Analysis of Reflection Electron Energy Loss Spectra (REELS) for Determination of the Dielec

r process r 过程r product r 积r ratio r 比r ray apparatus x 光机racah algebra 拉卡代数racah coefficient 拉卡系数racemic form 消旋体rad 拉德radar 雷达radar beacon 无线电信标radar echo 雷达回波radar system 雷达系统radial distribution function 径向分布函数radial quantum number 径向量子数radial velocity 径向速度radian 弧度radiance 发光度radiant 辐射点radiant density 辐射密度radiant energy 辐射能量radiant energy density 辐射能密度radiant flux 辐射通量radiant flux density 辐射通量密度radiant heat 辐射热radiant heat exchange 辐射热交换radiant heating 辐射热取暖radiant intensity 发光度radiant point 辐射点radiant total absorptance 总辐射吸收比radiating surface 辐射面radiation 辐射radiation balance 辐射平衡radiation belt 范艾伦辐射带radiation camera 辐射照相机radiation chemical reaction 辐射化学反应radiation chemistry 辐射化学radiation control 辐射管理radiation cooling 辐射冷却radiation damage 辐射损伤radiation damping 辐射衰减radiation density 辐射密度radiation detector 辐射探测器radiation dominated universe 辐射为诸宙radiation dose 辐射剂量radiation energy 辐射能量radiation equilibrium 辐射平衡radiation field 辐射场radiation flux 辐射通量radiation formula 辐射公式radiation injury 辐射伤害radiation intensity 辐射强度radiation law 辐射定律radiation length 辐射长度radiation loss 辐射损失radiation measurement 辐射测量radiation monitor 辐射监测器radiation physics 射线物理学radiation pressure 辐射压radiation protection 辐射防护radiation pyrometer 辐射高温计radiation shield 辐射屏蔽层radiation shielding material 辐射屏蔽材料radiation streaming 辐射冲流radiation temperature 辐射温度radiation thermometer 辐射温度计radiation thickness gage 辐射测厚计radiationless transition 无辐射跃迁radiative capture 辐射俘获radiative heat exchange 辐射热交换radiative transfer 辐射转移radiator 辐射体radio 无线电radio beacon 无线电信标radio detecting and ranging 雷达radio direction finding 无线电定向radio emission 射电辐射radio frequency 射频radio frequency acceleration 高频加速radio frequency amplification 射频放大radio frequency amplifier 射频放大器radio frequency capture 射频俘获radio frequency confinement 射频约束radio frequency discharge 射频放电radio frequency heating 射频加热radio frequency probe 射频探针radio frequency source 射电源radio frequency spectroscopy 射频谱学radio galaxy 射电星系radio interferometer 射电干涉仪radio noise 无线电噪声radio observation 射电观测radio observatory 射电天文台radio pulsar 射电脉冲星radio quasar 射电类星体radio radiation 射电辐射radio receiver 收音机radio source 射电源radio spectroscopy 无线电频谱学radio star 无线电星radio telescope 射电望远镜radio wave holography 无线电波全息学radio wave propagation 无线电波传插radio wave spectrum 无线电波谱radio waves 无线电波radioactivation 放射化radioactivation analysis 放射化分析radioactive collector 放射式集电器radioactive decay 放射性衰变radioactive decay law 放射性衰变定律radioactive disintegration 放射性衰变radioactive displacement law 放射性位移定律radioactive element 放射性元素radioactive equilibrium 放射性平衡radioactive fall out 放射性沉降物radioactive family 放射族radioactive gaseous waste 放射性气态废物radioactive isotope 放射性同位素radioactive liquid waste 放射性液态废物radioactive material 放射性物质radioactive nuclide 放射性核素radioactive product 放射性产物radioactive rays 放射线radioactive standard 放射性标准radioactive tracer 放射性指示剂radioactive transformation 放射性转换radioactive unit 放射性单位radioactive waste 放射性废物radioactivity 放射性radioanalysis 放射性分析radioastrometry 射电天体测量学radioastronomy 射电天文学radioastronomy observatory 射电天文台radioastrophysics 射电天体物理学radioautography 放射自显影法radiocarbon 14 dating method 放射性碳14 测定年龄法radiochemistry 放射化学radiocontamination 放射性沾污radioelement 放射性元素radiogeophysics 放射地球物理学radiogram 无线电报radiography 射线照相法radioheliograph 射电日光仪radiointerferometer 射电干涉仪radioisotope 放射性同位素radioisotope assay 放射性同位素成分的定量分析radiolocation 无线电定位radiology 放射学radioluminescence 放射发光radiometer 辐射计radiometric force 辐射力radiomicrometer 微量辐射计radiomicrometry 微量辐射法radionuclide 放射性核素radiophotoluminescence 辐射光致发光radiophysics 无线电物理学radioresistance 抗辐射性radiosensitivity 放射敏感性radiosonde 无线电探空仪radiosonde observation 无线电探空仪观测radiospectrograph 无线电频谱仪radiospectrometer 射电光谱仪radiothorium 放射性钍radiotracer 放射性指示剂radium 镭radium standard 镭标准源radius 半径radius of gyration 回转半径radius vector 位置矢量radon 氡rail gun 轨炮rain 雨rain gauge 雨量器rainbow 虹rainbow hologram 虹全息图rainbow scattering 虹散射ram 随机存取存储器raman active 喇曼激活的raman effect 喇曼效应raman laser 喇曼激光器raman microprobe 喇曼微探针raman microscope 喇曼显微镜raman nath diffraction 喇曼纳什衍射raman scattering 喇曼散射raman shift 喇曼位移raman spectroscopy 喇曼光谱学raman spectrum 喇曼谱ramsauer effect 冉邵尔效应ramsauer townsend effect 冉邵尔汤森效应ramsden eyepiece 冉斯登目镜ramsey resonance 拉姆齐共振random coincidence 偶然符合random error 随机误差random function 随机函数random matrix 随机矩阵random numbers 随机数random phase approximation 随机相位近似random process 随机过程random variable 随机变数random vibration 随机振动random walk 无规行走randomness 随机性range 列range finder 测距仪range straggling 射程岐离rankine cycle 兰金循环rankine hugoniot relations 兰金雨贡纽关系rapidity 快度rare earth elements 稀土元素rare earth nuclei 稀土核rare earths 稀土族rare gas 稀有气体rare gas excimer laser 稀有气体激元激光器rarefied gas dynamics 稀薄气体动力学rate 比率rate meter 剂量率测量计rate of combustion 燃烧率rated output 额定输出ratio 比rationalized system of units 有理化单位制rationalized unit 核理单位ray 半直线ray of light 光线ray optics 光线光学ray representation 射线表示ray surface 光线速度面ray velocity 光线速度rayleigh criterion 瑞利判据rayleigh disc 瑞利圆板rayleigh distribution 瑞利分布rayleigh jeans' law of radiation 瑞利琼斯的辐射定律rayleigh number 瑞利数rayleigh refractometer 瑞利折射计rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射rayleigh taylor instability 瑞利泰勒不稳定性rayleigh wave 瑞利波rayleigh's radiation formula 瑞利辐射公式rbe dose rbe 剂量re emission 再发射reactance 电抗reaction 反应reaction cross section 反应截面reactive current 无功电流reactive power 无效功率reactivity 反应性reactivity coefficient 反应性系数reactivity control 反应性控制reactor 反应堆reactor components 反应堆组元reactor control 反应曝制reactor lifetime 反应堆寿命reactor materials 反应堆材料reactor period 反应堆周期reactor physics 反应堆物理学reactor poison 反应堆毒物reactor simulator 反应堆仿真器反应堆模拟器reactor time constant 反应堆寿命reactor vessel 反应堆容器real gas 真实气体real image 实象real time hologram 实时全息图realistic nuclear force 真实核力rearrangement collision 重排碰撞rearrangement scattering 重排散射receiver 接收机receiving antenna 接收天线reciprocal lattice 倒易点阵reciprocal lattice vector 倒易晶格矢量reciprocal linear dispersion 逆线性色散reciprocal shear ellipsoid 倒切变椭球reciprocal space 倒易空间reciprocal strain ellipsoid 倒应变椭球reciprocity 互易性reciprocity law 倒易律reciprocity theorem 倒易律recoil 反冲recoil atom 反冲原子recoil effect 反冲效应recoil electron 反冲电子recoil force 反冲力recoil momentum 反冲动量recoil nucleus 反冲核recoil particle 反冲粒子recoilless transition 无反冲跃迁recombinant dna technology 重组 dna 工艺recombination 复合recombination center 复合中心recombination coefficient 复合系数recorder 录音机;记录器记录仪recording anemometer 风速计recording device 记录装置recording instrument 记录器recording thermometer 温度自动记录器自记温度计recovery time 恢复时间recrystallization 再结晶rectangular prism 直角棱镜rectification 整流检波;精馏rectifier 整流rectifier tube 整淋rectilinear motion 直线运动recurrence formula 递推公式recurrence phenomenon 重复现象red dwarf 红矮星red giant star 红巨星red shift 红移red spot 红斑reduced equation 还原方程reduced equation of state 简化物态方程reduced eye 简约眼reduced mass 约化质量reduced pressure 换算压力reduced transition probability 约化跃迁几率reduced viscosity 约化粘滞度reduced wave number 约化波数reduced wave number zone 约化波数带reduced width 约化宽度reduction of area 断面收缩率reduction of cross sectional area 断面收缩率reduction to sea level 海平面归算redundancy 多余度reed relay 簧片继电器reentrant cavity 再入式谐振腔reference electrode 参考电极reference frame 参考系reference line 参考线reference star 定标星reference stimulus 参考剌激reference system 参考系reference temperature 参考温度reference thermoelectromotive force 参考温差电动势reference wave 参考波reflectance 反射率reflected light 反射光reflected ray 反射线reflected wave 反射波reflecting goniometer 反射测角计reflecting layer 反射层reflecting losses 反射损失reflecting material 反射物质reflecting medium 反射介质reflecting microscope 反射显微镜reflecting power 反射因数reflecting surface 反射表面reflecting telescope 反射望远镜reflection 反射reflection coefficient 反射系数reflection effect 反射效应reflection electron beam holography 反射电子束全息术reflection electron microscopy 反射式电子显微术reflection factor 反射因数reflection grating 反射光栅reflection nebula 反射星云reflection profile 反射曲线reflectivity 反射率reflectometer 反射计reflector 反射器反射镜reflex camera 反射摄影机refracting medium 折射介质refraction 折射refraction law 折射定律refraction method 折射法refractive error 折射误差refractive index 折射率refractivity 折射本领refractometer 折射计refractometry 量折射术refractor 折射望远镜refractoscope 折射检验仪refrigerant 致冷剂refrigerating effect 致冷效应refrigeration 致冷refrigeration cycle 致冷循环regelation 复冰regeneration 再生regeneration of energy 能量再生regeneration of k k 的再生regenerative detection 再生检波regenerative feedback 正反馈regenerator 回热器regge pole 雷其极点regge theory 雷其理论regge trajectory 雷其轨迹register 寄存器计数器regression analysis 回归分析regular multiplet 正常多重态regular reflection 单向反射regularization 正规化regulator 正规化函数regulator gene 第基因relative acceleration 相对加速度relative aperture 口径比relative atomic weight 相对原子量relative biological effectiveness 相对生物学效应relative biological effectiveness dose rbe 剂量relative error 相对误差relative humidity 相对湿度relative measurement 相对测量relative motion 相对运动relative permeability 相对磁导率relative refractive index 相对折射率relative stopping power 相对阻止本领relative velocity 相对速度relativistic astrophysics 相对论天体物理学relativistic cosmology 相对论宇宙学relativistic dynamics 相对论力学relativistic effect 相对论性效应relativistic electron beam 相对论性电子束relativistic field 相对论性场relativistic formula 相对论性公式relativistic invariance 相对论性不变性relativistic mass equation 相对论性质量方程relativistic mechanics 相对论力学relativistic quantum mechanics 相对论性量子力学relativistic quantum theory 相对论性量子论relativistic velocity 相对论性速度relativity 相对性relativity principle 相对性原理relativity theory 相对论relaxation 张弛relaxation effect 张弛效应relaxation function 弛豫函数relaxation modulus 张弛模量relaxation oscillation 张弛振荡relaxation spectrum 弛豫谱relaxation time 张弛时间relay 继电器reliability 可靠性reliability factor 可靠性因子reluctance 磁阻reluctivity 磁阻率rem 雷姆remanence 顽磁remanent field 剩余磁场remote batch processing 远程成批处理remote control 遥控remote measuring 遥测remote metering 遥测remote synchronization technology 遥测同步技术renormalization 重正化renormalization group 重正化群renormalization of mass and charge 质量与电荷重正化renormalization theory 重正化理论repeated stress 重复应力repetitive error 重复误差replica 复制replica grating 复制光栅replica method 复制方法representation 表现representation of group 群表示representation of the rotation group 转动群的表示reprocessing 后处理reprocessing of spent fuel 烧过的核燃料后处理reproduction factor 增殖比repulsion 推斥;斥力repulsive force 斥力repulsive potential 排斥势research laboratory 研究室research reactor 研究用堆residual charge 剩余电荷residual field 剩余磁场residual gas 残留气体residual gas analyser 剩余气体分析器residual heat 残留热residual image 余象residual induction 剩余感应residual intensity 剩余强度residual interaction 剩余相互酌residual magnetization 剩余磁化强度residual nucleus 剩余核residual rays 剩余射线residual resistance 剩余电阻residual stress 剩余应力residue class group 剩余群resilience 回弹能resistance 阻力resistance attenuator 电阻衰减器resistance box 电阻箱resistance minimum 电阻最小resistance thermometer 电阻温度计resistive attenuator 电阻衰减器resistive state 有阻力状态resistivity 电阻率resistor 电阻器电阻resolution 分解resolving power 分辨率resolving time 分辨时间resonanance curye 共振曲线resonance 共振resonance absorption 共振吸收resonance absorption cross section 共振吸收截面resonance accelerator 共振加速器resonance box 谐振箱resonance capture 共振俘获resonance circuit 共振电路resonance condition 共振条件resonance curve 共振曲线resonance energy 共振能resonance excitation 共振激发resonance fluorescence 共振荧光resonance formula 共振公式resonance frequency 共振频率resonance integral 共振积分resonance level 共振能级resonance line 共振线resonance method 共振法resonance neutron 共振中子resonance peak 共振峰resonance potential 共振电势resonance radiation 共振辐射resonance raman spectroscopy 共振喇曼光谱学resonance reaction 共振反应resonance region 共振区resonance scattering 共振散射resonance spectrum 共振光谱resonant accelerator 共振加速器resonant cavity 共振腔resonant interaction 共振相互酌resonant particle 共振粒子resonator 谐振器共振器resonoscope 共振示波器respect 关系response 响应response function 响应函数response time 响应时间rest energy 静能rest mass 静质量restitution coefficient 恢复系数restoring force 恢复力restricted problem of three bodies 限制三体问题restriction 限制restrictor 节流节力result 结果resultant 合成resultant acceleration 合加速度resultant force 合力retardation 减速;延迟retardation phenomenon 滞后现象retardation spectrum 滞后谱retarded green function 推迟格林函数retarded potential 推迟势retentivity 顽磁性reticular structure 网状结构reticule 分度线reticulum 网座reverberant chamber 混响室reverberation 混响reverberation time 混响时间reverse feedback 负反馈reverse osmosis 逆渗透reverse temperature 转换温度reverse x ray effect 逆 x 射线效应reversed field pinch 反向场箍缩reversibility 可逆性reversible cell 可逆电池reversible change 可逆变化reversible cycle 可逆循环reversible engine 可逆机reversible pendulum 可倒摆reversible permeability 可逆磁导率reversible process 可逆过程reversible reaction 可逆反应reversible system 可逆系统reversible transducer 可逆变换器reversing prism 道威棱镜revolution 旋转;公转revolution ellipsoid 回转椭面revolution paraboloid 回转抛物面revolving field type motor 旋转磁场型电动机reynolds' law of similitude 雷诺相似律reynolds' number 雷诺数rf ion source rf 离子源rgb system of color representation rgb 彩色显示系统rhenium 铼rheogoniometer 锥板龄测角器rheology 龄学rheometer 龄计rheopexy 笼性rheostat 变阻器rheostatatic brake 变阻破动器rho meson 介子rho type doublet 型二重态rhodium 铑rhodium iron resistance thermometer 铑铁电阻温度计rhombic antenna 菱形天线rhombic lattice 斜方晶格rhombic system 斜方系rhombohedral system 菱形系ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸ricci tensor 里奇张量riemann christoffel tensor 黎曼克里斯托菲张量riemann space 黎曼空间riemann tensor 黎曼张量rietveld method 里德伯尔德法righi leduc effect 里齐勒杜克效应right angled coordinates 直角坐标right ascension 赤经right hand rule 右手定则rigid body 刚体rigid dynamics 刚体动力学rigid plastic body 刚性塑料体rigidity 刚性ring counter 环形计数器ring current 环形电流ring cyclotron 环形回旋加速器ring discharge 环形放电ring laser 环形激光器ring laser gyroscope 环形激光陀螺仪ring nebula 环状星云ripple 波纹ripple current 波纹电流弱脉动电流ripple voltage 脉动电压rise time 上升时间risk 危险度ritz combination principle 里兹并合定则ritz formula 里兹公式rms error 均方根误差rna 核糖核酸roberts micromanometer 罗伯兹压力计robertson walker metric 罗伯森沃克度规robinson anemometer 罗宾逊风速计robot 机扑roche limit 洛希极限roche lobe 洛希瓣rochelle salt 罗谢耳盐rock crystal 水晶rocket 火箭rocking curve 摆动曲线rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度roentgen 伦琴roentgen apparatus x 光机roentgen radiation 伦琴辐射roentgen rays 伦琴射线roentgen tube x射线管roentgenmeter x射线计roentgenogramm x 射线照相roentgenography x 射线照相法roentgenoluminescence x 射线发光roentgenometer x 射线计roentgenoscope x 射线透视机roentgenoscopy x 射线透视法rogowski coil 罗果夫斯基线圈rolling 横摇rolling friction 滚动摩擦room temperature 室温root mean square error 均方根误差roots pump 罗茨泵rosenbluth formula 罗森布拉思公式rosenthal oscillation 罗森塔尔振动rosette motion 蔷薇花形运动rossby wave 罗斯贝波rotameter 转子量计rotary power 旋光本领rotary pump 回转泵rotary reflection 旋转反射rotary switch 转动式开关rotary vacuum pump 回转真空泵rotating anode x ray generator 转动阳极 x 射线发生器rotating crystal method 旋转晶体法rotating fluid 旋转铃rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场rotation 转动rotation group 转动群rotation invariance 转动不变性rotation vibration band 转动振动光谱带rotation vibration spectrum 转动振动光谱rotational absorption line 转动吸收线rotational band 转动谱带rotational brownian motion 转动布朗运动rotational constant 转动常数rotational coupling 转动耦合rotational energy 转动能rotational excitation 转动激发rotational excited level 转动激发能级rotational fine structure 转动精细结构rotational isomer 转动同质异构体rotational level 转动能级rotational line 转动谱线rotational partition function 转动配分函数rotational perturbation 转动微扰rotational quantum number 旋转量子数rotational relaxation 转动弛豫rotational spectrum 转动能谱rotational speed 转动速度rotational structure 转动结构rotational temperature 转动温度rotational term 转动项rotational transform angle 转动变换角rotational transition 转动跃迁rotational velocity 转动速度rotational viscosimeter 旋转粘度计rotator 旋转体rotatory dispersion 旋转色散rotatory polarization 转动偏振rotatory power 旋光本领rotatory reflection 旋转反射roton 旋子rotor 转子roughening transition 粗化跃迁roughness coefficient 粗糙系数roundoff error 舍入误差rouse model 劳斯模型routine 程序rowland circle 罗兰圆rowland ghost 罗兰鬼线rubber elasticity 橡胶弹性rubbery state 橡胶态rubidium magnetometer 铷磁强计rubidum 铷ruby laser 红宝石激光器rule 规则ruled diffraction grating 刻线式衍射光栅run of rays 光路rupture 断裂russell saunders coupling 罗素桑德斯耦合rutgers formula 拉特格斯公式ruthenium 钌rutherford 卢瑟福rutherford scattering 卢瑟福散射rutherford scattering spectroscopy 卢瑟福散射光谱学rutile structure 金红石结构rvb rvbrydberg constant 里德伯常数rydberg correction 里德伯校正rydberg potential 里德伯势rydberg series 里德伯系列rydberg series formula 里德伯公式rydberg state 里德伯状态。

第 62 卷第 5 期2023 年9 月Vol.62 No.5Sept.2023中山大学学报（自然科学版）（中英文）ACTA SCIENTIARUM NATURALIUM UNIVERSITATIS SUNYATSENI球差校正透射电镜技术探究SrTiO3/SrTiO3 同质薄膜导电起源*宋海利1，黄荣21. 中山大学化学学院/生物无机与合成化学教育部重点实验室，广东广州 5100062. 华东师范大学物理与电子科学学院 / 极化材料与器件教育部重点实验室，上海 200062摘要：通过脉冲激光沉积方法沿着SrTiO3 衬底（001）方向生长了SrTiO3/SrTiO3（001）同质外延薄膜，薄膜退火前为导电状态，在氧气气氛中退火后变为绝缘态。

运用环形高角暗场像、环形明场像和能量损失谱等多种先进的球差校正透射电镜技术，从原子尺度分析薄膜表面和界面处的原子占位、电子结构以及氧空位等。

研究发现，退火前薄膜表面存在TiOx（1<x<2）重构层，退火后重构层仍然存在，但Ti的价态有所升高。

同时，通过原子分辨率的能量损失谱分析对比了退火前后Ti和O的价态变化，发现：退火前薄膜表面和界面附近存在氧空位，薄膜表面的氧空位更多，退火后氧空位消失。

因此，对于SrTiO3/SrTiO3同质薄膜来说，薄膜导电的起源主要为薄膜表面和界面附近氧空位的共同作用。

关键词：钙钛矿氧化物；球差校正透射电镜；电子能量损失谱；氧空位中图分类号：O73；O766 文献标志码：A 文章编号：2097 - 0137（2023）05 - 0101 - 06Exploring the conductive origin of SrTiO3/ SrTiO3homogeneous films byspherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopySONG Haili1， HUANG Rong21. School of Chemistry， Sun Yat-sen University/Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and SyntheticChemistry of Ministry of Education， Guangzhou 510006， China2. School of Physics and Electronic Science， East China Normal University / Key Laboratory of PolarMaterials and Devices， Ministry of Education，Shanghai 200062， ChinaAbstract：A SrTiO3 /SrTiO3homogeneous epitaxial film was grown along the SrTiO3substrate （001）by PLD method. The film was conductive before annealing， and became insulating states after anneal‐ing. A variety of advanced spherical aberration-corrected transmission microscopy techniques like annu‐lar high-angle darkfield image，annular brightfield image and atomic-resolution energy loss spectro‐scope （EELS） was used to explore the atomic occupancy， electronic structure and oxygen vacancies in the film. A TiOx (1<x<2) reconstruction layer was found on the surface of the film. And the valence state of Ti in the reconstruction layer increases slightly after annealing. According to EELS analysis，oxygen vacancies existed in the whole film including the surface and interface before annealing， anddisappeared after annealing. Therefore， for non-polar films SrTiO3/SrTiO3， oxygen vacancies near thefilm surface and interface maybe the origin of electrical conduction.Key words：perovskite oxides； spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope；energy loss spectroscope； oxygen vacancyDOI：10.13471/ki.acta.snus.2023B021*收稿日期：2023 − 05 − 10 录用日期：2023 − 05 − 23 网络首发日期：2023 − 06 − 30基金项目：广东省基础与应用基础研究基金（2020A1515110178）作者简介：宋海利（1989年生），女；研究方向：功能纳米材料微结构；E-mail：*****************第 62 卷中山大学学报（自然科学版）（中英文）2004年，Ohtomo 和Hwang （2004）在（100）面的SrTiO 3（STO）衬底上外延生长出高质量LaAlO 3（LAO ）薄膜，并发现在n 型界面（LaO ）+/（TiO 2）0处形成了高迁移率的二维电子气（2DEG ，two-dimen ‐sional electron gas ）。

