2012年职称英语阅读理解
（综合类B级）教材
1 Eiffel Is an Eyeful
2 Goal of American Education
3 （新增）The Family
4（新增）Tales of the Terrible Past
5 Spacing in Animals
6 Some Things We Know about Language
7The Only Way Is Up
8Clone Farm
9Income
10（新增）Seeing the World Centuries Ago
11Importance of Services
12The National Park Service 17
13Find Yourself Packing It On? Blame Friends
14 （新）”Lucky” Lord Lucan---Alive or Dead
15 Pool Watch
16The Cherokee Nation
17（新增）Oseola McCarty
17 Eiffel Is An Eyeful1
Some 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble3. Japanese,Brazilians, Americans —they graffiti their names,loves and politics on the cold iron — transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move5.
With Paris laid out in miniature below，it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view. But the graffiti also raises a question ： Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world, s tallest structure,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular?
The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces a structure some 90 stories high. But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness. Regularly maintained, it should never rust away. Graffiti is regularly painted over,but the tower lives on.
"Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France. It is very symbolic”，says Hugues Richard10,a 31- year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling up to the tower's second floor — 747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching the floor with his feet. "It's iron lady，It inspires us11 ”， he says.
But to what12? After all,the tower doesn' t have a purpose. It ceased to be the world’ s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building13 went up in New York. Yes，television and radio signals are beamed from the top,and Gustave Eiffel,a frenetic builder who died on December 27，aged 91 ,used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication.
But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there _ a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will14. To the technically minded15, it's an engineering triumph. For lovers, it's romantic.
"The tower will outlast all of us,and by a long way16”，says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.
练习：
1. Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move?
答案：B ) Tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.
2. What seems strange to the author?
答案：A) Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.
3. Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard?
答案：C ) He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds.
4. What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for?
答案：B ) Conducting research in various fields.
5. Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “（The Eiffel Tower is like)a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will ______？
答案：C ) Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.
18 Goal of American Education
Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.
Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone — not just for a privileged elite. Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability, and also the needs of society itself. This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects. It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability. The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.
Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and “Americanizing” the millions of immigrants wh o have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins. Schools still play a large role in the community, especially in the small towns.
The approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many, not only because it is informal, but also because there is not much emphasis on learning facts. Instead, Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abilities. Students spend much time, learning how to use resource materials, libraries, statistics and computers. Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well, they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives. Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.
This is America's answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-moving time: “How can one prepare today's child for a tomorrow that one can neither predi ct nor understand?”
练习：
1. Which of the following best states the goal of American education?
答案：C. To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability.
2. It is implied in the passage that
答案：D. the subject every student takes may vary.
3. American schools place great emphasis on the learner's
答案：C. acquisition of the ability to be creative.
4. According to the passage, American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT
答案：C. the students from foreign countries.
5. Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in other countries?
答案：D. Its underlying goal to develop every child's abilities to the fullest extent.
19 The Family
The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family ; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes.
There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies，such as North
America，and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits，who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans，the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility.
The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time，the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins. In North America today，there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced，separated，or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family，not just in North America, but throughout the world，continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.
练习:
1. Another good title for this passage would be_____.
答案：A) What Makes a Family?
2. A nuclear family is defined as_____.
答案：A) a married couple with their minor children
3. The information in this passage would most likely be found in_____.
答案： A) an anthropology textbook
4. The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through _____.
答案： C) pointing out similarities
5. The word mobility means_____.
答案：B) readiness to move
20 Tales of the Terrible Past
It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history. Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner，storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously. Among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view.
Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison deals specifically with the legacy of slavery in her book Beloved. The main character in this novel，a former slave called Sethe，lives in Ohio in the years following the Civil War，but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories. Through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences，the reader learns how and why Sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on; the fate of her husband，who also tried to escape; and finally，what happened to the child called Beloved. Morrison's scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners.
Charles Johnson's Middle Passage approaches slavery from a different，yet no less violent，vantage point. His main character，Rutherfprd Calhoun，is a ne'er-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its "cargo". Put to work after he is discovered，Calhoun witnesses firsthand the appalling conditions in which the captured Africans are transported. When they finally rebel and take over the ship，he finds himself in the middle -- and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are.
Neither Beloved nor Middle Passage is an easy read，but both exemplify African American writers' attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modem audience.
