Chapter 9 English Idioms
9. 0 Introduction
Korean: To establish a business is easy, to maintain it is difficulty.
Hungarian: If you want to get rid of your friend, lent him money.( If you would make an enemy, lend a man money and ask it of him again. 你若想与人成仇结怨，只要借钱给人再催还。) Yiddish: Money buys everything except brain.
Chinese idioms:
1. A word spoken is past recalling.
2. Strike while the iron is hot.
3. Where there is a will there is a way.
4. Empty vessels make the greatest sound.
5. Time and tide wait for no man.
6. Second thoughts are best.
7. Like teacher like pupil.
8. He that talks much errs much.
9. Standers-by see more than gamesters.
10. Practice makes perfect
11. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
12. Many words cut more than swords.
13. Little thieves are hanged, but great ones escape.
14. A great ship asks deep waters.
15. Murder will out.
16. He that mischief hatches, mischief catches.
17. It is no use crying over spilt milk.
18. Homer sometimes nods.
19. Men may meet but mountains never.
No great loss without some small gain.
21. A blind man will not thank you for a looking-glass.
英文谚语大全
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9.1 What is an idiom?
The word ‘idiom’ comes from Greek ‘idios’ ultimately from ‘idioma—’,meaning one’s own, private, peculiar.
e.g.
1) John used a ‘red herring’ in his argument:
John introduced an irrelevant question to turn attention away from the main issue.
2) to fly off the handle: become excessively angry
3) to have second thoughts
4) the lion’s share
5) She washed her hands of the matter.（她不再过问这件事了）
6) She refused to have anything more to do with the matter. （她不想和这件事有什么关系了An idiom is an expression that is not readily understandable form its literal meaning of individual constituents.
An expression which function as a single unit and whose meaning cannot be worked out from its separate parts.
作为一个单位使用的，意义不能从其独立的组成部分得出的一种表达法。
e.g. 1) kicked the bucket
2) Don’t beat a dead horse :
The person should not waste time harping on about an issue that has already been decided 9.2.1 characteristic feature
1) An English idiom has an established from.
One that has been accepted by traditional usage, no element can be changed in English idioms without destroying ,the word order cannot be inverted or changed.
e.g.
tooth and nail （竭尽全力）
with flying colours 出色地，成功地
2) None of the words may be replaced by a synonym.
e.g.
(1) We look forward to meeting you .
(2) wash one’s dirty linen in public,
(3) have second thoughts,
(4) a stitch in time saves in nine
*one stitch in time saves nine.
3) Idioms are set phrases of fixed meanings, the word order cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.
e.g. *we look forward seeing you.
*straight from horse’s mouth.
*turn a new leaf.
They are unacceptable because to, the and over have been omitted.
4) Idioms may be treated as a type of collocation involving two or more words in context, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.
e.g.
(1) between the devil and the deep blue sea
(进退两难)
(2) All that is not gold that glitters.
(3) Kill the goose that laid the golden egg.
5) The meaning of an idiom cannot be predicted from the meanings of its constituents.
e.g. How are you ?
9.2.2 ‘ frozen’ & ‘partial’ idioms
‘frozen’ metaphors, fixed lexical units, ‘full’ idioms,
Frozen metaphors tend to lose their vividness, and speakers often lose sight of their metaphorical origins.
‘kick the bucket’
‘wash one’s dirty linen in public
‘partial idioms’
Some of the words have their usual meaning while the others have meanings that are peculiar to that particular structure.
e.g. white
white coffee: brown in colour,
white wine: usually yellow,
white people: generally off-pink.
conclusion :
make up a story,
make up a fire (添燃料使火烧旺),
make up one’s face
The first expression is used in its literal meaning, the second is a partial idiom, the last is fully idiomatic.
Idioms as a type of multiword lexeme; an idiom may be defined as a phrase, the meaning of which cannot be predicted from the individual meanings of the morphemes it comprises. two main headings: ambiguity, and syntactic peculiarities:
e.g. beat a dead horse： a. literal meaning
b. idiomatic meaning
hit the sack： a. literal meaning
b. idiomatic meaning
If you are not sure of its exact meaning, they will automatically discard the literal meaning of the expression, and seek an idiomatic meaning .
