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研究生英语模拟题(附答案)部门： xxx时间： xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行编辑Vocabulary( 10 minutes, 10 points>Section A (0. 5 point each>Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Answer Sheet.The draught has caused the depletion of supplies and rising of prices.16 A. storageB. Reference C. exhaustion D. exchange注释: depletion耗尽，用尽；reference提及，涉及；exhaustion 竭尽；storage存储；exchange交换。
Social interaction lectures for the purpose of accomplishing some aim and is always directed toward specific other people.17 A. interplay B. event C. behavior D. action正确答案：A注释:interaction意为“相互作用”，interplay亦含有此意。
考研英语（知识运用）模拟试卷100(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.1．Only in the way______solve the problems.A．we canB．can weC．would weD．we would正确答案：B解析：当only引导状语放在句首时，需用部分倒装结构。
知识模块：倒装句型2．He______be tired. He has just begun to work.A．can’tB．mustn’tC．should notD．may not正确答案：A解析：can或could可用来表示推测，表示推测的这一用法通常用于否定句或疑问句中。
表示对现在或未来情况进行否定的推测，其结构为：“can’t(couldn’t)+原形动词”或“can’t(couldn’t)+be+现在分词”。
知识模块：情态动词3．I have never been to Shanghai, but it’s the place______.A．where I’d like to visitB．I most want to visitC．in which I’d like to visitD．that I want to visit it most正确答案：B解析：句中关系代词which或that(可省略)代替先行词the place引导定语从句，并在从句中作动词visit的宾语。
知识模块：定语从句4．No matter how frequently______, the works of Beethoven always attract large audience.A．performingB．performedC．to be performedD．being performed正确答案：B解析：在when，whenever，while，till，until，once引导的时间状语从句中，如果从句谓语动词为be的形式，这时从句中主语与be动词往往被省略。
考研英语模拟测试题及答案Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on Answer Sheet 1.(10 points)Generally speaking, a British is widely regarded as a quiet, shy and conservative person who is 1 only among those with whom he is acquainted. When a stranger is at present, he often seems nervous, 2 embarrassed. You have to take a commuter train any morning or evening to 3 the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corner. Hardly anybody talks, since to do so would be considered quite offensive.4 , there is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which,5 broken, makes the offender immediately the object of6 .It has been known as a fact that the British has a 7 for the discussion of their weather and that, if given a chance, he will talk about it 8 . Some people argue that it is because the British weather seldom 9 forecast and hence becomes a source of interest and 10 to everyone. This may be so. 11 a British cannot have much 12 in the weathermen, who, after promising fine, sunny weather for the following day, are often proved wrong 13 a cloud over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districts! The man in the street seems to be as accurate-or as inaccurate-as the weathermen in his 14 .Foreigners may be surprised at the number of references 15 weather that the British make to each other in the course of asingle day. Very often conversational greetings are 16 by comments on the weather. "Nice day, isn't it?" "Beautiful!" may well be heard instead of "Good morning, how are you?" 17 the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic, it is worthwhile pointing out that it could be used to his advantage.18 he wants to start a conversation with a British but is 19 to know where to begin, he could do well to mention the state of the weather. It is a safe subject which will 20 an answer from even the most reserved of the British.1. [A] relaxed [B] frustrated [C] amused [D] exhausted2. [A] yet [B] otherwise [C] even [D] so3. [A] experience [B] witness [C] watch [D] undergo4. [A] Deliberately [B] Consequently [C] Frequently [D] Apparently5. [A] unless [B] once [C] while [D] as6. [A] suspicion [B] opposition [C] criticism [D] praise7. [A] emotion [B] fancy [C] likeliness [D] judgment8. [A] at length [B] to a great extent [C] from his heart [D] by all means9. [A] follows [B] predicts [C] defies [D] supports10. [A] dedication [B] compassion [C] contemplation [D] speculation11. [A] Still [B] Also [C] Certainly [D] Fundamentally12. [A] faith [B] reliance [C] honor [D] credit13. [A] if [B] once [C] when [D] whereas14. [A] propositions [B] predictions [C] approval [D] defiance15. [A] about [B] on [C] in [D] to16. [A] started [B] conducted [C] replaced [D] proposed17. [A] Since [B] Although [C] However [D] Only if18. [A] Even if [B] Because [C] If [D] For19. [A] at a loss [B] at last [C] in groups [D] on the occasion20. [A] stimulate [B] constitute [C] furnish [D] provokeSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1. (40 points)Text 1Readers of our Christmas issue were invited to nominate the wisest fool of the past 50 years. They responded magnificently, though often predictably. But this was not a popularity contest, or an unpopularity one. Except Jack Kennedy, every eligible president of the United States was nominated, along with every important political leader of the rest of the world. Alan Greenspan was a popular choice, but surprisingly few businessmen were proposed. Donald Trump, Kenneth Lay, Steve Jobs, Sir Richard Branson and Lord Conrad Black were those most often mentioned. Even fewer women were nominated, though Diana, Princess of Wales, was a strong contender.Piers Allen of Malta nominated Ronald Reagan, explaining, "A joke-cracking, afternoon-napping, intellectual lightweight whose memory could, in times of crisis, always be relied upon, but only to fail. Although foolish enough to announce, live on radio, that he would be bombing Russia in five minutes and take advice from his wife's astrologer (占星家), he was also wise enough to have survived union leadership and two terms as governor of California to reach the presidency of the United States and end the cold war favourably for the West. Any other wise fools making it to the White House will be hard pressed tofill his cowboy boots. "Richard Spencer (address not supplied) chose Yasser Arafat, whose foolishness was in "never missing an opportunity to miss an opportunity". "While appearing to his people as a strong leader who could stand up to the Israelis, Arafat was unable to (or simply chose not to) seize the historical moment and forge a compromise solution that would benefit the lot of the Palestinians. Had he been wise enough to make a deal with Israel when the going was good, he likely would have been buried as a bona fide (真正的) world leader in a sovereign state of Palestine. "Denis Papathanasiou of Hoboken, New Jersey, nominated Lawrence Peter "Yogi" Berra, baseball player for the New York Yankees (1946-63). "Mr Berra hardly qualifies as an intellectual: he is famous for such remarks as 'You don't look so hot yourself' (in response to a comment that he looked cool in his summer suit), 'What? You mean right now? (when asked for the time of day), and 'I take a two-hour nap, from one o'clock to four. ' On second glance, however, his utterances depict a certain honest Zen-like(类似禅宗) wisdom: If you don't know where you're going, you'll wind up somewhere else? It was hard to have a conversation with anyone-there were so many people talking. Those qualities have inspired a miniature popular cult (崇拜) of books and seminars. Not bad for a humble baseball player of modest education. "Mr Papathanasiou takes first prize.21. Dennis Papathasiou's comment suggests .