地理专业词汇英语翻译Q-RQuackgrassmeadow 冰草草甸quadtree 象限四分树quadranglenet 四边形网quadran t象限quagmire 沼泽地qualitativeanalysisofelement 元素定性分析qualitativeanalysisoforganicfunctionalgroup 有机功能基定性分析qualitativeinterpretation 定性判读qualitativerepresentation 质量表示法quality 品质qualityclass 地位级qualitycontrol 品质管理qualitycontroloperation 品质管理操作qualitycontrolsystem 品质管理系统qualityengineering 品质工程qualityofgroundwater 地下水水质qualityofsoil 土壤地位级quantification 量化quantifiedsystemanalysis 定量系统分析quantitativeanalysis 定量分析quantitativeinterpretation 定量判读quantitativerepresentation 数量表示法quantitativespectralanalysis 定量光谱分析quantity 量quantityfactor 定量参数quantometer 光量计quarry 采石场quarrying 露天开采quartel 林班quarternary 第4纪quarternaryeustaticmovement 第四纪海面升降运动quarternaryexogeneticoredeposits 第四纪外生矿床quarternaryplacerdeposit 第四纪砂矿床quarternaryvolcanicoredeposit 第四纪火山矿床quarternaryweatheringoredeposit 第四纪风化矿床quartz 石英quartzandesite 英安岩quartzbasalt 石英玄武岩quartzdiorite 石英闪长岩quartzdolerite 石英粗玄岩quartzporphyry 石英斑岩quartzschist 石英片岩quartzspectrograph 石英摄谱仪quartztrachyte 疗岩quartzipsamment 石英砂新成土quartzite石英岩quartzysandstone 石英砂岩quasigeoid 似大地水准面quaternarygeochronology 第四纪地质年代学quaternarygeologicalmap第四纪地质图quaternarygeology 第四纪地质学quaternaryglacialperiod 第四纪冰期quaternaryilluviatedoredeposi 第四纪淋积矿床quaternarypaleogeography 第四纪古地理quaternaryperiod 第四纪quaternaryresearch 第四纪研究quaternarysedimentaryoredeposit 第四纪沉积矿床quicklime 生石灰quicksand 脸quiescence 休眠quisqueite 硫沥青quota 定额radar 雷达radaraltimeter 雷达测高计radarecho 雷达回波radarimage 雷达图像radarimagescale 雷达图像比例尺radarimagetexture 雷达图像纹理radarindicator 雷达显示器radarlevelling 雷达高程测量radarmap 雷达图radarmeteorology 雷达气象学radarnavigation 雷达导航radarphotogrammetry 雷达摄影测量radarreflectedimages 雷达反射图象radarreflectivity 雷达反射率radarreflectivityfactor 雷达反射率因子radarremotesensing 雷达遥感radarshadow 雷达阴影radarsignature 雷达标记radarsonde 雷达测风仪radarstereoviewing 雷达立体观测radarwavelength雷达波长radarweatherequation雷达气象方程radargrammetry雷达摄影测量radialdrainagepattern 放射状水系radialfracture 射状断裂radialrift放射断裂radialsymmetry 辐射对称radian 弧度radiantenergy 辐射能radiantexitance 辐射出射度radiantflux 辐射流radiantintensity 辐射强度radiation 辐射radiationbalance 辐射平衡radiationbalancemeter 辐射平衡表radiationbalanceofatmosphere 大气辐射平衡radiationbelts 辐射带radiationbiology 放射生物学radiationchemicalprocess 放射化学过程radiationchemicalreaction 放射化学反应radiationchemistry 放射化学radiationcoefficient 辐射系数radiationcounter 辐射计数管radiationdamage 放射线损伤radiationdetector 辐射探测器radiationdose 放射剂量radiationfog 辐射雾radiationfromseasurface 海面辐射radiationinjury 放辐射性伤害radiationinversion 辐射逆温radiationradiosonde 辐射探空仪radiationresolution 辐射分辨率radiationshielding 辐射防护radiativetransferequatio n辐射传递方程radical l基radicelle 小根radioaltimeter 无线电测高仪radioatmometer 辐射蒸发计radiobeacon 无线电信标radioobservation 无线电观测radioactivationanalysis 放射化分析radioactiveanomaly 放射性异常radioactivecontaminant 放射性污染物radioactivecontamination 放射性污染radioactivedecay 放射性衰变radioactivedecontamination 放射性去污radioactivedeposit 放射性沉淀物radioactivedisplacementlaw 放射性位移定律radioactiveelement 放射性元素radioactiveequilibrium 放射平衡radioactiveiron 放射性铁radioactiveisotope 放射性同位素radioactivelogging 放射性测井radioactivematerial 放射性物质radioactivemineral 放射矿物radioactivemineralspring 放射能矿泉radioactivepollution 放射性污染radioactiveprospecting 放射性勘探radioactiveradiation 放射性辐射radioactiveseries 放射系radioactivewastes 放射性废弃物radioactivewater 放射性水radioactivity 放射能radioactivitylog 放射性测井记录radiobiology 放射生物学radiocarbon 放射性碳radiocarbonage 放射性碳年龄radiocarbondating 放射性碳年代测定法radiochemicalanalysis 放射化学分析radiochemicalpurity 放射化学纯度radiochemistry 放射化学radiogenicheat 放射性热radiogeochemistry 放射地球化学radiogeodesy 无线电测地学radiographiccontrast 射线照像对照radiography 射线照相术radiohydrology 放射水文学radioisotope 放射性同位素radiolarian 放射虫radiolarianooze 放射虫软泥radiology 放射学radiometeorograph 无线电气象记录仪radiometeorography 无线电气象测量学radiometeorology 无线电气象学radiometer 辐射计radiometricage 绝对年龄radiometricanalysis 放射分析radiometricdating 放射性测定年代radionuclide 放射性核素radiosonde 无线电探空仪radiosondeobservation 无线电探空仪观测radiosoundingsystem 无线电高空测候技术radium 镭radiumage 镭龄radiumseries 镭系radiumspring 镭泉radius 半径radiusofaction 酌半径radiusofcurvature 曲率半径radiusofcurvatureoftheearth 地球曲率半径radiusofgyration 旋转半径radiusofinfluence影响半径radiusratio 半径比radon 氡radonsurvey 射气测量rafaelite 钒地沥青railway 铁道railwayaerosurveying 铁道航空勘测railwayjunction 铁路交叉点railwaymap 铁路路线图railwaytransport 铁路运输rainrainattenuatio n雨滴衰减raincapacity 降雨量rainchannel 水蚀沟raincloud 雨云rainday 雨日raindropimpression 雨痕rainfactor 降水因素rainfrequency 降水频率raingage 雨量器raingush 暴雨rainintensity 降雨强度rainrill 雨沟rainseason 雨季rainshadow 雨影rainwash 雨水冲刷rainbow 虹rainfallarea 降雨区rainfalldepth 雨量rainfalldistribution 雨量分布rainfallduration 降雨持续时间rainfallflood 降雨洪水rainfallintensity 降雨强度rainstorm 阵雨rainwater 雨水rainydays 降水日数rainygreenforest 雨绿林raisedbeach 滨岸淤积阶地raisedbog 高地沼泽ramification 分枝randomdistortion 随机畸变randomdistribution 随机分布randomerror 随机误差randomerrorofmeasurement 测量偶然误差randomevent 随机事件randommixedlayermineral 不规则混层矿物randomnoise 无秩序杂音randomnumber 随机数randomprocess 随机过程randomsampling 随机抽样randomvariable 随机变量randomvector 随机向量randomization 随机化range 区域rangeelevationindicator 距离仰角显示器rangefinder 测距仪rangeheightindicator 距离高度显示器rangenormalization 距离标准化rangeofvisibility 能见距离rangepole 视距尺rangeresolution 距离分辨率ranging 测距rangingpole 测杆rankers 薄层土rapakivi 奥环斑花岗岩rapid 急流急滩rapidflow 急流rareearthelements 稀土元素raregas 稀有气体raregaselements 惰性气体元素rarespecies 稀有种rarefaction 稀疏酌raspberrybrake 十丛林rateofstocking 载畜量ratingcurve 率定曲线ratiomethod 比值法ratioofionicradii 离子半径比ratiovegetationindex 比值植被指数rationalanalysis 示构分析ravine 沟壑rawhumus 粗腐殖质rawmaterial 原料rawore 未选的矿石raworganicsoil 粗有机质土壤rawsoil 生土rawwater 原水reach 河区reactioncurrent 逆流reactionforce 反酌力reactionisotherm 反应等温式reactionmechanism 反应机制reactionprinciple 反应原理reactionproduct 反应产物reactionrate 反应速度reactionrim 反应边缘reactionseries 反应系列reactionzone 反应区reactionalrim 反应边reactivity 反应性readilyavaiablefertilizer 速效肥料readingerror 读数误差readingonrod 标尺读数reafforestation 再造林realimage 实像realscale真比例尺realtimereconnaissance 实时侦察realgar 鸡冠石reallocationofland 土地规划receiver 接收机recentcrustalmevements 现代地壳运动recentsediments 新沉积物recentvegetation 现代植被reception 感受receptionbasin 集水盆recessioncurve 退水曲线recessionofglaciers 冰川减退酌recessionalmoraine 退缩碛rechargearea 补给区rechargewell 补水井reciprocallattice 倒易晶格reciprocalsightline 对向照准线reclaimedfensoi l耕种低位沼泽土壤reclamationofmarshland 沼泽开垦recognitionfeature 识别特征recombination 再化合recomputation 重新计算reconnaissance 踏勘reconnaissanceoffishshoal 鱼群侦察reconnaissancesoilmap 土壤概图reconnaissancesurvey 普查reconstruction 复原recorder 记录器recording 记录recordingdevice 记录装置recordinggauge 自记计recordingpen 记录笔recordingraingage 自记雨量计recovery再生recreation 休养recreationindustry 旅游产业recreationalgeography 旅游地理学recrystallization 重结晶酌rectangularcoordinate 直角坐标rectangularcoordinatesystem 直角坐标系rectangulardrainagepattern 矩状水系rectangularplanecoordinate 平面直角坐标rectangularweir 矩形堰rectifier 纠正仪rectilinearcoordinate 直角坐标recumbentanticcline 伏卧背斜recurrencehorizon 再现土层recurrentdeposition 叠次沉积redalgae 红藻redbrownmediterraneansoil 地中海赤褐色土redclay 红色粘土redfescuemeadow 羊茅甸地redhematite 红赤铁矿redmud 红泥redpodzolicsoil 灰化红壤redsnow 红雪redsoil 红壤redyellowpodzolicsoil 灰化红黄壤reddishbrownforestsoil 红棕色森林土reddishbrownlateritesoil 红棕色砖红壤性土reddishchestnutsoil 红栗钙土redeposition 再沉积redge 暗礁redoxequilibrium 氧化还原平衡redoxindicator 氧化还原指示剂redoxpotential 氧化还原电位redoxprocess 氧化还原过程redoxreaction 氧化还原反应redoxsystem 氧化还原系redoxtitration 氧化还原滴定reducedparameter 换算变量reducedzone 还原带reducers 还原剂reducibleness 可还原性reducingaction 还原酌reducingagent 还原剂reducingcalculus 归算reducingcapacity 还原能力reducingglass 缩小透镜reduction 还原reductioncoefficient 缩减系数reductionfactor 放大率reductiongeochemicalbarrier 还原地球化学障reductionofgravity 重力校正reductionpotential 还原电势reductionzone 还原区redactor 缩小仪redundancyofinformation 信息剩余度reduzate 还原产物reed 芦苇reedpeat 芦苇泥炭reedswamp 芦苇沼泽reedgrassmeadow 酚茅甸地reef 礁reefbuildingcorals 造礁珊瑚reefcap 礁帽reeflimestone 礁灰岩referencedata 参考数据referenceellipsoid 参考椭圆体referencelevel 高程基淮referencepoint 参考点referencesurface 参考面referencesystem 参考系refining 精制reflectancecoefficient 反射系数reflectancefactor 反射因子reflectancespectraofvegetation 植被反射波谱reflectedflux 反射流reflectedimage 反射影像reflectedlight 反射光reflectedray 反射线reflectedwave 反射波reflectingmicroscope 反射显微镜reflectingmirro r反光镜reflectingsurface 反射面reflectingtelescope 反射望远镜reflection 反射reflectioncoefficient 反射系数reflectionelectronmicroscope 反射电子显微镜reflectionmethod 反射法reflectionoflight 光反射reflectionpleochroism 反射多色性reflectiveopticalsystem 反射式光学系统reflectivepowe r反射功率reflectivity 反射能力reflectivityofseawater 海水反射率reflector 反射器reflex 反射reflexcenter 反射中枢reflexpaper 反光印象像纸reflexprinting 反光晒图reflux 逆流回流refoldedfold 复合褶皱reforestation 森林更新refraction 折射refractioncoefficient 折射系数refractionmethod 折射法refractionoflight 光折射refractiveandreflectiveopticalsystem折反射式光学系统refractiveindex折射率refractiveopticalsystem折射式光学系统refractoryclay耐火粘土refractorymaterial耐火材料refractorysand耐火砂refugium残遗种保护区refuse废石regelation复冰regeneratedflow回流回归水流regeneratedglacier再生冰川regeneration再生regenerationcutting更新伐regenerationofcyclon气旋再生regenerationofnaturalresources自然资源更新regime状况regimeofriver河灵况region地方regionofalimentation营养面积regionofescape逃逸区regionoflittlerelief小地形区域regionofrunoff径柳regionalgeochemicalanomaly区域地球化学异常regionalgeochemicalbackground区域地球化学背景regionalgeochemicaldifferentiation 区域地球化学分异regionalgeochemicalprospecting区域地球化学勘探regionalgeochemistry区域地球化学regionalgeologicalmap区域地质图regionalgeology区域地质学regionalgeomorphology区域地貌学regionalinformationsystem区域信息系统regionalmetamorphism区域变质regionalplanning区域规划regionalpollution地区性污染regionalremotesensing区域遥感regionalstructure区域构造regionaltrafficsurveys区域运输量甸regionaluplift区域抬升regionalization区划register套合registerdifferences套合差registerholes套印孔registering记录registration对准registrationpaper记录纸regolith表土regosols粗骨土regression海退regressionanalysis回归分析regressioncoefficient回归系数regressionequation回归方程regressivebedding海退层理regressiveerosion向源冲刷regressiveevolution后退演化regrowth再生植被regularbandmodel规则带模式regularsystem等轴晶系regulatedflow第径流regulation蝶regulationofmountainsteams山洪节制regulator第器rejuvenatedriver回春河rejuvenation回春酌rejuvenationofrelief地形复活relationship亲缘关系relativeabsorptioncoefficient相对吸收系数relativeabundance元素丰度relativeairhumidity相对空气湿度relativealtitude相对高度relativeaperture相对孔径relativeatomicweight相对原子量relativecontent百分数含量relativedensity相对密度relativeerror相对误差relativeevaporation蒸发率relativefrequency相对频数relativegeochronology相对地质年代学relativegravity相对重力relativegrowth相对生长relativeheight相对高度relativehue相对色调对比色调relativehumidity相对湿度relativeisotopicabundance同位素相对分布量relativemeasurement比较测量relativemoisture相对湿度relativeorientation相对定向relativereliefmap地貌量测图relativerepresentation相对值表示法releaseofpollutants污染物释放reliability可靠性reliabilitydiagram编图资料示意图relic遗物relicarea残遗分布区relicsoil残余土relicsinpeatbed泥炭层遗迹relict遗物relictelementsoflandscape景观残留成分relictlake残湖relictlandforms残余地形relictspecies残遗种relief地形reliefglobe立体地球仪reliefimage浮雕图像reliefinversion地形倒置reliefmap地势图reliefmodel地形模型reliefofendmoraine终碛地形reliefplate地貌版reliefprinting凸版印刷remotecontrol遥控remoteguidance遥控制导remotehybrid远缘杂种remoteobservation遥感remotesensing遥感remotesensingapplication遥感应用remotesensingapplicationinagriculture农业遥感remotesensingcamera遥感相机remotesensingcartography遥感制图学remotesensingforatmosphericpollution大气污染遥感remotesensingforplantprotection 植保遥感remotesensingimage遥感影像remotesensinginformation遥感信息remotesensingobservations遥感观测remotesensingofatmosphere大气遥感remotesensingofoilpollution油污染遥感remotesensingofsightseeingresource风景资源遥感remotesensingofsoil土壤遥感remotesensingofvegetation植被遥感remotesensingsurvey遥感测量remotesensingsystem遥感系统remotesensingtechnology遥感技术remotesensingusedinforestry林业遥感remotesensor 遥感器removechromewithbacteria用细菌除铬rendoll黑色石灰土rendzina腐殖质碳酸盐土rendzinalikebrownsoil黑色石灰土状棕色土rendzinification黑色石灰土形成renewableresources可更新资源renewedfault复活断层repetitionmeasurement复测repetitionofbeds地层重复replaceability置换能力replacement交代酌replacingpower置换力replicamethod复制法replicatechnique复制法replication复制reprecipitation再沉淀representation表现representationofdispersedphenomena离散表示法representationofdynamicphenomena动态表示法representationoffeaturesinplane平面图表示法representationofground地形表示法representationsymbol象形符号representativefraction数字比例尺representativesample代表样本representativespecies 代表种reprint再版reproducibility再生性reproduction复制reproductioncamera复照仪reproductionphotography照相制版reproductiveshoot 生殖苗reptiles爬虫类resection后方交会resectioninspace空间后方交会resequentriver复向河reservationpark自然保护区reserve保留地reservoir水库reservoircapacity水库容量reservoirrock贮油岩reservoirstructure 蓄水构造residencetime停留时间residentbirds留鸟residentialquarter居住区residualaffinity残留亲和力residualclay残积粘土residualdeformation剩余变形residualdeposit残留矿床residualelectriccharge剩余电荷residualhalos残积晕residualhill残丘residualmagma残余岩浆residualmagnetism剩磁residualmountain残余山residualplain残余平原residualsediment残积矿床residualshrinkage剩余收缩residualsoil原积土壤residualvalence剩余价residuarywater废水residue余渣resilification复硅resinousluster尸光泽resistance抵抗resistancethermometer电阻温度计resistancetoweathering抗风化性resistate残留产物resistivity电阻率resolutionoflens镜头分辨率resolutionofrealaperture直实孔径分辨率resolvingtime分辨时间resonance共振resonator共振器resorption再吸收resource资源resourcesinformationsystem资源信息系统resourcesremotesensing 资源遥感respiration呼吸respiratoryenzymesystem呼吸酶系统respiratorymetabolism呼吸代谢respirometer呼吸测定计rest休眠restarea休息场所restenergy静止能restperiod休眠期restitutionpoint纠正点restoration复原restorationofnaturalresources自然资源的恢复restoredplantcover 复原植被restoredspecies复原种retainedwater阻滞水retardation延时retention保留retentionwater支持水reticulatedmottles网纹reticulatedvein网状脉reticulecrossofmoon测月十字丝retinite尸石retouching修版retouchingmedium修版液retreatofmonsoon季风后退retrieval检索retroaction反酌retrogradation海蚀变狭酌retrogressivemetamorphism退化变质酌retrogressivesuccession倒退演替retting浸渍returnflow逆流回流returnstroke逆行reverberation反射reversal倒转reversalfilm反转片reversemechanism反转装置reverseposition倒转层位reversevisualangle反观测角reversedfault逆冲断层reversedfold倒转褶皱reversiblechemicalreaction可逆化学反应reversiblecolloid 可逆胶体reversibleprocess可逆过程reversiblereaction可逆反应reversiblerod双面水准尺reversingcurrent往复流reversingthermometer颠倒温度计reversion返祖遗传revisededition修订版revisioncycle更新周期revisionnote修订说明revolution公转revolutioncounter旋转计数器revolutionindicator转数指示器revolutionoftheearth地球公转revolvercamera转筒式摄影机revolvingdiaphragm回转光阑rhenium铼rheniumosmiummethod铼锇法rheologicalprocesses龄过程rheologymodel龄模型rheophyte廉植物rheotaxis窃rheotropism向猎rheumaticheartdisease风湿性心脏病rhizome根茎rhizopodium根足rhizosphere根圈rhodicferralsols暗红色铁铝土rhodium铑rhodochrosite菱锰矿rhodonite蔷薇辉石rhodophyta红藻门rhodopsinpigment视紫红色素rhombicsystem斜方晶系rhombohedralsystem菱形晶系rhombohedron菱面体rhumbline等角航线rhyodacite疗英安岩rhyolite疗岩rhyoliticstructure疗构造riascoast里亚式海岸ricecropping水稻栽培ricegrowing种稻riceplantation稻栽培riceseedlingbed水稻秧田richsoil肥沃土壤richetite水板铅铀矿rickets佝偻病rickettsia立克次体属ride区划线ridge岭ridgeofhighpressure高压背ridging培土riebeckite钠闪石riftvalley断层谷rightascension赤经rightbank右岸rightlateralfault右行断层rigidity刚性rill小河rilldrainage细僚水rillerosion带状沟蚀rillmarks鳞rime雾淞ring环ringcleavagereaction环破裂反应ringcompound环状化合物ringfracture环状断裂ringstructure环状构造ringstructureinterpretationmap环状构造判读图ripcurrent 离岸急流激流riparianpollution沿岸污染ripening成熟ripeningperiod成熟期ripeningprocess成熟过程ripeningsoil成熟土壤ripeningstage成熟期ripple波纹起rippleclouds波状云ripplemarks波痕ripples涟漪rise隆起river河riverbank河岸riverbasin硫riverbed河床riverbottom河底rivercapture河廉夺rivercrossing渡河riverdeposit 河亮积riverdevelopment河联发riverdischarge河量riverdrift河道漂溜rivererosion河蚀rivergravel河砾rivermarshsoil河滨沼泽土rivermouth河口riverport河港riverprofile河凛剖面riversand河拎沙riverstage河廉位riversystem河系riverterrace河成阶地rivertransport河运riverwidth河幅riverside河边riversidesoil河滨土rivulet小河roadpen双曲线笔roadreconnaissance道路侦察rock岩石rockbasin岩盆rockbreaking岩石破碎rockburst岩石破裂rockcreep岩石蠕动rockdebris岩屑rockdesert石漠rockdrawing石山表示rockexposure岩石露头rockfacies岩相rockfall岩崩rockfields石海rockflour岩粉rockformingelement造岩元素rockfragment岩屑rockgas天然气rockglacier冰川石流rockland石质地rockmass岩体rockoutcropsoil岩石露头土rockpillars岩柱rocksalt石盐rockseries岩系rockslide岩石崩塌rockstream石流rockterrace岩石阶地rocktype岩石类型rockvegetation岩石植物群落rocketsounding火箭探空rocketsonde火箭探空仪rockycoast岩石海岸rockydesert岩质沙漠rockysoil石质土rod棒rollfilm胶卷rollingcountry丘陵地区romer坐标格网尺roof顶板roofrock顶板岩石roofingslate瓦用板岩root根rootborers根茎天牛rootcrops块根植物rootfibril须根roothair根毛rootleaf根出叶rootnodule根瘤rootnodulebacteria根瘤菌rootpressure根压rootsystem根系roottubercrops块根罪rooting发根rootstockgrass根茎禾本科植物ropylava波纹熔岩roscoelite钒云母rosebayshrublet杜鹃灌丛rosette莲座丛rotarytidalstream旋转潮流rotatingcrystalmethod旋转晶体法rotatingmirror旋转镜rotation旋转rotationanemometer旋转风速表rotationofcrops轮作rotationofpasture轮牧rotationoftheearth地球自转rotationspectrum转动光谱rotationalgrazing轮牧rotatoryfault旋转断层roughness糙率roughnesscoefficient粗糙系数roundness圆度roundstone风刻石route航线routechart航线图routemap路线图routesurvey路线测量routinelibrary程序库row列rubberestate橡胶园rubble毛石rubbleland砂石田rubblestone毛石rubblysoil砾质土rubefication红壤化rubellite红电气石rubidium铷rubidiumstrontiummethod铷锶法rubrozem腐殖质红色土ruby红宝石ruggedlimestonerockyland石灰岩犬牙交错状裸露地段rule定律rulingpen绘图钢笔runoff瘤runoffforecast runner 纤匐枝 runningsand 脸 runningwater 径沥报怜水怜水水位runningwaterlevel runoffcoefficient 径恋数 runoffprocess runoffregime rupture 断裂ruralenvironment 农村环境 ruralhygiene 农村卫生 ruralsettle ments 村庄径笼程径链况 rushmarsh 灯心草沼泽 russianforestspringencephalitis rustcoloredforestsoil 潜育灰化土 rustfungus ruthenium rutherfordine rutile 金红石锈菌钌纤碳铀矿春季森林脑炎。

