matching,峰匹配peak of noise,噪声高度peak overlap,谱峰重叠peak point,峰顶(点)peak separation,峰距peak shape factor,峰形系数peak sound pressure,峰值声压peak stripping,谱峰剥离peak temperature,峰温度peak time,峰值时间peak-to-peak value,峰峰值peak-to-peak value of displacement,峰-峰值位移peak (top) flatness,峰顶平直度peak transmittance,峰值透过率peak value,峰值peak value of humidity,湿度峰值peak value of temperature,温度峰值peak voltmeter,峰值电压表peak wavelength,峰值波长peak width,峰宽peak width at half height,半高峰宽Peltier coefficient,珀尔帖系数Peltier heat,珀尔帖热pen,墨水笔pen recorder,笔式记录仪pen rising mechanism,抬笔机构pendulum impact testing machine,摆锤式冲击试验机pendulum meter,摆仪pendulum striking edge,摆锤冲击刀刃penetrameter,透度计;像质计penetrant inspection unit,渗透液清洗剂penetrant testing method,渗透探伤法penetrants,渗透液Penning gauge,冷阴极电离规;潘宁规percentage of theoretical slope (PTS),百分理论斜率performance,性能performance characteristics,性能特性performance evaluation,性能指标periodic and random deviations(PARD),周期和随机偏差periodic damping,周期阻尼;欠阻尼periodic test,定期试验periodic vibration,周期振动periodic waves marker,周期波时标peripheral control unit,外围设备控制器peripheral equipment,外围设备peripheral flow-rate,周缘流量peripheral interface adapter(PIA),外围接口适配器peripheral transfer,外围传送peristaltic multi-channel pump,多通道蠕动泵permanent flow-rate,常设流量permanent-magnet-coil instrument,永磁动圈式[磁电系]仪表permanent magnetic lens,永磁透镜permanent-magnet movingcoil galvanometer,永磁动圈式[磁电系]检流计[振动子]permeability,渗透率permeability tube,渗透管permeameter,磁导计permissible cumulative discharge of standard cell,标准电池允许累计放电量permissible discharge of standard cell,标准电池允许放电量persistent wave NMR spectroscope,边疆波核磁共振波谱仪personal error,人为误差petroleum oil detection buoy system,石油探测浮标系统pH electrode assembly,pH复合电极pH meter,pH计pH transducer [sensor],pH传感器pH value,pH值phase,相phase analysis,相位分析phase angle,相角phase angle stabilization,相角稳定phase contrast,位相衬度phase controlled circuit breaker,断电相位控制器phase datum mark,相位基准标记phase detection,相位检测phase detector,鉴相器phase difference,相位差phase difference torque transducer,相位差式转矩传感器phase displacement,相位差;角误差plase distance meter,相位式测距仪phase indicator,相位指示器phase lage,相位滞后phase lead,相位超前phase locus,相轨迹phase margin,相位裕度phase measurement,相位的测量phase meter,相位表phase modulation (PM),相位调制;调相phase of unbalance,不平衡相位phase plane,相平面phase plane portrait,相平面图phase ratio,相比率phase reference generator,参考相位发生器phase response,相位响应phase sensitive detector,相敏检波器phase sequence indicator,相序指示器phase space,相空间phase trajectory,相轨迹phase transition,相变phase variable,相变量phase-continuous FSK,相位连续FSKphase-crossover frequency,相位交越频率phase-frequency characteristics,相频特性phase-shift ultrasonic flowmeter,相移式超声流量计phon,方(响度级的单位)phosphorescence,磷光photo conduction tube,光导管photo electron spectroscopy (PES),光电子能谱法photo-electrical coded compass,光电码罗盘photo-electrostatic display recorder,感光静电显示记录仪photo ionization,光电离photo resistor,光敏电阻器photo-sensitive recorder,感光显示记录仪photo sensor,光敏元件photo-theodoliti,摄影经纬仪photoacoustic spectrometry,光声光谱法photoconductive transducer [sensor],光导式传感器photoelectric colorimeter,光电比色法photoelectric comparator,光电比较仪photoelectric effect,光电效应photoelectric fluxmeter,光电磁通表photoelectric length meter,光电式长度计photoelectric position detector,光电式位置检测器photoelectric roll gap measuring instrument,光电式辊缝测量仪photoelectric tachometer,光电式转速表photoelectric tachometric transducer,光电式转速传感器photoelectric thermometer,光电温度计photoelectric transmissometer,光电透射仪photoelectric width meter [gauge],光电式宽度计photoelectro magnetic element,光电磁敏元件photoionization detector (PID),光离子化检测器photometer,光度计photometric linearity,光度测量线性photomultiplier,光电倍增管phototheodilite,摄影经纬仪;照相经纬仪phototube,光电管photovoltaic cell,光电池photovoltaic transducer [sensor],光伏式传感器physical layer (PL),物理层physical model,物理模型physical modeling,物理建模physical property type transducer [sensor],物性型传感器physical quantity transducer [sensor],物理量传感器physical similarity,物理相似physical simulation,物理仿真physical symbol system,物理符号系统physiological quantity transducer [sensor],生理量传感器picture spectrograph,图象摄谱仪piezoelectric acceleration transducer,压电式加速度传感器piezoelectric effect,压电效应piezoelectric force transducer,压电式力传感器piezoelectric microphone,压电传声器piezoelectric pressure transducer,压电式压力传感器piezoelectric transducer [sensor],压电式传感器;压电换能器piezoelectric vibrator,压电振动器piezoelectric vibrometer,压电式振动计piezometer ring,均压环piezo-resistance effect,压阻效应piezoresistive acceleration transducer,压阻式加速度传感器piezoresistive accelerometer,压阻式加速度计piezoresistive effect,压阻效应piezoresistive pressure transducer,压阻式压力传感器piezoresistive transducer [sensor],压阻式传感器piezoresistive vibrometer,压阻式振动计piggy-back microbiological sampler,复背式微生物采集器pilot,先导阀pilot valve,指挥器pilot balloon theodolite,测风经纬仪pilot-operated regulator,指挥器操作型自力式调节阀pilot-operated solenoid valve,先导型电磁阀pin-cushion distortion,枕形畸变;正畸变pinger,水声信标pinion,轴齿轮pink noise,粉红噪声pipe prover,标准体积管;管式校准器pipe reducer,异径接管Pirani gauge,电阻规;皮拉尼规Pirani vacuum gauge,皮拉尼真空计piston,活塞piston actuator,活塞执行机构piston-cylinder assembly,活塞部件piston gauge,活塞式压力计piston gauge with equilibrium liquid,带平衡液柱活塞式压力计piston gauge with re-entrant cylinder column,反压活塞式压力计piston prover,活塞校准器piston rotation perdurability,活塞下降速度piston with weight carrier,带有底盘装置的活塞pistonphone,活塞发声器Pitot static tube,皮托静压管Pitot tube,皮托管pivot galvanometer,轴尖式检流计pivot knife-plane,支点刀座plain glass window,防护白玻璃观察窗planar array,平面阵planar (quad) location,平面定位plane bearing,平面支承plane grating,平面光栅plane separation,平面分离plane separation network,平面分离电路plane table equipment,平板仪plane table thermoconductivity meter,行星齿轮减速器planimeter,求积仪plankton bucket,浮游生物网底管plankton counting chamber,浮游生物计数框plankton haul [trawl],浮游生物拖网plankton net,浮游生物网plankton pump,浮游生物泵plankton tow net,浮游生物拖网plankton volume indicator,浮游生物体积测量器plant environment,工厂环境plant growth test chamber,植物生长试验箱plasma chromatograph-mass spectrometer (PC-MS),等离子色谱-质谱联用仪plasma chromatography,等离子蚀刻机plastic sampler,塑料采水器plastic window,塑料观察窗plasticity,塑性plate wave,板波plate wave technique,板波法plateau,平台;坪Platinum-10% Rhodium/Platinum thermocoupe,铂铑10-铂热电偶Platinum-13% Rhodium/Platinum thermocouple,铂铑13-铂热电偶Platinum-30% Rhodium/Platinum-6% Rhodium thermocouple,铂铑30-铂铑6热电偶platinum resistance thermometer sensor,铂热电阻playback apparatus,回放仪plotter,绘图机;绘图仪;地震剖面仪plotting tablet,标图板plug-in unit,插件plug valve,旋塞阀plumb,垂直器plunger,动铁芯plunger pump,柱塞泵plunger tube,隔磁管plunger viscometer,活塞式粘度计pluviograph,雨量计pluvioscope,降水测定器pneumatic actuator,气动执行机构pneumatic bubbling gauge,补气引压式验潮仪pneumatic control,气动控制pneumatic limit operator,气动极限操作器pneumatic piston gauge,气动活塞式压力计pneumatic pump,气动泵pneumatic rotary actuator,角行程气动执行机构pneumatic system,气动压力系统pneumatic thickness meter,气动厚度计point drift,点漂point filament,点头灯丝point location,点定位point-to-point connection,点对点连接point-to-point control,点对点控制;点位控制point-to-point control system,点到点控制系统point to point resolution,点分辨力point-to-point transmission,点对点传输pointer,指针;指示字pointer adjustment,指针调整器pointer galvanometer,指针式检流计pointer instrument,指针式仪表pointer length,指针长度pointer travel,指针转角points of mean axial fluid velocity,平均轴向流体速度点poise nut,平衡铊polar aurora,极光polar coordinate type potentiometer,极坐标式电位差计polar plot,极线图polarimeter,偏振表;偏振计polarimetry,旋光法polariscope,偏振仪polarity indicator,极性响应时间polarization voltage,极化电压polarized cartridge capacitance,极化极头电容polarogram,极谱图polarograph,极谱仪polarograph quantitative detection limit,极谱仪定量检测限polarographic cell,极谱池polarographic maxima,极谱极大polarography,极谱法pole,极点pole assignment,极点配置pole piece,极靴polling,探询;轮询pollution,污染polyamide,聚酰胺polyethylene,聚乙烯polypropylent,聚丙烯polytetrafluror-ethylene (teflon),聚四氟乙烯(特氟隆)polyvinyliden fluoride,聚氟乙烯popular scanning electron microscope,普及型扫描电子显微镜popular transmission electron microscope,普及型透射电子显微镜population,总体porcelain insulator,绝缘瓷瓶porous polymer beads,高分子多孔小球porous-layer open-tubular column;PIOT column,多孔层空心柱port,通信口;端口port guiding,阀口导向portable hardness tester,携带式硬度计portable multipurpose instrument set,轻便综合观测仪portable X-ray detection apparatus,携带式X射线探伤机portability,可移植性portable (measuring) instrument,可[便]携式(测量)仪表position,位置position encoder,位置编码器position error,位置误差;四角误差position error coefficient,位置误差系数position feedback,位置反馈position indicating switch,阀位指示开关position limit switch,行程开关position transducer [sensor],位置传感器positioner,定位器positive displacement flowmeter,容积式流量计positive feedback,正反馈positive knives linear,正刀联线positive-negative action,正负作用positive negative three-step action,正负三位作用positive pressure,正压positive shock response spectrum,正冲击响应谱positive strain,正应变positive system,正系统positive temperature coefficient thermistor,正温度系数热敏电阻post emulsifiable dye penetrant testing method,后乳化性着色渗透探伤法post emulsifiable fluorescent penetrant testing method,后乳化性荧光渗透探伤法post emulsifiable penetrant,后乳化性渗透液potential evaporation,蒸发率potentiometer,电位器potentiometer compass,电位器罗盘potentiometer pressure transducer,电位器式压力传感器potentiometer type pressure transducer,电位器式压力传感器potentiometric analyzer,电位式分析器potentiometric displacement transducer,电位滴定(法)potentiometric transducer [sensor],电位器式传感器potentiometry,电位法powder-filled enclosure (Ex q),充砂外壳(Ex q)powder sample,粉末样品power amplifier,功率放大器power compensation differential scanning calormeter,功率补偿差示扫描量热仪power-compensation differential scanning calorimetry,功率补偿型差示扫描量热法power factor meter,功率因数表power source,主电源power spectral density,功率谱密度power supply device,电源装置power supply frequency,电源频率power supply voltage,电源电压power system automation,电力系统自动化power-fail circuit,电源故障电路practical response time,实用响应时间practical salinity scale 1978,1978实用盐标pre-conditioning time,预处理时间pre-vacuum chamber,预抽室pre-weighing,预称装置preamplifier,前置放大器precipitation gauge,雨量量筒precipitation intensity,降水强度precise stereoplotter,精密立体测图仪precision,精密度precision disc grinder,样品磨薄机precision micrometer [microdisplacement] inspection instrument,精密测微检定仪precision of measurement,测量精密度precision (pressure) gauge,精密压力表predictive control,预测控制preliminary adjustment,初调;预调整premix burner,预混燃烧器preparative chromatography,制备色谱法preparative gas chromatograph,制备气相色谱仪preparative liquid chromatograph,制备液相色谱仪prepayment meter,预付费电度表press,压块机pressure,压力;压强pressure adjusting screw,压力调节螺杆pressure altitude formula,气压测高公式pressure bell,引压钟pressure compensator,压力补偿器pressure constant state,恒压状态pressure/depth conversion factor,压力-深度转换系数pressure facility,压力设备pressure frequency response of microphone,传声器声压频率响应pressure gauge,压力表pressure gauge tester,压力表校验器(pressure)gauge with back connection,轴向压力表(pressure)gauge with bottom connection,径向压力表(pressure)gauge with electric contact,电接点压力表(pressure)gauge with transmission device,电远传压力表pressure gradient correction factor,压力梯度校正因子pressure gradient microphone,压差传声器pressure in the ocean,海洋中的压力pressure instrument,压力仪表pressure isolating chamber,压力隔离容器pressure level measuring device,压力液位测量装置pressure loss,压力损失pressure measuring set,压力测量仪pressure microphone,压强传声器(pressure) multiplier,倍压器pressure-operated plankton net,压力开关浮游生物网pressure plate anemometer,压板风速表pressure range,压力范围pressure ratio,压力比pressure recovery,压力恢复pressure regulator,减压器pressure regulator spring,减压器弹簧pressure regulator valve,减压器滑阀pressure regulator valve pin,减压器阀针pressure regulator valve spring,减压器阀弹簧pressure relief plug,泄压塞[板]pressure repeater,压力重复器pressure seal,压力隔离装置pressure sensitivity of microphone,传声器声压灵敏度pressure spectrum level,声压谱级pressure (step-type)controller,压力(位式)控制器pressure switch,压力开关pressure tappings [taps],取压口pressure test chamber,气压试验箱pressure tide gauge,压力式验潮仪pressure tight case,气密外壳pressure transducer [sensor],压力传感器pressure transmitter,压力变送器pressure tube anemometer,压管风速表pressure type wave gauge,压力式测波仪pressure vessel,压力容器pressurized enclosure (Ex p),正压外壳(Ex p)prevacuum,前级真空,粗真空prevailing wind,盛行风preventive maintenance,预防性维修;预防性维护primary coil,一次线圈primary current (of a current transformer),(电流互感器的)一次电流primary device,一次装置primary feedback,主反馈primary force standard machine,力基准机primary standard,基准(器)primary voltage,一次电压primary winding,一次绕组principal component analysis (PCA),主成分分析法principal period of calorimetric test,量热实验的主期principal plane,主平面principal point,主点principal stress,主应力principle of measurement,测量原理printer,打印机;印刷机printing current meter,印刷海流计printing recorder,打印式记录仪priority,优先权;优先级prism mass spectrometer,棱镜质谱计prism monochromator,棱镜单色仪probe,探头probe coil,探头线圈probe coil clearance,探头线圈间隙probe index,探头入射点probe ion,探针离子probe method,探针法probe microphone,探管传声管probe rotational scan,摆动扫查probe to flaw distance,探头-缺陷距离problem oriented language,面向问题的语言procedure-oriented language,面向过程的语言process automation,过程自动化process control,过程控制process control computer,过程控制计算机process control level,过程控制级process control software,过程控制软件process control system,过程控制系统process engineer's console,过程工程师操纵台Process Fieldbus;PROFIBUS,过程现场总线;PROFIBUS现场总线process gas chromatograph,流程气相色谱仪process I/O,过程输入/输出;过程I/Oprocess input/output channel,过程输入输出通道process input/output device,过程输入输出装置process mass spectrometer,流程质谱计process measurement,过程测量process model,过程模型process-oriented sequential control,过程定序顺序控制process-oriented simulation,面向过程的仿真processibility test,工艺性能试验processor,处理机;处理器;处理程序prod magnetizing method,支杆法;圆棒电极磁化法prods,支杆触头product specification,产品规范product standard,产品标准production budget,生产预算production function,生产函数Profibus-DP (Decentralized Periphery),PROFIBUS-分散型外围设备总线Profibus-FMS (Field Message Specification),PROFIBUS-现场报文规范总线Profibus-PA (Process Automation),PROFIBUS-过程自动化总线Profile,行规profit control,利润控制profit forecast,利润预测program,程序program architecture,程序体系结构program-controlled testing machine,程序控制试验机program correctness,程序正确性program debugging tool,程序调试工具program evaluation and review technique (PERT),计划评审技术program execution time,程序执行时间program file,程序文件program file,程序文件program library,程序库program linking,程序连接program mode,程序方式program read-in,程序读入program run,程序运行program set station,程序设定操作器program specification,程序规格说明program validation,程序确认programmable controller,可编程序控制器programmable logic controller (PLC),可编程序逻辑控制器programmable terminal,可编程终端programme control digital logger,程控数字测井仪programmed control,程序控制programmed control system,程序控制系统;程控系统programmed flow gas chromatography,程序变流气相色谱法programmed pressure gas chromatography,程序变压气相色谱法programmed temperature gas chromatography,程序升温气相色谱法programmer,程序(设计)员programmer's console,程序员操纵台programming,程序设计programming flowchart,程序设计流程图programming support environment,程序设计支持环境projector,投影镜projector for transferring,投影转绘仪propeller,(螺)旋浆propeller anemograph,螺旋浆风向风速计propeller type current-meter,旋桨式流速计proportional action;P-action,比例作用;P-作用proportional action coefficient,比例作用系数proportional band(of a controller),(控制器的)比例带proportional bandwidth filter,比例带宽滤波器proportional control,比例控制proportional controller; P controller,比例控制器;P控制器proportional electric actuator,比例式电动执行机构proportional gain,比例增益proportional limit,比例极限proportional plus derivative action;PD-action,比例微分作用;PD-作用proportional plus derivative control,比例微分控制proportional plus derivative controller;PD