[A] Lawrence Berra is no doubt a confused character.[B] It is hard to have a conversation with Lawrence Berra.[C] It is wrong to underestimate a person of modesteducation.[D] The baseball player is philosophical about life.22. What is NOT true of Ronald Reagan?[A] He was a trade union leader before assuming the governorship of California.[B] He threatened to bomb the Soviet Union on the advise of an astrologer.[C] He projected an image of tough guy when he was the U.S. president.[D] His memory could only be relied on in times of crisis.23. The possible reason to drop the U.S. presidents from the contest is that .[A] The magazine deliberately disregarded popularity in the contest[B] most of the readers endorsed Dennis Papathanasiou's choice[C] The editors decided that they were not strong contenders[D] The purpose of the contest was to outwit the readers24. Richard Spencer's comment implies that the Palestinian leader .[A] should have declared the formation of a Palestinian state[B] failed to identify a historical opportunity when it arose[C] failed to live up to his image as a strong leader[D] should have been flexible in his approach to dealing with the Israelis25. The word "humble" (Line 9, Para. 4) denotes .[A] self-importance in bearing [B] modesty in behavior[C] a free of care character [D] easy-goingness in manners。
考研英语模拟试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者的主要观点？A. 教育是个人成长的关键。
B. 技术发展对教育的影响是负面的。
C. 教育应该注重培养学生的创新能力。
D. 教育应该与社会需求相匹配。
答案：C2. 文章中提到的“知识爆炸”指的是什么？A. 知识更新的速度非常快。
B. 人们获取知识的途径增多。
C. 知识在社会中的地位越来越重要。
D. 知识的数量在不断增加。
答案：A3. 作者认为解决教育问题的关键是什么？A. 增加教育投入。
B. 改革教育体制。
C. 加强师资队伍建设。
D. 培养学生的自主学习能力。
答案：B4. 文章最后一段提到了哪些教育改革的措施？A. 引入新技术。
B. 更新课程内容。
C. 增加实践环节。
D. 以上都是。
答案：D5. 根据文章内容，以下哪项不是作者提到的教育问题？A. 教育资源分配不均。
B. 教育内容与社会需求脱节。
C. 缺乏创新教育。
D. 教师待遇过低。
答案：D二、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
The world is full of wonders, but sometimes the most amazing things are the ones we don't even notice. Take the human brain, for instance. It's a complex organ that controls our thoughts, emotions, and actions. It's also the part of our body that allows us to learn, grow, and adapt to our surroundings.6. The author starts the passage by ________.A. asking a questionB. giving an exampleC. making a comparisonD. stating a fact答案：D7. The human brain is described as ________.A. a simple organB. a mysterious organC. a complex organD. an essential organ答案：C8. The brain allows us to ________.A. sleep and eatB. think and feelC. breathe and moveD. all of the above答案：B9. The purpose of the passage is to ________.A. describe the brain's structureB. explain the brain's functionsC. discuss the brain's importanceD. argue for brain research答案：B10. According to the passage, the brain is essential for ________.A. survivalB. communicationC. learningD. all of the above答案：D三、翻译（共30分，英译汉15分，汉译英15分）英译汉：11. The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives.答案：技术的快速发展已经给我们的日常生活带来了显著的变化。
考研英语模拟试卷121(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)1．Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food (1)_____ it is badly cooked. The (2)_____ a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (3)_____ served meal will, often improve a child’s appetite. Never ask a child (4)_____ he likes or dislike a food and never (5)_____ likes and dislikes in front of him or allow (6)_____ else to do so. If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother (7)_____ vegetables in the child’s hearing he is (8)_____ to copy this procedure. Take it (9)_____ granted that he likes everything and he probably (10)_____. Nothing healthful should be omitted from the meal because of a (11)_____ dislike. At meal times it is a good (12)_____ to give a child a small portion and let him (13)_____ back for a second helping rather than give him as (14)_____ as he is likely to eat all at once. Do not talk too much to the child (15)_____ meal times, but let him get on with his food: and do not (16)_____ him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will (17)_____ learn to swallow his food (18)_____ he can hurry back to his toys. Under (19)_____ circumstances must a child be coaxed (20)_____ forced to eat.A．ifB．untilC．thatD．unless正确答案：D解析：本题为语法题。
考研英语（一）模拟试卷21(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)It is much clear that our diets are unhealthy. Now, an increasing number of scientists and physicians wonder if our【C1】______for unhealthy, obesity-inducing eating might be【C2】______to the food choices made during our first weeks and months of life.【C3】______, the latest research indicates that what we learn to like as infants【C4】______what we eat as adults. If 【C5】______, we might be able to【C6】______the obesity epidemic in a new and more promising way, one that【C7】______the very first spoonful. Today, 【C8】______, most of those early loving spoonfuls contain more sugar and salt thanis nutritionally【C9】______. A recent study in the Journal of Public Health found that53 percent of processed baby and toddler foods lining supermarket shelves have a(n) 【C10】______number of calories from simple sugars, and 12 percent of them have too much sodium. The authors,【C11】______how overindulgence【C12】______both of these nutrients is linkedto cardiovascular disease and diabetes, suggest that early【C13】______to overly sweet or salty meals could promote a taste for these unhealthy【C14】______in the future. 【C15】______focus on limiting the unhealthful aspects of diet, Gary Beauchamp, a biopsychologist and a leading expert on chemosensory science, prefers to study the【C16】______of good-for-you foods. Based on data he has collected in the past 40 years, Beauchamp thinks “that complex multisensory flavor profiles are influenced by our【C17】______during the first few monthsof life. “ And if parents【C18】______healthful tastes and flavors, such as carrots or broccoli,【C19】______, an infant will not only rapidly adapt, but will also develop a(n)【C20】______for these flavors that could persist for a lifetime. [279 words]1．【C1】A．preparationB．inclinationC．compensationD．suggestion正确答案：B解析：本题考查上下文语义。