List of materials analysis methods~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- A -Analytical ultracentrifugation - Analytical ultracentrifugationAAS - Atomic absorption spectroscopyAED - Auger electron diffractionAES - Auger electron spectroscopyAFM - Atomic force microscopeAFS - Atomic Fluorescence SpectroscopyAPFIM - Atom probe field ion microscopyAPS - Appearance potential spectroscopyA TR - Attenuated total reflectanceAXRS - Anomalous X-ray scattering- B -BET - BET surface area measurement (BET from Brunauer, Emmett, Teller) BKD - Backscatter Kikuchi diffraction, see EBSDBiFC - Bimolecular fluorescence complementationBRET - Bioluminescence resonance energy transferBSED - Back scattered electron diffraction, see EBSD- C -CAICISS - Coaxial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopyCARS - Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopyCBED - Convergent beam electron diffractionCET - Cryo-electron tomographyCCM - Charge collection microscopyCL - CathodoluminescenceCLSM - Confocal laser scanning microscopyCDI - Coherent diffraction imagingCOSY - Correlation spectroscopyCryo-EM - Cryo-electron microscopyCV - Cyclic voltammetry- D -DE(T)A - Dielectric thermal analysisdHvA - De Haas-van Alphen effectDielectric spectroscopy - Dielectric spectroscopyDIC - Differential interference contrast microscopyDLS - Dynamic light scatteringDLTS - Deep-level transient spectroscopyDMA - Dynamic mechanical analysisDSC - Differential scanning calorimetryDVS - Dynamic vapour sorption- E -EBIC - Electron beam induced currentEBSD - Electron backscatter diffractionECOSY - Exclusive correlation spectroscopyECT - Electrical capacitance tomographyEDAX - Energy-dispersive analysis of x-raysEDNMR - Electrically detected magnetic resonance, see ESR or EPREDS - Energy dispersive spectroscopyEDX - Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopyEELS - Electron energy loss spectroscopyEFTEM - Energy filtered transmission electron microscopyEID - Electron induced desorptionEIT and ERT - Electrical impedance tomography and Electrical resistivity tomographyEL - ElectroluminescenceElectron crystallography - Electron crystallographyELS - Electrophoretic light scatteringENDOR - Electron nuclear double resonance, see ESR or EPREPMA - Electron probe microanalysisESEM - Environmental scanning electron microscopyESCA - Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis* see XPSESI-MS or ES-MS - Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry or Electrospray mass spectrometryESTM - Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopeEPR - Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopyESD - Electron stimulated desorptionESR - Electron spin resonance spectroscopyEXAFS - Extended X-ray absorption fine structureEXSY - Exchange spectroscopy- F -FCS - Fluorescence correlation spectroscopyFCCS - Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopyFEM - Field emission microscopyFIB - Focused ion beam microscopyFIM-AP - Field ion microscopy–atom probeFlow birefringence - Flow birefringenceFluorescence anisotropy - Fluorescence anisotropyFLIM - Fluorescence lifetime imagingFluorescence microscopy - Fluorescence microscopyFRET - Fluorescence resonance energy transferFTICR or FT-MS - Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance or Fourier transform mass spectrom etryFTIR - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy- G -GC-MS - Gas chromatography-mass spectrometryGDMS - Glow discharge mass spectrometryGDOS - Glow discharge optical spectroscopyGISAXS - Grazing incidence small angle X-ray scatteringGIXD - Grazing incidence X-ray diffractionGIXR - Grazing incidence X-ray reflectivityGLC - Gas-liquid chromatography- H -HAADF - high angle annular dark-field imagingHAS - Helium atom scatteringHPLC - High performance liquid chromatographyHREELS - High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopyHREM - High-resolution electron microscopyHRTEM - High-resolution transmission electron microscopy- I -IAES - Ion induced Auger electron spectroscopyIBIC - Ion beam induced charge microscopyICP-MS - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryImmunofluorescence - ImmunofluorescenceICR - Ion cyclotron resonanceIETS - Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopyIGA - Intelligent gravimetric analysisIIX - Ion induced X-ray analysisINS - Ion neutralization spectroscopyInelastic neutron scatteringIRS - Infrared spectroscopyISS - Ion scattering spectroscopyITC - Isothermal titration calorimetryIVEM - Intermediate voltage electron microscopy- L -LALLS - Low-angle laser light scatteringLC-MS - Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometryLEED - Low-energy electron diffractionLEEM - Low-energy electron microscopyLEIS - Low-energy ion scatteringLIBS - Laser induced breakdown spectroscopyLOES - Laser optical emission spectroscopy- M -MALDI - Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionizationMFM - Magnetic force microscopyMIT - Magnetic induction tomographyMRFM - Magnetic resonance force microscopyMRI - Magnetic resonance imagingMS - Mass spectrometryMS/MS - Tandem mass spectrometryMEIS - Medium energy ion scatteringMössbauer spectroscopy - Mössbauer spectroscopyMTA - Microthermal analysis- N -Nanovid microscopy - Nanovid microscopyND - Neutron diffractionNDP - Neutron depth profilingNAA - Neutron activation analysisNEXAFS - Near edge X-ray absorption fine structureNMR - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyNOESY - Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopyNSOM - Near-field optical microscopeNIS - Nuclear Inelastic Scattering/Absorption- O -OBIC - Optical Beam Induced CurrentODNMR - Optically detected magnetic resonance, see ESR or EPROES - Optical emission spectroscopyOsmometry - Osmometry- P -PAS - Positron annihilation spectroscopyPA T or PACT - Photoacoustic tomography or photoacoustic computed tomography PAX - Photoemission of adsorbed xenonPC or PCS - Photocurrent spectroscopyPD - PhotodesorptionPDEIS - Potentiodynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopyPED - Photoelectron diffractionPEELS - parallel electron energy-loss spectroscopyPES - Photoelectron SpectroscopyPL - PhotoluminescencePorosimetry - PorosimetryPhase contrast microscopy - Phase contrast microscopyPIXE - Particle (or proton) induced X-ray spectroscopyPowder diffraction - Powder diffractionPTMS - Photothermal microspectroscopy- Q -QENS - Quasi-elastic neutron scattering- R -Raman - Raman spectroscopyRAXRS - Resonant anomalous X-ray scatteringRBS - Rutherford backscattering spectroscopyREM - Reflection electron microscopyRHEED - Reflection high energy electron diffractionRR spectroscopy - Resonance Raman spectroscopy- S -SAED - Selected area electron diffractionSAD - Selected area diffractionSAM - Scanning Auger microscopySANS - Small angle neutron scatteringSAXS - Small angle X-ray scatteringSCANIIR - Surface composition by analysis of neutral species and ion-impact radiation SCEM - Scanning confocal electron microscopySE - Spectroscopic ellipsometrySEC - Size exclusion chromatographySEIRA - Surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopySEM - Scanning electron microscopySERS - Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopySEXAFS - Surface extended X-ray absorption fine structureSICM - Scanning ion-conductance microscopySIMS - Secondary ion mass spectrometrySNMS - Sputtered neutral species mass spectroscopySNOM - Scanning near-field optical microscopySPECT - Single photon emission computed tomographySPM - Scanning probe microscopySRM-CE/MS - Selected-reaction-monitoring capillary-electrophoresis mass-spectrometry SSNMR - Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonanceStark spectroscopy - Stark spectroscopySTEM - Scanning transmission electron microscopySTM - Scanning tunneling microscopySTS - Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy- T -TEM - Transmission electron microscopyTA T or TACT - Thermoacoustic tomography or thermoacoustic computed tomography (see also p hotoacoustic tomography - PA T)TEM - transmission electron microscope/microscopyTGA - Thermogravimetric analysisTIRFM - Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopyTMA - Thermomechanical analysisTOF-MS - Time-of-flight mass spectrometryTXRF - Total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysisTwo-photon excitation microscopy - Two-photon excitation microscopy- U -Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy - Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopyUltrasonic testing - Ultrasonic testingUPS - UV-photoelectron spectroscopy- V -VEDIC - V ideo-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopyV oltammetry - V oltammetry- W -WAXS - Wide angle X-ray scatteringWDX or WDS - Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy- X -XAES - X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopyXANES - XANES, synonymous with NEXAFS (Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure) XAS - X-ray absorption spectroscopyX-CTR - X-ray crystal truncation rod scatteringX-ray crystallography - X-ray crystallographyXDS - X-ray diffuse scatteringXPEEM - X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy XPS - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopyXR - X-ray reflectivityXRD - X-ray diffractionXRF - X-ray fluorescence analysisXSW - X-ray standing wave technique。

材料表征技术1. Elemental Analysis 元素分析Atomic absorption spectroscopy 原子吸收光谱Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) 俄歇电子能谱Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) 电子探针微分析Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) 化学分析电子能谱Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) 能量色散谱Flame photometry 火焰光度法Wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS)X-ray fluorescence X射线荧光2. Molecular and Solid State Analysis 分子与固态分析Chromatography [gas chromatography (GC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC)]色谱[气相色谱，体积排除色谱]Electron diffraction 电子衍射Electron microscopy [scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning TEM (STEM)] 电子显微镜Electron spin resonance (ESR) 电子自旋共振Infrared spectroscopy (IR) 红外光谱Mass spectrometry 质谱Mercury porosimetry 压汞法Mossbauer spectroscopy 穆斯堡尔谱Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 核磁共振Neutron diffraction 中子衍射Optical microscopy 光学显微镜Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) 旋光色散Raman spectroscopy 拉曼光谱Rutherford back scattering (RBS) 卢瑟福背散射Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) 小角X射线散射Thermal analysis [differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) temperature desorption spectroscopy (TDS), thermomechanicalanalysis (TMA)] 热分析[差示扫描量热计法，热-重分析，微分热分析，升温脱附，热机械分析]UV spectroscopy 紫外光谱X-ray techniques [x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray emission,x-ray absorption] X射线技术[x射线光电子能谱，x射线衍射，x射线发射，x射线吸收]3. Surface Characterization Techniques 表面表征技术Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 电子能量损失谱Ellipsometry 椭圆偏振术Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) 扩展X射线吸收精细结构Helium (or atom) diffractionLateral (or frictional) force microscopy (LFM) 横向（摩擦）力显微镜Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) 低能电子衍射Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) 磁力显微镜Near-edge x-ray adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS) 近边X射线吸收精细结构Near field scanning 近场扫描Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) 反射高能电子衍射Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 扫描隧道显微镜Scanning force microscopy (SFM) 扫描力显微镜Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) 二次离子质谱Surface enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS) 表面增强拉曼光谱Surface extended x-ray adsorption fine structure (SEXAFS) 表面扩展X射线吸收精细结构Surface force apparatus 表面力仪器。

反射高能电子衍射Reflection high energy electron diffraction 反射高能电子衍射是高能电子衍射的一种工作模式。

它将能量为10～50keV的单能电子掠射(1°～3°)到晶体表面，在向前散射方向收集电子束，或将衍射束显示于荧光屏。

简介一幅反射高能衍射图只能给出倒易空间（见倒易点阵）某个二维截面，从衍射点之间的距离可确定相应的晶面间距。

旋转样品，可以在荧光屏上得到不同方位角的二维倒易截面，从而仍可获得表面结构的全部对称信息。

由于在晶体中电子散射截面远大于X 射线的散射截面，加之掠射角小，从而使反射高能衍射与低能电子衍射一样具有表面灵敏度（约10～40┱）,但它不仅限于作单晶表面结构分析，也可用于多晶、孪晶、无定形表面及微粒样品的表面结构分析。

反射高能电子衍射得到广泛运用是与分子束外延技术发展有关。

它可用于原位观察外延膜生长情况，为改进生长条件提供依据。

与低能电子的情况有所不同，高能电子束与晶体相互作用中非弹性散射较弱，其强度分析的理论还处于探索之中装置最简单的电子衍射装置。

从阴极K发出的电子被加速后经过阳极A的光阑孔和透镜L到达试样S上，被试样衍射后在荧光屏或照相底板P上形成电子衍射图样。

由于物质（包括空气）对电子的吸收很强，故上述各部分均置于真空中。

电子的加速电压一般为数万伏至十万伏左右，称高能电子衍射。

为了研究表面结构，电子加速电压也可低达数千甚至数十伏，这种装置称低能电子衍射装置。

模式电子衍射可用于研究厚度小于0.2微米的薄膜结构，或大块试样的表面结构。

前一种情况称透射电子衍射,后一种称反射电子衍射。

作反射电子衍射时，电子束与试样表面的夹角很小，一般在1゜～2゜以内，称掠射角。

自从60年代以来，商品透射电子显微镜都具有电子衍射功能（见电子显微镜），而且可以利用试样后面的透镜，选择小至1微米的区域进行衍射观察，称为选区电子衍射，而在试样之后不用任何透镜的情形称高分辨电子衍射。

ELNES的原理及应用实例ELNES（Electron Energy Loss Near Edge Structure）是一种电子能损近边结构谱技术，用于研究材料的电子能级结构和原子组成。

与传统的电子能损谱（Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, EELS）相比，ELNES能够提供更高分辨率的能级信息，使研究者能够更准确地确定材料的成分和化学环境。

本文将介绍ELNES的原理及其在几个应用实例中的应用。

ELNES的原理基于电子的能量损失与材料的原子结构之间的相互关系。

当高能散射电子穿过材料时，其能量将损失，这种能量损失被称为能量散失。

通过测量电子的能量散失谱，我们可以了解材料中的原子组成和化学环境。

在ELNES中，研究者选取具有特定电子能级的原子，通过调制电子束的能量使其接近这个能级，然后测量能量散失谱，以研究材料中的原子。

1.晶体结构分析：ELNES可以用于研究晶体中的原子排列和结构。

通过比较实验ELNES谱和理论计算谱，研究者可以确定材料的晶体结构和原子位置。

例如，研究人员可以使用ELNES确定纳米材料中金属纳米粒子的晶体结构和原子排列，以了解其性质和应用。

2.化学成分分析：ELNES可以用于确定材料中元素的化学状态和相对含量。

通过测量不同元素的ELNES谱，研究人员可以确定材料中元素的氧化态、配位环境等信息。

例如，研究人员可以使用ELNES确定电池材料中锂离子的化学状态和分布，以研究其电池性能和循环寿命。

3.催化剂研究：ELNES可以用于研究催化剂的原子结构和化学反应机理。

通过测量催化剂表面原子的ELNES谱，研究人员可以观察到催化剂表面吸附物的化学键形成和断裂等过程，从而了解催化剂的活性和稳定性。

例如，研究人员可以使用ELNES研究汽车尾气净化催化剂中铂金属的氧化状态和表面吸附物的相互作用，以提高催化剂的效率和寿命。

4.生物材料研究：ELNES可以用于研究生物材料的元素分布和化学环境。

电子能谱仪在材料分析中的应用电子能谱仪（Electron Energy Analyzer）是一种广泛应用于材料科学和实验物理学领域的重要仪器。

它通过测量材料中电子能谱的特征来获得有关材料性质的信息。

本文将探讨电子能谱仪在材料分析中的应用，并介绍其原理和技术细节。

一、电子能谱仪的原理电子能谱仪基于电子的动能与能量的关系，通过测量材料中电子的能量来获取材料的化学成分、电子结构以及表面形貌等信息。

它主要由光源、入射系统、分析系统和检测系统等组成。

光源产生能量适中的电子束，并经过光学调节进入入射系统，入射系统将电子束聚焦并瞄准样品表面。

当电子束与样品表面相互作用时，部分电子会被样品吸收、散射或离开样品表面，这些电子的动能将会发生变化。

分析系统是电子能谱仪的核心部分，它通过磁场或电场对电子束进行能量选择和转向。

电子进入分析系统后，经过能量选择后的电子将被聚焦并投射到检测系统。

检测系统根据电子的能量将其转换为电信号，并通过放大和处理后送入数据采集系统。

二、电子能谱仪在化学分析中的应用1. 化学成分分析电子能谱仪可以通过测量样品中不同元素的特征能谱来确定其化学成分。

通过分析能谱中的峰位位置和强度，可以确定样品中元素的含量和相对比例。

2. 表面形貌分析电子能谱仪可以测量样品表面的电子能谱，从而获得关于样品表面形貌的信息。

通过分析电子的能量和角度分布，可以揭示样品表面的形貌特征，例如晶面结构和表面形貌的变化等。

3. 电子结构研究电子能谱仪可以通过测量不同能级的电子能谱来研究材料中的电子结构。

通过分析能谱的峰位位置、强度和形状等特征，可以揭示材料中的能带结构、能级分布以及电子态密度等信息。

4. 化学反应分析电子能谱仪可以通过测量在化学反应中产生的电子能谱来研究反应过程和物种之间的相互作用。

通过监测反应过程中电子能谱的变化，可以揭示反应物的转化情况、反应动力学和反应机制等信息。

三、电子能谱仪的发展趋势随着科学技术的不断发展，电子能谱仪也在不断更新和完善。

一、选择题（在下列每题的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合试题要求的。

请把答案填入答题框中相应的题号下。

每小题1分，共10分）二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）§01. ★Photovoltaics (often abbreviated as PV ) is a simple and elegant method of harnessing the sun's energy .2. ★PV devices (solar cells) are unique in that they directly convert the incident solar radiation into electricity , with no noise, pollution or moving parts, making them robust, reliable and long lasting.3. ★Photovoltaics is the process of converting sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells .4. ★The first photovoltaic device was demonstrated in 1839 by Edmond Becquerel, as a young 19 year old working in his father‘s laboratory in Fra nce.5. ★The first practical photovoltaic device was demonstrated in the 1950s.6. ★★Research and development of photovoltaics received its first major boost from the space industry in the 1960s.§11. ★A photon is characterized by either a wavelength, denoted by λ, or equivalently an energy, denoted by E.2. ★★There is an inverse relationship between the energy of a photon (E ) and the wavelength of the light (λ) given by the equation: ，.3. ★★The photon flux is defined as the number of photons per second per unit area.4. ★★★The total power density emitted from a light source can be calculated by integrating the spectral irradiance over all wavelengths or energies of interest.5. ★★In the analysis of solar cells, the photon flux is often needed as well as the spectral irradiance.6. ★The blackbody sources which are of interest to photovoltaics, emit light in the visible region.7. ★★★The spectral irradiance from a blackbody is given by Plank's radiation law.8. ★★The peak wavelength of the spectral irradiance is determined by differentiating the spectral irradiance and solving the derivative when it equals 0. The result is known as Wien‗s Law: ()2900p m T λμ=.9. ★★★Solar radiation in space: sun H D R H ⨯=220.H sun =5.961×107W/m 2.10. ★The solar radiation outside the earth's atmosphere have been defined as a standard value called air masszero (AM0) and takes a value of 1.353 kW/m 2.11. ★The spectral irradiance from a blackbody at 6000 K (at the same apparent diameter as the sun when viewedfrom earth); from the sun‘s photosphere as observed just outside earth‘s atmosphere (AM0); and from the sun‘s photosphere after having passed through 1.5 times the thickness of earth‘s atmosphere (AM1.5G).12. ★★The Air Mass is defined as: ()θcos 1AM =,2h s 1AM ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=. where θ is the angle from the vertical (zenithangle).13. ★★When the sun is directly overhead, the Air Mass is 1.14. ★The standard spectrum at the Earth's surface is called AM1.5G (the G stands for global and includes bothdirect and diffuse radiation) or AM1.5D (which includes direct radiation only), these calculations give approximately 970 W/m 2 for AM1.5G 。

电子能谱分析法范文电子能谱分析法（Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, EELS）是一种用于材料表征和化学分析的高分辨率电子能谱技术。

本文将详细介绍电子能谱分析法的原理、仪器、应用以及相关发展。

1.原理电子能谱分析法是基于电子束与固体物质相互作用的原理而发展起来的。

当高能电子束与固体物质相互作用时，电子束中的电子会与样品中的原子和分子发生散射和能量损失。

根据散射和损失的特性，可以获取有关样品结构和化学成分的信息。

首先，能量损失中的弹性散射会导致电子束的方向偏转。

这种散射通常不提供太多有用的信息，因为它只反映样品中原子的位置。

然而，非弹性散射会导致电子能量的损失，进而获得关于物质的化学元素和化学键信息。

在电子能量损失过程中，主要包括电子与离子的库仑相互作用损失（Coulomb interaction loss）、电子与元素内部的能带电子相互作用损失（plasmon loss）以及金属内电子布拉格散射损失（core loss）。

这些能量损失过程的能量范围和特征可以用来确定样品的化学成分、晶体结构和电子态信息。

2.仪器为了进行电子能谱分析，需要一台高性能透射电子显微镜（Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM）。