9.3 Types of Idioms
1) Idioms nominal in nature (名词性习语)
a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences
e.g.
white elephant（绣花枕头）brain trust （智囊团）
2) Idioms adjectival in nature (形容词性习语)
function as adjectives
e.g.
as poor as a church mouse（一贫如洗）,up in the air（悬而未决）
3）Idioms verbal in nature. (动词性习语)
It can be subdivided into phrasal verbs and other verb phrases. Phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep．and/or a particle.
e.g.
come clean（全盘招供）;
fall flat（一败涂地）;
swim against the stream（力排众议，逆流而行）
4）Idioms adverbial in nature (副词性习语)
This class contains numerous prepositional phrases，which in nature are either adjectival or adverbial and in many cases have both functions at the same。
e.g.
tooth and nail （竭尽全力）;
through thick and thin（不顾艰难险阻）; between the devil and the deep blue sea（进退两难）
5) peculiar types
A. Words in Pairs ( irreversilble binomials or twin words) 成对词
It is combined by ‘and ’to express whole concept
e.g.
(1) v.
toss and turn （翻来覆去）
pick and choose （挑挑拣拣，挑剔）
push and shove（猛往前挤）
pick and steal （扒窃。小偷小摸）
fuss and bother (纠缠不休)
(2) adj.
black and blue（遍体鳞伤的）
free and easy （不拘形势的，随便的）
fair and square （光明正大的）
null and void （无效的）
(3) adv. really and truly （真正地）
far and away （无疑地，肯定地）
once and away （一次了结地，一劳永逸地）
out and out （十足地，彻底地）
(4) n. neck and neck （并驾齐驱）
vice and crime （罪恶）
use and wont （习惯，惯例）
hammer and tongs （全力以赴，大刀阔斧）
(5) different kinds:
long and lasting （持久的）
dead and turned to clay （早就死了）
enough and to spare （绰绰有余）
living and dead （生者和死者）
B. Trinomials 三词词组: a,b,c
e.g.
here ,there and everywhere;
right, left and centre;
Ready! Set! Go! (各就各位！预备！跑！) ；
masculine, feminine, and neuter;（阳性、阴性、中性）；
of the people, by the people, and for the people ( 民有、民治、民享)；wine, woman and song ( 吃喝玩乐)；
first, midst and last（彻头彻尾);
eat drink and be merry (及时行乐)；
cool, calm and collected (泰然自若，镇定自若) ;
good, bad and different（好坏参差不齐）；
blood, sweat and tears（血汗和艰辛）
Brown, Joan and Robinson (Tom ,Dick and Harry)
6）Sentence idioms (句子习语)
All idioms of this category are complete sentences.
（1）Many dishes, many diseases.
食多病多。
（2）A horse stumbles that has four legs.
人有失手日，马有失蹄时。
（3）Vain glory blossoms but never bears.
虚荣能开花，但不会结果。
（4）Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.
阅读使人渊博，会谈使人机敏，写作使人谨慎。
（5）Still water run deep.
静水流深。
6）Wise men learn by other men’s mistakes; fools by their own.
聪明人从旁人的错误中吸取教训，愚笨人则从自身的错误中吸取教训。
（7）A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手；十赊不如一现。
（8）It is an equal failing to trust everybody.
信任一切人与不信任任何人，同样是缺点。
（9）Love is a sweet torment.
爱情是一种甜蜜的痛苦。
（10）No rose without a thorn.
玫瑰皆有刺（没有尽善尽美的幸福）
9.4 Stylistic Features (英语习语的文体色彩)：
（1）according to sources
A large proportion of idioms were first created by working people .