Vocabulary( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0. 5 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Answer Sheet.If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much.16A. interestB. motiveC. incidenceD. time正确答案：B注释:incentive与motive都含有“动力”的意思。
incidence影响，发生；time时间；interest兴趣。
The mother soothed the disappointed child and then promised to take him on a picnic as soon as it stopped raining.17A. huggedB. whippedC. praisedD. comforted正确答案：D注释:soothe与comfort意思接近，同为“使平静，使镇静”。
英语考研题库模拟题及答案一、阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）Passage 1In recent years, the popularity of online courses has surged, offering students the flexibility to learn at their own pace. However, critics argue that the lack of face-to-faceinteraction may hinder the development of critical thinking skills.Questions:1. What is the main topic of the passage?2. What is the advantage of online courses mentioned in the passage?3. What is the concern raised by critics about online courses?Answers:1. The main topic is the rise in popularity of online courses and the debate surrounding their effectiveness.2. The advantage is the flexibility for students to learn at their own pace.3. The concern is that the lack of face-to-face interaction may affect the development of critical thinking skills.Passage 2The impact of climate change on biodiversity is a pressingissue. Scientists warn that without immediate action, many species are at risk of extinction.Questions:1. What is the main concern of the passage?2. What is the potential consequence of climate change mentioned?3. Who are the individuals raising the alarm about this issue?Answers:1. The main concern is the impact of climate change on biodiversity.2. The potential consequence is the extinction of many species.3. Scientists are the ones raising the alarm.二、完形填空（每题1分，共10分）[文章省略，提供5个样题]61. A) rapidly B) slowly C) gradually D) instantly62. A) cause B) effect C) reason D) result63. A) despite B) because C) since D) if64. A) increasing B) decreasing C) remaining D) changing65. A) threat B) promise C) opportunity D) challenge答案：61. C) gradually62. A) cause63. A) despite64. B) decreasing65. A) threat三、翻译（英译汉，每题5分，共10分）Translate the following sentences into Chinese:1. The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives.2. Environmental protection is a global issue that requires the collective efforts of all countries.答案：1. 技术的快速发展给我们的日常生活带来了显著的变化。
考研英语模拟试卷答案及解析Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】［B］逻辑衔接题。
空格前后是两个并列的名词courts和a monarch，所在句子的含义为：“共同法”是由法庭 1 君主制定。
根据常识可知，美国是民主制国家，法律不由君主制定。
因此空格处填入的连接词应肯定前者而否定后者，正确项是［B］rather than，即“法庭而不是君主”。
other than通常用在否定句中，表示排除意义，即“除了”，相当于except。
rather than是连词，前后连接的成分应保持一致，可以是名词、动词、形容词、从句等，通常译为“而不是”，有时可用介词短语instead of替代。
more than连接名词时除了表示“多于，超过……以上”，也可以表示“不仅仅，不只是”，相当于not only。
or rather表示“更确切的说法是……”，相当于more exactly。
2.【解析】［D］语义衔接题。
空格处填入的名词和governmental搭配，表示“像立法机关这样的中央政府……”。
［A］agency一般指“服务机构，尤其是代理或经销机构”；也可以指(提供特别服务)的政府专门机构，如the Central Intelligence Agency(美国中央情报局)。
［B］organization泛指各种组织、团体和机构。
［C］institution多指“大规模的用于特殊目的的组织”，如educational institution(教育机构)；或者指各种慈善机构和社会福利机构。
［D］authority可表示“有权力做决定或在某个地区有特别责任范围的人们或组织”，即“当局，当权者”。
文中legislature指“有权制定或修改法律的一群人”，即“立法机关”。
因此［D］项为最佳答案。
3.【解析】［A］语义衔接题。
［A］项panel指“一组(给予意见和观点的人)”，如a panel of experts专家组。
考研英语模拟试题及答案Part I Listening Comprehension (30 points)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A) At a bookstore.B) At a library.C) At a lecture.D) At a post office.M: Excuse me, do you have the latest edition of "The Economist"?F: Yes, it's right over here on the new releases shelf.2. A) She is going to the doctor's.B) She is going to the dentist's.C) She is going to the hairdresser's.D) She is going to the supermarket.M: What time are you planning to leave?F: As soon as I finish this chapter, I'll head to the dentist.3. A) He is a teacher.B) He is a student.C) He is a librarian.D) He is a writer.M: I'm working on a paper for my history class.F: Well, you're in the right place. The library has a vast collection of resources.4-8. (Similar format)...Conversation 1M: I heard you're going to take the GRE next month. Are you feeling prepared?F: Yes, I am. I've been attending a prep course and doing a lot of practice tests.Questions:9. A) He is curious about her preparation.B) He is offering to help her study.C) He is asking about the exam date.D) He is surprised she is taking the exam.10. A) She is confident about her preparation.B) She is worried about the cost of the course.C) She is considering dropping out of the course.D) She is unsure about the test format.Conversation 2...Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Passage 1[Recording will describe a historical event or a scientific discovery.]11-13. (Questions based on the passage)Passage 2[Recording will describe a current social issue or a cultural phenomenon.]14-16. (Questions based on the passage)Passage 3[Recording will describe a personal story or a biographical sketch.]17-19. (Questions based on the passage)Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a longconversation or a lecture. You will hear the conversation or lecture only once. After you hear the conversation or lecture, you will read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.20-25. (Questions based on the long conversation or lecture)Part II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Section ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions that follow each text by choosing the best answer from the four options (A, B, C, and D). After reading the text, you will find questions based on the content, main idea, and details of the text.Text 1[A short passage about an environmental issue.]26. What is the main cause of the environmental issue discussed in the text?A) Industrial pollution.B) Deforestation.C) Climate change.D) Agricultural runoff.27. What is the primary solution proposed by the author?A) Stricter regulations on factories.B) Reforestation efforts.C) International cooperation.D) Public awareness campaigns.Text 2[A short passage about a technological innovation.]28-31. (Questions based on the text)Text 3[A short passage about a historical figure.]32-35. (Questions based on the text)Text 4[A short passage about an economic theory.]36-39. (Questions based on the text)Section BDirections: The following texts are of a more complex nature. After reading each text, answer the questions that follow.You may choose the best answer from the four options (A, B, C, and D).Text 5[A more complex passage about a social issue.]40. What is the author's opinion on the social issue?A) It is a pressing concern that requires immediate action.。