练习:
1. This passage is mostly about__________.
答案：D) two novels that deal with slavery
2. Beloved is set__________.
答案：C) in Ohio after the Civil War
3. The writer seems to feel that__________.
答案：B) the books are worthwhile but challenging
4. The writer emphasizes that the two books are similar in their__________.
答案：D) portrayal of violence
5. The word appalling means__________.
答案：A) terrible
21 Spacing in Animals
Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance” is the t erms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance—the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard’s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.
Critical Distance
Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion's critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.
Social Distance
Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group—that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group—it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.
Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short—apparently only a few yards—among some animals, and quite long among others.
Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother's voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.
练习：
1. Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance?
答案：C. Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing.
2. If an animal’s critical distance is penetrated, it will
答案：A. begin to attack.
3. According to the passage, social distance refers to
答案： B. psychological distance.
4. Which of the following could best replace the word “band” in “We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” (in Paragraph 3)?
答案：A. Strip of land
5. The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that
答案：D. social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors.
22 Some Things We Know about Language
Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so. But some things we do know.
First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language.
Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language. There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized, but the languages they speak are not primitive. In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.
This has not always been well understood; indeed, the direct contrary has often been stated. Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate. Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises. Study has proved this to be nonsense. There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languages, and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.
Finally, we know that language changes. It is natural and normal for language to change; the only languages which do not change are the dead ones. This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language. Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.
练习：
1. In the second paragraph the author thinks that
答案：C. any human race, whether backward or not, has a language.
2. According to the author, people of undeveloped cultures can have ___________ language.
答案：A. complicated
3. The author has used American Indian languages as an example to show that they are
答案： B. just as advanced as some well-known languages.
4. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
答案：D. Some primitive languages are better than other languages.
5. According to he author language changes are most likely to occur in
答案： C. vocabulary.
23 The Only Way Is Up
Think of a modem city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline. It is full of great buildings, pointing like fingers to heaven. It is true that some cities don't permit buildings to go above a certain height. But these are cities concerned with the past. The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers.
When people gather together in cities, they create a demand for land. Since cities are places where money is made, that demand can be met. And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground. That means building upwards.
The technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century. But the height of buildings was limited by one important factor. They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. People could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their journey to work, or home.
Elisha Otis, a US inventor, was the man who brought us the lift-or elevator, as he preferred to call it. However, most of the technology is very old. Lifts work using the same pulley system the Egyptians used to create the Pyramids. What Otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention. In fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds, giving people the chance to try them out before selling the idea to architects and builders.
A lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now. Going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would just be boring. Yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating. The reason is simple. Scientists have always studied animals in zoos. The nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts.
"It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space we carry around with us -- and you just can't choose to move away," says workplace psychologist, Gary Fitzgibbon. Being trapped in this setting can create different types of tensions, he says. Some people are scared of them. Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. Some stand close to the door. Others hide in the comers. Most people try and shrink into the background. But some behave in a way that makes others notice them. There are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes.
Don't worry about them. They are probably from a university.
练习：
1. "...these are cities concerned with the past" in the first paragraph refer to cities that
答案： C. want to maintain their traditional image.
2. The difficulty in constructing tall buildings in the 19th century lies in
答案：B. the lack of a device to carry people upward.
3. When Otis came up with the idea of a lift,
答案： D. most people had doubt about its safety.
4. Which of the following best describes the experience of going in a lift now?
答案：B. Uninteresting.
5. Psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behaviour because
答案：D. in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks.
24 Clone Farm
Factory farming could soon enter a new era of mass production. Companies in the US are developing the technology needed to “clone” chick ens on a massive scale. Once a chicken with desirable traits has been bred or genetically engineered, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies, could roll off the production lines every hour. Billions of clones could be produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same.
This, at least, is the vision of the US’s National Institute of Science and Technology, which has given Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $4.7 million to help fund research. The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering of farm birds.
That’s unlikely to put off the poultry industry, however, which wa nts disease resistant birds that grow faster on less food. “Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there,” says Mike Fitzgerald of Origen. To meet this demand, Origen aims to “create an animal that is effectively a clone”, he says. Normal cloning doesn’t work in birds because eggs can’t be removed and implanted, Instead, the company is trying to bulk-grow embryonic stem cells taken from fertilized eggs as soon as they’re laid. “The trick is to culture the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remain pluripotent,” says Fitzgerald.
Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg, forming a chick that is a “chimera”. Strictly speaking a chimera isn’t a clone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient. But Fitzgerald says it will be enough if, say, 95 percent of a chicken’s body develops from donor cells. “In the poultry world, it doesn’t matter if it’s not 100percent,” he says.
Another challenge for Origen is to scale up production. To do this, it has teamed up with Embrex, which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50,000 eggs an hour. Embrex is now trying to modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot without killing it.
In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken. If orders come in for a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks. At present, maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders, and it takes years to bread enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.
练习：
1． Which statement is the best description of the new era of factory farming according to the first paragraph?
答案： C. Cloned chickens are bulk-produced with the same growth rate, weight and taste.
2. Which institution has offered $4.7 million to fund the research?
答案：A. The US’s National Institute of Science and Technology.
3. In the third paragraph, by saying “Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there.” Mike Fitzgerald means that he wishes 答案：D. chickens could grow to the same weight but with less feed.
4.Which of the following statements about Origen and Embrex is correct according to the fifth paragraph?
答案：C. Origen has joined hands with Embrex in producing cell-injecting machines.
5. The technology of freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken can do all the following EXCEPT that
答案：A. farmers can order certain strains of chicken only.
25 Income
Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product.because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.
Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production., not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.
On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.
The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.
练习：
1. This passage is mainly about
答案： B. the difference between national income and personal income.
2. Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?
答案：D. The money that goes for capital consumption is not regarded as income.
3. It can be known from this passage that the government levy tax on
A. corporation profits.
4. According to this passage, the money you get as interest from government bonds is
答案：B. not money earned but money received.
5. The passage implies that
答案： D. people pay taxes somewhat unwillingly.
26 Seeing the World Centuries Ago
If you enjoy looking through travel books by such familiar authors as Arthur Frommer or Eugene Fodor，it will not surprise you to lean that travel writing has a long and venerable history. Almost from the earliest annals of recorded time individuals have found ready audiences for their accounts of journeys to strange and exotic locales.1
One of the earliest travel writers，a Greek geographer and historian named Strabo，lived around the time of Christ. Though Strabo is known to have traveled from east of the Black Sea west to Italy and as far south as Ethiopia，he also used details gleaned from other writers to extend and enliven his accounts. His multivolumed work Geography provides the only surviving account of the cities，peoples，customs，and geographical peculiarities of the whole known world of his time.
Two other classic travel writers，the ltalian Marco Polo and the Moroccan Ibn Battutah，lived in roughly the same time period. Marco Polo traveled to China with his father and uncle in about A.D.1275 and remained there 16 or 17 years，visiting several other countries during his travels. When Marco returned to ltaly he dictated his memoirs，including stories he had heard from others，to a scribe，with the resulting book II milione being an instant success.Though difficult to attest to the accuracy of all he says，Marco's book impelled Europeans to begin their great voyages of exploration. 2
lbn Battutah's interest in travel began on his required Muslim joumey to Mecca in 1325，and during his lifetime he journeyed through all the countries where Islam held sway. 3 His travel book
the Rihlah is a personalized account of desert journeys，court intrigues，and even the effect of the Back Death in the various lands he visited . In almost 30 years of traveling it is estimated that Ibn
Battutah covered more than 75，000 miles.
练习:
1. This passage is mostly about__________.
答案：C) where three early travel writers went and wrote about
2.Ibn Battutah traveled__________.
答案：C) throughout the Muslim word
3. The books bf the three writers were popular because__________.
答案：B) they told of strange and exotic locales
4. The overall organization of this passage is through__________.
答案：A) chronological order
5. In this passage attest means to__________.
答案：D) give proof of
27 Importance of Services
The United States has moved beyond the industrial economy stage to the point where it has become the world’s first service economy. Almost three-fourths of the nonfarm labor force is employed in service industries, and over two-thirds of the nation’s gross national product is accounted for by service s. Also, service jobs typically hold up better during a recession than do jobs in industries producing tangible goods.
During the 20-year period of 1966 to 1986, about 36 million new jobs were created in the United States—far more than in Japan and Western Europe combined. About 90 percent of these jobs were in service industries. During this same time span, some 22 million women joined the labor force—and 97 percent of these women went to work in the service sector. These employment trends are expected to continue at least until the year 2000. For the period 1986-2000, the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that over 21 million new jobs will be created and 93 percent of them will be in service industries.