TEM使用电子束而不是光线，以实现更高的空间分辨率，并能够观察到纳米尺度的材料。

TEM系统通常包括以下关键部件：-电子源：产生具有足够能量和强度的电子束。

-透射电子显微镜柱：聚焦并控制电子束的路径。

-样品台：支撑样品并控制其位置和角度。

-能谱仪：用于测量电子束被样品散射和损失的能量。

3.应用（1）元素分析：通过观察电子能量损失的特征，可以确定样品中元素的存在和相对含量。

这对于材料的化学表征和分析非常重要。

例如，可以用电子能谱分析法确定光催化材料中吸附的金属离子种类和浓度。

（2）缺陷和杂质检测：电子能谱分析可以帮助检测材料中的缺陷和杂质。

英文专业词汇术语翻译：无损检测（non-destructive ）源自：/companymodule/weblog_viewEntry.do?id=2248576A.C magnetic saturation 交流磁饱和Absorbed dose 吸收剂量Absorbed dose rate 吸收剂量率Acceptanc limits 验收范围Acceptance level 验收水平Acceptance standard 验收标准Accumulation test 累积检测Acoustic emission count（emission count）声发射计数（发射计数）Acoustic emission transducer 声发射换能器（声发射传感器）Acoustic emission(AE) 声发射Acoustic holography 声全息术Acoustic impedance 声阻抗Acoustic impedance matching 声阻抗匹配Acoustic impedance method 声阻法Acoustic wave 声波Acoustical lens 声透镜Acoustic—ultrasonic 声-超声（AU）Activation 活化Activity 活度Adequate shielding 安全屏蔽Ampere turns 安匝数Amplitude 幅度Angle beam method 斜射法Angle of incidence 入射角Angle of reflection 反射角Angle of spread 指向角Angle of squint 偏向角Angle probe 斜探头Angstrom unit 埃(A)Area amplitude response curve 面积幅度曲线Area of interest 评定区Arliflcial disconlinuity 人工不连续性Artifact 假缺陷Artificial defect 人工缺陷Artificial discontinuity 标准人工缺陷A-scan A型扫描A-scope; A-scan A型显示Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数Attenuator 衰减器Audible leak indicator 音响泄漏指示器Automatic testing 自动检测Autoradiography 自射线照片Avaluation 评定Barium concrete 钡混凝土Barn 靶Base fog 片基灰雾Bath 槽液Bayard- Alpert ionization gage B- A型电离计Beam 声束Beam ratio 光束比Beam angle 束张角Beam axis 声束轴线Beam index 声束入射点Beam path location 声程定位Beam path; path length 声程Beam spread 声束扩散Betatron 电子感应加速器Bimetallic strip gage 双金属片计Bipolar field 双极磁场Black light filter 黑光滤波器Black light; ultraviolet radiation 黑光Blackbody 黑体Blackbody equivalent temperature 黑体等效温度Bleakney mass spectrometer 波利克尼质谱仪Bleedout 渗出Bottom echo 底面回波Bottom surface 底面Boundary echo(first) 边界一次回波Bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射Broad-beam condition 宽射束Brush application 刷涂B-scan presenfation B型扫描显示B-scope; B-scan B型显示C- scan C型扫描Calibration,instrument 设备校准Capillary action 毛细管作用Carrier fluid 载液Carry over of penetrate 渗透剂移转Cassette 暗合Cathode 阴极Central conductor 中心导体Central conductor method 中心导体法Characteristic curve 特性曲线Characteristic curve of film 胶片特性曲线Characteristic radiation 特征辐射Chemical fog 化学灰雾Cine-radiography 射线(活动)电影摄影术Cintact pads 接触垫Circumferential coils 圆环线圈Circumferential field 周向磁场Circumferential magnetization method 周向磁化法Clean 清理Clean- up 清除Clearing time 定透时间Coercive force 矫顽力Coherence 相干性Coherence length 相干长度（谐波列长度）Coi1，test 测试线圈Coil size 线圈大小Coil spacing 线圈间距Coil technique 线圈技术Coil method 线圈法Coilreference 线圈参考Coincidence discrimination 符合鉴别Cold-cathode ionization gage 冷阴极电离计Collimator 准直器Collimation 准直Collimator 准直器Combined colour comtrast and fluorescent penetrant 着色荧光渗透剂Compressed air drying 压缩空气干燥Compressional wave 压缩波Compton scatter 康普顿散射Continuous emission 连续发射Continuous linear array 连续线阵Continuous method 连续法Continuous spectrum 连续谱Continuous wave 连续波Contract stretch 对比度宽限Contrast 对比度Contrast agent 对比剂Contrast aid 反差剂Contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度Control echo 监视回波Control echo 参考回波Couplant 耦合剂Coupling 耦合Coupling losses 耦合损失Cracking 裂解Creeping wave 爬波Critical angle 临界角Cross section 横截面Cross talk 串音Cross-drilled hole 横孔Crystal 晶片C-scope; C-scan C型显示Curie point 居里点Curie temperature 居里温度Curie(Ci) 居里Current flow method 通电法Current induction method 电流感应法Current magnetization method 电流磁化法Cut－off level 截止电平Dead zone 盲区Decay curve 衰变曲线Decibel(dB) 分贝Defect 缺陷Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Defect detection sensitivity 缺陷检出灵敏度Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Definition 清晰度Definition， image definition 清晰度，图像清晰度Demagnetization 退磁Demagnetization factor 退磁因子Demagnetizer 退磁装置Densitometer 黑度计Density 黑度（底片）Density comparison strip 黑度比较片Detecting medium 检验介质Detergent remover 洗净液Developer 显像剂Developer station 显像工位Developer， agueons 水性显象剂Developer， dry 干显象剂Developer， liquid film 液膜显象剂Developer， nonaqueous （sus- pendible）非水（可悬浮）显象剂Developing time 显像时间Development 显影Diffraction mottle 衍射斑Diffuse indications 松散指示Diffusion 扩散Digital image acquisition system 数字图像识别系统Dilatational wave 膨胀波Dip and drain station 浸渍和流滴工位Direct contact magnetization 直接接触磁化Direct exposure imaging 直接曝光成像Direct contact method 直接接触法Directivity 指向性Discontinuity 不连续性Distance- gain- size-German AVG 距离- 增益- 尺寸（DGS德文为AVG）Distance marker; time marker 距离刻度Dose equivalent 剂量当量Dose rate meter 剂量率计Dosemeter 剂量计Double crystal probe 双晶片探头Double probe technique 双探头法Double transceiver technique 双发双收法Double traverse technique 二次波法Dragout 带出Drain time 滴落时间Drain time 流滴时间Drift 漂移Dry method 干法Dry powder 干粉Dry technique 干粉技术Dry developer 干显像剂Dry developing cabinet 干显像柜Dry method 干粉法Drying oven 干燥箱Drying station 干燥工位Drying time 干燥时间D-scope; D-scan D型显示Dual search unit 双探头Dual-focus tube 双焦点管Duplex-wire image quality indicator 双线像质指示器Duration 持续时间Dwell time 停留时间Dye penetrant 着色渗透剂Dynamic leak test 动态泄漏检测Dynamic leakage measurement 动态泄漏测量Dynamic range 动态范围Dynamic radiography 动态射线透照术Echo 回波Echo frequency 回波频率Echo height 回波高度Echo indication 回波指示Echo transmittance of sound pressure 往复透过率Echo width 回波宽度Eddy current 涡流Eddy current flaw detector 涡流探伤仪Eddy current testiog 涡流检测Edge 端面Edge effect 边缘效应Edge echo 棱边回波Edge effect 边缘效应Effective depth penetration （EDP）有效穿透深度Effective focus size 有效焦点尺寸Effective magnetic permeability 有效磁导率Effective permeability 有效磁导率Effective reflection surface of flaw 缺陷有效反射面Effective resistance 有效电阻Elastic medium 弹性介质Electric displacement 电位移Electrical center 电中心Electrode 电极Electromagnet 电磁铁Electro-magnetic acoustic transducer 电磁声换能器Electromagnetic induction 电磁感应Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射Electromagnetic testing 电磁检测Electro-mechanical coupling factor 机电耦合系数Electron radiography 电子辐射照相术Electron volt 电子伏恃Electronic noise 电子噪声Electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂Emulsification 乳化Emulsification time 乳化时间Emulsifier 乳化剂Encircling coils 环绕式线圈End effect 端部效应Energizing cycle 激励周期Equalizing filter 均衡滤波器Equivalent 当量Equivalent I．Q. I. Sensitivity 象质指示器当量灵敏度Equivalent nitrogen pressure 等效氮压Equivalent penetrameter sensifivty 透度计当量灵敏度Equivalent method 当量法Erasabl optical medium 可探光学介质Etching 浸蚀Evaluation 评定Evaluation threshold 评价阈值Event count 事件计数Event count rate 事件计数率Examination area 检测范围Examination region 检验区域Exhaust pressure/discharge pressure 排气压力Exhaust tubulation 排气管道Expanded time-base sweep 时基线展宽Exposure 曝光Exposure table 曝光表格Exposure chart 曝光曲线Exposure fog 曝光灰雾Exposure，radiographic exposure 曝光，射线照相曝光Extended source 扩展源Facility scattered neutrons 条件散射中子False indication 假指示Family 族Far field 远场Feed-through coil 穿过式线圈Field， resultant magnetic 复合磁场Fill factor 填充系数Film speed 胶片速度Film badge 胶片襟章剂量计Film base 片基Film contrast 胶片对比度Film gamma 胶片γ值Film processing 胶片冲洗加工Film speed 胶片感光度Film unsharpness 胶片不清晰度Film viewing screen 观察屏Filter 滤波器/滤光板Final test 复探Flat-bottomed hole 平底孔Flat-bottomed hole equivalent 平底孔当量Flaw 伤Flaw characterization 伤特性Flaw echo 缺陷回波Flexural wave 弯曲波Floating threshold 浮动阀值Fluorescence 荧光Fluorescent examination method 荧光检验法Fluorescent magnetic particle inspection 荧光磁粉检验Fluorescent dry deposit penetrant 干沉积荧光渗透剂Fluorescent light 荧光Fluorescent magnetic powder 荧光磁粉Fluorescent penetrant 荧光渗透剂Fluorescent screen 荧光屏Fluoroscopy 荧光检查法Flux leakage field 磁通泄漏场Flux lines 磁通线Focal spot 焦点Focal distance 焦距Focus length 焦点长度Focus size 焦点尺寸Focus width 焦点宽度Focus(electron) 电子焦点Focused beam 聚焦声束Focusing probe 聚焦探头Focus-to-film distance(f.f.d) 焦点-胶片距离（焦距）Fog 底片灰雾Fog density 灰雾密度Footcandle 英尺烛光Freguency 频率Frequency constant 频率常数Fringe 干涉带Front distance 前沿距离Front distance of flaw 缺陷前沿距离Full- wave direct current（FWDC）全波直流Fundamental frequency 基频Furring 毛状迹痕Gage pressure 表压Gain 增益Gamma radiography γ射线透照术Gamma ray source γ射线源Gamma ray source container γ射线源容器Gamma rays γ射线Gamma-ray radiographic equipment γ射线透照装置Gap scanning 间隙扫查Gas 气体Gate 闸门Gating technique 选通技术Gauss 高斯Geiger-Muller counter 盖革.弥勒计数器Geometric unsharpness 几何不清晰度Gray(Gy) 戈瑞Grazing incidence 掠入射Grazing angle 掠射角Group velocity 群速度Half life 半衰期Half- wave current （HW）半波电流Half-value layer(HVL) 半值层Half-value method 半波高度法Halogen 卤素Halogen leak detector 卤素检漏仪Hard X-rays 硬X射线Hard-faced probe 硬膜探头Harmonic analysis 谐波分析Harmonic distortion 谐波畸变Harmonics 谐频Head wave 头波Helium bombing 氦轰击法Helium drift 氦漂移Helium leak detector 氦检漏仪Hermetically tight seal 气密密封High vacuum 高真空High energy X-rays 高能X射线Holography (optical) 光全息照相Holography， acoustic 声全息Hydrophilic emulsifier 亲水性乳化剂Hydrophilic remover 亲水性洗净剂Hydrostatic text 流体静力检测Hysteresis 磁滞Hysteresis 磁滞IACS IACSID coil ID线圈Image definition 图像清晰度Image contrast 图像对比度Image enhancement 图像增强Image magnification 图像放大Image quality 图像质量Image quality indicator sensitivity 像质指示器灵敏度Image quality indicator(IQI)/image quality indication 像质指示器Imaging line scanner 图像线扫描器Immersion probe 液浸探头Immersion rinse 浸没清洗Immersion testing 液浸法Immersion time 浸没时间Impedance 阻抗Impedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图Imperfection 不完整性Impulse eddy current testing 脉冲涡流检测Incremental permeability 增量磁导率Indicated defect area 缺陷指示面积Indicated defect length 缺陷指示长度Indication 指示Indirect exposure 间接曝光Indirect magnetization 间接磁化Indirect magnetization method 间接磁化法Indirect scan 间接扫查Induced field 感应磁场Induced current method 感应电流法Infrared imaging system 红外成象系统Infrared sensing device 红外扫描器Inherent fluorescence 固有荧光Inherent filtration 固有滤波Initial permeability 起始磁导率Initial pulse 始脉冲Initial pulse width 始波宽度Inserted coil 插入式线圈Inside coil 内部线圈Inside- out testing 外泄检测Inspection 检查Inspection medium 检查介质Inspection frequency/ test frequency 检测频率Intensifying factor 增感系数Intensifying screen 增感屏Interal,arrival time （Δtij)/arrival time interval（Δtij）到达时间差(Δtij)Interface boundary 界面Interface echo 界面回波Interface trigger 界面触发Interference 干涉Interpretation 解释Ion pump 离子泵Ion source 离子源Ionization chamber 电离室Ionization potential 电离电位Ionization vacuum gage 电离真空计Ionography 电离射线透照术Irradiance， E 辐射通量密度， EIsolation 隔离检测Isotope 同位素K value K值Kaiser effect 凯塞(Kaiser)效应Kilo volt kv 千伏特Kiloelectron volt keV千电子伏特Krypton 85 氪85L／D ratio L/D比Lamb wave 兰姆波Latent image 潜象Lateral scan 左右扫查Lateral scan with oblique angle 斜平行扫查Latitude (of an emulsion) 胶片宽容度Lead screen 铅屏Leak 泄漏孔Leak artifact 泄漏器Leak detector 检漏仪Leak testtion 泄漏检测Leakage field 泄漏磁场Leakage rate 泄漏率Leechs 磁吸盘Lift-off effect 提离效应Light intensity 光强度Limiting resolution 极限分辨率Line scanner 线扫描器Line focus 线焦点Line pair pattern 线对检测图Line pairs per millimetre 每毫米线对数Linear (electron) accelerator(LINAC) 电子直线加速器Linear attenuation coefficient 线衰减系数Linear scan 线扫查Linearity （time or distance）线性（时间或距离）Linearity， anplitude 幅度线性Lines of force 磁力线Lipophilic emulsifier 亲油性乳化剂Lipophilic remover 亲油性洗净剂Liquid penetrant examination 液体渗透检验Liquid film developer 液膜显像剂Local magnetization 局部磁化Local magnetization method 局部磁化法Local scan 局部扫查Localizing cone 定域喇叭筒Location 定位Location accuracy 定位精度Location computed 定位，计算Location marker 定位标记Location upon delta-T 时差定位Location， clusfer 定位，群集Location，continuous AE signal 定位，连续AE信号Longitudinal field 纵向磁场Longitudinal magnetization method 纵向磁化法Longitudinal resolution 纵向分辨率Longitudinal wave 纵波Longitudinal wave probe 纵波探头Longitudinal wave technique 纵波法Loss of back reflection 背面反射损失Loss of back reflection 底面反射损失Love wave 乐甫波Low energy gamma radiation 低能γ辐射Low－enerugy photon radiation 低能光子辐射Luminance 亮度Luminosity 流明Lusec 流西克Maga or million electron volts MeV兆电子伏特Magnetic history 磁化史Magnetic hysteresis 磁性滞后Magnetic particle field indication 磁粉磁场指示器Magnetic particle inspection flaw indications 磁粉检验的伤显示Magnetic circuit 磁路Magnetic domain 磁畴Magnetic field distribution 磁场分布Magnetic field indicator 磁场指示器Magnetic field meter 磁场计Magnetic field strength 磁场强度(H)Magnetic field/field，magnetic 磁场Magnetic flux 磁通Magnetic flux density 磁通密度Magnetic force 磁化力Magnetic leakage field 漏磁场Magnetic leakage flux 漏磁通Magnetic moment 磁矩Magnetic particle 磁粉Magnetic particle indication 磁痕Magnetic particle testing/magnetic particle examination 磁粉检测Magnetic permeability 磁导率Magnetic permeability 磁导率Magnetic pole 磁极Magnetic saturataion 磁饱和Magnetic saturation 磁饱和Magnetic slorage meclium 磁储介质Magnetic writing 磁写Magnetizing 磁化Magnetizing current 磁化电流Magnetizing coil 磁化线圈Magnetostrictive effect 磁致伸缩效应Magnetostrictive transducer 磁致伸缩换能器Main beam 主声束Manual testing 手动检测Markers 时标MA-scope; MA-scan MA型显示Masking 遮蔽Mass attcnuation coefficient 质量吸收系数Mass number 质量数Mass spectrometer （M.S.）质谱仪Mass spectrometer leak detector 质谱检漏仪Mass spectrum 质谱Master/slave discrimination 主从鉴别MDTD 最小可测温度差Mean free path 平均自由程Medium vacuum 中真空Mega or million volt MV兆伏特Micro focus X - ray tube 微焦点X 光管Microfocus radiography 微焦点射线透照术Micrometre 微米Micron of mercury 微米汞柱Microtron 电子回旋加速器Milliampere 毫安（mA）Millimetre of mercury 毫米汞柱Minifocus x- ray tube 小焦点调射线管Minimum detectable leakage rate 最小可探泄漏率Minimum resolvable temperature difference （MRTD）最小可分辨温度差（MRDT）Mode 波型Mode conversion 波型转换Mode transformation 波型转换Moderator 慢化器Modulation transfer function （MTF）调制转换功能（MTF）Modulation analysis 调制分析Molecular flow 分子流Molecular leak 分子泄漏Monitor 监控器Monochromatic 单色波Movement unsharpness 移动不清晰度Moving beam radiography 可动射束射线透照术Multiaspect magnetization method 多向磁化法Multidirectional magnetization 多向磁化Multifrequency eddy current testiog 多频涡流检测Multiple back reflections 多次背面反射Multiple reflections 多次反射Multiple back reflections 多次底面反射Multiple echo method 多次反射法Multiple probe technique 多探头法Multiple triangular array 多三角形阵列Narrow beam condition 窄射束NC NCNear field 近场Near field length 近场长度Near surface defect 近表面缺陷Net density 净黑度Net density 净(光学)密度Neutron 中子Neutron radiograhy 中子射线透照Neutron radiography 中子射线透照术Newton （N）牛顿Nier mass spectrometer 尼尔质谱仪Noise 噪声Noise 噪声Noise equivalent temperature difference （NETD）噪声当量温度差（NETD）Nominal angle 标称角度Nominal frequency 标称频率Non-aqueous liquid developer 非水性液体显像剂Noncondensable gas 非冷凝气体Nondcstructivc Examination（NDE）无损试验Nondestructive Evaluation（NDE）无损评价Nondestructive Inspection（NDI）无损检验Nondestructive Testing（NDT）无损检测Nonerasble optical data 可固定光学数据Nonferromugnetic material 非铁磁性材料Nonrelevant indication 非相关指示Non-screen-type film 非增感型胶片Normal incidence 垂直入射（亦见直射声束）Normal permeability 标准磁导率Normal beam method; straight beam method 垂直法Normal probe 直探头Normalized reactance 归一化电抗Normalized resistance 归一化电阻Nuclear activity 核活性Nuclide 核素Object plane resolution 物体平面分辨率Object scattered neutrons 物体散射中子Object beam 物体光束Object beam angle 物体光束角Object-film distance 被检体-胶片距离Object一film distance 物体- 胶片距离Over development 显影过度Over emulsfication 过乳化Overall magnetization 整体磁化Overload recovery time 过载恢复时间Overwashing 过洗Oxidation fog 氧化灰雾P PPair production 偶生成Pair production 电子对产生Pair production 电子偶的产生Palladium barrier leak detector 钯屏检漏仪Panoramic exposure 全景曝光Parallel scan 平行扫查Paramagnetic material 顺磁性材料Parasitic echo 干扰回波Partial pressure 分压Particle content 磁悬液浓度Particle velocity 质点(振动)速度Pascal （Pa）帕斯卡（帕）Pascal cubic metres per second 帕立方米每秒（Pa•m3/s ）Path length 光程长Path length difference 光程长度差Pattern 探伤图形Peak current 峰值电流Penetrameter 透度计Penetrameter sensitivity 透度计灵敏度Penetrant 渗透剂Penetrant comparator 渗透对比试块Penetrant flaw detection 渗透探伤Penetrant removal 渗透剂去除Penetrant station 渗透工位Penetrant， water- washable 水洗型渗透剂Penetration 穿透深度Penetration time 渗透时间Permanent magnet 永久磁铁Permeability coefficient 透气系数Permeability，a-c 交流磁导率Permeability，d－c 直流磁导率Phantom echo 幻象回波Phase analysis 相位分析Phase angle 相位角Phase controlled circuit breaker 断电相位控制器Phase detection 相位检测Phase hologram 相位全息Phase sensitive detector 相敏检波器Phase shift 相位移Phase velocity 相速度Phase-sensitive system 相敏系统Phillips ionization gage 菲利浦电离计Phosphor 荧光物质Photo fluorography 荧光照相术Photoelectric absorption 光电吸收Photographic emulsion 照相乳剂Photographic fog 照相灰雾Photostimulable luminescence 光敏发光Piezoelectric effect 压电效应Piezoelectric material 压电材料Piezoelectric stiffness constant 压电劲度常数Piezoelectric stress constant 压电应力常数Piezoelectric transducer 压电换能器Piezoelectric voltage constant 压电电压常数Pirani gage 皮拉尼计Pirani gage 皮拉尼计Pitch and catch technique 一发一收法Pixel 象素Pixel size 象素尺寸Pixel， disply size 象素显示尺寸Planar array 平面阵(列)Plane wave 平面波Plate wave 板波Plate wave technique 板波法Point source 点源Post emulsification 后乳化Post emulsifiable penetrant 后乳化渗透剂Post-cleaning 后清除Post-cleaning 后清洗Powder 粉未Powder blower 喷粉器Powder blower 磁粉喷枪Pre-cleaning 预清理Pressure difference 压力差Pressure dye test 压力着色检测Pressure probe 压力探头Pressure testing 压力检测Pressure- evacuation test 压力抽空检测Pressure mark 压痕Pressure,design 设计压力Pre-test 初探Primary coil 一次线圈Primary radiation 初级辐射Probe gas 探头气体Probe test 探头检测Probe backing 探头背衬Probe coil 点式线圈Probe coil 探头式线圈Probe coil clearance 探头线圈间隙Probe index 探头入射点Probe to weld distance 探头-焊缝距离Probe/ search unit 探头Process control radiograph 工艺过程控制的射线照相Processing capacity 处理能力Processing speed 处理速度Prods 触头Projective radiography 投影射线透照术Proportioning probe 比例探头Protective material 防护材料Proton radiography 质子射线透照Pulse 脉冲波Pulse 脉冲Pulse echo method 脉冲回波法Pulse repetition rate 脉冲重复率Pulse amplitude 脉冲幅度Pulse echo method 脉冲反射法Pulse energy 脉冲能量Pulse envelope 脉冲包络Pulse length 脉冲长度Pulse repetition frequency 脉冲重复频率Pulse tuning 脉冲调谐Pump- out tubulation 抽气管道Pump-down time 抽气时间Q factor Q值Quadruple traverse technique 四次波法Quality (of a beam of radiation) 射线束的质Quality factor 品质因数Quenching 阻塞Quenching of fluorescence 荧光的猝灭Quick break 快速断间Rad(rad) 拉德Radiance， L 面辐射率，LRadiant existence， M 幅射照度MRadiant flux； radiant power，ψe 辐射通量、辐射功率、ψe Radiation 辐射Radiation does 辐射剂量Radio frequency （r- f） display 射频显示Radio- frequency mass spectrometer 射频质谱仪Radio frequency(r-f) display 射频显示Radiograph 射线底片Radiographic contrast 射线照片对比度Radiographic equivalence factor 射线照相等效系数Radiographic exposure 射线照相曝光量Radiographic inspection 射线检测Radiographic inspection 射线照相检验Radiographic quality 射线照相质量Radiographic sensitivity 射线照相灵敏度Radiographic contrast 射线底片对比度Radiographic equivalence factor 射线透照等效因子Radiographic inspection 射线透照检查Radiographic quality 射线透照质量Radiographic sensitivity 射线透照灵敏度Radiography 射线照相术Radiological examination 射线检验Radiology 射线学Radiometer 辐射计Radiometry 辐射测量术Radioscopy 射线检查法Range 量程Rayleigh wave 瑞利波Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射Real image 实时图像Real-time radioscopy 实时射线检查法Rearm delay time 重新准备延时时间Rearm delay time 重新进入工作状态延迟时间Reciprocity failure 倒易律失效Reciprocity law 倒易律Recording medium 记录介质Recovery time 恢复时间Rectified alternating current 脉动直流电Reference block 参考试块Reference beam 参考光束Reference block 对比试块Reference block method 对比试块法Reference coil 参考线圈Reference line method 基准线法Reference standard 参考标准Reflection 反射Reflection coefficient 反射系数Reflection density 反射密度Reflector 反射体Refraction 折射Refractive index 折射率Refrence beam angle 参考光束角Reicnlbation 网纹Reject; suppression 抑制Rejection level 拒收水平Relative permeability 相对磁导率Relevant indication 相关指示Reluctance 磁阻Rem(rem) 雷姆Remote controlled testing 机械化检测Replenisers 补充剂Representative quality indicator 代表性质量指示器Residual magnetic field/field， residual magnetic 剩磁场Residual technique 剩磁技术Residual magnetic method 剩磁法Residual magnetism 剩磁Resistance （to flow）气阻Resolution 分辨力Resonance method 共振法Response factor 响应系数Response time 响应时间Resultant field 复合磁场Resultant magnetic field 合成磁场Resultant magnetization method 组合磁化法Retentivity 顽磁性Reversal 反转现象Ring-down count 振铃计数Ring-down count rate 振铃计数率Rinse 清洗Rise time 上升时间Rise-time discrimination 上升时间鉴别Rod-anode tube 棒阳极管Roentgen(R) 伦琴Roof angle 屋顶角Rotational magnetic field 旋转磁场Rotational magnetic field method 旋转磁场法Rotational scan 转动扫查Roughing 低真空Roughing line 低真空管道Roughing pump 低真空泵S SSafelight 安全灯Sampling probe 取样探头Saturation 饱和Saturation，magnetic 磁饱和Saturation level 饱和电平Scan on grid lines 格子线扫查Scan pitch 扫查间距Scanning 扫查Scanning index 扫查标记Scanning directly on the weld 焊缝上扫查Scanning path 扫查轨迹Scanning sensitivity 扫查灵敏度Scanning speed 扫查速度Scanning zone 扫查区域Scattared energy 散射能量Scatter unsharpness 散射不清晰度Scattered neutrons 散射中子Scattered radiation 散射辐射Scattering 散射Schlieren system 施利伦系统Scintillation counter 闪烁计数器Scintillator and scintillating crystals 闪烁器和闪烁晶体Screen 屏Screen unsharpness 荧光增感屏不清晰度Screen-type film 荧光增感型胶片SE probe SE探头Search-gas 探测气体Second critical angle 第二临界角Secondary radiation 二次射线Secondary coil 二次线圈Secondary radiation 次级辐射Selectivity 选择性Semi-conductor detector 半导体探测器Sensitirity va1ue 灵敏度值Sensitivity 灵敏度Sensitivity of leak test 泄漏检测灵敏度Sensitivity control 灵敏度控制Shear wave 切变波Shear wave probe 横波探头Shear wave technique 横波法Shim 薄垫片Shot 冲击通电Side lobe 副瓣Side wall 侧面Sievert(Sv) 希(沃特)Signal 信号Signal gradient 信号梯度Signal over load point 信号过载点Signal overload level 信号过载电平Signal to noise ratio 信噪比Single crystal probe 单晶片探头Single probe technique 单探头法Single traverse technique 一次波法Sizing technique 定量法Skin depth 集肤深度Skin effect 集肤效应Skip distance 跨距Skip point 跨距点Sky shine(air scatter) 空中散射效应Sniffing probe 嗅吸探头Soft X-rays 软X射线Soft-faced probe 软膜探头Solarization 负感作用Solenoid 螺线管Soluble developer 可溶显像剂Solvent remover 溶剂去除剂Solvent cleaners 溶剂清除剂Solvent developer 溶剂显像剂Solvent remover 溶剂洗净剂Solvent-removal penetrant 溶剂去除型渗透剂Sorption 吸着Sound diffraction 声绕射Sound insulating layer 隔声层Sound intensity 声强Sound intensity level 声强级Sound pressure 声压Sound scattering 声散射Sound transparent layer 透声层Sound velocity 声速Source 源Source data label 放射源数据标签Source location 源定位Source size 源尺寸Source-film distance 射线源-胶片距离Spacial frequency 空间频率Spark coil leak detector 电火花线圈检漏仪Specific activity 放射性比度Specified sensitivity 规定灵敏度Standard 标准Standard 标准试样Standard leak rate 标准泄漏率Standard leak 标准泄漏孔Standard tast block 标准试块Standardization instrument 设备标准化Standing wave; stationary wave 驻波Step wedge 阶梯楔块Step- wadge calibration film 阶梯楔块校准底片Step- wadge comparison film 阶梯楔块比较底片Step wedge 阶梯楔块Step-wedge calibration film 阶梯-楔块校准片Step-wedge comparison film 阶梯-楔块比较片Stereo-radiography 立体射线透照术Subject contrast 被检体对比度Subsurface discontinuity 近表面不连续性Suppression 抑制Surface echo 表面回波Surface field 表面磁场Surface noise 表面噪声Surface wave 表面波Surface wave probe 表面波探头Surface wave technique 表面波法Surge magnetization 脉动磁化Surplus sensitivity 灵敏度余量Suspension 磁悬液Sweep 扫描Sweep range 扫描范围Sweep speed 扫描速度Swept gain 扫描增益Swivel scan 环绕扫查System exanlillatien threshold 系统检验阈值System inclacel artifacts 系统感生物System noise 系统噪声Tackground， target 目标本底Tandem scan 串列扫查Target 耙Target 靶Television fluoroscopy 电视X射线荧光检查Temperature envelope 温度范围Tenth-value-layer(TVL) 十分之一值层Test coil 检测线圈Test quality level 检测质量水平Test ring 试环Test block 试块Test frequency 试验频率Test piece 试片Test range 探测范围Test surface 探测面Testing，ulrasonic 超声检测Thermal neutrons 热中子Thermocouple gage 热电偶计Thermogram 热谱图Thermography， infrared 红外热成象Thermoluminescent dosemeter(TLD) 热释光剂量计Thickness sensitivity 厚度灵敏度Third critiical angle 第三临界角Thixotropic penetrant 摇溶渗透剂Thormal resolution 热分辨率Threading bar 穿棒Three way sort 三档分选Threshold setting 门限设置Threshold fog 阈值灰雾Threshold level 阀值Threshotd tcnet 门限电平Throttling 节流Through transmission technique 穿透技术Through penetration technique 贯穿渗透法Through transmission technique; transmission technique 穿透法Through-coil technique 穿过式线圈技术Throughput 通气量Tight 密封Total reflection 全反射Totel image unsharpness 总的图像不清晰度Tracer probe leak location 示踪探头泄漏定位Tracer gas 示踪气体Transducer 换能器/传感器Transition flow 过渡流Translucent base media 半透明载体介质Transmission 透射Transmission densitomefer 发射密度计Transmission coefficient 透射系数Transmission point 透射点Transmission technique 透射技术Transmittance，τ透射率τTransmitted film density 检测底片黑度Transmitted pulse 发射脉冲Transverse resolution 横向分辨率Transverse wave 横波Traveling echo 游动回波Travering scan; depth scan 前后扫查Triangular array 正三角形阵列Trigger/alarm condition 触发/报警状态Trigger/alarm level 触发/报警标准Triple traverse technique 三次波法True continuous technique 准确连续法技术Trueattenuation 真实衰减Tube current 管电流Tube head 管头Tube shield 管罩Tube shutter 管子光闸Tube window 管窗Tube-shift radiography 管子移位射线透照术Two-way sort 两档分选Ultra- high vacuum 超高真空Ultrasonic leak detector 超声波检漏仪Ultrasonic noise level 超声噪声电平Ultrasonic cleaning 超声波清洗Ultrasonic field 超声场Ultrasonic flaw detection 超声探伤Ultrasonic flaw detector 超声探伤仪Ultrasonic microscope 超声显微镜Ultrasonic spectroscopy 超声频谱Ultrasonic testing system 超声检测系统Ultrasonic thickness gauge 超声测厚仪Ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射Under development 显影不足Unsharpness 不清晰Useful density range 有效光学密度范围UV-A A类紫外辐射UV-A filter A类紫外辐射滤片Vacuum 真空Vacuum cassette 真空暗盒Vacuum testing 真空检测Vacuum cassette 真空暗合Van de Graaff generator 范德格喇夫起电机Vapor pressure 蒸汽压Vapour degreasing 蒸汽除油Variable angle probe 可变角探头Vee path V型行程Vehicle 载体Vertical linearity 垂直线性Vertical location 垂直定位Visible light 可见光Vitua limage 虚假图像Voltage threshold 电压阈值Voltage threshold 阈值电压Wash station 水洗工位Water break test 水膜破坏试验Water column coupling method 水柱耦合法Water column probe 水柱耦合探头Water path; water distance 水程Water tolerance 水容限Water-washable penetrant 可水洗型渗透剂Wave 波Wave guide acoustic emission 声发射波导杆Wave train 波列Wave from 波形Wave front 波前Wave length 波长Wave node 波节Wave train 波列Wedge 斜楔Wet slurry technique 湿软磁膏技术Wet technique 湿法技术。

