非谓语动词讲解

非谓语复习要点一．非谓语动词作定语(一) 不定式作定语1. 用不定式作定语的几种情况：1）不定式表将来。

如：The car to be bought is for his sister.2) 被序数词、最高级或no，all，any等修饰的名词、代词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。

如：He was the best man to do the job.Jim is the first one to come to school.2. 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，如果主语是动作的执行者，不定式用主动表被动；如果主语不是动作的执行者，不定式用被动。

She has two letters to post. ( She posts two letters.)She has two letters to be posted. ( Someone else posts two letters.)3. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面要有相应的介词。

The Browns have a nice house to live in。

I need a pen to write with.(二) 分词作定语1. 作定语的及物动词的分词形式为：doing，being done和done。

doing表主动; being done表被动、进行；done表被动、完成。

如：Things lost never come back.The building being built is our lab.The building built last year is our lab.The building to be built next year is our lab.2. 比较下列短语falling leaves 正在下落的叶子（表正在进行）fallen leaves 已经落下的叶子（表完成）boiling water 正在沸腾的水boiled water 烧开了的水(三) 现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别比较：a sleeping boy 正在睡觉的男孩→sleeping 为现在分词a sleeping bag 一个睡袋→sleep为动名词二．非谓语动词作状语、（一）不定式、分词作状语的基本原则不定式、分词作状语时，不定式、分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，否则一般不能用不定式、分词作状语。

（二）不定式作状语1. 不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语的情况较多，如果强调目的状语时，不定式前还可加in order或so as，构成“in order to”或“so as to”结构。

“in order to”可以放在句首又可放在句中，“so as to”结构只能放在句中。

“in order to”“so as to”结构置于句中时，不能用逗号隔开。

如：Bob took down my telephone number so as not to forget.2．不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中：so…as to；such…as to；enough…to; only to(表示意外结果或事与愿违的结果)；too…to. 如：Jane hurried back only to find his sister had left.I’m too tired to go any further.3. 不定式作原因状语形容词或过去分词做表语是，后面可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或表示的情况。

用于这类结构中的形容词或过去分词常见的有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，pleased，delighted，surprised等。

如：You will never know how happy I was to see you yesterday.4. 在“主语+系动词+表语+to do”结构中，句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的动宾关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质，这时，需用不定式的主动形式表被动意思。

该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，comfortable等。

如：The question is hard to answer.The machine is easy to operate.(三) 分词作状语2. 分词作状语的句法功能分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等。

为了强调，还可与while，when，once，if，unless等连词连用。

如：Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.When offered help, one often says “Thank you.” or “It’s kind of you.”If taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.3. 独立成分或不定式短语作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。

常见的有：generally speaking 一般说来frankly speaking 坦白地说judging from/by…根据…判断considering…/ taking…into consideration 考虑到…to tell the truth 说实话例Judging from his accent，he is from London.Considering your health, you’d better have a rest.4. with的复合结构1).with + 宾语+现在分词（表主动）With you standing there, we can't work.2).with + 宾语+ 动词不定式（表将来）I can't go out with all these dishes to wash.3).with + 宾语+ 过去分词（表被动）The thief was brought in with his hands tied.4) with + 宾语+ being doneI have to take the bus with my bike being repaired.5)with + 宾语+ 介词短语The guard stood at the gate with a gun in his hands.6) with + 宾语+ 形容词He often sleeps with the windows open.7)with + 宾语+ 副词The building looks more beautiful with all the lights on.5. 独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语保持一致。

但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。

独立主格结构的构成是：1）名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词；2）名词/代词+形容词3）名词/代词+副词4）名词/代词+介词短语5）名词/代词+不定式如：The test finished，we began our holiday.Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.There being no time, we should hurry up.It being Sunday, you don’t have to go to school.三．非谓语动词作补语（一）其后接不定式作补语的动词及词组Advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，intend，invite，order，persuade，prefer，remind，require，want，warn，call on，depend on等.如：The doctor warns him not to eat too much meat.（二）、非谓语动词（词组）做感官动词，使役动词的宾补1. 感官动词（词组）see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例：see + 宾语doing sth 看见…正在做see + 宾语do sth 看见…做了see + 宾语being done 看见...正在被做see + 宾语done 看见…被做2. 使役动词make，let，have，get后加复合宾语的情况。

do 让---做--- （宾语与宾补（do）为逻辑上的主动关系）1)make / let + 宾语done 让---被做（宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系）如：He makes the workers work 12 hours a day.He tried to make himself heard.do sth 使---做某事2) have + 宾语doing sth 使---一直做某事done 使---被做（宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系）如：Who do you want to have do the work?Why do you have him standing there?Tom had his leg broken while playing football.注意：①have sth done 还表示“遭受---”之意② have sb doing 若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。

to do sth 使---做3）get + 宾语doing sth 使---开始做done 使---被做（宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系）如：He got me to post the letter.The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front.I’ll get my bike repaired.2. leave后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况：leave sb doing sth 留下某人一直做某事（宾语与宾补（do）为逻辑上的主动关系）leave sb to do sth 留下某人去做某事（不定式表示将来的动作）leave sth undone 留下某事未做（宾语与宾补（do）为逻辑上的被动关系，表被动、完成）leave sth to be done 留下某事要做（不定式表示将来的动作）如：It’s wrong to leave the machine running.The guests left the dishes untouched.He went out, leaving me to do all the rest work.We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.3.下列动词（词组）在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to：它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”五看（look at，see，watch，notice，observe）；三使（make，let，have）；两听（listen to，hear）；一感觉（feel）。