Moreover, most of this explosive growth in services employment is not in low-paying jobs, contrary to the beliefs of many economists, business and labor leaders, and politicians. These people argue that manufacturing jobs, which have been the economic foundation of America's middle class, are vanishing. They claim that factory workers are being replaced with a host of low-wage earners. It is true that manufacturing jobs have declined, with many of them going to foreign countries. It is also true that there has been growth in some low-paying service jobs. Yet cooks and counter people still represent only 1 percent of the U. S. labor force today: Furthermore, for many years the fastest-growing occupational category has been “professional, technical, and related work.” These jobs pay well above the average, and most are in service industries.
About one-half of consumer expenditures are for the purchase of services. Projections to the year 2000 indicate that services will attract an even larger share of consumer spending. A drawback of the service economy boom is that the prices of most services have been going up at a considerably faster rate than the prices of most tangible products. You are undoubtedly aware of this if you have had your car or TV set repaired, had your shoes half-soled, or paid a medical bill in recent years.
When we say that services account for close to one-half of consumer expenditures, we still grossly understate the economic importance of services. These figures do not include the vast amounts spent for business services. By all indications, spending for business services has increased even more rapidly than spending for consumer services.
练习：
1. The first paragraph intends to tell us that
答案： B. services are important.
2. Between 1966 and 1986, the United States created about
答案： A. 32.4 million service jobs.
3. Many economists, business and labor leaders and politicians believe that
答案：B. most of the fast growth in the service sector is in low-paying jobs.
4. The importance of services can be shown
答案： C. by money spent on business services as well as on consumer services.
5. What does the writer of this passage disapprove of regarding services now?
答案： C. Their prices.
28 The National Park Service
America’s national parks are like old friends. You may not see them for ye ars at a time, but just knowing they're out there makes you feel better. Hearing the names of these famous old friends-Yosemite, Yellowstone, Grand Canyon-revives memories of visits past and promotes dreams of those still to come.
From Acadia to Zion, 369 national parks are part of a continually evolving system. Ancient fossil beds, Revolutionary War battlefields, magnificent mountain ranges, and monuments to heroic men and women who molded this country are all a part of our National Park System (NPS.. The care and preservation for future generations of these special places is entrusted to the National Park Service. Uniformed Rangers, the most visible representatives of the Service, not only offer park visitors a friendly wave, a helpful answer, or a thought-provoking history lesson, but also are skilled rescuers, firefighters, and dedicated resource protection professionals. The National Park Service ranks also include architects, historians, archaeologists, biologists, and a host of other experts who preserve and protect everything from George Washington's teeth to Thomas Edison's wax recordings.
Modern society has brought the National Park Service both massive challenges and enormous opportunities. Satellite and computer technologies are expanding the educational possibilities of a national park beyond its physical boundaries. Cities struggling to revive their urban cores are turning to the Park Service for expert assistance to preserve their cultural heritage, create pocket parks and green spaces, and re-energize local economies. Growing communities thirsty for recreational outlets are also working with the NPS to turn abandoned railroad tracks into bike and hiking trails, as well as giving unused federal property new life as recreation centers.
To help meet these challenges and take advantage of these opportunities, the National Park Service has formed partnerships-some dating back 100 years, some only months old-with other agencies, state and local governments, corporations, American Indian tribes and Alaska Natives, Park Friends groups, cooperating associations, private organizations, community groups and individuals who share the National Park ethic.
National Park Week 1996 is a celebration of these partnerships.
练习：
1. Why are America’s national par ks like old friends?
答案：A. Because they are always out there.
2. Which of the following statements is true about uniformed rangers?
答案： D. They protect the National Park System.
3. The National Park Service does all of the following EXCEPT
答案： B. molding the Nation.