controller,比例微分控制器;PD控制器proportional plus integral action;PI-action,比例积分作用;PI-作用proportional plus integral control,比例积分控制proportional plus integral controller;PI controller,比例积分控制器;PI控制器proportional plus integral plus derivative action;PID-action,比例积分微分作用;PID-作用proportional plus integral plus derivative control,比例积分微分控制proportional plus integral plus derivative controller;PID controller,比例积分微分控制器;PID控制器proportionality transmitter,比值变送器prospecting potentiometer,探矿电位计protected junction,保护端protective current transformer,保护用电流互感器protective device,保护装置protective tube,保护管protective voltage transformer,保护用电压互感器protocol,协议protocol engineering,协议工程proton(precession) magnetometer,质子旋进磁力仪prototype,原型prototype process time,原型过程时间prototype variable,原型变量prover (ball or piston),(球式或活塞式)校准装置proving [test] rotor,校验转子pseudocolor density slicer,假彩色密度分割仪psychrometer,干湿球湿度计;干湿表psychrometric [hygromtric] tables,湿度查算表psychrometric constant,湿度计算常数psychrometric formula,湿度公式pull-rod,拉杆pulsating flow,脉动流pulsating flow of mean constant flow-rate,恒定平均流量的脉动流pulse code modulation (PCM),脉码调制;脉冲编码调制pulse control,脉冲控制pulse duration,脉冲持续时间pulse duration modulation,脉冲宽度调制pulse duration modulation magnetic tape record type strong-motion instrument,脉冲调宽式磁带记录强震仪pulse echo technique,脉冲反射法pulse flip angle,脉冲回转角pulse Fourier transform NMR,脉冲傅立叶变换核磁共振(法)pulse Fourier transform NMR spectroscope,脉冲傅里叶变换核磁共振波谱仪pulse frequency modulation control system,脉冲调频控制系统pulse frequency modulation magnetic tape record type strong-motion instrument,脉冲调频式磁带记录强震仪pulse pileup rejection,脉冲堆积排除器pulse polarograph,脉冲极谱仪pulse position modulation,脉冲位置调制pulse recurrence frequency,脉冲重复频率pulse repetition frequency,脉冲重复频率pulse transducer [sensor],脉搏传感器pluse type airborne electromagnetic instrument,脉冲式航空电磁仪pulse type NMR spectroscope,脉冲核磁共振波谱仪pulse-width modulation,脉冲宽度调制pulse width modulation control system; PWM control system,脉冲调宽控制系统pulsed-light ceilometer,脉冲光束云高计pulsed-light cloud-height indicator,脉冲光束云高计pulsed optical feedback,脉冲光反馈pump,泵punched card,穿孔卡片punched tape,穿孔带Pusey and Jones indentation hardness number,赵氏硬度值Pusey and Jones indentation instrument,赵氏硬度计pyranograph,总日射计pyranometer,总日射表pyrgeometer,地球辐射表;大气辐射表pyrheliometer,直接日射强度表;日射表pyroelectric optical transducer [sensor],热释电式光传感器pyroelectric temperature transducer [sensor],热释电式温度传感器pyrolysis apparatus,裂解器pyrolysis gas chromatography,裂解气相色谱法pyrometer lamp,高温计灯泡pyrradiometer,全辐射表电子类专业英语词汇QQ factor,Q值因数Q-percentile life,可靠寿命quad array,方阵quadrant-edge orifice plate,1/4圆周边缘孔板quadrant electrometer,象限静电计quadrupole field,四极场quadrupole ion trap,四极离子阱quadrupole mass filter,四极滤质器quadrupole mass spectrometer,四极质谱计quadrupole probe,四极探头quadrupole residual gas analyzer,四极残余气体分析器quadrupole rods,四极杆qualification,鉴定qualification standard,鉴定标准qualification test,鉴定试验qualitative analysis,定性分析quantitative differential thermal analysis (QDTA),定量差示热分析qualitative physical model,定性物理模型quality,质量quality assurance,质量保证quality control (QC),质量控制quality inspection,质量检验quality management,质量管理quality supervision,质量监督quantitative analysis,定量分析quantitative differential thermal analysis,定量差热分析quantitative differential thermal analyzer,定量差热(分析)仪quantity of heat,热量quantity of illumination,光照量quantity of radiant energy,辐射能量quantity of radiation,幅射能量quantity to be measured,被测量quantization,量化quantization error,量化误差quantized error,量化误差quantized noise,量化噪声quantized signal,量化信号quartet,四重布置;四重检测quarter circle orifice plate,1/4圆孔板quartz-Bourdon tube (pressure)gauge,石英弹簧管压力计quartz crystal unit humidity transducer[sensor]晶体振子式湿度传感器quartz module,石英组件quartz spring gravimeter,石英弹簧重力仪quartz thermometer,石英温度计;石英温度表quasi-equilibrium theory,准平衡理论quasi-molecular ion,准分子离子quasi-periodic vibration,准周期振动quasi-rigid rotor,准刚性转子quasi-sinusoidal quantity,准正弦量quasi-static unbalance,准静不平衡quasilinear chareacteristics,准线性特性quenching,阻塞question and answer mode,问答式queuing theory,排队论quick thermophysical property measuring apparatus,热物性快速测定仪quintet,五重布置;五重检测quotient-meter,商值表电子类专业英语词汇Rrack,框架radar altimeter,雷达高度计radial clearance,径向间隙radial distortion,径向畸变radial electrostatic field analyzer,径向静电场分析器radial heat shield,隔热屏radiance,幅射亮度;辐射率radiance temperature,亮度温度radiance thermometry,亮度测温法radiant element,辐射元件radiant energy,辐射能(量)radiant flux,辐射通量radiant intensity,辐射强度radiant power,辐射功率radiation,辐射radiation balance meter,辐射平衡表radiation detecting device,辐射检测器radiation dose transducer [sensor],射线齐量传感器radiation energy,辐射能量radiation exitance,辐(射)出(射)度radiation fin bonnet,散热片型上阀盖radiation flux,辐射通量radiation heatflowmeter,辐射热流计radiation intensity,辐射强度radiation monitor,辐射监测仪radiation pyrometer,辐射高温计radiation sensor,射线敏感元件radiation temperature,辐射温度radiation temperature transducer [sensor],辐射温度传感器radiation test,辐射试验radiation thermometer,辐射温度计radiation thermometry,辐射测温法radiation transducer [sensor],射线传感器radio chromatography,放射色谱法radio frequency sensor,射频敏感器radio wave borehole penetration system,井中无线电波仪radio wave penetration system,无线电波透视仪radioactive materials packaging,放射性物质包装radioactive survey,放射性测量radiodirection finder,无线电方位测定器radiometer,辐射仪;辐射表radiosonde,无线电探空仪radiotheodolite,无线电经纬仪radiowave penetration instrument,无线电波透视法仪器。
眼科英文文献解读Title: Analysis of Ophthalmology English LiteratureIntroduction:Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders related to the eyes. In this article, we will delve into the analysis and interpretation of English literature in the field of ophthalmology. By exploring various aspects of this literature, we aim to gain a deeper understanding of the advancements and research in this specialized medical field.Body:1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye:1.1 Structure of the Eye: Discuss the different components of the eye, such as the cornea, lens, retina, and optic nerve.1.2 Visual Pathway: Explain the process of how light enters the eye, is converted into electrical signals, and transmitted to the brain for interpretation.1.3 Eye Muscles and Movements: Describe the muscles responsible for eye movements and how they work together to enable proper vision.2. Common Eye Conditions and Disorders:2.1 Refractive Errors: Discuss myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia, explaining the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for each.2.2 Cataracts: Detail the clouding of the lens, risk factors, symptoms, and surgical interventions available for cataract removal.2.3 Glaucoma: Explain the different types of glaucoma, their impact on the optic nerve, diagnostic methods, and treatment options.2.4 Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Describe the deterioration of the macula, risk factors, symptoms, and available treatments for AMD.2.5 Diabetic Retinopathy: Discuss the impact of diabetes on the retina, stages of diabetic retinopathy, and management strategies.3. Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology:3.1 Visual Acuity Testing: Explain the use of Snellen charts and other methods to assess visual acuity.3.2 Tonometry: Detail the measurement of intraocular pressure to detect glaucoma.3.3 Fundoscopy: Discuss the examination of the retina and optic nerve head using an ophthalmoscope.3.4 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Explain the use of this non-invasive imaging technique to visualize the layers of the retina.3.5 Visual Field Testing: Describe the assessment of the peripheral vision using techniques like confrontation and automated perimetry.4. Surgical Procedures in Ophthalmology:4.1 LASIK: Discuss the laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis procedure for correcting refractive errors.4.2 Cataract Surgery: Explain the different techniques used for cataract removal, such as phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction.4.3 Corneal Transplantation: Detail the surgical procedure of replacing a damaged cornea with a healthy donor cornea.4.4 Retinal Detachment Surgery: Discuss the various surgical approaches to reattach the retina and restore vision.4.5 Strabismus Surgery: Explain the correction of misalignment of the eyes through surgical realignment of the eye muscles.5. Advancements in Ophthalmic Research:5.1 Gene Therapy: Discuss the potential of gene therapy in treating inherited eye diseases.5.2 Stem Cell Therapy: Explain how stem cells can be used to regenerate damaged retinal cells.5.3 Artificial Retina: Detail the development of prosthetic devices that can restore vision in individuals with retinal degeneration.5.4 Drug Delivery Systems: Discuss innovative methods of delivering medication to the eye, such as sustained-release implants.5.5 Robotic Surgery: Explain the use of robotic systems in performing precise and minimally invasive ophthalmic surgeries.6. Ongoing Challenges and Future Directions:6.1 Access to Eye Care: Discuss the global disparities in eye care and the need for increased accessibility.6.2 Aging Population: Address the challenges posed by an aging population and the increasing prevalence of age-related eye diseases.6.3 Artificial Intelligence: Explore the potential of AI in improving diagnostics, treatment planning, and patient outcomes in ophthalmology.Conclusion:English literature in the field of ophthalmology provides a wealth of knowledge on the anatomy, physiology, diseases, diagnostic techniques, surgical procedures, research advancements, and challenges in this specialized medical field. By analyzing and interpreting this literature, we gain valuable insights that contribute to the improvement of eye care and the development of innovative solutions for various eye conditions. With ongoing research and advancements, the future of ophthalmology looks promising in terms of better patient outcomes and enhanced quality of life.。
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脑机接口技术的无创性脑刺激技术Hello, let's delve into the fascinating world of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques within the realm of brain-computer interface technology.你好,让我们深入探索脑机接口技术中无创性脑刺激技术的奇妙世界。
This technology, a cutting-edge advancement in neuroscience, holds the promise of revolutionizing the way we interact with and treat the brain.这种技术作为神经科学领域的尖端进步,有望彻底改变我们与大脑互动和治疗大脑的方式。
Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, as part of thebrain-computer interface, refer to methods that can activate or modulate brain functions without the need for surgical intervention.无创性脑刺激技术作为脑机接口的一部分,指的是无需手术干预就能激活或调节大脑功能的方法。
One such technique is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which uses magnetic fields to stimulate specific areas of the brain, offering a safe and painless way to explore and treat a wide range of neurological conditions.其中一种技术是经颅磁刺激(TMS),它利用磁场刺激大脑的特定区域,为探索和治疗各种神经系统疾病提供了一种安全无痛的方法。
IntroductionElectronic devices, the backbone of modern technology, rely on a diverse array of components that function in concert to process, transmit, and store information. These components can be broadly classified into two distinct categories: active and passive electronic devices. Each category exhibits unique characteristics, functionalities, and roles within electronic circuits, contributing to the overall performance and efficiency of various systems. This comprehensive analysis delves into the fundamental principles, operational mechanisms, applications, and comparative perspectives of active and passive electronic components, providing a thorough understanding of their significance in the realm of electronics.Active Electronic ComponentsActive electronic components are the driving force behind any circuit, as they possess the ability to control, amplify, or generate electrical signals without relying solely on the input signal. They require an external source of energy, typically in the form of a DC power supply, to perform their designated functions. The primary distinguishing feature of active components is their capacity to introduce gain, which refers to the amplification of an input signal's voltage, current, or power. The most common examples of active components include transistors (bipolar junction transistors, field-effect transistors), integrated circuits (ICs), diodes, and vacuum tubes.1. **Operational Principles**: Active components manipulate electrical signals through the control of electron flow. For instance, transistors employ the principles of charge carrier injection and modulation to amplify or switch signals. Diodes, on the other hand, utilize the property of asymmetric conductivity to allow current flow predominantly in one direction. Integrated circuits incorporate multiple active and passive components on a single chip, enabling complex signal processing and control functions.2. **Applications**: Active components find widespread use in virtually allswitches, oscillators, and logic gates in digital circuits. ICs are integral to microprocessors, memory chips, and analog-to-digital converters, enabling computing, communication, and control systems. Diodes are employed in rectifiers, voltage regulators, and signal demodulation circuits. Vacuum tubes, although less prevalent today, still have niche applications in high-power amplifiers, radio transmitters, and specialized audio equipment.3. **Advantages**: Active components offer several advantages, such as signal amplification, voltage and current regulation, non-linear signal processing, and the ability to create complex logical operations. They enable the creation of highly efficient and miniaturized electronic systems, thanks to advancements in IC technology.Passive Electronic ComponentsPassive electronic components, in contrast, do not require a source of external energy for their operation. They simply respond to the applied electrical signals, storing, dissipating, or redirecting energy without introducing gain. The primary passive components include resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, and various types of connectors and cables.1. **Operational Principles**: Passive components rely on fundamental electrical properties to perform their functions. Resistors impede current flow based on Ohm's Law, converting electrical energy into heat. Capacitors store electrical energy in an electric field, releasing it when required, while inductors store energy in a magnetic field and oppose changes in current. Transformers utilize electromagnetic induction to transfer energy between circuits with different voltage levels, while connectors and cables facilitate the transmission of signals without significant attenuation or distortion.2. **Applications**: Passive components are ubiquitous in electronic circuits, serving essential roles in