用于MBE中的反射式高能电子衍射仪57?文章编号:1002—6886(2009)01一OO57—03用于MBE中的反射式高能电子衍射仪术杨再荣,潘金福,周勋,王基石,宁江华,丁召(通讯作者)(贵1大学贵州省微纳电子与软件技术重点实验室,贵州贵阳550025)摘要:对用于分子柬外延(MBE)中的反射式高能电子衍射仪(RHEED)的工作原理以及RIIEED衍射强度振荡在测量外延生长速率的应用进行了详尽的阐述;针对样品盘与RHEED系统的兼容问题,对样品盘进行了新的设计,并进行了实验研究.关键词:分子束外延反射式高能电子衍射.Y-作原理样品盘强度振荡ReflectionHigh—energyElectronDiffractionTechnologyUsedinMolecularMeamEpitaxyY ANGZairong,PANJingfu,ZHOUXun,WANGJishi,NINGJianghua,DINGZhao Abstract:TheprincipleofReflectionHigh-EnergyElectronDiffraction(RHEED)inmolecu larbeamepitaxy(MBE)wasdescribedindetail.AndtheapplicationofRHEEDintensityoscillationsonmeasuringtherateofexpitaxia lgrowthwasdiscussedaswel1.Accordingtothe compatibilityproblemofthesampleplateandtheRHEED'Ssystem.anovelsampleplatehasb eendesigned.andanexperimentalinvestiga-tionwasconducted.Keywords:molecularbeamepitaxy(MBE);ReflectionHigh-EnergyElectronDiffraction( RHEED);workingprinciple;sampleplate;intensityoscillations0前言分子束外延(MolecularBeamEpitaxy,MBE)是在超高真宅(≤1.33×10l】a)条件下,利用分子束或原子束输运源进行薄膜外延生长的方法.由于它是在超高真空条件下进行薄膜的外延生长,能生长出超洁净,陡变的高质量薄膜界面,可精确控制生长层的厚度,组分和杂质分布,因而成为研究多层化合物半导体异质结,量子线,量子点和能带工程的基本手段.MBE主要由超高真空生长系统,生长过程的控制系统和监测,分析仪器等组成.其中,反射式高能电子衍射仪(Re—flectionHigh-EnergyElectronDiffraction,RHEED)是MBE中最常用的原位分析和监控仪器,它是原位监测外延表面分子结构和粗糙度的有效手段.RHEED由高能电子枪和荧光屏组成,从电子枪中发射出来的电子(能量范围为500eV～20 KeV)以小于5.的掠射角入射到样品表面发生衍射,在荧光屏上显示出衍射图案.由于电子束以很小的掠射角(1.～5.)入射到样品表面,电子在垂直于表面的动量分量很小,又由于受到库仑场的散射,电子束透人深度仅为1～2个原子层,因此RHEED所反映的完全是样品表面的信息.从超高真空到外延生长气压,RHEED用以提供表面再构,衬底表面的清洁度,粗糙度和实现单原子层生长等,这就使得对样品表面的生长情况进行实时监控成为可能.本文以配备在MuhiprobeMBE(Omicron公司)上的Staib公司的RH20型RHEED为基础,对其工作原理,调试过程中的样品盘改造研究等进行论述.lRHFFD的工作原理1.1l_aue条件当电子束入射到晶体时,由于晶体原子在空间中的排列形成有序的点阵,这对于入射电子波来说是很好的三维衍射光栅,当电子波透过样品光栅时受到原子的散射,如果电子波满足l丑ue条件:ks—k=G(1)式中,是散射束的波矢,k是入射束的波矢,G是倒格矢.则电子束发生衍射,形成衍射图案.12Ewald反射球及反射圆在电子衍射的分析过程中,常常要用到Ewald反射球,它可以比较直观地观察衍射晶面,...所示,在倒易空间中,画出衍射晶图1Eald反射球示意图基金项目:贵州省委组织部高层人才科研特助项目(Z073011);贵州省科技厅基金(zo73o85);贵州大学博士基.~.(X060031);贵州大学研究生创新基金资助项目(校研理工2(D7020).作者简介:杨再荣(1983一),男,贵州黎平人,硕士研究生,研究方向:半导体物理与半导体器件物理.丁召(通讯作者),男,教授,博士生导师,省管专家,研究方向:微电子材料,表面物理. 收稿日期;2008～7一l1'中国机械采购网58?体的倒易点阵,并以倒易原点O为端点,作入射束的波矢,该矢量长度等于波长的倒数,即=I/A;以晶体点阵O为圆心,I/A为半径作球,称为Ewald反射球.若倒易点阵G(hkd)刚好落在Ewald反射球的球面上,则衍射束的方向就是OG.由于晶体中存在各种方位和各种而间距的晶面,所以入射线沿一定方向人射时,_口『能有若干衍射束出现.而所有能发生衍射的晶面,其倒易点都应此Ewald反射球缸l二.二维晶体(或材料表面)原子在平面内的排列是有序的周期性点阵,从而形成二维衍射光栅.当入射束的波矢,(=1/A)入射到二维衍射光栅时,亦呵产牛衍射.翠于与t维Ewald球同样的原理,在二维倒格子点阵平内就町以作出Ewald反射圆.这时,只要落在Ewald反射圆上的点都可以产生衍射,即满足Luae条件(公式1)的点都可以产牛衍射,从而在荧光屏上观察到衍射斑点.2I硼Ⅱ在测量外延生长速率中的应用RHEED在MBE中具有非常重要的应jfj配备在Multi—probeMBE(Omieron公司)J的Staib公司的RH20犁RHEED具有衍射强度振荡功能,可进行原l了级的膜厚监挖,并能准确,直接,快速地测量外延的生长速率.图2是在理想层状生长模式时,表面生长薄层覆盖率与衍射强度振荡的关系..生长前,表面覆盖率=0的整表面财入射电子束有一高强度的镜面反射束,这时,生长层分子存表面的覆盖率为0;生长开始后,电子柬受到岛的漫反射,衍射强度减弱,生长到表面覆盖率:0.5时,岛的密度达到最大值,与此同时衍射强度达到最弱;然后又随表面覆盖牢的增大而变强,直到表面覆盖率=1.0,形成新的覆盖表面时,衍射强度达到最大值.如此一层接一层地连续qt长,产J,衍射强度的周期悱振荡效应,因而RHEED衍射强度振荡十分精确地对应着外延薄层的生长.从图2可知,当外延薄膜_L单原予层生长彻底结束时衍射电子束的强度出现最大值,l夭J此相邻的两个衍射强度最大值对应着同…原子层k的开始与结束,因此强度振荡的周期是一个原子层往外延薄膜表『拜i_卜淀积的时间,结合材料不同晶向的面问距,二着的乘积就是薄膜生K时的生长速度.图3是GaAs的RHEED强度振荡示意网,它的振荡幅度随外延时问的延长而衰减RHEED的一个振荡周期精确地对应着一个单原予层的生时问,衍射强度极大时,表明生长出一层完整的单原f层;衍射强度极小时,表明样品表面最粗糙.通过RHEED振荡的测量,可以实现单原子层精度的MBE生长图2表面生长薄层覆盖率与衍射强度示意图3与RHEFD相关的样品盘改造MuhiprobeMBE上装配的Staib公司的RH20型RHEED由高能电子枪和荧光屏组成,结构示意图如图4所示,高能电子枪与荧光屏分别处于样品的两侧.从高能电子枪中发射出来的电子(能量范围为500eV～20KeV)以l.～5.的掠射角入射到样品表面并发生衍射,在荧光屏上显示出衍射图案.通常在MBE生长中,需要观察晶体表面两个或三个以』二晶向的RHEED衍射图案,以确定晶体生长质量及表面形貌.图4中的样品用In将其粘到样品盘上(样品盘如图5中的(a)所示),再将样品盘固定在样品台上.由图5(b)可观察到,粘在样品盘上的样品位置低于样品台两侧位置,从而导致从高能电子枪中发射出的电子只能从前后两个方向入射到样品表面上,而从样品左右两侧方向上发射出的电子能到达样品表面.为了解决这一问题,我们对样品盘进行了新设计并进行改造,使得从高能电子枪中发射出的电子束能从各个方向入射到样品表面, 从而获得样品表而各个方向上的信息.为了达到这一目的,我们住高纯金属钽【设计制作了新的样品盘(尺寸为l8him×l5nUTI),如冈5(c)所示,在1mill厚的样品盘上增加3mm厚的矩形钽片(12.5mm×12mm),这样就留下了两条宽分别为3IllIll的样品唇缘,以便样品盘能被顺利地送入样品命中.x轴?表m1法线片向图4RHEED的结构示意图图5改造样品盘过程示意图在MultiprobeMBE中,加热系统采用旁热式对样品进,7-?kri热..由于增加r样品盘的厚度,样品的加热效率必将受到影响.为此,我们在加厚的钽片上将样品盘挖通一个7mlil×7film的孔,从而能对样品进行辐射加热,尽量减小由于热损失对薄膜样品生长的影响.另外,孔的四周挖宽度和深度都为0.5mm的浅槽,以便用In粘结样品,如图5(c)的阴影部分所示.改造完成的样品盘如图5(d).这样,从高能电子枪中发射出的电子就可以从各个方向入射到样品表面(如图5(e)),从而RHEED就可以在样品的各个方向产生衍射图案.(下转第61页)_.h,55257O000===::一一一一～61?主模块实现的功能:控制焊接流程.电流模块,旋转/送丝模块,横摆模块,弧长模块,面板,线控器作为从模块,受主模块支配.主模块通过记时或记角度, 控制焊接进程,并通知从模块进入相应状态.主流程图如图l0所示.3主流程控制轴(主轴)系统由多个功能模块组成,每个模块有各自的MCU,在主模块支配下,以通信方式相互协调工作.这样的结构便于根据用户不同的要求进行多种配置,另外,从发展的角度讲,便于扩展设备的功能.从控制精度的角度进行分析,类似于EWA306(EWA406)这样的焊接电源,整个系统只有一个MCU,又受到MCU本身功能的制约,使得实际精度与参数设定的精度偏差非常大,并且根据参数相互关系的不同,带有不定l生.而我们这种多个功能模块的通信系统从很大程度上解决了这个问题.从实时角度进行分析,CPU同一时间只能做一件事,而事实上,我们同一时间要做的不仅一件事,这样,CUP就要将本应同时做的事,根据中断优先级使它们按先后顺序来做,这就失去了实时眭,严重情况下还会使功能失效,例如弧长控制就并未起到应有的作用.而多个模块的结构,使得各个功能相对独立,互不干扰,从而增强了实时陛.同时,采用这种多模块系统也会带来一些问题,如成本略增加,干扰增大.如果通信总线受到干扰,将可能导致整个系统瘫痪.为此,系统通信波特率设为9600bps,不是很高,相对来说,受干扰程度较小,另外通信部分电源与控制部分电源相互独立,并且在进出模块的接口处都加了光耦以及其它抗干扰措施.4结论从理论分析以及调试过程中的实际情况来看,这种多模块系统与过去的单MCU模式相比,确实具有一定的优势,但最终是否能按设计完好实现,除了目前软,硬件所做的努力外,很大程度上还取决于整个焊接系统的抗干扰能力.参考文献1钟尧,文援兰.基于FPGA的VXI总线多功能模块设计.计算机测量与控制,2OO8,16(4):579-581.2张家栋.单根总线等级分布式串行中断多机通讯系统的设计与实现. 微型机与应用,1991,6(34):28—30.(上接第54页)3)随着CAD的普及应用,为了适应社会的需要,现在许参考文献多大学工程类专业在大学一,二年级开设了CAD课程,而CAD的图解法不直接涉及机构设计的数学模型的建立与计1中永胜?机械原理教程(第2版)[M]-北京:清华大学出版社,2005:算程序的编制,而且其设计更直观,更形象简单,因此其设计原理更容易被普通学生与设计者所接受,因此在机构设计课动特性的曲柄摇杆机枸设?机械研究与应用,程教学中,应该保留图解法设计的教学.3芦.A..utoC.AD2000应用实例[M].北京:治金工业出版社,200o:86.总之,利用AutoCAD软件图解法设计连杆机构的设计精.度可以达到解析法设计的精度,而且具有设计过程简单直观4杨元山.机械原理[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,1989:46的优点,能广泛应用于机械设计.(上接第58页)4结束语3B0belFG.M.lkrH.ez.PvmmetricInterIIicInler{mmetryfbr本文基于MuhiprobeMBE上装配的Staib公司的RH20RealTimeM..."BEpitaxyProe.Mi"g?J?V?.i?墨'分199子4….……:延生长速率的应用进行了详尽的阐述,并针对样品盘与::…一…………………～………''～RHEED系统的兼容问题对样品盘进行了新设计并进行改造5STAIBINsTRuMENT.RHEEDsYsTEM『Manua1].Geanv:Staib研究,使得从高能电子枪中发射出的电子能从各个方向上入6C.基泰尔.固体物理导论[M].北京:化学工业出版社,20O5,9射到样品表面,从而RHEED可以在样品的各个方向上产生7J.J.Harri,B.A.J.vc,andP.J.Dob0n,Surf.Sci.103.L90(1981)衍射图案,获得样品表面各个方向上的信息.8Neaveeta1.App1.Phys.A31,1(1983)9MuhiprobeSurfaceScienceSystemsUser'SGuide.OMICRONUHVPreci一参考文献sionManipulatorsSmallSampleMBEManipulatorwithResistiveHeater [Manua1].Gennaiay:Omieron中国机械采购网《瓣√—...豫学l§。

f band f 带f center f 心f center laser f 心激光器f center maser f 心微波激射器f layer f 层f value 振子强度f/d ratio f/d 比face centered crystal 面心晶体face centered cubic lattice 面心立方晶格face centered cubic structure 面心立方结构face centered lattice 面心点阵factor 因子factor group 剩余群facula 光斑faddeev equation 法捷耶夫方程faddeev popov ghost 法捷耶夫波波夫鬼态fading 衰退;褪色fahrenheit scale 华氏温标fahrenheit temperature scale 华氏温标fahrenheit thermometer 华氏温度计fall 降低fall of potential 电压降fall time 下降时间falling sphere viscometer 落球粘度计fallout 放射性沉降物false image 鬼象family 族family of asteroids 小行星族family of comets 彗星族fano factor 法诺因子far field pattern 远场图样far infrared 远红外区far infrared laser 远红外激光器far infrared radiation 远红外辐射far infrared rays 远红外线far point 远点far ultraviolet 远紫外区far ultraviolet laser 远紫外激光器far ultraviolet radiation 紫外线辐射far ultraviolet rays 远紫外线farad 法faraday 法拉第faraday cage 法拉第笼faraday cell 法拉第盒faraday constant 法拉第常数faraday cup 法拉第笼faraday dark space 法拉第暗区faraday effect 磁致旋光faraday rotation 磁致旋光faraday tube 法拉第管faraday's law 法拉第定律farvitron 线振质谱仪fast 迅速的fast breeder reactor 快增殖堆fast fission 快中子裂变fast fission effect 快中子裂变效应fast fourier transform 快速傅里叶变换fast neutron 快中子fast neutron reactor 快中子堆fast nova 快新星fast reactor 快中子堆fatigue 疲劳fatigue limit 疲劳极限fatigue strength 疲劳强度fcc structure 面心立方结构feedback 反馈feedback amplifier 反馈放大器feedback circuit 反馈电路feedback control 反馈控制feedback factor 反馈系数feedback ratio 反馈比feeder 馈电线femto 飞femtometer 费密femtosecond 飞秒femtosecond region 飞秒区域fermat's principle 费马原理fermi 费密fermi acceleration 费密加速fermi age 费密年龄fermi dirac statistics 费密统计法fermi distribution 费密分布fermi energy 费密能fermi gas 费密气体fermi glass 费密玻璃fermi hole 费密空穴fermi interaction 费密相互酌fermi level 费密能级fermi liquid 费密液体fermi particle 费密子fermi pasta ulam problem 费密巴斯德乌拉姆问题fermi resonance 费密共振fermi selection rule 费密选择定则fermi statistics 费密统计法fermi surface 费密面fermi temperature 费密温度fermi transition 费密跃迁fermi's golden rule 费密黄金定律fermiology 费密面学fermion 费密子fermionic dark matter 费密子暗物质fermium 镄ferrielectricity 亚电性ferrimagnetic resonance 亚铁磁共振ferrimagnetism 铁氧体磁性ferrite 铁氧体ferrite magnetostrictive vibrator 铁氧体磁致伸缩振子ferro resonance 铁磁共振ferroelastic phase transition 铁弹性相变ferroelasticity 铁弹性ferroelectric 铁电的ferroelectric domain 铁电畴ferroelectric mode 铁电模ferroelectric phase transition 铁电相变ferroelectric semiconductor 铁电半导体ferroelectric substance 铁电性材料ferroelectricity 铁电性ferrofluid 铁磁铃ferromagnet 铁磁体ferromagnetic 铁磁的ferromagnetic dielectrics 铁磁电介质ferromagnetic fluid 铁磁铃ferromagnetic material 铁磁性材料ferromagnetic resonance 铁磁共振ferromagnetic substance 铁磁性材料ferromagnetic superconductor 铁磁超导体ferromagnetic thin film 铁磁薄膜ferromagnetism 铁磁性feynman diagram 费因曼图feynman path integral 费因曼的路径积分feynman spectrum 费因曼谱ffag synchrotron 固定场交变梯度回旋加速器fiber 纤维fiber bundle 纤维丛fiber electrometer 悬丝静电计fiber laser 纤维激光器fiber optics 纤维光学fiber structure 纤维结构fibonacci semiconductor superlattice 菲博纳奇半导体超晶格fibril 小纤维fibril structure 纤维结构fick's law 斐克定律fictitious spin quantum number 假想自旋量子数fictitious year 假年field 场;体field adsorption 场吸附field current 励磁电流field density 场密度field desorption 场致退吸field distortion 场畸变field distribution 场的分布field effect transistor 场效应晶体管field electron emission 场致电子发射field emission 场致发射field emission microscope 场致发射显微镜;自动电子显微镜field emitted electron 场致发射电子field equation 场方程field intensity 场强field ion microscope 场致离子显微镜field lens 场镜field magnet 场磁铁field of forces 力场field of gravity 重力场field of view 视场field of vision 视场field operator 场算符field particle 场粒子field quantum 场量子field stop 场栏field strength 场强field structure 场结构field theory 场论fifth force 第五种力fifth fundamental force 第五种基本力figure 图形figure of merit 优值figure of noise 噪声指数file 文件filled band 满带filled level 满带能级filled shell 满壳层film 软片film badge 胶片剂量计film boiling 膜态沸腾film dosimeter 胶片剂量计film type condensation 膜状凝结filter 滤器滤光器滤波器filtration 过滤final product 最终产物final state interaction 终态相互酌final vacuum 极限真空finder 取景器finding telescope 寻星镜fine particle 微粒子fine structure 精细结构fine structure constant 精细结构常数fine structure splitting 精细结构劈裂finesse 锐度finite difference method 差分法finite element method 有限元法finite group 有限群finite universe 有限宇宙fireball 火球fireball model 火球模型first harmonics 基波first integral 初积分first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律first order phase transition 一级相转变first point of aries 春分点first quarter 上弦first resonance 一次共振first sound 第一次声波fish finder 鱼群探测器fissible 可裂变的fissile 可裂变的fissile nucleus 可分裂的核fissility 可分变性fission 分裂fission chain reaction 裂变链式反应fission chamber 裂变室fission counter 裂变计数器fission energy 裂变能量fission event 裂变事件fission fragment 裂变碎片fission neutron 裂变中子fission yield 裂变产额fissionable 可裂变的fissionable nucleus 可裂变核fissioning isomer 裂变同质异能素fit 适合five minute oscillations 五分钟振动fixation 定影fixed capacitor 固定电容器fixed point 定点fixed resistor 固定电阻器fixed star 恒星fixing 定影fixing solution 定影液fizeau fringe 菲佐条纹fizeau interferometer 菲佐干涉仪flame 火焰flame photometer 火焰光度计flame photometry 火焰光度法flame spectrum 火焰光谱flare 太阳耀斑flare star 耀星flash 闪光flash of light 闪光flash photolysis 闪烁光解flash spectrum 闪光光谱flat surface 平面flatness problem 平坦性问题flattening 扁率flavor 味flexibility 挠性flexible polymer 挠性聚合体flexural rigidity 弯曲刚度flexural strength 抗挠强度flexure 挠曲flexure vibration 弯曲振动flicker 闪烁flicker effect 闪烁效应flicker noise 闪变噪声flicker photometer 闪烁光度计flight path 飞越距离flight time 飞越时间flint glass 火石玻璃flip flop 触发器flip flop circuit 双稳态触发电路floating body 浮体floating point representation 浮点表示floating zone melting method 浮区熔炼法flocculation 凝聚flood and ebb 潮汐flooding 溢流floppy disk 软磁盘flow 流flow birefringence 怜双折射flow counter 柳式计数管flow dichroism 怜二色性flow equation 怜方程flow parameter 怜参数flow pattern 镣flow proportional counter 怜正比计数器flow rate 量flow visualization 辽视化flowmeter 量计fluctuating force 涨落力fluctuation 起伏fluctuation dissipation theorem 涨落耗散定理fluctuon 起伏量子fluent 变数fluid 铃fluid dynamics 铃动力学fluid elasticity 水弹性fluid model 铃模型fluidal 铃的fluidic 铃的fluidity 怜性fluorescence 荧光fluorescence center 荧光中心fluorescence dosimeter 荧光剂量计fluorescence spectrophotometer 荧光分光光度计fluorescence spectrum 荧光光谱fluorescence yield 荧光产额fluorescent 萤光的fluorescent indicator tube 荧光指示管fluorescent lamp 荧光灯fluorescent material 萤光材料fluorescent radiation 特狰射fluorescent scattering 荧光散射fluorescent screen 荧光屏fluorescent x rays 荧光 x 射线fluorimeter 荧光计fluorine 氟fluorite structure 萤石型结构fluorography 荧光照相法fluorometer 荧光计fluorometric analysis 荧光分析fluoroscope 荧光镜fluoroscopy 荧光检查法fluorspar structure 萤石型结构flux 通量flux creep 磁通量蠕变flux density 通量密度flux flow 磁通量流flux jump 磁通量跃变flux method 熔剂法flux motion 磁通量运动flux of energy 能通量flux of light 光通量flux of radiation 辐射通量flux pinning 通量锁住flux pump 通量泵flux quantization 磁通量量子化flux quantum 磁通量子fluxmeter 磁通计fluxoid 磁通量子fluxon 磁通量子fly 苍蝇座flying spot electron microscope 扫描电子显微镜fm receiver 档接受器focal distance 焦距focal length 焦距focal line 焦线focal plane 焦面focal point 焦点focal power 光焦度focal surface 焦曲面fock representation 福克表示fock space 福克空间focometer 焦距计focon 聚焦锥focus 焦点focused ion beam 聚焦离子束focusing 倒focusing camera 倒照相机focusing coil 聚焦线圈focusing cone 聚焦锥focusing lens 聚焦透镜focusing quadrupole magnet 聚焦四极磁铁focuson 聚焦子foil 箔fokker planck equation 福克普朗克方程follow up control 随动控制foot pound second system 英尺磅秒单位制forbidden 禁戒的forbidden band 禁带forbidden decay 禁戒衰变forbidden line 禁线forbidden lines in astrophysics 天体物理学中的禁线forbidden reflection 禁戒反射forbidden transition 禁戒跃迁forbiddenness 禁戒force 力force function 力函数force of attraction 引力force of gravity 重力force of inertia 惯性力force of repulsion 斥力force of rolling friction 滚动摩擦力force of sliding friction 滑动摩擦力force polygon 力的多边形force triangle 力的三角形forced circulation 强制循环forced convection 强制对流forced emission 强迫发射forced oscillations 受迫振荡forced vibration 受迫振荡forced vortex 强迫涡流fore vacuum 前级真空forecast 预报forecast of solar activity 太阳活动预告foreign atom 杂质原子forepump 预备真空泵fork mounting 叉式装置form drag 型阻form factor 形状因子formant 共振峰formation of order 秩序形成formula 公式formulation 公式化fornax 天炉座fortran 程序语言forward scattering 前方散射foucault currents 涡电流foucault knife edge test 傅科刀口检验foucault's pendulum 傅科摆fountain effect 喷水效应four current 四维电流four dimensional space 四维空间four dimensional structure of the universe 宇宙四维结构four dimensionality 四维性four factor formula 四因子公式four force 四维力four momentum 四维动量four potential 四维势four terminal network 四端网络four vector 四维矢four velocity 四维速度four wave mixing 四波混合fourier component 谐波分量fourier integral 傅里叶积分fourier number 傅里叶数fourier series 傅里叶级数fourier spectroscopy 傅里叶光谱学fourier transform hologram 傅里叶变换全息图fourier transform spectrometer 傅里叶光谱仪fourier transformation 傅里叶变换fourth sound 第四次声波fractal 分形fractal dimension 分形维数fractional charge 分数电荷fractional crystallization 分级结晶fractional quantum hall effect 分数量子霍尔效应fracton 分形子fracture 破裂fracture mechanics 断裂力学fragility 脆性frame antenna 环形天线frame of reference 参考系francium 钫franck condon principle 富兰克康登原理franck hertz's experiment 富兰克赫兹实验frank read source 弗朗克里德源franklin 富兰克林fraunhofer diffraction 夫琅和费衍射fraunhofer hologram 夫琅和费全息图fraunhofer line 夫琅和费谱线fre 量子free 自由的free charge 自由电荷free convection 自由对流自然对流free electron 自由电子free electron laser 自由电子激光器free energy 自由能free energy of activation 激活的自由能free field 自由场free free transition 自由自由跃迁free group 自由群free gyroscope 自由陀螺仪free motion 自由运动free neutron 自由中子free oscillation 自由振动free path 自由程free pendulum 自由摆free rotation 自由旋转free space 自由空间free state 自由态free surface 自由面free system 自由系free vibration 自由振动free volume 自由体积free volume theory 自由体积理论freedom 自由freezing 凝固freezing mixture 冷冻剂freezing point 凝固点frenkel defect 夫伦克尔缺陷frenkel exciton 夫伦克尔激子frequency 频率frequency analysis 频率分析frequency band 频带frequency characteristic 频率特性frequency converter 变频器frequency converter tube 变频管frequency counter 频率计数器frequency divider 分频器frequency domain 频域frequency factor 频率因子frequency meter 频率计frequency modulation 档frequency multiplier 倍频器频率倍增器frequency range 频率范围frequency response 频率响应frequency response method 频率特性法frequency shift 移频frequency spectrum 频谱frequency stability 频率稳定度frequency stabilized laser 稳频激光器frequency transfer function 频率传递函数fresnel diffraction 菲涅耳衍射fresnel half period zones 菲涅耳半周期带fresnel hologram 菲涅耳全息图fresnel lens 菲涅耳透镜fresnel prism 菲涅耳棱镜fresnel rhomb 菲涅耳斜方系fresnel zone 菲涅耳带fresnel's biprism 菲涅耳双棱镜fresnel's dragging coefficient 菲涅耳曳引系数fresnel's zone plate 菲涅耳波带片friction 摩擦friction coefficient 摩擦系数friction cone 摩擦锥friction layer 摩擦层friction loss 摩擦损失friction of fluid lubrication 液体润滑摩擦frictional drag 摩擦阻力frictional electricity 摩擦电frictional force 摩擦力frictional oscillation 摩擦振动frictional resistance 摩擦阻力friedel sum rule 弗里德尔的求和定则friedmann equation 弗里德曼方程friedmann universe 弗里德曼宇宙frigorimeter 深冷温度计fringes with white light 白光干涉条纹froude number 弗劳德数frozen in magnetic field 冻结磁场frustrated total internal reflection 衰减全内反射frustration 抑止ft value ft 值fuel assembly 燃料组件fuel cell 燃料电池fuel cycle 燃料循环fuel regeneration 燃料再生fuel reprocessing 燃料再生fuel rod 燃料元件棒fugacity 挥发性fulcrum 支点full load 满载full moon 望月full wave rectification 全波整流full width at half maximum 半宽度fullerene 球壳状碳分子function 函数functional 泛函functional analysis 泛函分析functional ceramics 机能陶瓷functional derivative 泛函微分fundamental absorption 基本吸收fundamental catalog 基本星表fundamental constants 基本常数fundamental doublet 基本双重线fundamental frequency 基频率fundamental interaction 基本相互酌fundamental law 基本定律fundamental magnitude 基本量fundamental mode 郑fundamental particle 基础粒子fundamental research 基础研究fundamental series 伯格曼系fundamental star 基本星fundamental theorem 基本定理fundamental tone 基音fundamental unit 基本单位furnace 炉furry's theorem 弗里定理fuse 熔断器保险丝fused quartz 熔融石英fusible alloy 易熔合金fusing point 熔点fusion 熔化fusion fission hybrid reactor 核聚变裂变混合反应堆fusion point 熔点fusion reaction 聚变反应fusion reactor 热核堆fusion temperature 聚变温度。