英语考研模考试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题2分）1. What is the main idea of the passage?A) The importance of environmental protection.B) The impact of technology on the environment.C) The benefits of sustainable development.D) The challenges of urbanization.答案：B2. According to the author, which of the following is the most effective way to reduce pollution?A) Recycling.B) Using public transportation.C) Planting more trees.D) Developing renewable energy.答案：D3. What does the author suggest about the future of cities?A) They will become more crowded.B) They will rely more on technology.C) They will be more sustainable.D) They will have fewer natural resources.答案：C4. What is the author's opinion on the role of individuals in environmental protection?A) It is not significant.B) It is crucial.C) It is limited.D) It is optional.答案：B5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage asa solution to environmental problems?A) Reducing waste.B) Encouraging carpooling.C) Implementing stricter regulations.D) Banning the use of plastics.答案：D二、完形填空（共20分，每题1分）In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of environmental protection. Many people are now taking action to reduce their carbon footprint and live more sustainable lifestyles. However, it is not just individuals who can make a difference; businesses and governments also have a role to play.6. ______, the environment is a global issue that affects everyone.A) ThereforeB) ConsequentlyC) MoreoverD) Otherwise答案：A7. ______, many companies have started to implement eco-friendly practices.A) As a resultB) In additionC) On the other handD) For instance答案：A8. ______, governments have introduced new laws to regulate pollution.A) SimilarlyB) LikewiseC) ConverselyD) Nevertheless答案：B9. ______, it is important to remember that change starts at home.A) FurthermoreB) AdditionallyC) HoweverD) Therefore答案：C10. ______, individuals can make a significant impact by adopting green habits.A) In conclusionB) In summaryC) UltimatelyD) Finally答案：C三、翻译（共20分，每题5分）11. 随着科技的发展，人们越来越依赖于互联网。
考研英语模拟试题及答案部门：xxx时间：xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行编辑模拟试卷[13]Simulated Test[PREVIOUS][NEXT]Part I Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (5 points>b5E2RGbCAPMany foreign students come to study in the U.S.,some by Fulbright scholarships, others by the U.S.government's Agency for International Development,bythe Ford Foundation,and so on.A.to be supportedB.being supportedC.are supportedD.having been supportedp1EanqFDPwAdvertising can be a service to the customer.This istrue when advertisements give liable information aboutthe goods .A．advertisedB．being advertisedC．to be advertisedD．having been advertisedDXDiTa9E3dThere was clearly nothing left to do but sit down on the shabby little couch and weep. .A．Did so DellaB.So did DellaC.Della so didD.So Della didRTCrpUDGiTHe said it was impossible for a mistake in a computer's calculation,so you can rely on that.A.there beingB.there would beC.there to beD.there was5PCzVD7HxAOf course they could not look at the elephant with their eyes,but they thought they might learn what kind of animal it was by touching and feeling. ,you see,they trusted their own sense of touch very much.A．MoreoverB．ForC．NeverthelessD．BecausejLBHrnAILgA man of less courage to stand up to such a complicated situation.A.would not have daredB.could not have daredC.will not dareD.did not darexHAQX74J0Xotherwise directed by a doctor,this medicine should be taken three times a day.A．Even ifB．UnlessC．Except thatD．AsLDAYtRyKfEMore importance needs to be given to sports,and a careful choice of forms are most suitable should be made。
考研英语考试模拟试题一、阅读理解Passage 1The economic downturn in the Western world has cast a shadow over developing nations, whose economic health is closely tied to that of the rich countries. A sharp decline in Western demand for goods and services has had already caused a significant drop in export earnings for developing nations. Despite this, many such countries are better prepared to face such a crisis than they would have been a few years ago.One reason why many developing nations are in a better position today is that they have taken advantage of the past few years of relatively strong economic growth to build up substantial financial reserves. As a result, they can now cushion the impact of falling export revenues on government spending programs.Moreover, developing nations have benefited from the drop in global oil prices in the past few months. The sharp decline in oil prices has brought welcome relief to countries that must import crude oil and gas, thus helping to stabilize their finances.Overall, while developing nations are not immune from global economic turmoil, many have made strides in recent years that have enhanced their ability to weather a crisis.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The causes of the economic downturn in the Western world.B. The impact of the economic downturn on developing nations.C. The reasons why developing nations are in a better position to face the crisis.D. The role of financial reserves in stabilizing the economies of developing nations.2. According to the passage, which of the following has contributed to the ability of developing nations to face the economic downturn?A. A sharp increase in Western demand for goods and services.B. Substantial financial reserves built up during years of strong economic growth.C. A rise in global oil prices in the past few months.D. A decline in government spending programs.3. The word "cushion" in the passage is closest in meaning to:A. softenB. worsenC. changeD. ignorePassage 2The rise of social media has transformed the way people communicate with each other, with profound implications for society. One aspect of this transformation is the rapid dissemination of information and ideas acrosslarge numbers of people in a matter of minutes, if not seconds. This has created new opportunities for individuals and groups to connect and share their thoughts on a global scale.At the same time, the spread of misinformation and fake news on social media platforms has raised concerns about