filtering, impedance matching, signal coupling, power distribution, and timing. Resistors are used for voltage division, current limiting, and pull-up/pull-down configurations. Capacitorssmoothing power supplies, and resonant circuits. Transformers are critical in power supply isolation, stepping up or down voltages, and signal coupling across different impedances. Connectors and cables ensure reliable signal transmission in various systems, from consumer electronics to large-scale industrial installations.3. **Advantages**: Passive components offer simplicity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. They do not generate noise or consume power, making them ideal for signal conditioning and energy management tasks. Moreover, their non-reactive nature simplifies circuit analysis and design.Comparative PerspectivesWhile both active and passive components are indispensable in electronic circuits, their roles and characteristics differ significantly:1. **Energy Consumption**: Active components consume power to perform their functions, whereas passive components do not. This distinction influences power budgeting, thermal management, and battery life considerations in electronic designs.2. **Signal Amplification**: Active components can amplify signals, whereas passive components cannot. This capability is crucial for signal processing, long-distance transmission, and overcoming inherent signal losses in electronic systems.3. **Complexity**: Active components, particularly ICs, can integrate vast numbers of active and passive elements on a single chip, enabling highly complex and sophisticated circuits. Passive components, while essential, generally contribute to the circuit's overall simplicity and ease of maintenance.4. **Noise Generation**: Active components, due to their internal processes, can introduce noise into a circuit, which may need to be mitigated through careful design and filtering. Passive components, being inherently non-amplifying, tend to produce less noise.Conclusionblocks of modern electronics, each playing a unique and indispensable role in shaping the functionality and performance of electronic systems. While active components, with their signal amplification and energy-consuming nature, drive the core processing and control functions, passive components provide essential support through energy storage, signal conditioning, and power distribution. Understanding the operational principles, applications, and comparative perspectives of these components is vital for engineers and designers seeking to create efficient, reliable, and high-performance electronic devices and systems.。
光电信息技术英语In the heart of modern technological advancements lies the fascinating realm of optoelectronics, where light and electricity converge to revolutionize our world. This field, often dubbed the "language of the future," is shaping our communication, computing, and even our understanding of the cosmos. From the intricate dance of photons within fiberoptic cables that transmit information at blistering speeds, to the awe-inspiring advancements in solar energy that harness the sun's rays to power our homes, optoelectronics is the cornerstone of a greener, more connected planet.Imagine a world where data travels not through wires, but through beams of light, where the speed of communication is only limited by the speed of light itself. This is the promise of optoelectronic technology, which has already begun to transform industries. In healthcare, optoelectronic sensors are paving the way for non-invasive diagnostics, providing real-time monitoring of vital signs with unprecedented precision. In the automotive sector, the integration of light-based sensors is making our roads safer, with systems that can detect obstacles and adjust vehicle speed accordingly.As we delve deeper into the realm of optoelectronics, we encounter the cutting-edge technology of quantum computing, where the manipulation of individual photons holds the key to solving complex problems that are beyond the reach oftraditional computing. This is a technology that could unlock new frontiers in cryptography, drug discovery, and even artificial intelligence.But perhaps the most exciting aspect of optoelectronicsis its potential to make our world more sustainable. Solar panels, powered by optoelectronic principles, are becoming more efficient and affordable, pushing us closer to a future where clean, renewable energy is the norm. And as researchers continue to explore the boundaries of this field, we can expect to see even more innovative applications that will not only enrich our lives but also help us to preserve our planet for generations to come.The journey through the world of optoelectronics is one of discovery and wonder, a testament to human ingenuity and our unrelenting quest for knowledge. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, the future looks brighter than ever, illuminated by the boundless potential of light and electricity.。
光纤传感器的应用研究摘要本文介绍了光纤传感器研究的目的、意义及其发展趋势,通过分析研究各类光纤传感器的基本原理,设计出了几种功能较完善的光纤传感器。
首先从研究光纤传感器的工作原理出发,分析各种光纤传感器的结构和原理,通过对原有光纤传感器的结构和控制机理的分析,结合学过的电子知识,设计光纤传感温度计、光纤传感压强计等。
在整个研究过程中采取实验和理论相结合的方式。
1绪论光纤传感器是70年代末发展起来的一种新型传感器,它具有不受电磁场影响,本质上安全防爆,体积小,耐腐蚀,灵敏度高等优点。
可用在传统传感器难以涉足的极端恶劣环境,所以在军事、航空航天、生物医学、建筑施工等领域被受青睐。
因此对光纤传感器的研究具有很重要的现实意义。
传感技术是近几年热门的应用技术,传感器在朝着灵敏、精确、适应性强、小巧和智慧化的方向发展。
在这一过程中,光纤传感器这个传感器家族的新成员倍受青睐。
光纤具有很多优异的性能,例如:抗电磁干扰和原子辐射的性能,径细、质软、重量轻的机械性能,绝缘、无感应的电气性能,耐水、耐高温、耐腐蚀的化学性能等,它能够在人达不到的地方(如高温区),或者对人有害的地区(如核辐射区),起到人的耳目的作用,而且还能超越人的生理界限,接收人的感官所感受不到的外界信息。
光纤传感器是最近几年出现的新技术,可以用来测量多种物理量,比如声场、电场、压力、温度、角速度、加速度等,还可以完成现有测量技术难以完成的测量任务。
在狭小的空间里,在强电磁干扰和高电压的环境里,光纤传感器都显示出了独特的魅力。
因此,光纤传感技术应用的研究具有很好的前景。
光纤传感优点:灵敏度较高;几何形状具有多方面的适应性,可以制成任意形状的光纤传感器;可以制造传感各种不同物理信息(声、磁、温度、旋转等)的器件;可以用于高压、电气噪声、高温、腐蚀、或其它的恶劣环境;而且具有与光纤遥测技术的内在相容性。
光纤传感器用光作为敏感信息的载体,用光纤作为传递敏感信息的媒质。
英文回答:The Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering major is dedicated to theprehensive study of the principles and practical applications of optoelectronic devices and systems. This field epasses the thorough exploration of light-matter interactions, photonics, and the utilization of light in various engineering systems and devices. Students pursuing this major will delve into a wide range of topics, including but not limited to semiconductor physics, opticalmunications, imaging and display technologies, and optoelectronic materials. The primary objective of this major is to provide students with a solid understanding of the fundamental concepts of optoelectronic technology and the capability to effectively apply this knowledge to address diverse engineering challenges.光电子信息科学与工程专业致力于光电子设备和系统原理和实际应用的综合研究。
NON-INVASIVE MONITORING OF REFLEXIVE SWALLOWING Helen FIRMIN1, Sheena REILLY2, Adrian FOURCIN1UCL and Camden and Islington Health Authority2Institute of Child HealthAbstractTwo standard techniques are used for the clinical examination of abnormal swallowing: Videofluoroscopy which depends on irradiation, and Cervical Auscultation, which makes use of a stethoscope. Both of these techniques have important disadvantages. The first does not lend itself to routine use and the second provides no reliable quantitative information. The aim of this work was to investigate the utility of some of the methods used in Speech and Hearing Sciences. These methods do not use radiation and have the potential to give more accurate timing information than can be derived from auditory/acoustic monitoring. Pilot data were obtained from the simultaneous use of four sensors: an ear-plug microphone of the type used successfully for the detection of otoacoustic emissions; a standard miniature electret microphone ordinarily used for speech recording; a miniature accelerometer of the type sometimes used for monitoring nasality; and a standard electrolaryngograph. Swallow measurements were made with twenty normal adult subjects. The most effective single signal was that provided by the use of standard electrolaryngograph hardware and software. A small but significant increase in reliability came from the combined appraisal of two signals, from the laryngograph and an accelerometer.1. BackgroundIt may seem a little odd that work in the fields of speech, hearing and language should impinge on, and stand to benefit from, a knowledge of the physiological processes basic to deglutition. The intricately coordinated mechanisms of voice production are, however, linked to those of swallowing and there is a potentially useful overlap of experimental approaches, equipment, and understanding.1.1 Characteristics of a normal swallowThe act of swallowing is ordinarily described as consisting of four stages (eg Logemann, 1983):oral initial oral final pharyngeal oesophagealThe first two of these stages are under conscious control. The second two stages are normally autonomic and occur as parts of a complete peristaltic gesture in which food and drink are, as it were, swept from pharynx to stomach. Although the pharyngeal and oesophageal stages have here been given special experimental attention, the following brief overview of all four stages is intended to place them in the context of the complete process (figures based on Logemann, 1983).2. Phases of a swallow2.1 Oral initial phaseFigure 1During the oral initial phase of swallowing, tongue movements differ between subjects; the oral enclosure is, however, relatively consistently defined. Typically a labial seal prevents the escape of liquid from the front of the mouth. Escape of liquid into the pharynx is prevented by a rear oral cavity enclosure produced by the positioning of the velum against the back of the elevated tongue.2.2 Oral final stageFigure 2The oral final stage occurs when the tongue is moved so as to squeeze the bolus or liquid volume against the hard palate so that it is propelled past the anterior faucal arches. It is at this stage that the automatic reflexive gesture of swallowing is triggered. Normally this gives rise to the coordinated peristaltic reflex sequence described below with reference to figures 3 and 4.2.3 Pharyngeal stageFigure 3The triggering of the peristaltic reflex is the beginning of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing. This stage has four main phases:∙material is prevented from entering the nasal cavity by the elevation and retraction of the velum so as to close the velopharyngeal port ∙the bolus is transferred from the level of the faucal arches through the pharynx to the cricopharyngeal sphincter at the top of the oesophagus∙material is prevented from entering the tracheal airway by the elevation of the larynx and the closure of the three sphincters associated with: the aryepiglottic folds; the ventricular folds; and the vocal folds.∙the bolus material is finally passed into the oesophagus by the relaxation of the sphincter at the cricopharyngeal juncture.2.4 Final stageFigure 4In the final stage of the swallow, the bolus is transferred in a continuation of the peristaltic gesture from the cricopharyngeal to the gastro-pharyngeal juncture at the entrance to the stomach.2.5 Aspects of abnormal swallowingDisorders of swallowing may manifest themselves in a variety of ways. During the neonatal period, persistently poor feeding, characterised by weak sucking, and coughing and choking, leading to prolonged feeding times, are typical signs. There may be associated respiratory difficulty and even apnoea. Alternatively, difficulties may emerge when weaning is attempted with the introduction of spooned solids. Swallowing dysfunction in childhood may also present more unusually as an isolated weakness in the absence of other signs and presents in adults as a part of other neurological disorders.The clinical sequelae of swallowing dysfunction may include repeated "penetration", when food gets between the vocal folds, and "aspiration", when food is inhaled into the tracheal airway. Poor oral intake leads to malnutrition and consequent failure to thrive - adversely affecting the child's growth and development. The results of abnormal swallowing can also lead to recurrent chest infections and the development of chronic lung disease.Clinically, it is essential that swallowing be monitored in individuals in order to ensure that safe feeding protocols can be established. A number of approaches have been developed to assess swallowing.3. Methods of monitoring3.1 Established approachesAll methods depend on at least an initial assessment which involves taking an appropriate history together with making a clinical examination. This approach has many advantages but it is not quantifiable, may not define the precise nature of thetrouble and may not detect silent aspiration - when the client inhales food into the lungs but does not cough or show discomfort. Complementary methods have been introduced to reduce these disadvantages. The three most frequently used methods are listed below in order of relative importance.3.1.1 VideofluoroscopyThis method makes it feasible to examine both the structure and function of the organs involved (Ekberg, 1992). Dysphagia can be identified and silent aspiration detected. Recordings can be made and used for reference and, if required, measurement. Its success depends, however, on the swallowing of a controlled quantity of radio-opaque material, which may be unpleasant, and exposure to radiation, which must be brief. The method cannot be used frequently. It may be rather daunting in application for the child, and it is not a basis for interactive therapy.3.1.2 EndoscopyFibrescopic Endoscopic Examination of Swallowing (FEES: Langmore, Schatz, & Olsen, 1988) makes use essentially of a nasopharyngolaryngoscope - a flexible endoscope of the type used in the voice clinic. Although it is an invasive procedure it is more acceptable for some adult patients and avoids the gagging associated with rigid oral endoscopy. It also can be used for biofeedback but it is in essence a cumbersome technique and not adapted for ready use with children.3.1.3 ElectromyographyEMG (Cooper & Perlman, 1996) recordings are also used and they confer the advantages of precision in identification and accuracy of temporal measurement. This method is, however, dependent to a large extent on signals derived from electrodes inserted subcutaneously. Whilst EMG is a valuable research tool it is not well suited to routine clinical investigation.3.1.4 Cervical Auscultation CAThis method involves the placement of a sensor (originally a stethoscope was used) on the neck of the subject and either listening and/or recording the acoustic signals