外语英语英文专业词汇术语翻译：无损检测（non-destructive ）A.C magnetic saturation 交流磁饱和Absorbed dose 吸收剂量Absorbed dose rate 吸收剂量率Acceptanc limits 验收范围Acceptance level 验收水平Acceptance standard 验收标准Accumulation test 累积检测Acoustic emission count（emission count）声发射计数（发射计数）Acoustic emission transducer 声发射换能器（声发射传感器）Acoustic emission(AE) 声发射Acoustic holography 声全息术Acoustic impedance 声阻抗Acoustic impedance matching 声阻抗匹配Acoustic impedance method 声阻法Acoustic wave 声波Acoustical lens 声透镜Acoustic—ultrasonic 声-超声（AU）Activation 活化Activity 活度Adequate shielding 安全屏蔽Ampere turns 安匝数Amplitude 幅度Angle beam method 斜射法Angle of incidence 入射角Angle of reflection 反射角Angle of spread 指向角Angle of squint 偏向角Angle probe 斜探头Angstrom unit 埃(A)Area amplitude response curve 面积幅度曲线Area of interest 评定区Arliflcial disconlinuity 人工不连续性Artifact 假缺陷Artificial defect 人工缺陷Artificial discontinuity 标准人工缺陷A-scan A型扫描A-scope; A-scan A型显示Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数Attenuator 衰减器Audible leak indicator 音响泄漏指示器Automatic testing 自动检测Autoradiography 自射线照片Avaluation 评定Barium concrete 钡混凝土Barn 靶Base fog 片基灰雾Bath 槽液Bayard- Alpert ionization gage B- A型电离计Beam 声束Beam ratio 光束比Beam angle 束张角Beam axis 声束轴线Beam index 声束入射点Beam path location 声程定位Beam path; path length 声程Beam spread 声束扩散Betatron 电子感应加速器Bimetallic strip gage 双金属片计Bipolar field 双极磁场Black light filter 黑光滤波器Black light; ultraviolet radiation 黑光Blackbody 黑体Blackbody equivalent temperature 黑体等效温度Bleakney mass spectrometer 波利克尼质谱仪Bleedout 渗出Bottom echo 底面回波Bottom surface 底面Boundary echo(first) 边界一次回波Bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射Broad-beam condition 宽射束Brush application 刷涂B-scan presenfation B型扫描显示B-scope; B-scan B型显示C- scan C型扫描Calibration,instrument 设备校准Capillary action 毛细管作用Carrier fluid 载液Carry over of penetrate 渗透剂移转Cassette 暗合Cathode 阴极Central conductor 中心导体Central conductor method 中心导体法Characteristic curve 特性曲线Characteristic curve of film 胶片特性曲线Characteristic radiation 特征辐射Chemical fog 化学灰雾Cine-radiography 射线(活动)电影摄影术Cintact pads 接触垫Circumferential coils 圆环线圈Circumferential field 周向磁场Circumferential magnetization method 周向磁化法Clean 清理Clean- up 清除Clearing time 定透时间Coercive force 矫顽力Coherence 相干性Coherence length 相干长度（谐波列长度）Coi1，test 测试线圈Coil size 线圈大小Coil spacing 线圈间距Coil technique 线圈技术Coil method 线圈法Coilreference 线圈参考Coincidence discrimination 符合鉴别Cold-cathode ionization gage 冷阴极电离计Collimator 准直器Collimation 准直Collimator 准直器Combined colour comtrast and fluorescent penetrant 着色荧光渗透剂Compressed air drying 压缩空气干燥Compressional wave 压缩波Compton scatter 康普顿散射Continuous emission 连续发射Continuous linear array 连续线阵Continuous method 连续法Continuous spectrum 连续谱Continuous wave 连续波Contract stretch 对比度宽限Contrast 对比度Contrast agent 对比剂Contrast aid 反差剂Contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度Control echo 监视回波Control echo 参考回波Couplant 耦合剂Coupling 耦合Coupling losses 耦合损失Cracking 裂解Creeping wave 爬波Critical angle 临界角Cross section 横截面Cross talk 串音Cross-drilled hole 横孔Crystal 晶片C-scope; C-scan C型显示Curie point 居里点Curie temperature 居里温度Curie(Ci) 居里Current flow method 通电法Current induction method 电流感应法Current magnetization method 电流磁化法Cut－off level 截止电平Dead zone 盲区Decay curve 衰变曲线Decibel(dB) 分贝Defect 缺陷Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Defect detection sensitivity 缺陷检出灵敏度Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Definition 清晰度Definition，image definition 清晰度，图像清晰度Demagnetization 退磁Demagnetization factor 退磁因子Demagnetizer 退磁装置Densitometer 黑度计Density 黑度（底片）Density comparison strip 黑度比较片Detecting medium 检验介质Detergent remover 洗净液Developer 显像剂Developer station 显像工位Developer，agueons 水性显象剂Developer，dry 干显象剂Developer，liquid film 液膜显象剂Developer，nonaqueous （sus- pendible）非水（可悬浮）显象剂Developing time 显像时间Development 显影Diffraction mottle 衍射斑Diffuse indications 松散指示Diffusion 扩散Digital image acquisition system 数字图像识别系统Dilatational wave 膨胀波Dip and drain station 浸渍和流滴工位Direct contact magnetization 直接接触磁化Direct exposure imaging 直接曝光成像Direct contact method 直接接触法Directivity 指向性Discontinuity 不连续性Distance- gain- size-German AVG 距离- 增益- 尺寸（DGS德文为AVG）Distance marker; time marker 距离刻度Dose equivalent 剂量当量Dose rate meter 剂量率计Dosemeter 剂量计Double crystal probe 双晶片探头Double probe technique 双探头法Double transceiver technique 双发双收法Double traverse technique 二次波法Dragout 带出Drain time 滴落时间Drain time 流滴时间Drift 漂移Dry method 干法Dry powder 干粉Dry technique 干粉技术Dry developer 干显像剂Dry developing cabinet 干显像柜Dry method 干粉法Drying oven 干燥箱Drying station 干燥工位Drying time 干燥时间D-scope; D-scan D型显示Dual search unit 双探头Dual-focus tube 双焦点管Duplex-wire image quality indicator 双线像质指示器Duration 持续时间Dwell time 停留时间Dye penetrant 着色渗透剂Dynamic leak test 动态泄漏检测Dynamic leakage measurement 动态泄漏测量Dynamic range 动态范围Dynamic radiography 动态射线透照术Echo 回波Echo frequency 回波频率Echo height 回波高度Echo indication 回波指示Echo transmittance of sound pressure 往复透过率Echo width 回波宽度Eddy current 涡流Eddy current flaw detector 涡流探伤仪Eddy current testiog 涡流检测Edge 端面Edge effect 边缘效应Edge echo 棱边回波Edge effect 边缘效应Effective depth penetration （EDP）有效穿透深度Effective focus size 有效焦点尺寸Effective magnetic permeability 有效磁导率Effective permeability 有效磁导率Effective reflection surface of flaw 缺陷有效反射面Effective resistance 有效电阻Elastic medium 弹性介质Electric displacement 电位移Electrical center 电中心Electrode 电极Electromagnet 电磁铁Electro-magnetic acoustic transducer 电磁声换能器Electromagnetic induction 电磁感应Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射Electromagnetic testing 电磁检测Electro-mechanical coupling factor 机电耦合系数Electron radiography 电子辐射照相术Electron volt 电子伏恃Electronic noise 电子噪声Electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂Emulsification 乳化Emulsification time 乳化时间Emulsifier 乳化剂Encircling coils 环绕式线圈End effect 端部效应Energizing cycle 激励周期Equalizing filter 均衡滤波器Equivalent 当量Equivalent I．Q. I. Sensitivity 象质指示器当量灵敏度Equivalent nitrogen pressure 等效氮压Equivalent penetrameter sensifivty 透度计当量灵敏度Equivalent method 当量法Erasabl optical medium 可探光学介质Etching 浸蚀Evaluation 评定Evaluation threshold 评价阈值Event count 事件计数Event count rate 事件计数率Examination area 检测范围Examination region 检验区域Exhaust pressure/discharge pressure 排气压力Exhaust tubulation 排气管道Expanded time-base sweep 时基线展宽Exposure 曝光Exposure table 曝光表格Exposure chart 曝光曲线Exposure fog 曝光灰雾Exposure，radiographic exposure 曝光，射线照相曝光Extended source 扩展源Facility scattered neutrons 条件散射中子False indication 假指示Family 族Far field 远场Feed-through coil 穿过式线圈Field，resultant magnetic 复合磁场Fill factor 填充系数Film speed 胶片速度Film badge 胶片襟章剂量计Film base 片基Film contrast 胶片对比度Film gamma 胶片γ值Film processing 胶片冲洗加工Film speed 胶片感光度Film unsharpness 胶片不清晰度Film viewing screen 观察屏Filter 滤波器/滤光板Final test 复探Flat-bottomed hole 平底孔Flat-bottomed hole equivalent 平底孔当量Flaw 伤Flaw characterization 伤特性Flaw echo 缺陷回波Flexural wave 弯曲波Floating threshold 浮动阀值Fluorescence 荧光Fluorescent examination method 荧光检验法Fluorescent magnetic particle inspection 荧光磁粉检验Fluorescent dry deposit penetrant 干沉积荧光渗透剂Fluorescent light 荧光Fluorescent magnetic powder 荧光磁粉Fluorescent penetrant 荧光渗透剂Fluorescent screen 荧光屏Fluoroscopy 荧光检查法Flux leakage field 磁通泄漏场Flux lines 磁通线Focal spot 焦点Focal distance 焦距Focus length 焦点长度Focus size 焦点尺寸Focus width 焦点宽度Focus(electron) 电子焦点Focused beam 聚焦声束Focusing probe 聚焦探头Focus-to-film distance(f.f.d) 焦点-胶片距离（焦距）Fog 底片灰雾Fog density 灰雾密度Footcandle 英尺烛光Freguency 频率Frequency constant 频率常数Fringe 干涉带Front distance 前沿距离Front distance of flaw 缺陷前沿距离Full- wave direct current（FWDC）全波直流Fundamental frequency 基频Furring 毛状迹痕Gage pressure 表压Gain 增益Gamma radiography γ射线透照术Gamma ray source γ射线源Gamma ray source container γ射线源容器Gamma rays γ射线Gamma-ray radiographic equipment γ射线透照装置Gap scanning 间隙扫查Gas 气体Gate 闸门Gating technique 选通技术Gauss 高斯Geiger-Muller counter 盖革.弥勒计数器Geometric unsharpness 几何不清晰度Gray(Gy) 戈瑞Grazing incidence 掠入射Grazing angle 掠射角Group velocity 群速度Half life 半衰期Half- wave current （HW）半波电流Half-value layer(HVL) 半值层Half-value method 半波高度法Halogen 卤素Halogen leak detector 卤素检漏仪Hard X-rays 硬X射线Hard-faced probe 硬膜探头Harmonic analysis 谐波分析Harmonic distortion 谐波畸变Harmonics 谐频Head wave 头波Helium bombing 氦轰击法Helium drift 氦漂移Helium leak detector 氦检漏仪Hermetically tight seal 气密密封High vacuum 高真空High energy X-rays 高能X射线Holography (optical) 光全息照相Holography，acoustic 声全息Hydrophilic emulsifier 亲水性乳化剂Hydrophilic remover 亲水性洗净剂Hydrostatic text 流体静力检测Hysteresis 磁滞Hysteresis 磁滞IACS IACSID coil ID线圈Image definition 图像清晰度Image contrast 图像对比度Image enhancement 图像增强Image magnification 图像放大Image quality 图像质量Image quality indicator sensitivity 像质指示器灵敏度Image quality indicator(IQI)/image quality indication 像质指示器Imaging line scanner 图像线扫描器Immersion probe 液浸探头Immersion rinse 浸没清洗Immersion testing 液浸法Immersion time 浸没时间Impedance 阻抗Impedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图Imperfection 不完整性Impulse eddy current testing 脉冲涡流检测Incremental permeability 增量磁导率Indicated defect area 缺陷指示面积Indicated defect length 缺陷指示长度Indication 指示Indirect exposure 间接曝光Indirect magnetization 间接磁化Indirect magnetization method 间接磁化法Indirect scan 间接扫查Induced field 感应磁场Induced current method 感应电流法Infrared imaging system 红外成象系统Infrared sensing device 红外扫描器Inherent fluorescence 固有荧光Inherent filtration 固有滤波Initial permeability 起始磁导率Initial pulse 始脉冲Initial pulse width 始波宽度Inserted coil 插入式线圈Inside coil 内部线圈Inside- out testing 外泄检测Inspection 检查Inspection medium 检查介质Inspection frequency/ test frequency 检测频率Intensifying factor 增感系数Intensifying screen 增感屏Interal,arrival time （Δtij)/arrival time interval（Δtij）到达时间差(Δtij) Interface boundary 界面Interface echo 界面回波Interface trigger 界面触发Interference 干涉Interpretation 解释Ion pump 离子泵Ion source 离子源Ionization chamber 电离室Ionization potential 电离电位Ionization vacuum gage 电离真空计Ionography 电离射线透照术Irradiance，E 辐射通量密度，E Isolation 隔离检测Isotope 同位素K value K值Kaiser effect 凯塞(Kaiser)效应Kilo volt kv 千伏特Kiloelectron volt keV千电子伏特Krypton 85 氪85L／D ratio L/D比Lamb wave 兰姆波Latent image 潜象Lateral scan 左右扫查Lateral scan with oblique angle 斜平行扫查Latitude (of an emulsion) 胶片宽容度Lead screen 铅屏Leak 泄漏孔Leak artifact 泄漏器Leak detector 检漏仪Leak testtion 泄漏检测Leakage field 泄漏磁场Leakage rate 泄漏率Leechs 磁吸盘Lift-off effect 提离效应Light intensity 光强度Limiting resolution 极限分辨率Line scanner 线扫描器Line focus 线焦点Line pair pattern 线对检测图Line pairs per millimetre 每毫米线对数Linear (electron) accelerator(LINAC) 电子直线加速器Linear attenuation coefficient 线衰减系数Linear scan 线扫查Linearity （time or distance）线性（时间或距离）Linearity，anplitude 幅度线性Lines of force 磁力线Lipophilic emulsifier 亲油性乳化剂Lipophilic remover 亲油性洗净剂Liquid penetrant examination 液体渗透检验Liquid film developer 液膜显像剂Local magnetization 局部磁化Local magnetization method 局部磁化法Local scan 局部扫查Localizing cone 定域喇叭筒Location 定位Location accuracy 定位精度Location computed 定位，计算Location marker 定位标记Location upon delta-T 时差定位Location，clusfer 定位，群集Location，continuous AE signal 定位，连续AE信号Longitudinal field 纵向磁场Longitudinal magnetization method 纵向磁化法Longitudinal resolution 纵向分辨率Longitudinal wave 纵波Longitudinal wave probe 纵波探头Longitudinal wave technique 纵波法Loss of back reflection 背面反射损失Loss of back reflection 底面反射损失Love wave 乐甫波Low energy gamma radiation 低能γ辐射Low－enerugy photon radiation 低能光子辐射Luminance 亮度Luminosity 流明Lusec 流西克Maga or million electron volts MeV兆电子伏特Magnetic history 磁化史Magnetic hysteresis 磁性滞后Magnetic particle field indication 磁粉磁场指示器Magnetic particle inspection flaw indications 磁粉检验的伤显示Magnetic circuit 磁路Magnetic domain 磁畴Magnetic field distribution 磁场分布Magnetic field indicator 磁场指示器Magnetic field meter 磁场计Magnetic field strength 磁场强度(H)Magnetic field/field，magnetic 磁场Magnetic flux 磁通Magnetic flux density 磁通密度Magnetic force 磁化力Magnetic leakage field 漏磁场Magnetic leakage flux 漏磁通Magnetic moment 磁矩Magnetic particle 磁粉Magnetic particle indication 磁痕Magnetic particle testing/magnetic particle examination 磁粉检测Magnetic permeability 磁导率Magnetic permeability 磁导率Magnetic pole 磁极Magnetic saturataion 磁饱和Magnetic saturation 磁饱和Magnetic slorage meclium 磁储介质Magnetic writing 磁写Magnetizing 磁化Magnetizing current 磁化电流Magnetizing coil 磁化线圈Magnetostrictive effect 磁致伸缩效应Magnetostrictive transducer 磁致伸缩换能器Main beam 主声束Manual testing 手动检测Markers 时标MA-scope; MA-scan MA型显示Masking 遮蔽Mass attcnuation coefficient 质量吸收系数Mass number 质量数Mass spectrometer （M.S.）质谱仪Mass spectrometer leak detector 质谱检漏仪Mass spectrum 质谱Master/slave discrimination 主从鉴别MDTD 最小可测温度差Mean free path 平均自由程Medium vacuum 中真空Mega or million volt MV兆伏特Micro focus X - ray tube 微焦点X 光管Microfocus radiography 微焦点射线透照术Micrometre 微米Micron of mercury 微米汞柱Microtron 电子回旋加速器Milliampere 毫安（mA）Millimetre of mercury 毫米汞柱Minifocus x- ray tube 小焦点调射线管Minimum detectable leakage rate 最小可探泄漏率Minimum resolvable temperature difference （MRTD）最小可分辨温度差（MRDT）Mode 波型Mode conversion 波型转换Mode transformation 波型转换Moderator 慢化器Modulation transfer function （MTF）调制转换功能（MTF）Modulation analysis 调制分析Molecular flow 分子流Molecular leak 分子泄漏Monitor 监控器Monochromatic 单色波Movement unsharpness 移动不清晰度Moving beam radiography 可动射束射线透照术Multiaspect magnetization method 多向磁化法Multidirectional magnetization 多向磁化Multifrequency eddy current testiog 多频涡流检测Multiple back reflections 多次背面反射Multiple reflections 多次反射Multiple back reflections 多次底面反射Multiple echo method 多次反射法Multiple probe technique 多探头法Multiple triangular array 多三角形阵列Narrow beam condition 窄射束NC NCNear field 近场Near field length 近场长度Near surface defect 近表面缺陷Net density 净黑度Net density 净(光学)密度Neutron 中子Neutron radiograhy 中子射线透照Neutron radiography 中子射线透照术Newton （N）牛顿Nier mass spectrometer 尼尔质谱仪Noise 噪声Noise 噪声Noise equivalent temperature difference （NETD）噪声当量温度差（NETD）Nominal angle 标称角度Nominal frequency 标称频率Non-aqueous liquid developer 非水性液体显像剂Noncondensable gas 非冷凝气体Nondcstructivc Examination（NDE）无损试验Nondestructive Evaluation（NDE）无损评价Nondestructive Inspection（NDI）无损检验Nondestructive Testing（NDT）无损检测Nonerasble optical data 可固定光学数据Nonferromugnetic material 非铁磁性材料Nonrelevant indication 非相关指示Non-screen-type film 非增感型胶片Normal incidence 垂直入射（亦见直射声束）Normal permeability 标准磁导率Normal beam method; straight beam method 垂直法Normal probe 直探头Normalized reactance 归一化电抗Normalized resistance 归一化电阻Nuclear activity 核活性Nuclide 核素Object plane resolution 物体平面分辨率Object scattered neutrons 物体散射中子Object beam 物体光束Object beam angle 物体光束角Object-film distance 被检体-胶片距离Object一film distance 物体- 胶片距离Over development 显影过度Over emulsfication 过乳化Overall magnetization 整体磁化Overload recovery time 过载恢复时间Overwashing 过洗Oxidation fog 氧化灰雾P PPair production 偶生成Pair production 电子对产生Pair production 电子偶的产生Palladium barrier leak detector 钯屏检漏仪Panoramic exposure 全景曝光Parallel scan 平行扫查Paramagnetic material 顺磁性材料Parasitic echo 干扰回波Partial pressure 分压Particle content 磁悬液浓度Particle velocity 质点(振动)速度Pascal （Pa）帕斯卡（帕）Pascal cubic metres per second 帕立方米每秒（Pa•m3/s ）Path length 光程长Path length difference 光程长度差Pattern 探伤图形Peak current 峰值电流Penetrameter 透度计Penetrameter sensitivity 透度计灵敏度Penetrant 渗透剂Penetrant comparator 渗透对比试块Penetrant flaw detection 渗透探伤Penetrant removal 渗透剂去除Penetrant station 渗透工位Penetrant，water- washable 水洗型渗透剂Penetration 穿透深度Penetration time 渗透时间Permanent magnet 永久磁铁Permeability coefficient 透气系数Permeability，a-c 交流磁导率Permeability，d－c 直流磁导率Phantom echo 幻象回波Phase analysis 相位分析Phase angle 相位角Phase controlled circuit breaker 断电相位控制器Phase detection 相位检测Phase hologram 相位全息Phase sensitive detector 相敏检波器Phase shift 相位移Phase velocity 相速度Phase-sensitive system 相敏系统Phillips ionization gage 菲利浦电离计Phosphor 荧光物质Photo fluorography 荧光照相术Photoelectric absorption 光电吸收Photographic emulsion 照相乳剂Photographic fog 照相灰雾Photostimulable luminescence 光敏发光Piezoelectric effect 压电效应Piezoelectric material 压电材料Piezoelectric stiffness constant 压电劲度常数Piezoelectric stress constant 压电应力常数Piezoelectric transducer 压电换能器Piezoelectric voltage constant 压电电压常数Pirani gage 皮拉尼计Pirani gage 皮拉尼计Pitch and catch technique 一发一收法Pixel 象素Pixel size 象素尺寸Pixel，disply size 象素显示尺寸Planar array 平面阵(列)Plane wave 平面波Plate wave 板波Plate wave technique 板波法Point source 点源Post emulsification 后乳化Post emulsifiable penetrant 后乳化渗透剂Post-cleaning 后清除Post-cleaning 后清洗Powder 粉未Powder blower 喷粉器Powder blower 磁粉喷枪Pre-cleaning 预清理Pressure difference 压力差Pressure dye test 压力着色检测Pressure probe 压力探头Pressure testing 压力检测Pressure- evacuation test 压力抽空检测Pressure mark 压痕Pressure,design 设计压力Pre-test 初探Primary coil 一次线圈Primary radiation 初级辐射Probe gas 探头气体Probe test 探头检测Probe backing 探头背衬Probe coil 点式线圈Probe coil 探头式线圈Probe coil clearance 探头线圈间隙Probe index 探头入射点Probe to weld distance 探头-焊缝距离Probe/ search unit 探头Process control radiograph 工艺过程控制的射线照相Processing capacity 处理能力Processing speed 处理速度Prods 触头Projective radiography 投影射线透照术Proportioning probe 比例探头Protective material 防护材料Proton radiography 质子射线透照Pulse 脉冲波Pulse 脉冲Pulse echo method 脉冲回波法Pulse repetition rate 脉冲重复率Pulse amplitude 脉冲幅度Pulse echo method 脉冲反射法Pulse energy 脉冲能量Pulse envelope 脉冲包络Pulse length 脉冲长度Pulse repetition frequency 脉冲重复频率Pulse tuning 脉冲调谐Pump- out tubulation 抽气管道Pump-down time 抽气时间Q factor Q值Quadruple traverse technique 四次波法Quality (of a beam of radiation) 射线束的质Quality factor 品质因数Quenching 阻塞Quenching of fluorescence 荧光的猝灭Quick break 快速断间Rad(rad) 拉德Radiance，L 面辐射率，LRadiant existence，M 幅射照度MRadiant flux；radiant power，ψe辐射通量、辐射功率、ψe Radiation 辐射Radiation does 辐射剂量Radio frequency （r- f）display 射频显示Radio- frequency mass spectrometer 射频质谱仪Radio frequency(r-f) display 射频显示Radiograph 射线底片Radiographic contrast 射线照片对比度Radiographic equivalence factor 射线照相等效系数Radiographic exposure 射线照相曝光量Radiographic inspection 射线检测Radiographic inspection 射线照相检验Radiographic quality 射线照相质量Radiographic sensitivity 射线照相灵敏度Radiographic contrast 射线底片对比度Radiographic equivalence factor 射线透照等效因子Radiographic inspection 射线透照检查Radiographic quality 射线透照质量Radiographic sensitivity 射线透照灵敏度Radiography 射线照相术Radiological examination 射线检验Radiology 射线学Radiometer 辐射计Radiometry 辐射测量术Radioscopy 射线检查法Range 量程Rayleigh wave 瑞利波Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射Real image 实时图像Real-time radioscopy 实时射线检查法Rearm delay time 重新准备延时时间Rearm delay time 重新进入工作状态延迟时间Reciprocity failure 倒易律失效Reciprocity law 倒易律Recording medium 记录介质Recovery time 恢复时间Rectified alternating current 脉动直流电Reference block 参考试块Reference beam 参考光束Reference block 对比试块Reference block method 对比试块法Reference coil 参考线圈Reference line method 基准线法Reference standard 参考标准Reflection 反射Reflection coefficient 反射系数Reflection density 反射密度Reflector 反射体Refraction 折射Refractive index 折射率Refrence beam angle 参考光束角Reicnlbation 网纹Reject; suppression 抑制Rejection level 拒收水平Relative permeability 相对磁导率Relevant indication 相关指示Reluctance 磁阻Rem(rem) 雷姆Remote controlled testing 机械化检测Replenisers 补充剂Representative quality indicator 代表性质量指示器Residual magnetic field/field，residual magnetic 剩磁场Residual technique 剩磁技术Residual magnetic method 剩磁法Residual magnetism 剩磁Resistance （to flow）气阻Resolution 分辨力Resonance method 共振法Response factor 响应系数Response time 响应时间Resultant field 复合磁场Resultant magnetic field 合成磁场Resultant magnetization method 组合磁化法Retentivity 顽磁性Reversal 反转现象Ring-down count 振铃计数Ring-down count rate 振铃计数率Rinse 清洗Rise time 上升时间Rise-time discrimination 上升时间鉴别Rod-anode tube 棒阳极管Roentgen(R) 伦琴Roof angle 屋顶角Rotational magnetic field 旋转磁场Rotational magnetic field method 旋转磁场法Rotational scan 转动扫查Roughing 低真空Roughing line 低真空管道Roughing pump 低真空泵S SSafelight 安全灯Sampling probe 取样探头Saturation 饱和Saturation，magnetic 磁饱和Saturation level 饱和电平Scan on grid lines 格子线扫查Scan pitch 扫查间距Scanning 扫查Scanning index 扫查标记Scanning directly on the weld 焊缝上扫查Scanning path 扫查轨迹Scanning sensitivity 扫查灵敏度Scanning speed 扫查速度Scanning zone 扫查区域Scattared energy 散射能量Scatter unsharpness 散射不清晰度Scattered neutrons 散射中子Scattered radiation 散射辐射Scattering 散射Schlieren system 施利伦系统Scintillation counter 闪烁计数器Scintillator and scintillating crystals 闪烁器和闪烁晶体Screen 屏Screen unsharpness 荧光增感屏不清晰度Screen-type film 荧光增感型胶片SE probe SE探头Search-gas 探测气体Second critical angle 第二临界角Secondary radiation 二次射线Secondary coil 二次线圈Secondary radiation 次级辐射Selectivity 选择性Semi-conductor detector 半导体探测器Sensitirity va1ue 灵敏度值Sensitivity 灵敏度Sensitivity of leak test 泄漏检测灵敏度Sensitivity control 灵敏度控制Shear wave 切变波Shear wave probe 横波探头Shear wave technique 横波法Shim 薄垫片Shot 冲击通电Side lobe 副瓣Side wall 侧面Sievert(Sv) 希(沃特)Signal 信号Signal gradient 信号梯度Signal over load point 信号过载点Signal overload level 信号过载电平Signal to noise ratio 信噪比Single crystal probe 单晶片探头Single probe technique 单探头法Single traverse technique 一次波法Sizing technique 定量法Skin depth 集肤深度Skin effect 集肤效应Skip distance 跨距Skip point 跨距点Sky shine(air scatter) 空中散射效应Sniffing probe 嗅吸探头Soft X-rays 软X射线Soft-faced probe 软膜探头Solarization 负感作用Solenoid 螺线管Soluble developer 可溶显像剂Solvent remover 溶剂去除剂Solvent cleaners 溶剂清除剂Solvent developer 溶剂显像剂Solvent remover 溶剂洗净剂Solvent-removal penetrant 溶剂去除型渗透剂Sorption 吸着Sound diffraction 声绕射Sound insulating layer 隔声层Sound intensity 声强Sound intensity level 声强级Sound pressure 声压Sound scattering 声散射Sound transparent layer 透声层Sound velocity 声速Source 源Source data label 放射源数据标签Source location 源定位Source size 源尺寸Source-film distance 射线源-胶片距离Spacial frequency 空间频率Spark coil leak detector 电火花线圈检漏仪Specific activity 放射性比度Specified sensitivity 规定灵敏度Standard 标准Standard 标准试样Standard leak rate 标准泄漏率Standard leak 标准泄漏孔Standard tast block 标准试块Standardization instrument 设备标准化Standing wave; stationary wave 驻波Step wedge 阶梯楔块Step- wadge calibration film 阶梯楔块校准底片Step- wadge comparison film 阶梯楔块比较底片Step wedge 阶梯楔块Step-wedge calibration film 阶梯-楔块校准片Step-wedge comparison film 阶梯-楔块比较片Stereo-radiography 立体射线透照术Subject contrast 被检体对比度Subsurface discontinuity 近表面不连续性Suppression 抑制Surface echo 表面回波Surface field 表面磁场Surface noise 表面噪声Surface wave 表面波Surface wave probe 表面波探头Surface wave technique 表面波法Surge magnetization 脉动磁化Surplus sensitivity 灵敏度余量Suspension 磁悬液Sweep 扫描Sweep range 扫描范围Sweep speed 扫描速度Swept gain 扫描增益Swivel scan 环绕扫查System exanlillatien threshold 系统检验阈值System inclacel artifacts 系统感生物System noise 系统噪声Tackground，target 目标本底Tandem scan 串列扫查Target 耙Target 靶Television fluoroscopy 电视X射线荧光检查Temperature envelope 温度范围Tenth-value-layer(TVL) 十分之一值层Test coil 检测线圈Test quality level 检测质量水平Test ring 试环Test block 试块Test frequency 试验频率Test piece 试片Test range 探测范围Test surface 探测面Testing，ulrasonic 超声检测Thermal neutrons 热中子Thermocouple gage 热电偶计Thermogram 热谱图Thermography，infrared 红外热成象Thermoluminescent dosemeter(TLD) 热释光剂量计Thickness sensitivity 厚度灵敏度Third critiical angle 第三临界角Thixotropic penetrant 摇溶渗透剂Thormal resolution 热分辨率Threading bar 穿棒Three way sort 三档分选Threshold setting 门限设置Threshold fog 阈值灰雾Threshold level 阀值Threshotd tcnet 门限电平Throttling 节流Through transmission technique 穿透技术Through penetration technique 贯穿渗透法Through transmission technique; transmission technique 穿透法Through-coil technique 穿过式线圈技术Throughput 通气量Tight 密封Total reflection 全反射Totel image unsharpness 总的图像不清晰度Tracer probe leak location 示踪探头泄漏定位Tracer gas 示踪气体Transducer 换能器/传感器Transition flow 过渡流Translucent base media 半透明载体介质Transmission 透射Transmission densitomefer 发射密度计Transmission coefficient 透射系数Transmission point 透射点Transmission technique 透射技术Transmittance，τ透射率τTransmitted film density 检测底片黑度Transmitted pulse 发射脉冲Transverse resolution 横向分辨率Transverse wave 横波Traveling echo 游动回波Travering scan; depth scan 前后扫查Triangular array 正三角形阵列Trigger/alarm condition 触发/报警状态Trigger/alarm level 触发/报警标准Triple traverse technique 三次波法True continuous technique 准确连续法技术Trueattenuation 真实衰减Tube current 管电流Tube head 管头Tube shield 管罩Tube shutter 管子光闸Tube window 管窗Tube-shift radiography 管子移位射线透照术Two-way sort 两档分选Ultra- high vacuum 超高真空Ultrasonic leak detector 超声波检漏仪Ultrasonic noise level 超声噪声电平Ultrasonic cleaning 超声波清洗Ultrasonic field 超声场Ultrasonic flaw detection 超声探伤Ultrasonic flaw detector 超声探伤仪Ultrasonic microscope 超声显微镜Ultrasonic spectroscopy 超声频谱Ultrasonic testing system 超声检测系统Ultrasonic thickness gauge 超声测厚仪Ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射Under development 显影不足Unsharpness 不清晰Useful density range 有效光学密度范围UV-A A类紫外辐射UV-A filter A类紫外辐射滤片Vacuum 真空Vacuum cassette 真空暗盒Vacuum testing 真空检测Vacuum cassette 真空暗合Van de Graaff generator 范德格喇夫起电机Vapor pressure 蒸汽压Vapour degreasing 蒸汽除油Variable angle probe 可变角探头Vee path V型行程Vehicle 载体Vertical linearity 垂直线性Vertical location 垂直定位Visible light 可见光Vitua limage 虚假图像Voltage threshold 电压阈值Voltage threshold 阈值电压Wash station 水洗工位Water break test 水膜破坏试验Water column coupling method 水柱耦合法Water column probe 水柱耦合探头Water path; water distance 水程Water tolerance 水容限Water-washable penetrant 可水洗型渗透剂Wave 波Wave guide acoustic emission 声发射波导杆Wave train 波列Wave from 波形Wave front 波前Wave length 波长Wave node 波节Wave train 波列Wedge 斜楔Wet slurry technique 湿软磁膏技术Wet technique 湿法技术Wet method 湿粉法Wetting action 润湿作用Wetting action 润湿作用Wetting agents 润湿剂Wheel type probe; wheel search unit 轮式探头White light 白光White X-rays 连续X射线Wobble 摆动Wobble effect 抖动效应Working sensitivity 探伤灵敏度Wrap around 残响波干扰Xeroradiography 静电射线透照术X-radiation X射线X-ray controller X射线控制器X-ray detection apparatus X射线探伤装置X-ray film 射线胶片X-ray paper X射线感光纸X-ray tube X射线管X-ray tube diaphragm X射线管光阑Yoke 磁轭Yoke magnetization method 磁轭磁化法Zigzag scan 锯齿扫查。