4. What is this passage about?
职称英语阅读理解 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第二十七篇Driven to Distraction Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up the car and heads1 to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University3 (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.4 The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting — or whether any distractions are offset5 by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 “We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues7. The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy
2016职称英语考试真题及答案 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题l分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有下划线，请为每处下划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1、Have you talked to her?lately? https://www.doczj.com/doc/ff9390044.html,stly B.finally C.shortly D.recently 2、 About?one quarter of?the workers in the country are employed in factories. A.third B.fourth C.tenth D.fifteenth 3、 The dentist has decided to?extract?her bad tooth. A.take out B.repair C.push in D.dig 4、 We shall keep the money in a?secure?place. A.clean
B.secret C.distant D.safe 5、 This table is strongand?durable. A.long-lasting B.extensive C.far reaching D.eternal 6、 He endured agonies before he finally?expired. A.fired B.resigned C.died D.retreated 7、 There are only five minutes left, but the?outcome?of the match is still in doubt. A.result B.judgement C.estimation D.event 8、 The great changes of the city?astonished?every visitor to that city A.attacked
Youth Emancipation in Spain西班牙年轻人的解放 The Spanish Government is so worried about the number of young adults still living with their parents that it has decided to help them leave the nest.西班牙政府正担心他们国家的大龄青年一直跟他们父母住一起，政府已经决定帮助他们离开家。 Around 55 percent of people aged 18～34 in Spain still sleep in their parents' home, says the latest report from the country's state-run Institute of Youth.大约55％的18?34岁的人在西班牙还睡在自己的父母家，根据国家青年协会的最新报告。 To coax(劝诱)young people from their homes, the Institute started a "Youth Emancipation(解放)” programme this month. The programme offers guidance in finding rooms and jobs.为了哄年轻人离开他们的家，这个月研究所开始了“青年解放”。此项活动为年轻人寻找客房和工作提供指导。 Economists blame young people's family dependence on the precarious(不稳定的)labour market and increasing housing prices. Housing prices have risen 17 percent a year since 2,000.经济学家指责年轻人的家庭受困于不稳定的劳动力市场和住房价格上升。2000年以来，房屋价格已经上涨了17％。 Cultural reasons also contribute to the problem, say sociologists(社会学家).Family ties in south Europe — Italy, Portugal and Greece — are stronger than those in middle and north Europe, said Spanish sociologist Almudena Moreno Minguez in her report "The Late Emancipation of Spanish Youth: Key for Understanding"，文化因素也有利于解释问题，社会学家说，在南欧洲的意大利、葡萄牙和希腊的家庭关系强于在欧洲中部和北部，西班牙社会学家阿尔穆德纳，莫雷诺Minguez在她的报告中写道，“晚解放的西班牙青年---关键在于理解“ “In general 2, young people in Spain firmly believe in 3 the family as the main body around which their private life is organized," said Minguez.“一般情况下，在西班牙，年轻人认同在家庭为主体的组织萦绕着他们的私人生活”Minguez说。 In Spain — especially in the countryside, it is not uncommon to find entire groups of aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces and nephews(外甥/侄子)all living on the same street. They regularly get together for Sunday dinner.在西班牙，特别是在农村，这是不难发现，整个群体的阿姨，叔叔，表兄弟姐妹，侄女和侄子都生活在同一条街上。他们经常聚在一起周日晚餐。 Parents' tolerance is another factor. Spanish parents accept late-night partying and are wary of 4 set-ting bedtime rules.家长的耐受性是另一个因素。西班牙接受父母深夜开派对和警惕的设置睡前规则。 “A child can arrive home at whatever time he wants. If parents complain he'll put up a fight and call the father a fascist,” said Jose Antonio Gomez Yanez, a sociologist at Carlos III University in Madrid.“孩子可以在任何时间回家。如果家长抱怨，他们就会抗争并认为父母是个法西斯，在马德里卡洛斯三世大学的社会学家何塞·安东尼奥·亚涅斯·戈麦斯说。 Mothers' willingness to do children's household chores(家务)worsens the problem. Dionisio Masso, a 60-year-old in Madrid, has three children in their 20s 6. The eldest 28, has a girlfriend and a job. But life with mum is good.母亲们的情愿做孩子的家务使得问题恶化。今年60岁，生活在马德里，有三个孩子在20多岁的Dionisio Masso， 最年长的儿子28岁，有一个女朋友和一个工作。但是她儿子说与妈妈一起生活是不错。
助理职称评定条件（1）大学本科毕业，从事专业技术工作一年以上。 （2）大学专科毕业，从事专业技术工作二年以上。 （3）中专毕业，从事专业技术工作三年以上。 （4）高中毕业，从事专业技术工作七年以上。 （5）初中以下学历人员，从事专业技术工作十年以上，同时应具备员级职务。 中级职称评定条件 （1）大学本科毕业，从事专业技术工作五年以上，担任助理职务四年 以上。 （2）大学专科毕业，从事专业技术工作六年以上，担任助理职务四年 以上。 （3）中专（高中）毕业，从事专业技术工作十年以上，担任助理职务 四年以上。 （4）初中以下学历人员须从事专业技术工作十五年以上，担任助理职 务四年以上。 编辑本段 高级职称评定条件 （1）大学本科毕业，从事专业工作十年以上，担任中级职称职务五年以上。 （2）大学专科毕业，从事专业技术工作十五年以上，并担任中级职称职务五年以上。 （3）中专、高中毕业，从事专业技术工作二十年以上，并担任中级职称职务五年以上。 并且要到当地的人事部门进行学习培训(lucrehuang )
凡符合上述申报条件的人员，还必须遵纪守法，具有良好职业道德，能认真履行岗位职责，在本专业岗位上做出显著成绩，且具备相应的专业理论水平和实际工作能力；此外一般还需要参加职称英语、职称计算机考试，同时必须有相关论文。 编辑本段 职称破格申报条件 为了不拘一格选拔人才，对确有真才实学，成绩显著、贡献突出的人 员，可以不受学历、资历的限制破格申报高、中级职务任职资格。 1. 破格申报高级职务者必须具有下列条件中的二条： （1）、获得部、省级表彰的学科带头人；地市级以上有突出贡献的中、 青年专家；荣获国家、省级表彰的乡镇企业家或优秀厂长、经理。 （2）、获得国家科技进步三等奖以上；省、部二等奖以上；地市一等奖以上（含发明奖、成果奖、自然科学奖、星火奖）项目的主要完成者；获得国家级金、银产品奖或省、部级名牌产品奖或优秀工程奖的主要生产技术负责人；创国家级、省级新产品奖的主要生产技术负责人。 （3）、直接主持完成大型项目或全面负责大中型企业生产经营管理工作或对非公有制企业技术发展作出突出贡献，取得明显经济效益者；企业连续二年营业收入在2000万元以上（省确定的山区县1000万元以上）、或利税在400万元以上（省确定的山区县200万元以上）的主要负责人。 （4）、在技术发明、创新、改造、专利、推广、应用中，取得的经济 效益连续二年（申报高级职务的前二年）占本企业利税总额（400万元以上，贫困山区200万元以上）20%以上的主要技术负责人。 （5）、对本专业技术岗位的工作创立了有价值的经验，并在省内同行业中推广的主要贡献者；担任中级职务期间，成绩显著，并获得省级以上先进工作者称号的；或者在地市以上报刊或会议上发表过两篇以上被同行专家认定为有价值的学术论文，或正式出版过有价值的著作或译著。