which are produced from a microphone as by-products of the swallowing processes. These signals are typically visually presented and examined as waveforms or spectrograms. The first work using these signals led to the description by Bosma and his colleagues of the normal swallow as being associated with two discrete and perceptually distinct sounds - the "Initial Discrete Sound" (IDS) and the "Final Discrete Sound" (FDS) (Bosma 1992; Heinz et al 1994). Many other investigators have explored the use of this approach for the examination of dysphagia. A variety of sensors have been employed in attempts to define an optimal configuration but the best choice of sensor, or of sensor combination, is still not clear.3.2 Other sensorsThe essential advantage of the CA method is that it provides useful information in a rapid and simple non-invasive fashion. Its essential disadvantage is that theauditory/acoustic information that it provides is not readily linked to particular physiological sources and is often not very clear physically. Data are generated not as a direct result of the processes of swallowing but rather as an adventitious side product. It is the intrinsic and relative movements of the organs associated withdeglutition that are important in the understanding of normality and the detection of pathology. Following Bosma's initial lead, auditory CA has, nevertheless, made a substantial contribution to the clinical detection and management of swallowing problems and this has led to the investigation of the possible use of other sensors in place of the microphone.3.2.1 Ear ProbeThis sensor has been shown to respond to the "intrinsic sounds of swallowing". An advantage of the ear probe is its site of placement. Whilst scars and skin changespost-radiation can make neck mounting of a sensor difficult (poor mounting can lead to extraneous noise in the signal) no such difficulties are encountered with the ear probe. This sensor also has the advantage that it may be more acceptable for children than the more standard techniques (and it might be useful for biofeedback).3.2.2 AccelerometerThe accelerometer is a neck mounted sensor which is held in place by a lightly adhesive strip. It has a wide frequency response range and can be obtained in miniature unobtrusive formats. It is vibrated by the "epidermal vibrations caused by internal sounds and vibrations reaching the surface where it is attached" (Kuhn, 1995), i.e. it responds to the movements of internal organs. The acoustic information the accelerometer provides, whist not 'sounding' like a swallow mediated by CA, appears closely related to the discrete swallow sounds detected on the neck by a stethoscopeor a microphone.3.2.3 ElectrolaryngographThe time constants used in the design of the normal laryngograph were chosen to give useful responses to impedance changes associated with vocal fold vibration. Any neck impedance change between the electrodes will, however, have an effect on the Lx signal output as a function of the magnitude and rapidity of the change. Swallowing has an effect which is greater or less directly as a function of these internal time constants. In the limit it is possible to arrange for a response down to zero frequency (Gx setting). It has previously been suggested within the dysphagia literature (Sorin, McClean, Ezerzer & Meissner-Fishbein, 1985; Perlman & Grayhack, 1991) that including an electroglottograph as a sensor in swallowing studies may be of benefit to clinical work. Perlman earlier (personal communication) attempted to convert a standard Laryngograph in her own laboratory so as to obtain Gx for swallowing studies. The results were not encouraging and this possibility is revisited later in the present description.The output of an environmental microphone was also included in the set of recorded data. It was used to register the name of the subject, the condition of the test, and also to provide clear information regarding the moment when the pharyngeal stage of the swallow was initiated on a separate monitor channel. This ensured that no 'dry' swallows, coughs or vocalisations were included within this study accidentally.3.3 Outstanding problems in sensor selectionAlthough the use each of these sensors has been investigated in many separate swallowing studies no clear best choice has as yet emerged. One major difficulty arises from the lack of a basis for rigorous cross comparison. This is only feasiblewhen sensors are used simultaneously to monitor the same swallow and when each of a representative group of subjects undertakes the same swallowing task. Two further difficulties will then remain. The first is to arrive at a videofluorographic calibration of the best sensor or sensor combination. The next arises, in the present context, from the need to have a system which is readily applicable with children.4. Experimental aims and proceduresThe present work was necessarily limited in scope and the main part of the investigation was designed only to provide information directly relating to the optimal choice of sensor. This led to the definition of two primary objectives.4.1 Objectives4.1.1 Which sensor provides the most accurate, consistent and reliable basis for the identification of the characteristics of a 'normal' swallow?And, as a closely allied aim:4.1.2 Using this approach, what are the main characteristics of the 'normal' swallow?4.2 Sensors usedEach of the four sensors described above was included in the study using techniques which had already been proved in related applications.4.2.1 The ear probe (EM 3046)The ear probe was provided by courtesy of Otodynamics. This is a standard audiological wide band acoustic receiver ordinarily used for the detection of otoacoustic emissions in a combined transmitter and receiver housing. Otodynamics also provided the range of ear plugs needed for adaptation to individual subjects.4.2.2 The accelerometer (BU 1771)The accelerometer was obtained from Laryngograph Ltd. It was used together with a processing circuit originally designed for the detection of nasal wall vibration as part of a system for the display and measurement of nasality in speech.4.2.3 The LaryngographThe Laryngograph used in the main investigation was typical of the current range employed in voice clinics and had a "normal Lx" time constant In order to provide background information concerning the use of the laryngograph, a small amount of swallowing data was also obtained using a Gx, zero frequency coverage, laryngograph. Although true Gx requires a care in adjustment, which makes it difficult to apply in a clinical environment, it can be helpful in the interpretation of the Lx waveform itself.4.2.4 Neck mounted microphone (EK3132)The fourth sensor was a miniature neck mounted microphone (EK3132) of the type used for free field speech recordings. This followed the tradition of CA itself without, however, using a stethoscope coupling.4.2.5 Audio microphoneDuring the data gathering a fifth sensor, provided by a standard audio microphone, was used to monitor the experimental sequences.4.3 Subjects and sensor placementTwenty normal young adult volunteers, 7 men and 13 women, with no history of dysphagia took part in the tests. Each subject was seated and requested to swallow 20ml of water on three separate occasions. On each occasion the subjects held the liquid in their mouths until a signal was given for them to swallow. This procedure was followed in an attempt to ensure that a common initial swallowing starting point was obtained for all observations.Figure 5 Sensor PlacementThe placement of the sensors was consistent for all subjects and resulted from reference to prior work (Takahashi, Groher & Michi, 1994; Reddy, Gupte, Green and Camilang, 1994; Hamlet, S., Penney, D.G. & Formolo, J. (1994)) and our own initial exploratory experiments.4.4 Signal acquisition assessment and evaluationThe outputs from the four main sensors plus the monitoring microphone were saved simultaneously for each swallow on an ADAT recorder (an eight channel digital audio recorder using special VHS tape to give standard 16 bit CD audio quality for each channel). Subsequent display and analysis of the data was based on the use of the Laryngograph Ltd SPG program.Figure 6 Sensor outputs for a typical swallowThe four signal presentations shown in this figure are those used for the measurements reported here. Whereas 200 Hz analysis bandwidth spectrogams were used for the two microphone based sensors, ear probe at the top (1) and neck microphone (3), the raw waveforms are shown for the accelerometer (2) and laryngograph (4) signals. These modes of presentation were chosen heuristically simply to obtain the clearest bases for interpretation - further work is quite likely to lead to more sensitive techniques.The data obtained for the sixty individual swallows from these normal subjects were very consistent both within and between subjects. This made it feasible to assess the outputs from each of the sensors on the basis of a simple rating protocol based on the4.5 Table 1 Rating ProtocolThe criteria defined in Table 1 were applied for the family of outputs from each subject, rather than for each separate sensor type. This approach was chosen since it gave a practical clinically relevant coherence to the overall appraisal.Quantitative measurements were made on the combined plots of the form shown in Figure 6. Each swallow was treated separately and its data used in combination to get the best estimates of the three main temporal intervals shown - precursor to IDS; IDS to FDS and FDS to end of swallow.5. Experimental results5.1 Sensor output comparisonsWhen the results of applying the protocol of Table 1 to every one of the sixty sets of individual swallow data were collated the rather unexpectedly clear set of overall rating comparisons shown in figure 7 emerged.Figure 7 Sensor Rating ComparisonsThe electrolaryngograph and accelerometer outputs were both distinctly more useful in identifying three of each of the four main swallowing events than either of the other two sensors. The exception was in respect of the precursor. The beginning of a swallow was better identified, from these data, when outputs from either the ear probeor the neck microphone were used than when the accelerometer was employed. On a single sensor basis, the Lx signal from the electrolaryngograph was the most reliable source of information for each main temporal event. The visual appraisal of these two sources of information in combination produced an improvement in detection score for the end of the swallow from 67% for the laryngograph alone to 80% in combination with the accelerometer. There was a reduction, however, from 70%, using the Lx signal alone for the identification of the precursor to 50% when both signals were used in combination.5.2 Subject differencesTable 2 Mean Swallow durations for male and female subjectsWhen an independent samples t-test was applied to the four sets of temporal intervals taken for each swallow for each subject the only significant difference between male and female subjects was for the IDS to FDS interval (see also Figure 7 in regard to the dominance of these individual events).6. DiscussionQualitatively, on the basis of the present observations, the electrolaryngograph hasprovided the most consistent and reliable indications relating to the main swallow events which have been established by prior work in the field of Cervical Ausculation. Quantitatively, the timing characteristics, which have been measured here, correspond to those found using other indirect methods of observation. Absolute, as opposed to relative, accuracy, however, can only be established with simultaneous use of videofluorography and this has not been done in this necessarily limited study, although the present results certainly make this extension worthwhile.The second most useful sensor found in this study was the accelerometer and it appears that there could be a slight advantage in the combination of the outputs from the two sensors. A further significant advantage could come from the simultaneous use of more than one set of electrolaryngograph electrodes. Perhaps a specially significant aspect of this result, however, is that both of the best sensors respond directly to internal organ movement as opposed to the acoustic by-products of movement. This may prove to be an essential indicator in regard to the best way forward in respect of the choice and future development of non-invasive means for the monitoring and measurement of swallowing. Finally, the use of biofeedback could be another fruitful result of introducing speech-based techniques into the management of dysphagia by the provision of clear real-time visual and or auditory displays of abnormal and normal function.AcknowledgementWe would like to thank Mahen Goonewardane and David Cushing for their technical support. This work was done partly with the help of funding from the North West Thames Health Authority.ReferencesAllaire, J.H., Riordan, B. & Gillies, G.T. (1994) A Swallowing Frequency Device. Presented at the Second Workshop on Cervical Auscultation, Ritz Carlton Hotel, Tyson's Corner, VA, October 13, 1994Bosma, J. (1992)Introduction to the Cervical Auscultation Workshop, Department of Paediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, April 22, 1992Cooper D.S., & Perlman, A.L. (1996)Electromyography in the Functional and Diagnostic Testing of Deglutition In Deglutition and its Disorders pp255-285; Singular London UKEkberg, O. (1992) Radiographic Evaluation of Swallowing. In Dysphagia: Diagnosis & Management (2nd edition) ed Groher, M.E. Butterworth Heinemann, USA Hamlet, S. (1992) Auscultation of Feeding Sounds at the Ear. Presented at the Cervical Auscultation Workshop, Department of Paediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, April 22, 1992Hamlet, S., Penney, D.G. & Formolo, J. (1994) Stethoscope Acoustics and Cervical Auscultation of Swallowing. Dysphagia 9 : 63 - 68Heinz, J.M., Vice, F.L. & Bosma, J.F. (1994) Components of Swallow Sounds. Presented at the Second Workshop on Cervical Auscultation, Ritz Carlton Hotel, Tyson's Corner, VA, October 13, 1994Kenny, D., McPherson, K., Kasis, M. &Judd, P. (1992) Possible Applications of Cervical Auscultation in Observations of Swallow: Respiration Interaction inDysphagic Children. Presented at the Cervical Auscultation Workshop, Department of Paediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, April 22, 1992 Kuhn, P.M. (1995) A Review of sensing Devices for Cervical Auscultation. Presented at the Year in Cervical Auscultation, Tyson's Corner, McLean Virginia, October 26, 1995Langmore, S.E., Schatz, K. & Olsen, N. (1988) Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing safety: A new procedure Dysphagia,2, 216-219Logemann, J.A. (1983) Evaluation and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders. College-Hill PressMorrell, R.M. (1992) Neurological Disorders of Swallowing. In Dysphagia: Diagnosis and Management (2nd ed)Eds Groher, M.E. Butterworth-Heinemann, USA Perlman, A.L. & Grayhack, J.P. (1991)Uses of Electroglottograph for Measurement of Temporal Aspects of the Swallow: Preliminary Observations. Dysphagia 6 : 88 - 93Reddy, N.P., Gupta, V., Prahbu, D.N.F., Green, P., and Canilang, E.P. (1994) Aceleration Measurments During Swallowing & Coughing. Second Workshop on Cervical Ausculation VA October 13, 1994Sorin,R., McClean, M.D., Ezerzer, F., & Meissner-Fishbein, B. (1985) Electroglottographic evaluation of the swallow. Archives of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationTakahashi, Groher & Michi, (1994) Methodology for Detecting Swallowing Sounds Dysphagia 9; 54-62© Helen Firmin, Sheena Reilly and Adrian Fourcin.。