物理专业英语词汇(F)物理专业英语词汇(F)物理专业英语词汇(F)f bandf 带f centerf 心f center laserf 心激光器f center maserf 心微波激射器f layerf 层f value振子强度f/d ratiof/d 比face centered crystal面心晶体face centered cubic lattice面心立方晶格face centered cubic structure面心立方结构face centered lattice面心点阵factor因子factor group剩余群facula光斑faddeev equation法捷耶夫方程faddeev popov ghost法捷耶夫波波夫鬼态fading衰退;褪色fahrenheit scale华氏温标fahrenheit temperature scale华氏温标fahrenheit thermometer华氏温度计fall降低fall of potential电压降fall time下降时间falling sphere viscometer落球粘度计fallout放射性沉降物false image鬼象family族family of asteroids小行星族family of comets彗星族fano factor法诺因子far field pattern远场图样far infrared远红外区far infrared laser远红外激光器far infrared radiation远红外辐射far infrared rays远红外线far point远点far ultraviolet远紫外区far ultraviolet laser远紫外激光器far ultraviolet radiation紫外线辐射far ultraviolet rays远紫外线farad法faraday法拉第faraday cage法拉第笼faraday cell法拉第盒faraday constant法拉第常数faraday cup法拉第笼faraday dark space法拉第暗区faraday effect磁致旋光faraday rotation磁致旋光faraday tube法拉第管faraday's law法拉第定律farvitron线振质谱仪fast迅速的fast breeder reactor快增殖堆fast fission快中子裂变fast fission effect快中子裂变效应fast fourier transform快速傅里叶变换fast neutron快中子fast neutron reactor快中子堆fast nova快新星fast reactor快中子堆fatigue疲劳fatigue limit疲劳极限fatigue strength疲劳强度fcc structure面心立方结构feedback反馈feedback amplifier反馈放大器feedback circuit反馈电路feedback control反馈控制feedback factor反馈系数feedback ratio反馈比feeder馈电线femto飞femtometer费密femtosecond飞秒femtosecond region飞秒区域fermat's principle费马原理fermi费密fermi acceleration费密加速fermi age费密年龄fermi dirac statistics费密统计法fermi distribution费密分布fermi energy费密能fermi gas费密气体fermi glass费密玻璃fermi hole费密空穴fermi interaction费密相互酌fermi level费密能级fermi liquid费密液体fermi particle费密子fermi pasta ulam problem费密巴斯德乌拉姆问题fermi resonance费密共振fermi selection rule费密选择定则fermi statistics费密统计法fermi surface费密面fermi temperature费密温度fermi transition费密跃迁fermi's golden rule费密黄金定律fermiology费密面学fermion费密子fermionic dark matter费密子暗物质fermium镄ferrielectricity亚电性ferrimagnetic resonance亚铁磁共振ferrimagnetism铁氧体磁性ferrite铁氧体ferrite magnetostrictive vibrator铁氧体磁致伸缩振子ferro resonance铁磁共振ferroelastic phase transition铁弹性相变ferroelasticity铁弹性ferroelectric铁电的ferroelectric domain铁电畴ferroelectric mode铁电模ferroelectric phase transition铁电相变ferroelectric semiconductor铁电半导体ferroelectric substance铁电性材料ferroelectricity铁电性ferrofluid铁磁铃ferromagnet铁磁体ferromagnetic铁磁的ferromagnetic dielectrics铁磁电介质ferromagnetic fluid铁磁铃ferromagnetic material铁磁性材料ferromagnetic resonance铁磁共振ferromagnetic substance铁磁性材料ferromagnetic superconductor铁磁超导体ferromagnetic thin film铁磁薄膜ferromagnetism铁磁性feynman diagram费因曼图feynman path integral费因曼的路径积分feynman spectrum费因曼谱ffag synchrotron固定场交变梯度回旋加速器fiber纤维fiber bundle纤维丛fiber electrometer悬丝静电计fiber laser纤维激光器fiber optics纤维光学fiber structure纤维结构fibonacci semiconductor superlattice菲博纳奇半导体超晶格fibril小纤维fibril structure纤维结构fick's law斐克定律fictitious spin quantum number假想自旋量子数fictitious year假年field场;体field adsorption场吸附field current励磁电流field density场密度field desorption场致退吸field distortion场畸变field distribution场的分布field effect transistor场效应晶体管field electron emission场致电子发射field emission场致发射field emission microscope场致发射显微镜;自动电子显微镜field emitted electron场致发射电子field equation场方程field intensity场强field ion microscope场致离子显微镜field lens场镜field magnet场磁铁field of forces力场field of gravity重力场field of view视场field of vision视场field operator场算符field particle场粒子field quantum场量子field stop场栏field strength场强field structure场结构field theory场论fifth force第五种力fifth fundamental force第五种基本力figure图形figure of merit优值figure of noise噪声指数file文件filled band满带filled level满带能级filled shell满壳层film软片film badge胶片剂量计film boiling膜态沸腾film dosimeter胶片剂量计film type condensation膜状凝结filter滤器滤光器滤波器filtration过滤final product最终产物final state interaction终态相互酌final vacuum极限真空finder取景器finding telescope寻星镜fine particle微粒子fine structure精细结构fine structure constant精细结构常数fine structure splitting精细结构劈裂finesse锐度finite difference method差分法finite element method有限元法finite group有限群finite universe有限宇宙fireball火球fireball model火球模型first harmonics基波first integral初积分first law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律first order phase transition一级相转变first point of aries春分点first quarter上弦first resonance一次共振first sound第一次声波fish finder鱼群探测器fissible可裂变的fissile可裂变的fissile nucleus可分裂的核fissility可分变性fission分裂fission chain reaction裂变链式反应fission chamber裂变室fission counter裂变计数器fission energy裂变能量fission event裂变事件fission fragment裂变碎片fission neutron裂变中子fission yield裂变产额fissionable可裂变的fissionable nucleus可裂变核fissioning isomer裂变同质异能素fit适合five minute oscillations五分钟振动fixation定影fixed capacitor固定电容器fixed point定点fixed resistor固定电阻器fixed star恒星fixing定影fixing solution定影液fizeau fringe菲佐条纹fizeau interferometer菲佐干涉仪flame火焰flame photometer火焰光度计flame photometry火焰光度法flame spectrum火焰光谱flare太阳耀斑flare star耀星flash闪光flash of light闪光flash photolysis闪烁光解flash spectrum闪光光谱flat surface平面flatness problem平坦性问题flattening扁率flavor味flexibility挠性flexible polymer挠性聚合体flexural rigidity弯曲刚度flexural strength抗挠强度flexure挠曲flexure vibration弯曲振动flicker闪烁flicker effect闪烁效应flicker noise闪变噪声flicker photometer闪烁光度计flight path飞越距离flight time飞越时间flint glass火石玻璃flip flop触发器flip flop circuit双稳态触发电路floating body浮体floating point representation浮点表示floating zone melting method浮区熔炼法flocculation凝聚flood and ebb潮汐flooding溢流floppy disk软磁盘flow流flow birefringence怜双折射flow counter柳式计数管flow dichroism怜二色性flow equation怜方程flow parameter怜参数flow pattern镣flow proportional counter怜正比计数器flow rate量flow visualization辽视化flowmeter量计fluctuating force涨落力fluctuation起伏fluctuation dissipation theorem涨落耗散定理fluctuon起伏量子fluent变数fluid铃fluid dynamics铃动力学fluid elasticity水弹性fluid model铃模型fluidal铃的fluidic铃的fluidity怜性fluorescence荧光fluorescence center荧光中心fluorescence dosimeter荧光剂量计fluorescence spectrophotometer荧光分光光度计fluorescence spectrum荧光光谱fluorescence yield荧光产额fluorescent萤光的fluorescent indicator tube荧光指示管fluorescent lamp荧光灯fluorescent material萤光材料fluorescent radiation特狰射fluorescent scattering荧光散射fluorescent screen荧光屏fluorescent x rays荧光x 射线fluorimeter荧光计fluorine氟fluorite structure萤石型结构fluorography荧光照相法fluorometer荧光计fluorometric analysis荧光分析fluoroscope荧光镜fluoroscopy荧光检查法fluorspar structure萤石型结构flux通量flux creep磁通量蠕变flux density通量密度flux flow磁通量流flux jump磁通量跃变flux method熔剂法flux motion磁通量运动flux of energy能通量flux of light光通量flux of radiation辐射通量flux pinning通量锁住flux pump通量泵flux quantization磁通量量子化flux quantum磁通量子fluxmeter磁通计fluxoid磁通量子fluxon磁通量子fly苍蝇座flying spot electron microscope扫描电子显微镜fm receiver档接受器focal distance焦距focal length焦距focal line焦线focal plane焦面focal point焦点focal power光焦度focal surface焦曲面fock representation福克表示fock space福克空间focometer焦距计focon聚焦锥focus焦点focused ion beam聚焦离子束focusing倒focusing camera倒照相机focusing coil聚焦线圈focusing cone聚焦锥focusing lens聚焦透镜focusing quadrupole magnet聚焦四极磁铁focuson聚焦子foil箔fokker planck equation福克普朗克方程follow up control随动控制foot pound second system英尺磅秒单位制forbidden禁戒的forbidden band禁带forbidden decay禁戒衰变forbidden line禁线forbidden lines in astrophysics天体物理学中的禁线forbidden reflection禁戒反射forbidden transition禁戒跃迁forbiddenness禁戒force力force function力函数force of attraction引力force of gravity重力force of inertia惯性力force of repulsion斥力force of rolling friction滚动摩擦力force of sliding friction滑动摩擦力force polygon力的多边形force triangle力的三角形forced circulation强制循环forced convection强制对流forced emission强迫发射forced oscillations受迫振荡forced vibration受迫振荡forced vortex强迫涡流fore vacuum前级真空forecast预报forecast of solar activity太阳活动预告foreign atom杂质原子forepump预备真空泵fork mounting叉式装置form drag型阻form factor形状因子formant共振峰formation of order秩序形成formula公式formulation公式化fornax天炉座fortran程序语言forward scattering前方散射foucault currents涡电流foucault knife edge test傅科刀口检验foucault's pendulum傅科摆fountain effect喷水效应four current四维电流four dimensional space四维空间four dimensional structure of the universe宇宙四维结构four dimensionality四维性four factor formula四因子公式four force四维力four momentum四维动量four potential四维势four terminal network四端网络four vector四维矢four velocity四维速度four wave mixing四波混合fourier component谐波分量fourier integral傅里叶积分fourier number傅里叶数fourier series傅里叶级数fourier spectroscopy傅里叶光谱学fourier transform hologram傅里叶变换全息图fourier transform spectrometer傅里叶光谱仪fourier transformation傅里叶变换fourth sound第四次声波fractal分形fractal dimension分形维数fractional charge分数电荷fractional crystallization分级结晶fractional quantum hall effect分数量子霍尔效应fracton分形子fracture破裂fracture mechanics断裂力学fragility脆性frame antenna环形天线frame of reference参考系francium钫franck condon principle富兰克康登原理franck hertz's experiment富兰克赫兹实验frank read source弗朗克里德源franklin富兰克林fraunhofer diffraction夫琅和费衍射fraunhofer hologram夫琅和费全息图fraunhofer line夫琅和费谱线fre量子free自由的free charge自由电荷free convection自由对流自然对流free electron自由电子free electron laser自由电子激光器free energy自由能free energy of activation激活的自由能free field自由场free free transition自由自由跃迁free group自由群free gyroscope自由陀螺仪free motion自由运动free neutron自由中子free oscillation自由振动free path自由程free pendulum自由摆free rotation自由旋转free space自由空间free state自由态free surface自由面free system自由系free vibration自由振动free volume自由体积free volume theory自由体积理论freedom自由freezing凝固freezing mixture冷冻剂freezing point凝固点frenkel defect夫伦克尔缺陷frenkel exciton夫伦克尔激子frequency频率frequency analysis频率分析frequency band频带frequency characteristic频率特性frequency converter变频器frequency converter tube变频管frequency counter频率计数器frequency divider分频器frequency domain频域frequency factor频率因子frequency meter频率计frequency modulation档frequency multiplier倍频器频率倍增器frequency range频率范围frequency response频率响应frequency response method频率特性法frequency shift移频frequency spectrum频谱frequency stability频率稳定度frequency stabilized laser稳频激光器frequency transfer function频率传递函数fresnel diffraction菲涅耳衍射fresnel half period zones菲涅耳半周期带fresnel hologram菲涅耳全息图fresnel lens菲涅耳透镜fresnel prism菲涅耳棱镜fresnel rhomb菲涅耳斜方系fresnel zone菲涅耳带fresnel's biprism菲涅耳双棱镜fresnel's dragging coefficient菲涅耳曳引系数fresnel's zone plate菲涅耳波带片friction摩擦friction coefficient摩擦系数friction cone摩擦锥friction layer摩擦层friction loss摩擦损失friction of fluid lubrication液体润滑摩擦frictional drag摩擦阻力frictional electricity摩擦电frictional force摩擦力frictional oscillation摩擦振动frictional resistance摩擦阻力friedel sum rule弗里德尔的求和定则friedmann equation弗里德曼方程friedmann universe弗里德曼宇宙frigorimeter深冷温度计fringes with white light白光干涉条纹froude number弗劳德数frozen in magnetic field冻结磁场frustrated total internal reflection衰减全内反射frustration抑止ft valueft 值fuel assembly燃料组件fuel cell燃料电池fuel cycle燃料循环fuel regeneration燃料再生fuel reprocessing燃料再生fuel rod燃料元件棒fugacity挥发性fulcrum支点full load满载full moon望月full wave rectification全波整流full width at half maximum半宽度fullerene球壳状碳分子function函数functional泛函functional analysis泛函分析functional ceramics机能陶瓷functional derivative泛函微分fundamental absorption基本吸收fundamental catalog基本星表fundamental constants基本常数fundamental doublet基本双重线fundamental frequency基频率fundamental interaction基本相互酌fundamental law基本定律fundamental magnitude基本量fundamental mode郑fundamental particle基础粒子fundamental research基础研究fundamental series伯格曼系fundamental star基本星fundamental theorem基本定理fundamental tone基音fundamental unit基本单位furnace炉furry's theorem弗里定理fuse熔断器保险丝fused quartz熔融石英fusible alloy易熔合金fusing point熔点fusion熔化fusion fission hybrid reactor核聚变裂变混合反应堆fusion point熔点fusion reaction聚变反应fusion reactor热核堆fusion temperature聚变温度物理专业英语词汇(F) 相关内容:。