（英语）高三英语阅读理解解析版汇编 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 In America, parents tend to encourage their children to develop their potential (潜能) to the fullest extent. Fathers and mothers frequently teach their children both ambition and the confidence necessary to work toward their goals. American parents are always active in concentrating on what their kids can do, not what they can't. As a result, millions of American boys and girls grow up hoping to become actors and athletes, diplomats and doctors. Many of them even want to become president. American parents often encourage their children to become involved in extra activities of all types at school, such as student government, sports and music. They believe that only through taking part in these activities can their children become mature young adults. As we all know, school work is important. But parents should realize that the social skills their children learn from natural conversations with each other are as important as schoolwork and the skills they will need in the future work. What's more important in their work is that their children should have a sound knowledge of physics or the ability to communicate effectively. As a rule, Chinese parents don't educate their children about the same kind of ambition and confidence as Americans do, nor do they encourage the same level of participation in extra activities. Children are typically advised to study hard and pass exams. They have to spend a lot of time in doing much schoolwork every day. It is a great waste of time to do so. Now more and more Chinese parents have recognized that they should pay attention to developing the potential of their children. I hope that leaders in Chinese educational circles should take some measures to develop the potential of their children. I am very confident about it. （1）From the passage, we know the American parents pay much more attention to . A. the social skills than Chinese parents B. their children's studying hard and well C. what their children want but they can't D. extra activities than schoolwork （2）According to the passage, Chinese parents . A. know more than American parents to educate their children B. owning ambition and confidence is necessary and important C. pay much more attention to their children's fine future D. don't encourage their children to participate in extra activities （3）From the passage, we can infer . A. American children are brave and adventurous B. American children are more active in their studies C. Chinese children have the ability to communicate effectively D. something should be done to develop the potential of the children in China （4）What's the writer's attitude towards Chinese education reform? A. Neutral. B. Indifferent. C. Positive. D. Negative. 【答案】（1）A
Stress Level Tied to Education Level 1.Stress level is closely related to. social status. 2.The1,031adults were interviewed. on a daily basis for 8 days. 3.Which group reported the biggest number of stressful days? People with college degrees. 4.The less advantaged people are, the greater. the impact of stress on their health is. 5.Less-educated people report fewer days of stress possibly because. Stress is too common a factor in their life. Medical Journals 1.The main readers of medical journals are. health professionals. 2.Which of the following statements is NOT true? Most medical journals publish only online. 3.How many major types of articls are mentioned in the passage? Five. 4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called. A research article. 5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on. Articles published in that journal. Need for Emphasis on Treatment 1.Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries? They are not receiving any treatment. 2.The WHO publishes its World Health Report. Once a year. 3.According to Lee, our response to the AIDS disease is. A matter of great significance. 4.AIDS treatment programs may also result in. more effective prevention. 5.How many people have died of AIDS so far? More than 20 million. Heat and Health 1.More than 600 people died from heat in Chicago. In 1995. 2.What can piople learn from the Mean Heat Index? The average temperature of an extrem ely hot day. 3.A heat wave is a period of time during which. The weather is much hotter than usual. 4.Muscle pain in hot weather means that. Y our body needs more water. 5.For people who are not in good health,heat can. Be deadly. Losing W eight 1.The study showed that most of the girls. Had a healthy body weight. 2.What percentage of the girls considered themselves overweight? Nearly 30 percent. 3.The survey participants were girls. Who were 10 to 1 4. 4.What kind of institution does the lead researcher work with? A hospital. 