脑机接口技术的无创性脑电刺激The field of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, particularly in the realm of noninvasive brain stimulation through electroencephalography (EEG). This technique allows for direct communication between the human brain and external devices, opening up new horizons in the treatment of neurological disorders, rehabilitation, and even cognitive enhancement.近年来,脑机接口(BCI)技术领域取得了显著进展,特别是在通过脑电图(EEG)进行的无创性脑刺激方面。
这种技术实现了人脑与外部设备之间的直接交流,为神经系统疾病的治疗、康复甚至认知增强开辟了新的领域。
Noninvasive brain stimulation using EEG-based BCI involves the recording of electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. These electrodes capture the brain's neural signals, which are then processed and translated into commands that can control external devices. This process allows for the precise targeting of specific brain regions, enabling the delivery of tailored stimuli to modulate neural activity.基于EEG的BCI无创性脑刺激技术涉及通过放置在头皮上的电极记录大脑的电活动。
非线性光学英文作答Nonlinear optics refers to the study of how light interacts with materials in a nonlinear manner. In traditional linear optics, the response of a material to light is directly proportional to the intensity of the light. However, in nonlinear optics, the relationship between the response and incident light is nonlinear, meaning that the output is not directly proportional to the input.This field of study is important because it allows for a variety of useful applications. For example, in telecommunications, nonlinear optical effects can be utilized to amplify signals, convert wavelengths, and enable faster data transmission. In laser technology, nonlinear optics is used to generate higher harmonics, produce ultrashort laser pulses, and create new frequencies.The mechanisms behind nonlinear optics involve the interaction of light with the electrons and atoms within a material. Nonlinear responses can arise due to effects such as electronic polarization, optical rectification, frequency mixing, and optical Kerr effect. These effects can be used to control and manipulate light in ways that are not possible with linear optics alone.It is worth noting that the study of nonlinear optics is an active and ongoing area of research, with scientists exploring new materials and phenomena to further enhance our understanding and develop new applications.。
angle of minimum deviation 最小偏向角angle of minimum resolution 最小分辨角angle of polarization 偏振角angle of pressure 压力角angle of projection 投射角angle of recess 渐远角(齿轮的)angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of restored polarization 复偏振角angle of revolution 旋转角angle of rotation 转动角angle of scattering 散射角angle of shear 切变角angle of sight 视线角angle of site 炮目高低角angle of slope 倾角angle of tilt 倾斜角angle of torsion 扭转角angle of twist 扭转角angle of view 视场角angle of zenith 天顶角angle output (1)角输出(2)角坐标angle pencil of ray 宽光束angle phase matching 角相位匹配angle protractor 量角规,斜角规,分角规angle reflector 角形反射器angle sweep 角扫描angle, parallactic 视差角,变位角angle-bisecting plane 角平分平面angle-tracking system 角度追踪系统,角度追踪装置angled end-face 斜端面angling 角度加工angstrom 埃(=10-8厘米)angstrom coefficient 埃系数angstrom compensation pyrheliometer 埃司传,日光热量计angstrom mode 埃方式angstrom unit 埃单位angular 角的angular aberration 角〔度〕像差angular alignment 角度对准angular altitude 高低角,仰角angular aperture 角口径angular bisector 角等分线angular breadth 角宽度angular brightness 角亮度angular characteristic function 角特性函数angular dependence 角相关angular deviation 角偏向angular dispersion 角色散angular displacement 角位移angular distribution of output 输出角向分布angular divergence 角散度angular error 角误差angular field 角视场angular focusing 角聚焦angular frequency 角频〔率〕angular indexing 角分度angular larmor frequency 拉莫尔角频率angular magnification 同度放大率angular misalignment loss 角度未对准损失angular momentum 角动量动量矩angular optical polygon 光学多面棱体angular point 角顶angular prolate spheroidal function 角扁长球体函数angular readout 角读数,角坐标读出angular resolution 角度监别angular resolving power 角分辨牵angular spectrum 角频谱angular spherical aberration 角球差angular spread 角展度angular threshold of eye 〔眼睛〕视角阈值angular trackong 角度追踪angularity 斜度,弯曲度angulon lens 安古龙〔广角〕照相镜头anharmonic 非谐的anharmonic interaction 非简谐作用anharmonic oscillator 非谐振荡器,非谐振子anharmonic splitting 非谐分裂anharmonic wave 非谐波anharmonicity 非谐性anhedral 正上反角anhydride 酐anhysteretic 非滞後〔的〕animated cartoon film 美术片,动画片animated photography 动画〔片〕照相animated picture 动画片animation 〔活〕动画animation equipment 动画〔照相〕设备anion 阴离子anion-exchange chromatography 阴离子交换色谱〔法〕aniseikania 异像anisocoria 瞳孔不等,异瞳anisometric 不等轴的anisometropia 两眼不等折射,屈光参差anisometropic eye 屈光参差眼anisometropy 屈光参差性anisophotic source 非均色光源anisotropic 各向异性的anisotropic chromosphore 各向异性色团anisotropic crystal quartz 各向异性石英晶体anisotropic dispersion 各向异性色散anisotropic emission 各向异性反射anisotropic gain 各向异性增益anisotropic medium 各向异性媒质anisotropic oriented media 各向异性取向媒质anisotropism 各向异性anisotropy (1)各向异性(2)非均质性anisotropy factor 各向异性因数annealing 退火,韧化annealing furnace 退火炉annealing temperature 退火温度annihilation 湮没〔作用〕annihilation operator 湮没算符annihilation photon 湮没光子annihilation radiation 湮没辐射annoying diffraction effect 扰动衍射效应annual parallax 周年视差annuciator 信号器,指示仪器annular 环形的annular aperture 环孔径annular arc channel 环形电弧通道annular bearing 环形轴承annular coupling mirror 环状耦合反射镜annular diaphragm 环状光阑annular gain laser 环形增益激光器annular gear 内齿轮annular lens soft aperture 环状透镜柔光光圈annular micrometer 圆径千分尺annular pupil 环状光瞳annular volume laser 环形模体积激光器annulus 环,圈,环状,环节anode 阳极anode current 阳极电流anode current fluctuation 阳极电流起伏anode grid 阳极栅anode light 阳极辉光anode ray 阳极射线anode screen 帘栅极anodic 阳极〔的〕,正极〔的〕anodic output screen 阳极输出屏蔽anodic oxidation 阳极氧化anodization 阳极处理,阳极化anodized dielectric film 阳极氧化介电膜anodized finish 阳极化抛光anodized mirror 阳极化镜anomaloscope 色盲检验器anomalous 反常anomalous absorption 反常吸收anomalous colour vision 反常色觉anomalous dispersion 反常色散anomalous effect 友常效应anomalous fluorescence scattering 反常荧光散射anomalous lag 反常滞後anomalous photoconductivity 反常光电导性anomalous propagation 异常传播anomalous refraction 反常〔大气〕折射anomalous scattering 反常散射anomalous skin effect 反常趋肤效应anomalous trichromatism 异常三原色anomalously weak quenching 反常弱瘁灭anomaly (1)异常,反常(2)近点角,近点距anopia 色盲anorthic 三斜〔的〕anorthic system 三斜〔晶〕系anoscope 肛门镜ansi exposure guide 美国国家标准协会曝光指数antechamber 前室,预燃室antenna beam coverage 天线波束覆盖范围antenna gain 天线增益antenna gain factor 天线增益系数antenna lens 天线透镜antenna (复数︰antennae)天线anterior chamber 〔眼〕前房anterior focal point 前焦点anterior focus 前焦点anthelion 幻日,日映云辉anthracene 葸(闪烁晶体)anthracene single crystal 葸单anti-backlash ball bearing 防松动滚珠轴承anti-corrosion 防腐蚀anti-corrosive (1)防腐蚀(2)防锈的anti-dazzling screen 遮光屏anti-friction bearing 减摩轴承,滚动轴承anti-friction material 润滑剂,润滑油anti-interference 抗干扰anti-jamming 抗干扰anti-parallel 逆平行,反平行anti-parasitic 防寄生振荡的anti-reflection (ar)coating 抗反射膜anti-reflection film 减反射膜,消反射膜,增透膜anti-reflexion 减反射〔现象〕,增加透光anti-rust 防锈anti-shielding effect 反屏蔽效应anti-stokes fluorescence 反斯托克斯荧光anti-stokes frequency 友斯托克斯频率anti-stokes light 反斯托克斯光anti-stokes lines 反斯托克斯线anti-stokes raman lines 反斯托克斯-拉曼线anti-stokes raman scattering 反斯托克斯–喇曼散射anti-stokes raman spectroscopy 反斯托克斯–喇曼光谱学anti-stokes transition 反斯托克斯跃迁antialircraft 防空antiantimissile missile 反反时针扁振antibleaching 反漂白antiblooming target 抗晕光靶,抗弥散靶antibody (1)反物质(2)抗体antibonding orbital 反键轨〔函数〕anticathode 对阴极antichirping 反啁啾效应,反线性调频anticlockwise 反时针〔转〕的,左旋anticlockwise polarization 反时针偏振anticlockwise rotation 反时针旋转anticlutter 反干扰anticoustic 反聚光〔线〕的anticurl backing 防卷层(胶片的)antidip 反倾斜antielectron 反电子,阳电子antiferroelectricity 反铁电现像antiferromagnetic crystal 反铁磁晶体antiferromagnetic non-gyrotropic crystal 反铁磁非回转晶体antiferromagnetics 反铁磁质,反铁磁体antiferromagnetism 反铁磁性antifog coating 防雾敷层antifogging agent 防雾剂antifogging coating 防雾涂层antifreeze 防冻剂antifungus 防霉剂(摄影机防霉用)antihalation 消晕作用,防光晕antihalation backing 消晕背衬antihalation coating 防光晕层antihalo 反光晕的,消光晕的antihalo layer 防光晕层antilaser goggles 防激光护目镜antilinear 反线性的antimonide 锑化物antimony (sb)锑antimony flint glass 锑火石玻璃antimony glass 锑玻璃antimony sulphide 硫化锑antimony trioxide 三氧化锑antimony trisulphide 三硫化锑antimony-cesium 锑–绝光电阴极antimorph 反形体antineutron 反中子antinode 〔波〕腹antiparallax mirror 反视差镜antiparticle (1)反粒子(2)反质点antiphase 反相〔位〕,逆苜〔位〕antiphase boundary 反相边界antiphase domain 反相畴antiphase effect 反相效应antiphase nuclei 反相核antiphase region 反相区antiphase splitting 反相分裂antipole 相对极antique bronze colour 古铜色antireflection 减反射,增透antireflection coating 防反射敷层antireflection diaphragm 拦杂光光阑antireflection thread 防反射螺纹槽antireflective 减反射的,增透的antireflective film 减反射膜,增透膜antiresonance (1)并联共振(2)电流共振(3)反共振antiresonant frequency 反共振频率antisatellite laser weapon 反卫星激光武器antiselena 反假月antisolar 反阳光点antistall 防止失速antistatic backing 防静电层(胶片)antistatic coating 抗静电敷层antistatic film 防静电胶片antisub laser system 反潜艇激光系统antisymmetric 反对称的antitank missile ir control 反坦克导弹红外控制anvil (1)砧骨〔生理〕(2)铁砧(3)测砧(4)基准面anvil cell (1)测量头光面元件(2)测量头传感器aoyake 干涉色焦斑apatite 磷灰石apc loop (1)自动程序控制环路(2)相位自动控制环路apc system 相位自动控制系统aperiodic 非围期的aperiodic component 非周期部分aperiodic wave 非周期波aperiodicity 无周期性,非周期性apertometer 数值口径计aperture 孔径aperture aberration 孔像,明晰孔径aperture angle 孔径角aperture colour 孔径色aperture correlation function 孔径相关函数aperture diaphragm 孔径光栏aperture distortion 孔径畸变aperture effect 孔径效应aperture efficiecy 孔径效率,光孔效率aperture factor 孔径因子aperture illumination 孔照明aperture imaging 针孔成像aperture lens 孔径透镜aperture mask 孔罩aperture ratio 孔径比aperture setting ring 光阑调节环aperture signal coupling lever 光圈指示连动杆aperture signal lever 光圈指示杆aperture stop 孔径光阻aperture synthesis 孔径综合aperture tagging 孔径选择aperture, clear 明晰亲径aperture-magnetic confinement 孔径–磁约束aperture-priority automatic exposure camera 光圈优先式曝光量自动控制照相机aperturing 孔径作用apex 顶,顶点apex angle 顶角apex distance 顶距apex of prism 棱镜脊apex pint 顶点apex system (additive system of photographic exposure)照相曝光量加算系统aphelion 远日点apiexon 阿皮松(真空油脂或封蜡)aplanat 消球差镜,齐明镜aplanatic (1)等光程的(2)不晕的,齐明的aplanatic condition 不晕条件,齐明条件aplanatic doublet 齐明双合透镜aplanatic image formation 不晕成像,齐明成像aplanatic lens (1)消球差透镜(2)齐明透镜aplanatic lens system 消球差透镜系统aplanatic mirror pair 不晕反射镜对aplanatic objective 不晕物镜,齐明物镜aplanatic point 不晕点,齐明点aplanatic points 等光程点aplanatic surface 等光程面aplanatism 不晕〔性〕,齐明〔性〕apo-process lens 复消色制版镜点apo-ronar lens 阿波罗纳尔〔复消色制版〕镜头apo-rpro lens 复消色复制镜点apo-tessar lens 复消色天塞镜头apocenter 远心点,远主焦点apochromat 复消色差透镜apochromatic 复消色差的apochromatic lens 复消色差透镜apochromatic micro objective 复消色差显微物镜apochromatic microscope objective 复消色差显微镜物镜apochromatic objective 复消色差物镜apochromatic process lens 复消色差制版镜头apochromatism 复消色差〔性〕apodisation (=apodizer)切趾法,变迹法apodising diaphragm 切趾光阑apodization 孔障apodization filtering 切趾滤波apodized optical system 切趾光学系统apodizer 切趾器,变迹器apofocus 远主焦点apogee 远地点apollo telescope mount (atm)阿波罗望远镜装置(天症实验室用)apomecometer (1)测距仪(2)测高仪apophilite (apophyllite)鱼眼石apostilb 阿熙提apostilb (meter-lambert)阿熙提(米–朗伯)(亮度单位)apotal lens 阿波泰尔〔复消色制版〕镜点apparatus 仪器,设备,装置apparatus constant 仪器常数apparatus error 仪器误差apparent 衰观,视apparent absorption 表观吸收apparent angular magnification 视角放大率apparent brightness 表观亮度apparent candlepower 表观烛光apparent colour 表观色apparent contrast 外观显明度apparent depth 表观深度apparent displacement 表观位移apparent distance 表观距〔离〕apparent field 外观apparent focus 虚焦点apparent luminance 外表照明,视亮度apparent movement 视移apparent power 表观功率,视功率apparent radius 表观半径,视半径apparent resolution 表观分辨率apparent size 表观尺寸,视尺寸apparent visual angle 视角apparent 〔solar〕time 视〔太阳〕时appearance (1)出现(2)外观(3)幻象appendage (1)附属部份,附件(2)备用仪器apple-green 苹果绿〔色〕的appliance (1)仪表,装置,设备(2)应用,适用application (1)应用,适用(2)申请〔专利等〕(3)贴合applied mathematics 应用数学applied optics 应用光学applied voltage 外加电压applique 附饰物appraisal (1)估价,评价,鉴定(2)检验证明书approach (1)趋近,近似值(2)方法,途径approximability 可逼近性approximate calculation 近似计算approximate expression 近似式approximate formula 近似公式approximate valuation 近似赋值approximate value 近似值approximation (1)逼近,近似(2)近似法appurtenance (1)附件(2)辅助工具apricot 杏黄色apron (1)裙板,档板(2)盖板aprotic liquid laser 质子惰性液体激光器aqua regia 王水aqua-solution 水溶液aquadag (1)胶体石墨(2)导电敷aquadg layer 胶体石墨层aquamarine (1)海兰宝石,兰晶(2)兰绿色aquaseal 密封剂aqueous 〔含〕水的aqueous humour 前房液(眼)ar laser 氩雷射arachidic acid solution 花生酸溶解〔作用〕arago spot 阿拉各点aragonite 霰石,文石araldite 环气树脂(商名)arbitrary 任意的,随意的arbitrary incident wave 任意入射波arbitrary shape 任意形arbitrary source 独立光源arbitrary value 任意值arbor (1)柄轴,心轴(2)刀杆arborescent crystal 树枝形晶体arc (1)弧,弓形(2)电弧(3)击穿arc discharge 电弧放电arc lamp 弧光灯arc light (1)弧光灯(2)弧光arc light source 电弧光源arc lighting 电弧照明arc plasma 电弧〔放电〕等离子体arc power 电弧功率arc projector 弧光放映机arc spectrometer 弧光分光计arc spectrum 弧光谱arc urnace 电弧炉arc-back (1)逆弧(2)发生逆弧arc-driven supersonic laser 电弧驱动超声激光器arc-over 电弧放电,击穿,打穿arc-through 电弧穿过arch 拱,弧,半圆形arch-shaped 拱形的arcing 击穿,构成逆弧arcotron 显光管arcs 弧光灯arctic condition 北极条件,寒冷环境ardometer 光测高温计area (1)面积(2)区,范围area coding 面积编码area concentration 区域集中率area mismatch loss 面积失配损失area of contour 投影面积area of overlap 重叠面积area of reference 参考面积area of visibility 能见范围area theorem 面积原理argillaceous earth 粘土(一种磨料)argon (ar)氩argon flash 氩气闪光灯argon flash bomb 氩闪光弹(光源)argon ion laser 氩离子激光器argon lamp 氩灯argon laser photocoagulator 氩激光凝结器argon z-pinch laser 氩z 箍缩幅度argon-ion laser 氩离子雷射argument (1)自变量(2)辐角,幅度argument of a complex number 复数的辐角argument of vector 矢量辐角aridextor 侧力操纵机构,横向力操纵机构arithmetic 算术arithmetic element 运算单元arithmetic filter 算术递增滤色镜arithmetic mean 算术平均〔数〕arm (1)手臂(2)镜臂,支架(3)指针,杆arm-tie (1)电容器极(2)拉板,连接臂armature (1)电枢(2)衔铁,引铁armature control 电枢调整armour 铠装arny solutions 阿尼溶液aromatic couple 芳香族耦联aromatic molecule 芳香族分子aromatic system 芳香族,芳香系arrangement (1)排列(2)装置(3)布置array 行列阵array component 阵列组件array factor 阵列因子array