the trustworthiness of the information that people consume. The ability of false information to go viral and influence public opinion has led to calls for greater regulation of social media companies.Additionally, the use of social media has changed the nature of public discourse, with debates and conversations often becoming more polarized and intense. The anonymity and distance provided by online platforms can lead to higher levels of aggression and hostility among users.Despite these challenges, social media remains a powerful tool for activism and social change. Movements like #BlackLivesMatter have gained momentum and support through social media campaigns, highlighting the potential for positive impact on society.4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The benefits of social media for communication and activism.B. The challenges of misinformation and polarization on social media.C. The rise of social media as a global platform for sharing information.D. The transformation of public discourse through the use of social media.5. According to the passage, what has raised concerns about the trustworthiness of information on social media?A. The rapid dissemination of information.B. The polarized nature of public discourse.C. The spread of misinformation and fake news.D. The anonymity and distance of online platforms.6. The word "dissemination" in the passage is closest in meaning to:A. suppressionB. spreadingC. collectingD. hiding二、翻译与写作Translate the following sentences into English:1. 我们必须认识到环境问题的紧迫性，并采取行动来保护我们的地球。
Vocabulary( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0. 5 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Answer Sheet.Skin, being sturdy and elastic and well supplied with blood, tolerates injury well and recovers quickly.16A. resilientB. elusiveC. looseD. expansive正确答案：A注释:elastic有弹力的，引缩自如的；elusive难懂的；loose宽松的；resilient有弹力的；expansive易膨胀的。
Our social backgrounds also affect our attitudes toward art.17A. effectB. affluenceC. varyD. influence正确答案：D注释:influence与affect同为“影响”之意。
affluence丰富，汇集。
There is an argument that Lincoln was assassinated by an actor.18A. stabbedB. murderedC. killedD. shot正确答案：B注释:assassinate与murder意思相近，同为“暗杀，谋杀”。
考研英语模拟试卷（附答案及详解）一、完形填空directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the one that best fits into the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheetwith a single line through the centre.In recent years, the concept of "worklife balance" has gained increasing attention. Many people are trying hard to achieve a balance between their work and personal life. However, it is not an easy task for everyone. The following passage discusses some tips on how to (1) __________ this balance.First and foremost, it is important to set clearpriorities. You need to know what is (2) __________ to youand allocate your time accordingly. If your family is yourtop priority, then you should be willing to (3) __________your work schedule to spend more time with them.Secondly, learn to say no. In today's fastpaced world, it is easy to be overwhelmed various tasks and responsibilities. However, you should not (4) __________ to take on more work than you can handle. By saying no, you are actually (5)__________ your time and energy for more important things.Lastly, don't forget to take care of yourself. Engaging in regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep are essential for (8) __________ your work performance and personal wellbeing.By following these tips, you will be better equipped to (9) __________ the challenges of maintaining a worklife balance. Remember, it is a continuous process, and you need to (10) __________ and adjust your strategies accordingly.二、阅读理解Section ADirections: In this section, there are four passages followed ten questions or unfinished statements. For each question or statement, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage 1The importance of reading cannot be overstated. It is a fundamental skill that can enhance our knowledge, expand our horizons, and even improve our mental health. The following passage discusses the benefits of reading and how to incorporate it into our daily lives.Passage 2三、翻译Section BDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in brackets.1. 随着互联网的普及，信息传播速度越来越快。
考研英语模拟测试题及答案阅读理解题题目一：In the early years of satellite television, when bankers and bond traders were first acquiring their gigantic sky dishes, many analysts predicted that the emerging technologies would quickly transform television in ways few of us could imagine. “The real potential of satellite signals,” said a typical observer, “is that they will make it possible for viewers to have access to a much wider range of programming.”This prediction, as it turns out, has been only partially accurate. In fact, the actual development of satellite television has fallen far short of the ambitions expressed by its early advocates. While it is true that viewers today have access to more channels than in the past, most of these channels are merely shallow and unimaginative clones of the three networks that existed before the age of satellite. And satellite television has made little progress in reaching an audience that is more sophisticated or discriminating in its habits than the audience that was served by network television in the past.Given the many disappointments that have accompanied our experience with satellite television, it seems only appropriate to express a few words of caution and skepticism as we begin to explore the possibilities of another emerging technology: the digital revolution.What does the passage suggest about the potential of satellite television?A.The potential of satellite television has been largely realized.B.The development of satellite television has validated the arguments of its early advocates.C.Viewers today have access to more channels than before the age of satellite.D.The potential of satellite television has not been fully realized.答案一：D解析一：The author of this passage notes that while some early observers predicted that satellite television would transform television in ways the public could not imagine, these predictions have not exactly come to fruition. While viewers today have access to more channels, these channels may fall short in terms of quality and substance. The tone of the passage is cautious and skeptical.