5.Unhealthy attitudes about weight,body image and food may. Lead to an eating disorder. Pushbike Peril 1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because. they are not noble enough. 2.In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal iniuries. To tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the projict. 3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses. how serious injuries occur. 4.The passage implies that. It is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. 5.In which of the following ways the handgrip work? It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents. Aate-night Erinking 1.The author mentions “pick-me-up”to indicate that. coffee is a stimulant. 2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone. 5.The author of this passage probably agrees that. we should not drink coffee after supper. Attitudes to AIDS Now 1.What do activists worry about? People may stop worrying about AIDS. 2.According to the passage, people’s attitude toward the cure of AIDS is. realistic. 3.The Gallup Poll shows that the number of people. Who think AIDS is the country’s top health killer has fallen. 4.According to the Kaiser Poll, which of the following is NOT correct? More and more people die of AIDS now.
2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案第一部分：词汇选项 1. The weather last summer was awful. A. bad B. fair C. dry D. hot 参考答案：A 2. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. guilt C. obligation D. punishment 参考答案：D 3. My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher. A. definitely B. generally C. certainly D. greatly 参考答案：D 4. There is a need for radical changes in education.
A. revolutionary B. long-term C. short-term D. systematic 参考答案：A 5. It frustrates me that I‘m not able to put any of my ideas into practice. A. discourages B. shows C. surprises D. frightens 参考答案：A 6. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A. limit B. fear C. power D. fool 参考答案：B 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. gather B. clear C. share D. spare
I watched from a distance as the homeless man quarreled with those who did not leave money for him – the majority. I walked up to him and right on queue he asked me for a quarter. ―I’ll give you a quarter if you tell me your story.‖ He laughed, ―You’ll give me a quarter for my story?‖ I lay the quarter in front of him and corrected myself –―Nah, here’s the quarter but it would be nice to hear your story.‖ I followed his eyes to the quarter and for a brief moment I saw a glimmer of reflection. I sat down next to him and waited. ―I was in the army,‖ he said. ―I was a sniper(狙击手)and was supposed to shoot down the enemy from the distance.‖ I listened carefully to his grizzly voice as he went deeper into the story. He wore dirty old torn clothes and smelled like a dead rat left in a mouse trap. He told me how he used to hunt with his family and was really good at it. He had his own way of respecting animals by not wasting what he killed for food and not killing more than he needed. When the army came knocking on his door, he felt pride and joined up. All those years of polishing his hunting skills could now serve a larger purpose—to defend us from the bad guys. He set out to fight in Iraq. It wasn’t long before he realized his ideals and expectations were just a shadow of the truth. He became disillusioned with the killings, which he felt were of innocent people. ―I was a sniper but I never really killed anyone,‖ he said. ―One day I had to do it. They asked me to shoot this lady from the distance. I saw kids near that lady and my hands were on the trigger (扳机). Man, I was tearing up ... I couldn’t do it. She wasn’t doing anything to anyone and she was with the kids—I couldn’t see through my tears. It just didn’t make any sense to me.‖ The story goes on as he describes eventually being put into prison for 180 days for refusing to follow orders. He told me how he was black listed so that he couldn’t get a job. All the rights we take for granted were taken away from him. Why? Here was a man who was being punished—and for what? For refusing to kill the lady? For being a hero? ―I have no regrets,‖ the homeless man said. ―I may be homeless now, but I never killed that lady. I never killed anyone in the army. It didn’t feel right. I didn’t go there to do that. I went there to save people.‖ He continued, ―I can live with being homeless—that’s okay. But I wouldn’t be able to live with killing innocent people.‖ On that lonely Friday night, I met a hero. It just never occurred to me that a hero could be a smelly old man left on streets. 1. It can be learned from the passage that the homeless man_______. （） A. never killed animals B. had a strong respect for life C. deserved the punishment he received D. felt guilty about disobeying the order