list 数组表array theorem 阵列定理arrest (1)关闭(2)制动(3)驻止arrest point 驻点arrester (1)制动装置(2)放电器arresting lever 制动杆arrival rate fluctuation 到达率起伏arrow (1)箭(2)箭头,指针arrowhead 箭头arsenic (as)砷arsenic glass 砷玻璃arsenic mirror 砷反射镜arsenic triselenide glass 〔三〕硒化砷玻璃arsenic trisulfide 三硫化砷arsenic trisulfide transmittance 〔三〕硫化砷透射比arsenic trisulphide glass 硫化砷玻璃arsenic-modified selenium glass 变资硒玻璃,含砷的硒玻璃arsenic-sulfur glass 硫化砷玻璃arsenide 砷化物art 技术,技巧artar lens 阿尔泰〔制版〕镜头artascope 万花筒arteriography 动脉造影术arthiconoscope 增〔加灵〕敏〔度的〕光电显示器arthroscope 关节〔内窥〕镜article (1)论文(2)条款,项目(3)物品articulated arm 有节机械手臂articulated mirror 万向转镜articulated telescope 〔坦克〕铰接望远镜articulation (1)发音清晰度(2)铰链轴,肘节articulation efficiency 清晰效率artificer (1)技工92)发明家,设计者artificial 人工的,人造的,仿真的artificial aging 人工老化artificial earth satellite 人造地球卫星artificial eye 义眼artificial illumination 人工照明artificial intelligence 人造智能artificial light 人造光,灯光artificial pupil 人造瞳孔artificial quartz crystal 人造石英晶体artificial radioactivity 人造放射性artificial source 人造〔光〕源artificial star 假星artillery mil 炮兵密位(测角单位360°∕6400=3.37)artoregistration 自对位,自准(集成电路工艺用)artwork (1)布线图(2)工艺晶arylidene dye laser 寸基金属化合物染料激光器asa photographic standard 美国标准协会照相标准aspect (1)样子,平面形状(2)方向,方位(3)方面aspect angle (1)视界角,视线角(2)摸索角(目标的)aspect of image 像方向aspect photocell 平面形光电池aspect ratio 宽高比,纵横比asphalt 沥青,泊油aspheric 非球面性aspheric correcting lens 非球面校正镜aspheric curve generator 非球面曲线成形装置aspheric lens 非球面透镜aspheric lens system 非球面透镜系统aspheric mirror 非球面反射镜aspheric optical system 非球面光学系统aspheric polishing machine 非球面抛光机aspheric surface 非球面aspheric truing machine 非球面精研机asphericity 非球面性,非球度asphericity coefficient 非球度系数aspherics 非球面镜aspheric 〔al〕非球面〔的〕aspherisation 非球面化aspherizing 修球面aspiration 吸气,吸入,抽出assay (1)试金(2)化验分析,检定assemblage 系综(统计力学)assemble (1)集合(2)装配(3)汇编assembler (1)汇编程序(2)装配器(3)收集器assembly (1)装配,总成(2)部件,组件,装置(3)系集(统计力学)assembly diagram 装配图,总图assembly of thin films (1)多层膜系(2)薄膜组合件assembly program 汇编程序assessment 估价,评价assessor 鉴定器,鉴定管assignment (1)分派,分配(2)赋值(3)测定assimilation (1)吸收作用(2)同化作用associate matrix 相伴〔矩〕连associated function 连带函数association (1)缔合,联合(2)协会,学会association laser 缔合激光器associative information storage 相联信息存储associative property of hologram 全息图的组合性质associative storage 相联存储器,内容定址存储器assortment (1)分类,分配(2)分离器assumption 假设,假定assurance factor 安全系数astable multivibrator 〔稳定〕多谐振荡器astatic (1)无定向的(2)不稳定的,非静止的astatine (at)艾astereognosis 立体视觉缺陷asterism 星芒asteroid 星形曲线asthenopia 视力疲劳astigmascope 像散镜,散光镜astigmatic 像散的,散光的astigmatic aberration 像散像差astigmatic difference 像散差astigmatic eye 散光眼astigmatic focus 像散焦点astigmatic image 像散像,散光像astigmatic lens 像散透镜astigmatic lenses 散光眼镜astigmatic spectral line 像散光谱线astigmatic surface 像散面astigmation 像散astigmatism 像散性,像散现象astigmatizer 像散器astigmatometer 像散计,散光计astigmator 像散校正装置astigmatoscope 像散镜,散光镜astigmatoscopy 散光镜检查astigmia 散光astigmometer 像散计,散光计aston 阿斯顿(单位)aston dark space 阿斯顿暗区aston spectrum 阿斯顿光谱astral lamp 无影灯astro-compass 星像罗盘astroballistic 〔al〕宇宙弹道的astrodome 〔天文〕圆顶astrograph 天体照相仪astrographic objective 天体照相物镜astrolabe (1)等高仪(2)星盘,观星仪(3)测高仪astrometer 天体光度测定仪astrometry 天象学astronaut 航天员,宇〔宙〕航〔行〕员astronautics 航天学,宇〔宙〕航〔空〕学astronavigation (1)航天,星际航行(2)天文导航astronomer 天文学家astronomical aberration 天文光行差astronomical body 天体astronomical camera 天文照相机astronomical eyepiece 天文目镜astronomical imaging 天文成像astronomical instrument 天文仪器astronomical leveling 天文水准测量astronomical mirror 天文镜astronomical observatory 天文台astronomical optics. 天文光学astronomical photography 天文照相术astronomical photometry (1)天体光度学(2)天体光度测量,天体测光astronomical refraction 天文折射astronomical scintillation 天文闪烁现象astronomical spectrograph 天文摄谱仪astronomical spectroscopy 天体光谱学astronomical surveying 天文测量astronomical telescope 天文望远镜astronomical transit (1)子午仪(2)中星仪astronomical unit 天文距离单位astronomic 〔al〕天文学的,天体的astronomy 天文学astronomy in ultraviolet 紫外天文学astrophotography (1)天体照相学(2)天体照相astrophotometer 天文光度计astrophotometry (1)天体光计学(2)天体光度测量,天体测光astrophysical 天体物理〔的〕astrophysicl observatory 天体物理观察站astrophysics 天体物理学astropolarimetry 天体偏振测量astroscope 星宿仪astrospectrograph camera 天文摄谱照相机astrospectroscopy 天体光谱学astrotracker 星像跟踪仪astrovehicle 航天器,宇宙飞行器asymmetric anastigmat 不对称消像散镜组asymmetric focusing 不对称聚焦asymmetric fringe 非对称条纹asymmetric impulse response 非对称脉冲响应asymmetric lighting 非对称照明asymmetric-type interferometer 非对称型干涉仪asymmetric 〔al〕不对称〔的〕asymmetry 非对称〔性〕asymptote 渐近线asymptotic 渐近线的asymptotic approximation 渐近性近似asymptotic behaviour 渐近状态asymptotic expansion solution 渐近展开解法asymptotic orbit 渐近轨道asymptotic polarization 渐近偏振asymptotic radiance 渐近辐射率asynchronous 异步的,非同步的asynchronous motor 异步电动机asynchronous transmission 异步(非同步)传输asynchronous traveling wave 异步行波at-cutat 切片(切割方向与光轴成35°角的晶片)athermancy 不透辐射热性athermanous 不透辐射热的atmosphere (1)大气(2)大气压(3)大气层atmospheric absorption 大气吸收atmospheric absorption band 大气吸收〔谱〕带atmospheric absorption line parameters compilation 大气吸收线参数汇集纪录atmospheric agitation 大气骚动,大气扰动atmospheric air continuouswave co2 laser 大气压连续波co2激光器atmospheric attenuation 大气衰减atmospheric carbon arc 大气碳弧atmospheric composition 大气成分,大气组成atmospheric damping 大气阻尼atmospheric degradation 大气递降atmospheric effect 大气效应atmospheric extinction 大气消光atmospheric homeostasis 大气〔成分〕稳态atmospheric image motion 大气像移atmospheric infer-red transmission 大气红外透射atmospheric inhomogeneities 大气非均度atmospheric opacity 大气不透明度atmospheric optical communication 大气光学通信atmospheric optics 大气光学atmospheric phase translation 大气相位平移atmospheric phenomena 大气现象atmospheric pressure 大气压atmospheric propagation of high energy laser 高能激光大气传输atmospheric refraction 大气斤射atmospheric refraction correlation 大气折射相关密度atmospheric scintillation 大气闪烁atmospheric seeing 大气观测atmospheric sound refraction 大气音波折射atmospheric transmission 大气透射,大气传输atmospheric transmittance 大气透射比,大气透明度atmospheric turbidity 大气混浊度atmospheric turbulence 大气乱流atmospheric wave 大气波atmospheric window 大气窗atmospherics 大气干扰,天电干扰,天电atom 原子atomic absorption (aa)spectrometry 原子吸收光谱学atomic absorption spectrophotometer 原子吸收分光光谱计atomic absorption spectroscopy 原子吸收光谱术atomic arrangement 原子排列atomic beam light source 原子束光源atomic bond 原子键atomic concentration 原子浓度atomic defect absorption 原子缺陷吸收atomic defence 原子防护atomic density 原子密度atomic dipple moment 原子偶极矩atomic emission spectrometry 原子发射光谱学atomic energy 原子能atomic fluorescence spectroscopy afs 原子萤光光谱学atomic fluorine laser 原子氟激光器atomic gas laser 原子气体激光器atomic hydrogen torch 原子氢焰atomic laser 原子雷射atomic line 原子〔谱〕线atomic line shage factor 原子线形因数atomic linewidth 原子谱线宽atomic orientation 原子取向atomic parameter 原子参数atomic photodissociation laser 光解原子激光器atomic photoelectric effect 原子光电效应atomic polarizability 原子极化率atomic ray 原子射线atomic scale 原子标度,原子尺度atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic time 原子时间atomic weight 原子量atomic-absorption detector 原子吸收检测器atomic-absorption spectrophotometer 原子吸收分光光度计atomichron 原子钟atomicity (1)原子性(2)原子价(3)原子数atomization (1)雾化(2)原子化(2)溅射atomize (1)喷雾(2)使化为原子atomizer 喷雾器attachable 可附上的,可连接的attachable mechanical stage 附加机械台attached method 联接法attachment (1)附件(2)装置(3)附着,连接attachment lens 附加透镜attachment optical system 辅助光学系统attachment screw 装合螺钉,连接螺钉attack (1)迎角,冲角,攻角(2)化学浸蚀,起化学反应attendant tailing 附带拖尾attenuated total reflectance 衰减全反射比attenuated total reflection (atr)衰减全反射attenuating medium 衰减媒质attenuating plate 衰减板attenuation 衰减attenuation characteristic curve 衰减特性曲线attenuation coefficient 衰减系数attenuation constant 衰减常数attenuation distortion 衰减失真,振幅失真attenuation index 衰减指数attenuation measurement 衰减测量attenuation term 衰减项attenuation test 衰减测试attenuator 衰减器attitude (1)势态(2)空间方位角atto (a)(=10-18)阿〔托〕(微微微)attracting particles 相引粒子attraction (1)吸引(2)引力attraction power 吸引能力attractive force 引力attribute 属性attrition (1)磨擦(2)磨损,损耗attune 调情au-doped 掺金的auburn 栗色〔的〕,深褐色〔的〕audio 声频audio frequency 声频audio-visual instrument 听视仪器audiogram 听力图audiolocator (1)声频定位器度2)声波定位器audiometer 听力计audion 检波〔电子〕管,三极管(电子管旧称)audiovisual 声光传收auer burner 奥厄灯(远红外辐射源)augend 被加数auger effect 俄歇效应auger recombination 俄歇覆合auger transition 俄歇跃迁augment 增大,增加augmented matrix 增广矩阵augustin jean fresnel 夫瑞奈aural 听觉的aureole (1)日晕,光轮,光环(2)华盖aurora 极光aurora australis 南极光aurora borealis 北极光auroral cap 帽状极光auroral emission 极光发射auroral light 极光auroral line 极光绿线auroral photometer 极光光度计auroral region 极光区auroral spectrum 极光光谱auroral zone 极光地带authentic sample 真实试样authentication 鉴定,鉴别,文电鉴别auto collimation 自准auto-alarm 自动报警auto-collimating 自准直auto-correlator 自相关仪auto-focusing 自动对焦,自动对光auto-out-cut 自动断路器auto-photoelectric effect 自生光电效应auto-plant 自动装置,自动设备auto/manual flash selector 自动∕手动闪光灯选择器autoanalyzer 自动分析器autocap 变容二极管autocartograph 自动测图仪,自动制图仪autochrome 〔plate〕奥托克罗姆微粒彩屏干板autoclave 高压斧,压热器(制造晶体用)autocoder 自动编码器autocollimatic spectroscope 自动光谱仪autocollimatiion 自准直autocollimating eyepiece 自准直目镜autocollimating goniometer 自准直测角仪autocollimating measuring telescope 自准直测距望远镜autocollimating spectrograph 自准直摄谱仪autocollimating spectrometer 自准直光计autocollimating telescope 自准直望远镜autocollimation method 自准直法autocollimation-type ellipsometer 自准直型椭圆偏振计autocollimator 自准直望远镜,自准直仪autocollimator objective 准直物镜autocompensation 自动补偿autocontrol 自动控制,自动调整autocorrelater 自相关器autocorrelation 自相关autocorrelation function 自相关函数autocorrelation peak 自相关巅〔值〕autocorrelator 自动开关器autocovariance 自协方差autodoping effect 自掺杂效应autodyne (1)分差〔的〕,自拍〔的〕(2)自差接收器autodyne receiver 自差接收机autoequalization 自动行衡,自动补偿autoexcitation (1)自激发,自激励(2)自激振荡autofocus 自聚焦autofocus camera 自动调焦照相机autofocus enlarger 自动调焦放大机autofocus mechanism 自动对焦机构autofocus rectifier 自动对光纠正仪autofocus system 自聚焦系统autofocus 〔x-ray〕tube 自聚焦〔x射线〕管autoformer 自耦变压器autograph 自动绘图仪autogravure 照相凹版雕刻法autoheterodyne (1)自差,自拍(2)自差收音机autoionization 自电离autoionization spectrometer 自电离光谱仪autoionized energy level 自电离能级autoionizing 自电离autoionizing-like resonance 似自电离共振autokeyer 自动键控器autoluminescence 自发光automat (1)自动装置(2)自动装置,自动照相机automatic (1)自动的(2)自动装置,自动机械automatic acquisition 自动对准automatic aperture control device 自动亮度友差控制automatic brightness control 自动亮度控制automatic centring 自动定中automatic check 自动检验automatic chrominance control 色度自动控制automatic colour compensation 自动补色automatic colour control 自动色度控制automatic cut-out 自动断路控制automatic data processing 自动数据处理automatic developing machine 自动显影机automatic diaphragm 自动光阑automatic direction finder 自动定向仪automatic error correction 误差自动修正automatic exposure apparatus 自动曝光装置automatic exposure control 自动曝光控制automatic exposure counter 自动曝光计数器automatic exposure setting 自动曝光装置automatic exposure unit 曝光量自动控制装置automatic film-transporter 自动输片〔机构〕automatic flash light 自动闪光灯automatic focus 自动对焦automatic focusing 自动调焦automatic focusing device 自动聚焦装置automatic frequency control 自动频率控制automatic gain control 自动增益控制automatic lens design 自动透镜设计automatic level 自动水平仪automatic magazine 自动装山暗匣automatic measure 自动测量,自动测定automatic monitoring 自动监控automatic optical design 自动光学设计automatic pilot 自动驾驶仪automatic pre-set aperture 自动预置光圈automatic profiling 自动测截面automatic reading 自动读数automatic recorder 自动记录器automatic recording 自动记录automatic recording spectrograph 自动记录之摄谱仪automatic rectifier 自动纠正仪automatic replenishment 自动补充(显影液)automatic sampling (1)自动取样(2)自动进样automatic scintillatioin scanner 自动闪烁扫瞄器automatic shutter 自动快门automatic size control 尺寸自动控制automatic sorter 自动分类机,自动分拣机automatic spectrometer 自动分光计automatic tachometer 自动转速计automatic temperature control 自动控温,温度自动控制automatic thermostat 自动恒温器automatic zero set 自动调零automatic-control 自动控制automatic-track-following microscope 自动径迹跟踪显微镜automation (1)自动化(2)自动机,自动装置,自动机构automatization 自动化automodulation 自调制automonitor 自动〔程序〕监察器autonavigator 自动导航仪autopositive 自调底片autoradiogram 自动x光照相,自动射线照相autoradiography 自动辐视摄影术autoradiomicrography 自动放射显微照相术autoreflection 自动反射autoreflection target 自动反射目标autoscanner 自动扫瞄器autoset level 自动水平仪autosstigmatic microscope 自调像显微镜autostigmatizing mirror 自聚焦反射镜autosyn (1)自动同步器(2)交流同步器autosynchronous motor 交流同步电动机autotracker 自动跟踪装置autotransformer 自耦变压器autotune 自动调谐autotype 影印术,照相印刷术autovariance function 自方差函数auxiliary (1)辅助的(2)辅助设备auxiliary apparatus 辅助设备auxiliary attachment 附件auxiliary axis 辅助轴auxiliary baseline 辅助基线auxiliary control panel 辅助控制盘,辅助操纵板auxiliary electrode 辅助电极auxiliary exposure 辅助曝光auxiliary initiating laser 辅助触激光器auxiliary line 辅助线auxiliary line of sight 辅助视线,辅助瞄准线auxiliary opics 辅助光学系统auxiliary reflector 辅助反射器auxiliary telescope 辅助望远镜auxiliary unit 辅助单位auxiometer 透镜放大计(测量透镜放大率的装置)auxochrome 助色团auxometer 增度计availability 实用性availability factor 效率available accuracy 有效准确度,实际准确度available point 有效点available power 可用功率avalanche 雪崩avalanche action (1)雪崩作用(2)雪崩辐射avalanche breakdown 雪崩击穿avalanche breakdown semiconductor laser 雪崩击穿式半导体激光器avalanche gain 雪崩增益avalanche injection laser 雪崩注入式激光器avalanche multiplication 雪崩倍增avalanche noise 雪崩噪声avalanche photodiode 泻光二极体avalanche photodiode coupler 雪崩光电二极管偶合器avalanche transistor 雪崩晶体管avalanche voltage 雪崩电压average 平均〔的〕average amount of information 平均信息量average candle power 平均萤光average error 平均误差average gradient 平均陡度(胶片)average noise figue 平均噪声因数average output power of pulse 脉冲平均输出功率average phase-difference 平均相位差average power 平均功率average scene reflectance 平均景色反射比average value 平均值averagecurrent pulse responses 平均电流脉冲响应averaged threshold receiver 平均底限接受器aviar lens 阿维阿尔〔航摄〕镜头aviation 航空aviogon lens 阿维冈〔航摄〕镜头avionics 航空电子学avogadro constant 阿伏伽德罗常数avogadro's constant 亚弗加厥常数avogadro's hypothesis 阿伏伽德罗假说avogadro's number 阿伏伽德罗数avoidance sensor 防撞传感器avometer 万用电表,安伏欧计axial (1)轴的(2)轴向的,沿轴的axial aberration 轴向像差axial angle 轴向角axial astigmatism 轴向像散axial beat frequency 轴向拍频axial bundle 轴光束axial cam 轴向凹轮axial chromatic aberration 轴向色差axial color 轴色彩,轴色axial colour aberration 轴向色差axial cross 轴叉axial direction 轴向axial field 轴向场,纵向场axial flow 轴向流axial gradient 轴向梯度axial gradient technology 轴梯度技术axial intercept 轴截距axial length (1)轴长(2)轴向长度axial magnification 轴向放大率axial mirror ratio 轴向镜比axial mode 轴模axial mode beat frequency 轴模拍频axial mode resonance 轴模共振axial mode spacing 轴模间距axial orientation 沿轴取向。