题目二：The modern desire for privacy, in almost all its forms, is really a desire for respect and control. People want to keep certain information away from the public sphere because they believe that if it were made available to others, their status or reputation would suffer accordingly. They also want to be able to choose the conditions under which they interact with others. In other words, they want to be able to protect their autonomy and control how others perceive them.These desires are grounded in good reasons. In democratic societies, respect for individual privacy is essential to the well-being of both society and its citizens. The ability to engage in political and social activity without fear of reprisal is critical to a vibrant democratic culture. Privacy is also important for personal development. Individuals need a space in which to be themselves, to experiment with new ideas and to develop relationships with people of their choosing.However, privacy is not an absolute value. It needs to be balanced against other important societal values, such as transparency, accountability, and security. When these values are in conflict, the challenge for democratic societies is to strike a balance that protects individual liberties while also safeguarding public interests.What does the passage suggest about why people desire privacy?A.People want privacy because they believe it will afford them respect and control.B.People want privacy because they believe it will protect them from reprisal.C.People want privacy because it is necessary to experiment with new ideas.D.People desire privacy for all of the above reasons.答案二：A解析二：The passage suggests that people desire privacy because they believe it will afford them respect and control. Specifically, people want to keep certain information away from the public sphere because they fear that if it were made available to others, their status or reputation would suffer accordingly. They also want to be able to choose the conditions under which they interact with others. These desires are grounded in good reasons, as respect for individual privacy is essential to the well-being of both society and its citizens.。
研究生入学考试英语模拟试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common, including the sky god, the lord of storms, and the morning and evening star. __1__ the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility, love, and war, she was evidently lower __2__ status than the male gods, indicating that in a more urbanized society the __3__ that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had __4__. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and __5__, and one’s life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that __6__ were created to enable the gods to __7__ up working. Each city moreover had its own god, who was considered to __8__ the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city. __9__ the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the __10__ of the economic produce of the city were favored __11__ their supernatural and material functions __12__. When, after 3,000 B. C., growing warfare among the cities made military leadership __13__, the head of the army who became king assumed a(n) __14__ position between the god, whose agent he was, and the priestly class, whom he had both to use and to __15__. Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society. __16__ them were the scribes, the secular attendants of the temple, who __17__ every aspect of the city’s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system. __18__ the temple officials, society was divided among an elite or __19__ group of large landowners and military leaders;a mixed group of merchants, artisans, and craftsmen, free peasants who __20__ the majority of the population; and slaves.D.Although1. A.LestAs C.Unless B.D.aboutwith2. A.on B.in C.3. A. worship B. reverence C. admiration D. gratitudedeclined D.attainedC.recoveredvanishedB.4. A.5. A. unpredictable B. unforgivable C. unlimited D. unlikelymenanimals C.mortalsD.B.6. A.creaturesD.backgiveturn C.7. A.use B.lodgereside D.8. A.live C.inhabit B.Somehow D.Incidentally Hence B.9. A.Thereafter C.10. A. introduction B. transaction C. distribution D. provisionofunder D.for C.11.A.as B.alikeanyway C.afterwards D.along B.A.12.C.exceptionalsingular D.vital13.A.additional B.14. A. alternative B. secondary C. intermediate D. fundamentalD.manipulatesuppressA.tempt C.15.pacify B.BeforeBelow D.Beyond C.A.16.Beside B.managedD.presidedC.17.heldA.supervised B.Above D.Under C.Outside18.A.Around B.controlling D.principalC.noble19.A.leading B.compile D.consumeC.20.composeA.consist B.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters” in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable. The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government’s Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), that both sides had won (kind of) and that the hostilities were resolved (for the time being).No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon—the “finish lines” each hascrossed are largely arbitrary points, “first drafts” rather than the definitive version. And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they’re been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up, this February when Britain’s Wellcome Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP’s complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do.” But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors,” Venter told Newsweek in March, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.” At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other’s approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday’s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.” With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.21. The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of _____.A. the enthusiasm in scientific researchB. the significance of the space raceC. the public versus private conflictD. the prospect of the completion of DNA sequence22. The tone of the author in reporting the joint press conference this Monday is _____.A. astonishedB. enthusiasticC. disappointedD. objective23. It is implied in the third paragraph that _____.A. the “finish lines” refers to completion of DNA research.B. former Genome Warriors will never fight again.C. the former warriors are now collaboratorsD. both sides will still work on independently24. The word “thaw” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means _____ .A. aggravation of tensionB. improvement in relationC. intensification in attacksD. ending of coordination25. The critical issue facing the scientists is to _____.A. apply the newly-found