2013职称英语阅读理解英文及译文 2013年新增（一）阅读判断 1.第一篇：Taking Pictures of the world 2.*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition （二）概括大意与完成句子 1.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 2.第八篇：How We Form First Impression （三）阅读理解 1.第三篇：Shark Attack ！ 2.第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta 12年新增的篇目：第1、8、10、11、16、19、20、26、30、33、34、35、37、38、47篇 13年新增的篇目：第3、5篇。 12年第8篇(C级)第33篇B级，第35篇A级2012年已考 职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) 3 第一篇讲述关于人们的故事 Telling Tales about People 第二篇课外学习带来很大不同 4 Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 5 第三篇小心鲨鱼 5 Shark Attack! 6 第四篇火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福 6 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 7 第五篇伊本白图泰游记7 The Travels of Ibn Battuta 8 第六篇看电视与长途汽车旅行9 TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 10 第七篇现代日光浴者10 Modern Sun Worshippers 11 第八篇变化中的中产阶级11 The Changing Middle Class 12 第九篇单亲幼儿最出色12 Single-parent Kids Do Best 13 第十篇艾伦的来信13 A Letter from Alan 14 第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展14 The Development of Ballet 15 第十二篇走私15 Smuggling 15 第十三篇芭比娃娃16 The Barbie Dolls 16 第十四篇睡眠17 Sleep 17
全国职称英语考试历年真题及答案 理工类-A级 2003-2010 目录 1.2003年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (2) 2.2004年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (16) 3.2005年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (35) 4.2006年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (54) 5.2007年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (68) 6.2008年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (76) 7.2009年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (89) 8.2010年全国职称英语考试（理工类A级）真题及答案 (102)
2003年职称英语等级考试理工类A级试题及答案第一部分：词汇选项（第1—15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与画线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。 1. The union representative put across her argument very effectively. A explained B invented C considered D accepted 2. He talks tough but has a tender heart. A heavy B strong C kind D wild 3. It is no use debating the relative merits of this policy. A making B taking C discussing D expecting 4. Our statistics show that we consume all that we are capable of producing. A waste B buy C use D sell 5. The fuel tanks had a capacity of 140 liters. A function B ability C power D volume 6. Our lives are intimately bound up with theirs. A tensely B nearly C carefully D closely 7. Her faith upheld her in times of sadness. A supported B excited C inspired D directed
11 School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime. C hildren can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepar ed by parents. There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like brea d or pasta. Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars . Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunchtime. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot criticise parents, bu t it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their c hildren's diet can affect their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating habits at this ag e, and parents are the only ones who can prevent it. 12 A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are w orried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly ever doing anything else i n their spare time. Naturally, parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and th ey want to know if it can be harmful for their children. Should parents worry if their children are s pending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously, if children are bent over their computers for hours, absorbed in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should make of the Internet, and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework. If the child is not holding to this arrangement, the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child's use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other soft of bargain about behaviour. Any parent who is seriously alarmed about a child's behaviour should make an appointment to dis cuss the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a ch ild's performance at school. Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet，he or she is probably just going through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about! 13 The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them. This was partl y for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable , like people with contagious diseases. The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the e nd of the 18th century. The last of London's gates was removed a century ago, but by a stroke of lu ck, it was never destroyed. This gate is, in actual fact, not called a gate at all; its name is Temple Bar, and it marked the bo undary between the Old City of London and Westminster. In 1878 the Council of London took the Bar down, numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970's with the intention of returning the gate home. The aim of the trust is the preservation of the nation's architectural heritage. Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down, stone by stone, removing and rebuilding it near St Paul's Cat