Noninvasive Optical,Electrical,and Acoustic Methods ofTotal Hemoglobin DeterminationJohn W.McMurdy,1*Gregory D.Jay,1,3Selim Suner,1,3and Gregory Crawford1,2BACKGROUND:Anemia is an underdiagnosed,signifi-cant public health concern afflictingϾ2billion people worldwide.The detrimental effects of tissue oxygen de-ficiency on the cardiovascular system and concurrent appearance of anemia with numerous high-risk disor-ders highlight the importance of clinical screening. Currently there is no universally accepted,clinically ap-plicable,noninvasive hemoglobin/hematocrit screening tool.The need for such a device has prompted an investi-gation into a breadth of techniques.METHODS:A synopsis of the literature and current direc-tions of research in noninvasive total hemoglobin mea-surement was collected.Contributions highlighted in this review are limited to those studies conducted with a clin-ical aspect,and most include in vivo patient studies.RESULTS:The review of potential techniques presented here includes optoacoustic spectroscopy,spectrophoto-metric imaging,diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,transcu-taneous illumination,electrical admittance plethysmog-raphy,and photoplethysmography.The technological performance,relative benefits of each approach,potential instrumentation design considerations,and future direc-tions are discussed in each subcategory.CONCLUSIONS:Many techniques reviewed here have shown excellent accuracy,sensitivity,and specificity in measuring hemoglobin/hematocrit,thus in the near future a new clinically viable tool for noninvasive he-moglobin/hematocrit monitoring will likely be widely used for patient care.Limiting factors in clinical adop-tion will likely involve technology integration into the current standard of care in each field routinely dealing with anemia.©2007American Association for Clinical Chemistry Although anemia is often perceived by the general pop-ulation as a minor medical condition,it is a significant ailment that healthcare professionals have recognized as negatively affecting mortality and morbidity(1,2). According to the WHO,anemia is the largest global illness adversely affecting mortality and worker capac-ity.The US Department of Health and Human Services has deemed anemia a significant public health concern, and the National Anemia Action Council has reported the estimate that although anemia has been diagnosed in3.5million people in the US,millions more cases go undiagnosed.In developing countries where nutri-tional inadequacies and infectious disease are more prevalent,the situation effects of anemia are thought to be amplified,severely hindering children from reach-ing their full genetically determined potential(3,4). The WHO estimates that as many as2billion people worldwide are afflicted with anemia(5).Anemia is the lack of healthy red blood cells (RBC)4circulating in the vascular system.Medically, anemia is defined by the WHO as a hemoglobin(Hgb) concentration below12g/dL for females and below13 g/dL for males(5,6).Even in its mild forms,anemia can influence physical function through fatigue and weakness;it also decreases myocardial function,causes peripheral arterial vasodilation,and activates the sym-pathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These effects influence the progression of diseases such as cardiac and renal failure(7,8).In addition,anemia is associated with a myriad of other diseases.For exam-ple,anemia affects at least33%of all patients with cancer,an estimated65%–95%of all patients with HIV/AIDS,and70%of all patients with rheumatoid arthritis(9).To screen for anemia,physicians currently per-form a visual inspection of the palpebral conjunctiva, conduct a complete blood count(CBC)test,spin a he-matocrit(Hct),or use a small blood volume Hgb meter.Visual inspection of the conjunctiva by a physi-cian is,at best,70%accurate independent of the phy-1Division of Engineering,Brown University,Providence,RI;2Department of Physics,Brown University,Providence,RI;3Department of Emergency Medi-cine,The Rhode Island Hospital,Providence,RI.*Address correspondence to this author at:Brown University,Division of Engi-neering,Box D,Providence,RI02912.Fax(401)863-9120;e-mail john_mcmurdy@.Received June26,2007;accepted November6,2007. Previously published online at DOI:10.1373/clinchem.2007.0939484Nonstandard abbreviations:RBC,red blood cells;Hgb,hemoglobin;Hct,he-matocrit;CBC,complete blood count;NIR,near-infrared;OPS,orthogonal polarization spectral;SpO2,pulse saturation.Clinical Chemistry54:2264–272(2008)Reviews 264sician’s experience and training;it has also been shown that physicians today are less accurate than those of the past(10).The CBC test is very accurate but is invasive and painful to the patient,associated with a significant cost,time-consuming in waiting for laboratory analy-sis,and often not part of a routine physical exam.Spin-ning an Hct or using a small blood volume Hgb mon-itor provides a mode of quick anemia detection,but it is painful to the patient while creating biohazards and the need for associated disposal procedures.A device that can quickly and accurately measure Hgb has many healthcare applications,such as in physical examina-tions,emergency departments,prehospital care pro-viders,medical specialists,in situ measurement of bleeding during surgery for determining transfusion triggers,and in home healthcare for the chronically ill and aging population.A noninvasive portable tool for anemia screening can make a difference at emergency department triage points,in field treatment centers during large-scale disasters(11),and in austere envi-ronments where rapid triage and treatment decisions are based on few data points.The use of devices that require blood may not be suitable in these settings.We present a review of noninvasive techniques to measure Hct/Hgb,either of which provides a quantification of anemia.It is important to note that although correla-tion coefficients are given for most multipatient trials, the correlation methods and reference techniques vary with each study and these numbers are meant only to be a rough guide.CONDUCTANCE METHODSIn1980,Yamakoshi et al.reported on the potential of monitoring Hct using electrical admittance plethys-mography(12).During pulsation,the change in blood volume in the finger translates to a change in electrical admittance(conductivity)of the finger.Submerging the finger in an electrolyte solution whose admittance is equal to that of the finger compensates for pulsatile variation in conductivity,after which the conductivity of the electrolyte solution can be related to the conduc-tivity of arterial vessels and then correlated to the Hct. This technique was reported with a correlation to lin-ear regression line of rϭ0.98(nϭ16),determined by calibration established from in vitro blood con-ductance measurements and compared to a capillary-centrifuged reference sample.This group further dis-closed a more simplistic and potentially viable clinical method to implement this technique using an electrical admittance finger cuff(13).Electrodes are placed in the interior of an annular cuff,which is then filled with an electrolyte solution.With the finger inserted through the cuff,electrical admittance measurements are taken and related to the electrolyte solution con-ductance in a similar fashion to the submersion tech-nique,translating to a cleaner and more portable device.Although the accuracy reported for the conduc-tance method is promising,albeit in a limited patient population,little recent work has been disclosed on this technique.Difficulties associated with probing conductivity include variations with temperature,in-tra-and extracellular water/ion content,and other blood constituents.Because conductance monitors only a single value,rejection sodium ion concentration variation becomes a limiting factor,particularly in a noninvasive setting where varying whole blood ion content cannot be measured and thus cannot be nor-malized,hindering the potential overall efficacy of this technique.This topic is not explicitly discussed in this contribution.IMAGING AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC IMAGINGBecause Hgb(both oxy-and deoxy-forms)is one of the primary chromophores in blood,an assortment of optical techniques has been evaluated in noninvasive Hgb screening devices.One subcategory of device in-cludes combination near-infrared(NIR)vascular im-agers/spectrophotometers that can target blood vessels and subsequently estimate Hgb concentration based on the absorption characteristics of individual vessels.Kanashima et al.reviewed the performance of one such device,an NIR-imaging based noninvasive Hgb monitor(Astrim™Sysmex)(14,15).Several NIR wavelength bands are transmitted through the finger-tip and used to image blood vessels and subsequently calculate Hgb concentration.Explicitly,photometric absorbance measurements from the vascular portions of the image are coupled with an estimation of the op-tical pathlength using the imaged vascular diameter (and assuming circular vessel cross sections).This group reported diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 78.3%and69%,respectively,for clinically defined ane-mia,with a correlation to linear regression line of rϭ0.53for anemic patients(nϭ174),rϭ0.34(nϭ135) for patients with normal Hgb levels,and rϭ0.59(nϭ309)for all patients,using predefined device calibra-tions and comparing results to an automated hematol-ogy analyzer.Although this group notes the device is poorly suited for Hgb determination from a single measurement owing to variability in efficacy with fin-ger position,its precision lends to its suitability for tracking of Hgb levels in perioperative anemia,gastro-intestinal bleeding,and other situations requiring dy-namic blood monitoring.As a more accurate solution, numerous groups have examined spectrophotometric imaging at other physiological access points.Nadeau and Groner have disclosed an alternative method of image collection to probe microvascular networks and measure Hgb noninvasively using polar-Noninvasive Hemoglobin Determination ReviewsClinical Chemistry54:2(2008)265ization modulation(16).Orthogonal polarization spectral(OPS)imaging was implemented in a com-mercial instrument(Hemoscan,Cytometrics)to ana-lyze the vascular network of the sublingual mucosa. Illuminating with a polarized source at a discrete spec-tral band of high Hgb absorbance(approximately 550nm),a crossed polarizer is placed at the detection focal plane array that transmits only light that has been depolarized through scattering from deep penetration into tissue.Hgb concentration is determined on the basis of a computational estimation of the vascular net-work density from collected images and the intensity of reflectance signal from each vessel area.This group has reported a linear regression correlation of rϭ0.93 (nϭ71)for predefined instrument calibrations compared to an automated hematology analyzer.Be-yond Hgb measurement,this mode of imaging also provides insight into underlying vascular disorders. Genzel-Boroviczeny et al.present a similar imaging technique using OPS to measure Hgb noninvasively in neonates(17),and a report by Winkelman discusses the technology and further clinical implications/viabil-ity of this microcirculation imaging technique(18).Rice et al.have reported on the potential of stan-dardized retinal imaging as an indicator for Hgb,se-rum bilirubin,and glucose(19).The retina is illumi-nated through the pupil,preferably at isosbestic points for oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin,using several discrete visible/NIR light bands while the reflected light from vessels overlying the optic disk is analyzed.This tech-nique yields a cross-validation correlation of rϭ0.89 (nϭ24)based on calibrated reflected intensities compared with a small volume in vitro Hgb analyzer (HemoCue B,HemoCue AB).Winkelman et al.de-scribe a similar image analysis technique for Hgb con-centration estimation that focuses on the bulbar con-junctiva capillaries rather than the retinal vessels(20). This method analyzes high-magnification images of the capillary vessels in the mucosal surface to estimate blood cell parameters,including Hgb.Iftimia et al.present an alternative imaging mode of Hct determination using spectral-domain low co-herence interferometry(21,22),an alternative config-uration of optical coherence tomography for retinal imaging that enables faster data collection.In this con-figuration,the penetration depth of optical signals through a blood vessel is dependent on the amount of scatter,which in turn is correlated to Hct.Fig.1shows an image of retinal vessels obtained with tracking laser-scanning ophthalmoscopy and the correlated optical coherence tomography depth profiles.To maintain collection from a single retinal vessel in the presence of rapid eye movements,an active eye tracking system is integrated to maintain image fixation on a single blood vessel(21).Faubert et al.report a similar technique using reflectance measurements from the retinal ves-sels to correlate to Hgb concentration(23,24).The physiological structures discussed in the above studies,such as the retina,conjunctiva,and sub-lingual mucosa,are mucosal surfaces,and as such are excellent locations to noninvasively monitor blood analytes compared to thick tissue regions such as the finger or forearm.In these regions(1),the transpar-ency of overlaying mucous membrane allows for clear observation and imaging of underlying vessels(2),and low melanin concentrations in these areas leads to high uniformity between patients with different skin pig-ments(3).Analysis of capillary beds in a mucosal sur-face yields stable optical pathlengths during pulsation and thus does not require acquisition during predeter-mined timeframes of systole and diastole.Although capillary beds provide a stable optical pathlength,they are sites of active metabolism,so determining total Hgb concentration requires technique tolerances for large variations in oxygen saturation.Fortunately,tech-niques such as those disclosed above can overcome this limitation because oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin have numerous isosbestic points in the visible spectral range,allowing blood vessels to be imaged with visible light.Although many imaging studies have shown ex-cellent performance in monitoring blood compo-nents,one potential clinical limitation of this class of device is the associated imaging instrumentation. High-resolution microvascular imaging requires focal plane arrays that may be expensive and have con-siderable associated electronics,making these devices cost-ineffective compared to standard invasive blood testing procedures.Still,with advancement in detector size,speed,and cost,rapid anemia screening tools us-ing microvascular imaging can be implemented.This class of device may have maximum usefulness as a bed-side stand-alone device rather than a mobile device. NIR TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPYNIR transmission spectroscopy is the embodiment of choice in the majority of studies of total Hgb detection, particularly methods of transcutaneous illumination of the fingertip.The primary emphasis for investigating transcutaneous Hgb monitoring techniques is the po-tential for integration into existing pulse oximeters, making these devices fully functional to measure pulse Hgb saturation(SpO2)as well as total Hgb concen-tration.Challenges of measuring total Hgb concentra-tion,compared to relative measurements such as SpO2, lie in the contributions of other skin chromophores, variations in blood vessel location and density,varia-tion in spectral signatures of oxy-and deoxyhemoglo-bin in the NIR regime,and changes in vessel diameter and subsequent optical pathlength during pulsation.Reviews266Clinical Chemistry54:2(2008)Nevertheless,investigators have overcome these chal-lenges and fabricated noninvasive Hgb screening de-vices utilizing transcutaneous illumination.Aldrich et al.have reported on the ability to use NIR transmission through the fingertip at a single pseudoisosbestic wavelength (905nm)coupled with a sonomicrometer to monitor pulsatile changes in the optical pathlength through the finger as well as cor-rect for interpatient variation in finger diameter (25).Sonomicrometers were positioned at opposite sides of the finger to monitor the pathlength fluctuations dur-ing systolic pulsation,and subsequently used to nor-malize transmission of NIR irradiation,as shown in ing a linear regression model,this group ob-tained a cross-validation correlation r ϭ0.84(n ϭ24)for Hgb compared with a Coulter cell counter,with a sensitivity and specificity of 94%and 78%,respec-tively,for detecting anemia,and a mean error of pre-diction of 1.1g/dL for Hgb.While providing accurate estimations of the pulsatile pathlength change,trans-ducer-mediated monitoring makes integration into a pulse oximeter less straightforward,especially consid-ering the need to secure the transducers on the skin using adhesives or other fluids.A wholly optical method for direct measurement of Hgb noninvasively was reported by Jeon et al.,who used a 5-wavelength diode-emitting array (26).In dif-fuse photon propagation through the fingertip,a seg-ment of irradiation photons will interact with the arte-rial vessels while another segment will encounter onlyFig.1.Retinal imaging for Hct determination.