物理专业词汇英语翻译物理专业词汇英语翻译1/8 fluctuation 1/8 起伏1/f noise 1/f 噪声1/n expansion 1/n 展开3k cosmic blackbody radiation 3k 宇宙黑体辐射4 counter 4 计数器a battery a 电池组a posteriori probability 后验概率a prioriprobability 先验概率a15 structure a15结构abbe coefficient阿贝数abbe invariant 阿贝不变量abbe number 阿贝数abbe prism 阿贝棱镜abberefractometer 阿贝折射计abbe sinecondition 阿贝正弦条件abel theorem 阿贝尔定理abelian group 可换群abelian integral阿贝尔积分aberage life 平均寿命aberration 象差aberrationconstant 光行差常数aberration oflight 光行差aberrationalellipse 光行差椭圆ablation 烧蚀abm state abm 态abnormal 反常的abnormal cathode fall 反常阴极势降abnormal crystallization 异常晶化abnormal dispersion 异常色散abnormal glow 反常辉光放电abnormal grain growth 反常晶粒生长abnormal liquid反常液体abnormalreflection 异常反射abnormal series反常系abrasion 磨损abrasion test 磨损试验abrasives 研磨材料abrikosov'sstructure of fluxlines 阿布里科蓑磁通线结构absence ofgravity 失重absolute 绝对的absoluteacceleration 绝对加速度absolute angularmomentum 绝对角动量3absolute atomicweight 原子的绝对重量absolute blackbody 绝对黑体absoluteconfiguration 绝对组态absolute counting 绝对计数absolute electrometer 绝对静电计absolute electrostatic system 绝对静电制absolute error 绝对误差absolute geopotential 绝对位势absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute index ofrefraction 绝对折射率absoluteinstability 绝对不稳定性absolutemagnitude 绝对星等absolutemeasurement 绝对测量absolute motion绝对运动absolute ohm 绝对欧姆absolute orbit 绝对轨道absolutepermeability 绝对磁导率absolutepermittivity 绝对电容率absolutepressure 绝对压力absolute rest 绝对静止absolute restframe 绝对静止系absolute rotation绝对转动absolute scale绝对度标absolute space绝对空间absolute stability 绝对稳定absolute system of units 绝对单位制absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute temperature scale 绝对温标absolute thermometer 绝对温度表absolute time 绝对时空间absolute topography 绝对形势absolute unit 绝对单位absolute vacuumgage 绝对真空计absolute velocity绝对速度absoluteviscosity 绝对粘度absolute vorticity绝对涡度absolute weight绝对重量absolute zero 绝对零度absolute zeropoint 绝对零度absorb 吸收absorbed dose吸收剂量absorbent 吸收剂absorber 吸收体absorbingmedium 吸收媒质4absorptiometer吸收计absorption 吸收absorption band吸收带absorptioncoefficient 吸收系数absorption cross section 吸收截面absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption edge 吸收端absorption equilibrium 吸收平衡absorption factor 吸收因子absorption filter 吸收滤光器absorption hygrometer 吸收湿度表absorption index吸收指数absorption jump吸收跃迁absorption limit吸收端absorption line吸收线absorptionmethod 吸收法absorptionmodel 吸收模型absorption ofsound 声的吸收absorptionspectrometer 吸收光谱仪absorptionspectroscopy 吸收光谱学absorptionspectrum 吸收光谱absorption test吸收试验absorptive 吸收的absorptive power吸收本领absorptivity 吸收本领abstract algebra抽象代数abstract group抽象群abstract space抽象空间abstraction 抽象abundance of elements 元素的丰度ac bias 交莲压ac circuit 交羚路ac galvanometer 交羚疗ac voltage 交羚压accelerated motion 加速运动accelerating chamber 加速室accelerating electrode 加速电极accelerating field 加速场accelerating gap加速隙缝acceleratingperiod 加速周期accelerating slit加速隙缝accelerating tube加速管acceleratingvoltage 加速电压acceleration 加速度5accelerationcavity 加速共振腔acceleration gap加速隙acceleration ofgravity 重力加速度accelerator 加速器accelerometer加速计acceptance 肯定acceptor 受主acceptor center受中心acceptorimpurity 受钟质acceptor level 受周级access 选取access speed 选取速度access time 选取时间accessibility 可达性accessible point 可达点accessories 附件accidental coincidence 偶然符合accidental degeneracy 偶然退化accidental error 偶然误差accidentalreflection 偶然反射acclimation 气候驯化acclimatization气候驯化acclimazation 气候驯化accommodation第accommodationcoefficient 适应系数accommodationof the eye 眼的第accord 和音accreting blackhole model 吸积黑洞模型accretion 吸积accretion disk 吸积盘accumulateddose 累积剂量accumulatederror 累积误差accumulatedtemperature 积温accumulation 蓄集accumulationlayer 累积层accumulationpoint 聚点accumulation ring 累积环accumulator 二次电池accuracy 准确度accuracy grade 准确度accuracy of measurement 测量精确度accuracy of readings 读数准确度accuracy rating 准确度acetone 丙酮6 achondrite 无球粒陨石achromat 消色差透镜achromatic 消色的achromatic color无彩色achromaticcondition 消色差achromatic lens消色差透镜achromaticprism 消色差棱镜achromaticquarter waveprism 四分之一波长消色棱镜achromaticsensation 无色感觉achromaticstimulus 无色剌激achromatism 消色差acid 酸acnod 孤点acoumeter 测听计acount 计算acoustic 声的acousticabsorptioncoefficient 吸声系数acoustic absorptivity 吸声系数acoustic admittance 声导纳acoustic analysis 声分析acoustic conductivity 声导率acoustic diffraction 声衍射acoustic dispersion 声弥散acousticdisturbance 声扰动acoustic electronspin resonance声电子自旋共振acousticemission 声发射acoustic far field远程声场acoustic field 声场acoustic filter 滤声器acousticfraunhofer field夫琅和费声场acousticfrequency 音频acoustic fresnelfield 非涅耳声场acoustic gravitywave 声力波acoustic image声象acousticimpedance 声阻抗acousticinstrument 声学仪器acousticinterferometer声波干涉计acoustic lens 声透镜acoustic line 声传输线acoustic load 声负载acoustic material 吸音材料acoustic measurement 声学量度acoustic microscope 超声显微镜acoustic mode 声学模7acoustic near field 近程声场acoustic nuclear magnetic resonance 声核磁共振acoustic ohm 声欧姆acousticparamagneticresonance 声顺磁共振acoustic power声功率acousticpressure 声压acoustic radiator声辐射体acousticreactance 声抗acousticresistance 声阻acousticresonance 声共振acousticresonator 声共振器acoustic shadow声影acoustic signal声信号acousticsounding 声学探测acousticstreaming 声风acoustictransducer 声能转换器acoustic transformer 声变换器acoustic velocity 声速acoustic wave 声波acoustic wind 声风acoustical 声的acoustical holography 声全息学acoustical spectroscopy 声谱学acoustically induced birefringence 声诱发双折射acoustics 声学acoustimeter 声强计acoustodynamic声动力学的acoustoelectricamplification 声电放大acoustoelectriceffect 声电效应acoustoelectroninteraction 声电子相互酌acoustoelectronics 声电子学acoustomagnetoelectric effect 声磁电效应acoustoopticeffect 光声效应acoustooptical声光的acoustoopticalmodulator 声光灯器acoustooptical qswitch 声光q 开关acoustoopticalradiospectrometer 声光射电光谱仪acoustooptics声光学acre 英亩acrobatic metal 特技的金属acryl resin 丙烯酸尸actinic 有光化性的actinic photometer 光化光度计actinic rays 光化射线8actinic value of light 光化度actinides 锕系actinism 光化酌actinium 锕actiniumemanation 锕射气actinium series锕系actinograph 日射仪actinoid nuclei锕系元素核actinometer 日射表actinometry 辐射测量;光能强度测定actinomorphy 辐射对称性actinon 锕射气action 酌action at adistance 超距酌action centre ofthe atmosphere大气活动中心action integral酌积分action principle酌原理action spectrum酌谱action throughmedium 媒递酌action variable酌变量activated 激化了的activated adsorption 活性吸附activated atom 激活原子activated molecule 激活分子activating agent 活化剂activation 活化activation analysis 放射化分析activation cross section 放射化截面activation energy 激活能activationmethod 激活法activator 活化剂active 活性的active carbon 活性炭active current 有效电流active front 活跃锋active galacticnucleus 活动星系核active galaxy 活动星系active hydrogen活性氢active laserelement 激活激光元件active laserspectroscopy 活性激光光谱学active lasersubstance 激活物质active lattice 放射性栅格active locking 受迫模同步active material放射材料9active network 有源网络active oxygen 活性氧active power 有效功率active product 放射性产物active prominence 活动日珥active q switching 激活q 开关active sun 活动太阳active volcano 活火山activity 放射性activitycoefficient 活度系数activity unit 放射性单位actual 真实的actual load 有效的acumulativetemperature 积温acute 尖锐acute angle 锐角acute angled 锐角的acute angledtriangle 锐角三角形acute triangle 锐角三角形acuteness 锐度acyclic 非循环的ada ada 语言adamantineluster 金刚光泽adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adaptive antenna自适应天线adaptive optics自适应光学adaptometer 适应测量计adatom 吸附原子add 加add circuit 加法电路addend 加数adder 加法器adding element 求和器addition 加法additional 加法的additional code 补码additional heating 附加加热additional mass 附加质量additive 加法的additive group加法群additive method加色法additive property加和性additive theoryof numbers 加性数论10additivity 加和性address 地址address part 地址部分address register地址寄存器adenosinetriphosphate 三磷酸腺苷adequate 适合的adhere 粘着adherence 附着adhesion 附着adhesive force附着力adhesives 粘接剂adiabat 绝热线adiabatic 绝热的adiabaticapproximation绝热近似adiabaticatmosphere 绝热大气adiabatic calorimeter 绝热式量热器adiabatic change 绝热变化adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却adiabatic curve 绝热线adiabatic demagnetization 绝热退磁adiabatic equilibrium 绝热平衡adiabaticexpansion 绝热膨胀adiabaticexponent 绝热指数adiabatic freeexpansion 绝热自由膨胀adiabatic heating绝热增温adiabatichypothesis 绝热假说adiabatic index绝热指数adiabaticinvariant 绝热不变量adiabatic lapserate 绝热温度梯度adiabaticmagneticsusceptibility 绝热磁化率adiabatic nucleardemagnetization绝热核去磁adiabaticpotential curve绝热势能曲线adiabaticpotential surface绝热位势面adiabaticprinciple 浸渐原理adiabatic process 绝热过程adiabatic pulsations 绝热脉动adiabatic temperature gradient 绝热温度梯度adiabatic theorem 绝热定理adiabaticity 绝热性adiabatics 绝热线adjacent angles邻角adjacent side 邻边adjointdifferentialequation 伴随微分方程11adjoint operator伴随算符adjoint system伴随系adjunct 代数余子式adjunction 附加adjustable point可定点adjustment 蝶admissible 容许的admissible error容许误差admissible value容许值admittance 导纳admittancematrix 导纳矩阵adsorb 吸附adsorbate 吸附物adsorbed atom吸附原子adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption capacity 吸附本领adsorption isotherm 等温吸附式adsorption structure 吸附结构advance of periastron 拱线运动advanced potential 超前势advancing wave 前进波advection 平流平移advection fog 平另advective 平聊aeolian tone 风吹声aerial 空气的aerial survey 航空测量aeroacoustics 空气声学aerobiology 高空生物学aeroclimatology高空气候学aerodone 滑翔机aerodynamicbalance 空气动力天秤aerodynamicdrag 空气阻力aerodynamicfocus 气动力学焦点aerodynamicheating 气动力加热aerodynamic lift气动升力aerodynamicresistance 空气阻力aerodynamics 空气动力学aerogel 气凝胶aerohypsometer 航空测高计aerolite 石陨星aerological 高空气象学的aerological diagram 高空图解12aerology 高空气象学aeromagnetics 航空磁学aeromechanics 空气力学aerometer 气体比重计aeronautical 航空的aeronauticalmeteorologicalobservation 航空气象观测aeronauticalmeteorologicalstation 航空气象站aeronauticalmeteorology 航空气象学aeronautics 航空学aeronomy 高层大气物理aerophysics 航空物理学aeroplane 飞机aeroport 航空航aerosol 气溶胶aerospacescience 空间航空科学aerostatics 气体静力学affine 仿射的affinecoordinates 仿射坐标affine geometry仿射几何affine space 仿射空间affine transformation 仿射变换affinity 亲合势affirmation 肯定affix 标出afocal 非焦点的after discharge 后续放电after heat 残热afterglow 余辉afterimage 残留影象aftershock 余震age 陈化age determination 测定年代age equation 年龄方程age hardening时效硬化age of the moon月龄age theory 年龄理论ageostrophicwind 非地转风aggregate 聚合体aggregation 聚集aging 时效agonic line 无偏线agreement 一致agriculturalclimatology 农业气候学agriculturalmeteorology 农业气象学13agroclimatology农业气候学agrometeorology农业气象学agrophysics 农业物理学aharonov bohmeffect 阿哈拉诺夫玻姆效应air capacitor 空气电容器air cell 空气电池air chamber 气室air compressor 空气压缩机air condenser 空气电容器air coolant 冷却空气air cooler 空气冷却器air cooling 空气冷却air coordinates 空间座标air current 气流air earth current地空电流air flow 气流air gap 气隙air glow 气辉air insulation 空气绝缘air ionizationchamber 空气电离室air mass 气团air mass analysis气团分析air massclassification 气团分类air massmodification 气团变性air massthunderstorm 气团雷暴air monitor 大气污染监视器空气监测器air pocket 气囊air pressure 空气压力air proof 气密的air pump 空气泵air resistance 空气阻力air shower 空气簇射air streamline 空气吝air temperature 气温air thermometer 空气温度表air tight 气密的airborne holography 空中全息照相aircraft observation 飞机观测airplane 飞机airtight packing 气密密封airy pattern 埃里图样airy's disk 埃里斑albedo 反照率albedometry 反射率测定法14alchemy 炼金术alcohol 醇alcoholthermometer 酒精温度表alder transition阿尔得跃迁aleph zero 阿列夫零alexandrite laser翠绿宝石激光器algebra 代数algebraiccomplement 代数余子式algebraiccorrespondence代数对应algebraic curve代数曲线algebraicequation 代数方程algebraicexpression 代数式algebraicfunction 代数函数algebraic geometry 代数几何algebraic polynomial 代数多项式algebraic sum 代数和algebraic surface 代数曲面algebraic system 代数系algebraic variety 代数族algebroidal function 代数型函数algevraic 代数的algol 算法语言algol typeeclipsing binary大陵变星algol variable 大陵变星algorithm 算法algorithmiclanguage 算法语言alidade 照准仪aligned nuclei 排列整齐的核;线列核alignment 定向alignment chart列线图alkali 碱alkali halide 碱金属卤化物alkaline battery碱性蓄电池alkaline earthmetal 碱土金属all weatherremote sensing全天候遥测allende meteorite艾伦德陨星allobar 变压区allochromatic 假色的allomerism 异质同晶allomorphic 同质异晶的allomorphism 同质异晶allotrope 同素异形体allotropic 同素异形的allotropic modification 同素异形变态15allotropic transformation 同素异形变换allotropy 同素异形allow 容许allowable 容许的allowable error容许误差allowable stress容许应力allowabletransition 容许跃迁allowed energyband 容许能带allowed line 容许谱线allowedtransition 容许跃迁alloy 合金alloy diffusedtransistor 合金扩散晶体管alloy diffusiontransistor 合金扩散晶体管alloy junction 合金结alloy junctiondiode 合金结二极管alloy junctiontransistor 合金结型晶体管alloyed steel 合金钢alloyedtransistor 合金晶体管almanac 天文年历almost everywhere 几平处处almost periodic function 殆周期函数almucantar 等高圈alnico 阿尔尼科合金alpha decay 衰变alpha disintegration 衰变alpha emitter 发射体alpha iron 铁alpha particle 粒子alpha particlemodel of nucleus核的粒子模型alpha phase 相alpha process 过程alpha radiation辐射alpha radioactive放射性的alpharadioactivity 放射能alpha rayspectrometer 谱仪alpha rays 射线alpha spectrum射线谱alphanumeric 字母数字式alphatronvacuum gage 真空计altar 天坛座altazimuth 地平经纬仪alternate angles错角alternating 变号的alternating current 交流16alternating current bridge 交羚桥alternating current josephson effect 约瑟夫逊效应alternating field 交变场alternating gradient focusing 强聚焦alternating gradient synchrotron 交变磁场梯度同步加速alternating group交代群alternating load交变负载alternating series交错级数alternation 交错alternative 必择其一altimeter 高度表altitude 高度altitude effect 高度效应altitude rocket高空火箭alto 女中音altocumulus 高积云altostratus 高层云aluminium 铝aluminium alloy铝合金aluminiumelectrolyticcapacitor 铝电解电容器aluminizing 铍铝alundum 人造刚玉amagat 阿马伽amagatmanometer 阿马伽压力计amalgam 汞齐amalgamation 汞齐化amber 琥珀ambient 周围的ambient pressure 环境压力ambient temperature 周围温度ambipolar diffusion 双极扩散americium 镅ametropia 眼反常amici's prism 阿米吴镜ammeter 安培计ammonia 氨ammonia maser氨分子微波激射器ammonia water氨水ammonium 铵amorphous 无定形的amorphous body非晶体amorphouscarbon 无定形碳amorphousmagneticmaterial 非晶磁材料amorphousmagnetism 非晶体磁性17amorphousmetal 非晶态金属amorphoussemiconductor非晶态半导体amorphous state非晶态amorphoussubstance 无定形物质amount 数量amount of evaporation 蒸发量amount of information 信息量amount of precipitation 降水量amount of substance 物质量ampere 安ampere hour 安时ampere meter 安培计ampere second安秒ampere turn 安匝ampere turn permeter 每米安匝数ampere turns 安匝数amphoteric 两性的amphoteric ion两性离子amplidyne 放大发电机amplification 放大amplificationconstant 放大系数amplificationfactor 放大系数amplifiedspontaneousemission 放大自发射amplifier 放大器amplifying tube放大管amplitude 振幅amplitudecharacteristic 振幅特性amplitudediscriminator 脉冲高度鉴别器amplitude distortion 振幅失真amplitude function 振幅函数amplitude mode 振幅模amplitude modulated oscillations 爹振荡amplitude modulation 爹amplitude reflectance 振幅反射度amplitude selector 振幅选择器amplitudetransmittance 振幅透过率anabatic wind 谷风anaclastics 屈光学anafront 上滑锋anallobar 正变压中心analog 数学模型analog circuit 模拟电路analog computer模拟计算机analog method相似法18analog signal 模拟信号analog switch 模拟开关analog to digitalconversion 模拟数字转换analog to digitalconverter a d 变换器模数变换器analogous 类似的analogue 数学模型analogue computer 模拟计算机analogue display 相似表示analogue method 相似法analogy 模拟analyser 分析器analysis 分析analysis centre 分析中心analysis of covariance 协方差解析analysis of variance 方差分析analysis ofweather map 天气图分析analysis situs 拓扑学analytic 分析的analyticcontinuation 解析开拓analytic curve 分析曲线analyticdynamics 解析动力学analyticexpression 分析式analytic form 分析形式analytic function解析函数analyticgeometry 分析几何学analytic line 分析线analytic manifold分析簇analytic method分析法analyticperturbationtheory 解析微扰论analytic set 分析集analytic signal 分析信号analytic transformation 分析变换analytic vector 解析向量analytical balance 分析天平analytical dynamics 分析力学analytical mechanics 分析力学analyzer 分析器analyzing magnet 磁分析器anamorphoticlens 象歪曲透镜anastigmat 消象散透镜anastigmatic 去象散的anastigmaticlens 消象散透镜anastigmatism消象散性anchor ring 锚环19and circuit 与电路and or circuit 与或电路andersonlocalization 安德森定域anderson model安德森模型andersonorthogonalitytheorem 安德森正交定理anderson'sdelocalizationtheory 安德森非定域理论andreevreflection 安德列耶夫反射andromeda 仙女座andromedagalaxy 仙女座星云andromeda nebula 仙女座星云anechoic 无回声的anechoic chamber 无回声室anechoic room 静室anelasticity 滞弹性anemogram 风力自记曲线anemograph 风速计anemometer 风速表anemoscope 测风器风速仪anergy 无力aneroidbarograph 膜盒气压表aneroidbarometer 空盒气压表angle 角angle at centre中心角angle correlation角关联angle of advance超前角angle of attack迎角angle of contact接触角angle ofcontingence 切线角angle ofdeclination 偏角angle ofdeflection 偏转角angle ofdeviation 偏向角angle ofdiffraction 衍射角angle of friction摩擦角angle of incidence 入射角angle of intersection 交叉角angle of lag 滞后角angle of lead 超前角angle of minimum deviation 最小偏角angle of polarization 偏振角angle of reflection 反射角angle ofrefraction 折射角angle of rotation旋转角angle ofscattering 散射角angle of slide 滑动角20angle of view 视角angle preserving保角的angle preservingmap 保角映象angstrom 埃angstrom unit 埃单位angular 角的angularacceleration 角加速度angularcoefficient 角系数angularcoordinates 角座标angularcorrelation 角关联angularderivative 角微离angular dispersion 角色散angular displacement 角位移angular distance 角距angular distribution 角分布angular frequency 角频angular magnification 角放大率angular measure 角度angularmomentum 角动量angularmomentumconservation law角动量守恒定律angular motion角动angular quantumnumber 角量子数angularresolution 角分辨率angularseparation 角距angular unit 角的单位angular velocity角速度angularvibrations 角振动anharmonic 非低的anharmonicoscillation 非谐振动anharmonicoscillator 非谐振子anharmonic ratio非低比anharmonic term非谐项anharmonicity非谐振性anhysteric magnetization curve 无磁滞曲线animal electricity 动物电anion 阴离子anisometric crystal 非等轴晶体anisotropic 蛤异性的anisotropic body 蛤异性体anisotropic exchange interaction 蛤异性交换相互酌anisotropic fluid 蛤异性铃anisotropichamiltonian 蛤异性哈密顿函数anisotropicmedium 蛤异性介质anisotropicsuperfluid 蛤异性超铃21anisotropicturbulence 蛤异性湍流anisotropicuniverse 蛤异性宇宙anisotropy 蛤异性anisotropyconstant 蛤异性常数anisotropyenergy 蛤异性能anisotropymagnetic field 蛤异性磁场anisotropy ratio蛤异性比annealing 退火annihilation 湮没annihilationoperator 湮没算符annihilationradiation 湮没辐射annual 年刊annual aberration 周年光行差annual amount of precipitation 年降水量annual equation 周年差annual mean 年平均annual parallax 周年视差annual precession 年岁差annual range 年较差annual variation年变化annular 环annular eclipse环食annular focus 环形焦点annulation 取消anode 阳极anode battery 阳极电池组anodecompartment 阳极空间anode current 板极电流anode darkspace 阳极暗区anode detection板极检波anode fall 阳极势降anode glow 阳极辉光anode rays 极隧射线anode resistance板极电阻anode voltage 板极电压anomalistic 近点的anomalisticmonth 近点月anomalistic year 近点年anomalon 反常子anomaloscope 色盲检查镜anomalous 反常的anomalous absorption 反常吸收anomalous diffusion 反常扩散anomalous dimension 反常量纲22anomalousdispersion 反常色散anomalouselectricresistivity 反常电阻率anomalous halleffect 反常霍耳效应anomalousmagneticmoment 反常磁矩anomalouspropagation 反常传播anomalouspropagation ofsound 声的反常传播anomalousscattering 反常散射anomalous skineffect 反常囚效应anomaloustransmission 反常透射anomalouszeeman effect 反常塞曼效应anomaly 反常antagonism ofions 离子的对抗酌antapex 背点antarctic circle 南极圈antarctic circle ozon hole 南极圈臭氧孔antecedent 前项antenna 天线antenna aperture 天线孔径antenna array 天线阵antenna circuit 天线电路antenna current 天线电流antenna efficiency 天线效率antenna element天线元件antenna gain 天线增益antennaimpedance 天线阻抗antennaresistance 天线电阻antenna tuning天线党anthracene 蒽anti clockwise 反时针的anti corrosive 防锈剂;防锈的anti hyperon 反超子antiisomorphism 反同构性anti trade winds反信风anti trades 反信风antibaryon 反重子antibondingelectron 反键电子antibondingorbital 反键轨函数anticathode 对阴极anticoincidence 反符合anticoincidence analyzer 舛符合分析器anticoincidence circuit 反符合线路anticoincidence method 反符合法anticommutation relation 反对易关系anticommutative 反对易的23anticyclogenesis反气旋发生anticyclolysis 反气旋消散anticyclone 反气旋区域anticyclonic 反气旋的anticyclonicinversion 反气旋逆温antiderivative 不定积分antideuterium 反氘antideuteron 反氘核antiepicentre 震中对点antiferroelectrics反铁电体antiferromagnet反铁磁体antiferromagnetic domain 反铁磁畴antiferromagnetic resonance 反铁磁性共振antiferromagnetism 反铁磁性antiferromagnon反铁磁振子antihadron 反强子antihydrogen 反氢antila 唧筒座antilepton 反轻子antilogarthm 反对数antimatter 反物质antimeson 反介子antimetrical circuit 相反电路antimonsoon 反季风antimony 锑antineutrino 反中微子antineutron 反中子antinomy 谬论antinucleon 反核子antiparallel 逆平行的antiparallelogram 等边梯形antiparticle 反粒子antiphaseboundary 反相边界antipod 对映体antiproton 反质子antiproton atom反质子原子antiproton beam反质子束antiquark 反夸克antireflectioncoating 透光镀膜;增透膜antiresonance反共振antistokes line反斯托克斯线antistokes ramanlaser 反斯托克斯喇曼激光器antisymmetric斜对称的antisymmetric tensor 斜对称张量;反对称张量24 antisymmetrical state 反对称态antisymmetry 反对称antithesis 反题antitrigonometric function 反三角函数antitriptic wind 减速风antitwilight 反曙暮光antiunitaryoperator 反幺正算符antlia 唧筒座antonoff rule 安托诺夫定则anvil 铁砧anvil cloud 砧状云anyon 任意子apastron 远星点aperiodic 非周期的aperiodicdamping 非周期衰减aperiodic motion非周期运动aperiodicity 非周期性aperture 口径aperturediaphragm 孔径光栏aperture ratio 口径比aperture stop 孔径光栏aperturesynthesis 孔径综合法apex 顶apex angle 顶角apex of the sun 太阳向点aphakic eye 欠晶眼aphelion 远日点apical angle 顶角aplanat 消球差镜aplanatic 等光程的aplanatic lens 消球差镜aplanatic point 等光程点aplanatism 消球差性apochromat 复消色差镜apochromatic 复消色差的apochromaticlens 复消色差镜apodization 切趾法apogee 远地点apolar 非极性的apollo 阿波罗飞船apollo typeasteroid 阿波罗型小行星apostilb 亚熙提apothem 垂幅apparatus 仪器装置25apparentabsorptioncoefficient 表观吸收系数apparent density视在密度apparentdiameter 视直径apparent force表观力apparent horizon可见地平apparent lifetime表观寿命apparentmagnitude 视星等apparent motion 视运动apparent noon 视午apparent orbit 视轨道apparent palce 视位apparent position 视位apparent solar day 真太阳日apparent solar time 真太阳时apparent structure 表观结构apparent sun 真太阳apparition 出现appearancepotential 表观势appendix 附录application 应用applied 应用的appliedacoustics 应用声学appliedclimatology 应用气候学applied elasticity应用弹性理论appliedmathematics 应用数学appliedmechanics 应用力学appliedmeteorology 应用气象学applied optics 应用光学applied physics应用物理学approach 接近approximability可逼近性approximable 可逼近的approximate 近似的;使近似approximate caculation 近似计算approximate formula 近似公式approximate method 近似法approximate number 近似数approximate solution 近似解approximate value 近似值approximatintegr ation 近似积分approximation 近似approximation calculus 近似计算apsidal motion拱线运动apus 天燕座26apw method 增广平面波法aquarius 宝瓶座aqueous solution水溶液aquila 天鹰座ara 天坛座arc 电弧arc discharge 电弧放电arc lamp 弧光灯arc line 弧光谱线arc spectrum 电弧光谱arc trigonometricfunction 反三角函数archimedes'principle 阿基米德原理architecturalacoustics 建筑声学arctic circle 北极圈ardometer 光学高温计。