knowledge to the benefit of mankindB. end their horse race for the success of scienceC. get down to their genome researchD. set their differences asideText 2At the start of the year, The Independent on Sunday argued that there were three over-whelming reasons why Iraq should not be invaded: there was no proof that Saddam posed an imminent threat; Iraq would be even more unstable as a result of its liberation; and a conflict would increase the threat posed by terrorists. What we did not know was that Tony Blair had received intelligence and advice that raised the very same points.Last week’s report from the Intelligence and Security Committee included the revelation that some of the intelligence had warned that a war against Iraq risked an increased threat of terrorism. Why did Mr. Blair not make this evidence available to the public in the way that so much of the alarmist intelligence on Saddam’s weapons was published? Why did he choose to ignore the intelligence and argue instead that the war was necessary, precisely because of the threat posed by international terrorism?There have been two parliamentary investigations into this war and the Hutton inquiry reopens tomorrow. In their different ways they have been illuminating, but none of them has addressed the main issues relating to the war. The Foreign Affairs Committee had the scope to range widely, but chose to become entangled in the dispute between the Government and the BBC. The Intelligence Committee reached the conclusion that the Government’s file on Saddam’s weapons was not mixed up, but failed to explain why the intelligence was so hopelessly wrong. The Hutton inquiry is investigating the death of Dr. David Kelly, a personal tragedy of marginal relevance to the war against Iraq.Tony Blair has still to come under close examination about his conduct in the building-up to war. Instead, the Defence Secretary, Geoff Hoon, is being fingered as if he were master-minding the war behind everyone’s backs from the Ministry of Defence. Mr. Hoon is not a minister who dares to think without consulting Downing Street first. At all times he would have been dancing to Downing Street’s tunes. Mr. Blair would be wrong to assume that he can draw a line under all of this by making Mr. Hoon the fall-guy. It was Mr. Blair who decided to take Britain to war, and a Cabinet of largely skeptical ministers that backed him. It was Mr. Blair who told MPs that unless Saddam was removed, terrorists would pose a greater global threat—even though he had received intelligence that suggested a war would lead to an increase in terrorism.Parliament should be the forum in which the Prime Minister is called more fullyto account, but Iain Duncan Smith’s support for the war has neutered an already inept opposition. In the absence of proper parliamentary scrutiny, it is left to newspapers like this one to keep asking the most important questions until the Prime Minister answers them.26. We learn from the first two paragraphs that _____.A. the evidence should have been made available to the ParliamentB. the necessity of war has been exaggerated by the CommitteeC. Blair had purposely ignored some of the intelligence he receivedD. it was The Independent that first revealed the intelligence27. The author thinks that the Hutton enquiry is _____.A. also beside the markB. hopelessly wrongC. illuminating in its wayD. wide in scope28. By “chose to become entangled” (Line 4,Paragraph 3), the author implies that _____.A. the dispute between the Government and the BBC was unnecessaryB. the Foreign Affairs Committee had mixed up the argumentC. it was entirely wrong to carry out such investigationsD. the Intelligence Committee shouldn’t mix up with the affair29. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that _____.A. most ministers were suspicious of Hoon’s conductB. Hoon will not do anything without consulting BlairC. Blair should not divert his responsibility to his CabinetD. MPs think that it is Blair who drags the country into the war30. What is the author’s attitude towards the Parliament?A. Indignant.B. Skeptical.C. Inquisitive.D. Critical.Text 3Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reasonand revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroës. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroës maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.31. With the Scholastics, the search for new knowledge _____.A. stopped completelyB. slowed downC. advanced rapidlyD. awaked gradually32. Which of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and revelation?A. They are simply identical.B. Revelation guides reason.C. They are occasionally contradictory.D. Reason is used to perfect revelation.33. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that _____.A. the position of philosophy as a humble servant was acceptedB. religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophyC. philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselvesD. philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice34. Averroёs held that _____.A. Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophyB. religious truth was nothing but imaginative fantasyC. real truth was inaccessible to many common peopleD. imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion35. Which of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part succeeding this text?A. Relations of St. T. Aquinas’ achievements to previous efforts.B. How St. T. Aquinas worked out in the balance in discussion.C. Other endeavors on the relationship of reason and revelation.D. Outstanding features of the mature period of Scholasticism.Text 4Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child’s individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.There is some relationship between age and children’s characteristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection.Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, andexhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls’ adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents’ fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.36. Temperamental, irritable kids have difficulty adapting to parental divorce because_____.A. they care too much about the life changeB. the great stress of their families diminishes their abilityC. they tend to lose temper easily and are sensitive to the life changeD. they are faced with more parents’ fights than the relaxed, easygoing children37. The following statements are true EXCEPT_____.A. divorce is usually caused by more than one reasonB. a six-year-old boy may fear being deserted by his parentsC. as the kids grow older, they have a better understanding of divorceD. a young girl may feel more shameful on parental divorce than an older boy38. It can be inferred from the passage that the impact of divorce_____.A. on kids of different sexes will probably change as they grow olderB. may cause most kids’ difficulties in communicating with othersC. on an irritable girl is greater than a noncompliant boyD. is always greater on boys than on girls39. According to the author, the reason why parental divorce has greater effect on boys than on girls is that_____.A. all cultures encourage male aggression and noncomplianceB. boys are always involved in their parents’ fightsC. males are usually viewed as the models in self-control and strong willD. boys are basically more self-disciplined than girls40. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their life.B. The impact of parental divorce on children varies in personality, age and gender.C. Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted families.D. Kids of different ages behave differently on parental divorce.Part BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Until about two million years ago Africa’s vegetation had always been controlled by the interactions of climate; geology, soil, and groundwater conditions; and the activities of animals. The addition of humans to the latter group, however, has increasingly rendered unreal the concept of a fully developed “natural” vegetation—i.e., one approximating the ideal of a vegetational climax. (41) . Early attempts at mapping and classifying Africa’s vegetation stressed this relationship: sometimes the names of plant zones were derived directly from climates. In this discussion the idea of zones is retained only in a broad descriptive sense.(42) . In addition, over time more floral regions of varying shape and size have been recognized. Many schemes have arisen successively, all of which have had to take views on two important aspects: the general scale of treatment to be adopted, and the degree to which human modification is to be comprehended or discounted.(43) . Quite the opposite assumption is now frequently advanced. An intimate combination of many species—in complex associations and related to localized soils, slopes, and drainage—has been detailed in many studies of the African tropics. In a few square miles there may be a visible succession from swamp with papyrus, the grass of which the ancient Egyptians made paper and from which the word “paper” originated, through swampy grassland and broad-leaved woodland and grass to a patch of forest on richer hillside soil, and finally to juicy fleshy plants on a nearly naked rock summit.(44) . Correspondingly, classifications have differed greatly in their principles for naming, grouping, and describing formations: some have chosen terms such as forest, woodland, thorn-bush, thicket, and shrub for much of the same broad tracts that others have grouped as wooded savanna (treeless grassy plain) and steppe (grassy plain with few trees). This is best seen in the nomenclature, naming of plants, adopted by two of the most comprehensive and authoritative maps of Africa’s vegetation that have been published: R. W. J. Keay’s Vegetation Map of Africa South of the Tropic of Cancer and its more widely based successor, The Vegetation Map of Africa, compiled by Frank White. In the Keay map the terms “savanna” and “steppe” were adopted as precise definition of formations, based on the herb layer and thecoverage of woody vegetation; the White map, however, discarded these two categories as specific classifications. Yet any rapid absence of savanna as in its popular and more general sense is doubtful.(45) . However, some 100 specific types of vegetation identified on the source map have been compressed into 14 broader classifications.[A] As more has become known of the many thousands of African plant species and their complex ecology, naming, classification, and mapping have also become more particular, stressing what was actually present rather than postulating about climatic potential.[B] In regions of higher rainfall, such as eastern Africa, savanna vegetation is maintained by periodic fires. Consuming dry grass at the end of the rainy season, the fires burn back the forest vegetation, check the invasion of trees and shrubs, and stimulate new grass growth.[C] Once, as with the scientific treatment of African soils, a much greater uniformity was attributed to the vegetation than would have been generally accepted in the same period for treatments of the lands of western Europe or the United States.[D] The vegetational map of Africa and general vegetation groupings used here follow the White map and its extensive annotations.[E] African vegetation zones are closely linked to climatic zones, with the same zones occurring both north and south of the equator in broadly similar patterns. As with climatic zones, differences in the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation constitute the most important influence on the development of vegetation.[F] Nevertheless, in broad terms, climate remains the dominant control over vegetation. Zonal belts of precipitation, reflection latitude and contrasting exposure to the Atlantic and Indian oceans and their currents, give some reality to related belts of vegetation.[G] The span of human occupation in Africa is believed to exceed that of any other continent. All the resultant activities have tended, on balance, to reduce tree cover and increase grassland; but there has been considerable dispute among scholars concerning the natural versus human-caused development of most African grasslands at the regional level.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (47) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments, (48) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughout the ages. (49) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (50) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:On your way from Beijing to Paris, you lost your luggage carried by the airline. Write a complaint letter to the service center of the Airline. In your letter, you should tell them1) what happened to your luggage,2) what your luggage is like,3) what compensation you expect.You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the drawing,2) interpret its implications,3) give your comments.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