(A),Scanning image of retinal vessels using a laser tracking imager.(B),OCT image along the horizontal line in (A).(C),OCT image along the vertical line in (A).Hct is correlated based on depth profiles of individual blood vessels.Reproduced with permission from (21).Fig.2.Setup of transcutaneous illumination coupled with pathlength modulation detection using sono-micrometer transducers (A)and the detected varia-tion in light intensity corresponding to the sonomi-crometer detected variation in optical pathlength (B).Adapted and reproduced with permission from (25).A.U.,absorbance units.Noninvasive Hemoglobin DeterminationReviewsClinical Chemistry 54:2(2008)267soft tissue of the fingertip.Signals reaching the photo-detector that passes through the arterial vessel are sub-ject to pulsatile intensity modulation as a result of a varying vessel diameter and erythrocyte interactions with each heartbeat,while the signal bypassing the ar-terial vessel remains constant with pulsatile waveforms, enabling isosbestic wavelengths passing through the arterial vessel to be pathlength normalized and used to estimate Hgb.This group reported a cross-validation correlation of rϭ0.804(nϭ97)for a calibration set and relative prediction error of8.5%(nϭ32)for a prediction set compared to reference Hgb obtained with the potassium cyanide method.Although this method requires more robust detection mechanisms for photons diffusing through the fingertip,it can be implemented quite easily in contemporary clinical pulse oximeters.Volumetric restriction of blood flow to the finger and monitoring of changes in transmission is an attrac-tive method for differentiating the absorption contri-butions of Hgb/blood from those of surrounding tissue chromophores and therefore improving accuracies over purely optical methods.Rendell et al.have ex-plored NIR transmission through the fingertip as a marker of total Hgb concentration(as well as blood flow)while stabilizing the finger and modulating blood flow using volume constrictive finger inserts(27).Ap-plying a linear regression algorithm to multiple discrete spectral points taken both with and without the con-strictive insert,this group obtained an optimum non-linear regression correlation of rϭ0.862(nϭ121) between radiation intensity values of multiple wave-lengths and Hgb reference determined by the potas-sium cyanide method.Geva et al.examined a similar technique termed occlusion spectroscopy,which also uses fingertip NIR transmission and blood flow modulation in a commer-cial instrument(NBM-100,Orsense)(28).The trans-mission signal is varied by occluding blood flow with a restrictive finger cuff(similar to a blood pressure cuff), accelerating ischemia-driven RBC aggregation.The oc-cluding finger cuff is later released,allowing RBC to disaggregate while the change in optical transmission at multiple NIR/visible wavelengths is monitored(28). Clinical evaluation of this commercial technology has shown average error values of0.78g/dL(nϭ110)us-ing predefined calibrations for Hgb compared to an undisclosed in vitro method(29).Powell et al.report on the accuracy of a similar device(Critscan,Hema-metrics)that also uses a finger cuff to modulate the volume of blood flow into the finger and measures transcutaneous optical absorptions to infer Hct,with a correlation of rϭ0.88(nϭ121),again using pre-defined calibrations for Hct compared to capillary-centrifuged in vitro tests(30).Although NIR transcutaneous methods of Hgb measurement have been thoroughly studied,they have yet to gain widespread clinical adoption.This situation may be partly a function of the technology adoption barrier for medical devices,and underlying techno-logical barriers may also be prohibiting clinical use. As highlighted earlier,limitations in this method can include interference from the many other chro-mophores in skin and large variations in photon inter-action lengths from varying tissue thicknesses.Of the reported methods discussed above,the flow modula-tion technique should be the most tolerant of these variations,because the only parameter being modu-lated during occlusion and release is Hct/Hgb,allowing for normalization and removal of interference artifacts. Consequently,this class of device has appeared in com-mercially manufactured instruments and has the poten-tial for more widespread clinical adoption in the future. REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPYSeveral studies have investigated the use of reflectance spectroscopy as an alternative method to measure Hgb/ Hct.An advantage of reflectance spectroscopy is that features close to the surface are probed,so deep trans-mission through highly scattering turbid tissue is not necessary.Because the required optical penetration depths are considerably lower,shorter wavelength light can be used,eliminating much of the variation between oxy and deoxyhemoglobin.In one such study,Wu et al.examined steady-state visible and NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy from the dorsal side of the arm and its correlation to Hgb and Hct(31).A linear regression analysis of the absor-bance data resulted in cross-validation correlation rϭ0.8and an SE of cross validation of0.9g/dL for Hgb compared to a photometric reference instrument.Fur-thermore,this group used an in-house fabricated fiber-based temperature controlled reflectance spectropho-tometer with six10-nm bandpass filters and associated photodiodes for data collection.Temperature control over a small depth in the tissue is attractive because absorption/scattering coefficients and cutaneous blood flow have been shown to vary with local temperature variation(32),contributing to an unwanted variability in noninvasive Hgb ing a Montecarlo simulation and partial least squares analysis,Wu et al. obtained a cross-validation correlation of rϭ0.8and an SE of cross validation of0.8g/dL for Hgb(again compared to photometric reference method)in a pa-tient set with10light-skinned patients tested multiple times(nϭ26).Zhang et al.reported on the utility of a similar visible/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy technique (33).A fiber optic probe was attached against the pa-tient’s forearm(34),and NIR reflectance spectra wereReviews268Clinical Chemistry54:2(2008)collected during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.Be-cause blood is diluted through heart-lung machines during cardiopulmonary bypass,dynamic intrapatient Hct concentrations can be evaluated over the course of the ing partial least squares regression, this group reported obtained an intrapatient cross-validation correlation of rϭ0.844(nϭ10)between optical methods and a reference capillary centrifuge method,and an interpatient cross-validation correla-tion of rϭ0.509assessed by comparing cross-patient data using a single partial least squares regression model.This group has reported variations of this tech-nology in additional human patient studies(35)as well as animal models(36).The studies listed above examine visible/NIR re-flectance spectra from thick tissue regions and are consequently susceptible to variability in patients of different ethnicity as a result of melanin fluctuation, particularly in the short-wave visible regime.To mini-mize this error,a calibration should be built into the technique to normalize contributions from melanin, or the use of mucosal surfaces should be explored.Mc-Murdy et al.reported on the use of visible reflectance spectroscopy to analyze the mucosal palpebral con-junctiva(inner lining of the eyelid)as a method of non-invasively monitoring Hgb(37).In a nonlinear regres-sion model from diffuse reflectance spectra from the palpebral conjunctiva,a cross-validation correlation of rϭ0.92(nϭ30)was obtained for Hgb compared to CBC testing across an ethnically diverse population. Two additional studies have shown that the use of ei-ther a standardized color chart(38)or photographs (39)of the conjunctiva as a comparative tool for the patient’s palpebral conjunctiva hue improved the sen-sitivity and specificity of observational methods.Although reflectance techniques may be more dif-ficult to implement in existing medical devices,their comparable if not improved accuracy over transmis-sion methods may enable their adoption as a new, stand-alone clinical screening tool.Like transcutane-ous methods,devices using reflectance spectroscopy may be fabricated inexpensively and compactly,givingthis class of device the same point-of-care capability across a wide scope.ULTRASOUND AND OPTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPYThe dependence of ultrasonic wave generation and propagation through tissue on blood constituents leads to a completely different set of technologies to noninvasively monitor Hct/Hgb,including optoacous-tics and pulse-echo ultrasound.Optoacoustic spectroscopy has been explored as a modality for noninvasive Hgb measurement in multi-ple in vitro(40)and in vivo(41,42)studies.The rapid thermal expansion of the tissue through laser absorp-tion creates an optoacoustic(pressure)wave,the char-acteristics of which depend on the characteristics of the absorbing analyte(s).In the NIR regime,Hgb has a higher absorption coefficient than surrounding tis-sue,enhancing optically induced thermal modulation. Fig.3A shows the variation in optoacoustic signal with Hgb concentration in a tissue phantom.The superficial radial artery is an effective location for optoacoustic stimulation in the NIR because the vessel is close to the surface and the saturation is approximately100%, eliminating errors caused from the variation in absorp-Fig.3.Modulation in optically generated acoustic wave as a function of Hgb concentration in a radial artery tissue phantom(A)and temporal variation in optoacoustic signal generated in the radial artery during saline infusion(B).Adapted from(42).Reproduced with permission.Noninvasive Hemoglobin Determination ReviewsClinical Chemistry54:2(2008)269tion spectra from oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin.Opto-acoustic waves generated from the melanin layers in skin can be distinguished from those generated from the radial artery based on the phase delay in the pres-sure wave(41).Fig.3B shows the optoacoustic signals coming from the melanin layers vs radial artery and the variation in this signal with saline infusion.The peak-to-peak intensity from the optoacoustic waves measured during in vivo dilution closely follows those found by measuring Hgb concentration directly in the in vitro dilution experiment,although no interor in-trapatient predictive correlation was reported(42).Along similar lines,Secomski et al.have discussed the use of pulse echo ultrasound in determining Hct (43).Specifically,Hct is determined by monitoring the ultrasonic wave attenuation in blood,calculated from the Doppler power spectrum.Investigation of both a multigate Doppler system(44)and a single transducer pulse echo device verified the predictive ability of this method for Hct in an in vitro animal blood model and in an in vivo human patient set.Secomski reported an optimal correlation coefficient of rϭ0.90(nϭ168) for an in vitro study using the pulse echo method and an optimal correlation coefficient of rϭ0.96(nϭ14) for an in vitro study using a Doppler gating system (43).In the6-patient in vivo study,again using the gated Doppler method,Hct determined from the bra-chial artery was within5%of the value obtained with capillary centrifugation but Hct determined from the carotid artery was only within20%.Although these studies of these methods are inter-esting,it is not clear how they will compare to optical methods.In their current configurations,optoacoustic and ultrasonic methods of Hgb/Hct determination are more difficult to implement in a clinical setting than spectroscopic or imaging methods,inhibiting their application in numerous settings discussed above. Further evaluation and clinical trials of these tech-niques will indicate the potential of commercially via-ble technologies.ConclusionsAmong the new methods described,the best have shown accuracy of95%relative to in vitro measured Hgb/Hct.Although it is difficult at this point to com-pare the overall performance of each class of technique, general comments on the results of these studies seem to show that(a)more complex techniques using con-ductance and optoacoustics can have excellent per-formance if suitable for the particular environment, (b)transcutaneous optical measurements yield betterReviews270Clinical Chemistry54:2(2008)。