a. seamen on the sea: in deep water（出了麻烦）
tide over（渡过难关）
b. hunters in the woods: kill two birds with one hands（一箭双雕，一举两得）
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. (三心二意，一事无成）
c. farmers in the fields: have all one’s eggs in one basket（孤注一掷）
a bull in china ‘s shop （鲁莽的人）
d. fisherman: jump the bait（上钩）
a fish out of water（如鱼出水，感到生疏）
e. housewives: wash one’s dirty linen in public,（家丑外扬）.sweep clean（鲁莽闯祸的人）new brooms（新官上任三把火）
f. cooks in the kitchen :keep the pot boiling（谋生，维持生活）
boil down（归结，浓缩）
g. sports man : hit below the belt（暗箭伤人）play fair（规规矩矩）
h. music: painting the theater, to behind the scenes, to pull the string
i. various professions: to make the best of a bad bargain, to bring into account,
(2) According to lexical or phonetic make-up of English idioms:
a. Two words habitually used together, forming semantic unit: odds and ends; hue and cry; ways and means; well and goods; far and away; high and mighty.
b. Repetition : out and out; by and by; face to face from time to time
c. Alliteration: safe and sound; bag and baggage; humming and hawing; sum and substance.
d. rhyme: wear and tear; by hook and by crook; toil and moil.
e. Alternative : sooner or later; now and never; rain and shine; hit or miss; here and there.
(3) According grammatical function:
a. Noun phrase: Jack of all trades; cat’s paw; the apple of one’s eye; white elephant, maiden name .
b. Verb phrases: to put up with; to pick and choose; to snatch one’ finger at; to make good.
c. Adjective phrases: free and easy; fair and square; as mad as a hatter; high and mighty; cut and dried
d. Adverbial phrases: hammer and tongs; by the way; through thick and thin; bag and baggage
(4) informal, formal (frozen style) .
a. colloquialisms
b. slang
c. Literary expressions
9.5 Variations of Idioms (英语习语的变异形式)
The more idiomatic the idioms the more fixed the structure
（习语性越强，结构越固定）
Idioms do not allow changes as a rule, but the fixity of idioms is not absolute. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience grammatical changes. such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number.
The changes in constituents of idioms include：addition, deletion ,replacement, position shifting，dismembering.
(1）Replacement．In some idioms，a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech，resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.
（2）Addition or deletion. In some instances，some constituents can be added or deleted which does not affect the meaning of the idioms
（3）Position-shifting．the position of certain constituents in some idioms can be shifted without any change in meaning.
（4）Shortening. This occasionally occurs in proverbs and sayings，where only a part of them is used instead of the whole.
（5）Dismembering. It is by breaking up the idioms into pieces，an unusual case of use of idioms particularly in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.
9.5. Rhetorical Features 英语习语的修辞特征
（1）Phonetic manipulation 语音方面：
a) Alliteration 头韵法
b) rhyme 押韵
（2）Lexical manipulation 词汇方面：
a) reiteration 同义词复用
b) repetition 重复
c) juxtaposition 反义词并列
3）figures of speech：
a) simile
b) metaphor
c) metonymy
d) synecdoche
e) personification
f) euphemism
Ex 8/1 Translate
1 .Curiosity killed the cat.
2. A bird may be known by its song.
3. As a man sows, so he shall reap.
4. Beauty is but skin deep.
5. Bitter pills may have wholesome effects.
6. Caution is the parent of safety.
7. The child is the father of the man.
8. Discontent is the first step in progress.
9. Do as they do at Rome.
10. A fall into a pit. A gain in your wit.
11. The fire is the test of gold; adversity of strong man.
12 . Vain glory blossoms but never bears. （虚荣能开花，但不会结果）
13．Business is the salt of life. ( 事业是生命之盐)
14. Never think yourself above your business. (不要眼高手低；永远不要认为自己是大材小用)
15 .Work makes the workman. ( 勤工出巧匠)
16. We must not lie down, and cry, God help us. (求神不如求己)
17. Every man is the architect of his own fortune.( 每一个人都是自身幸福的建筑师)
18. Learning makes a good man better and ill man worse.(知识能使好人更好，坏人更坏) 20. . No love is foul, nor prison fair. ( 没有肮脏的爱情，也没有美丽的监狱)
22. Love makes all hard hearts gentle. (爱情把一切冷酷之心变得温柔)
23.Health is better than wealth.( 健康胜于财富)
Chapter 10 English Dictionaries
Dictionary
It is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of and in some, their etymology.
10.1 Repositories of words
1) Dictionaries : many shapes and sizes, are aimed at different groups of users.
2) No dictionary is totally comprehensive, contains all the words in the language
3) Each new edition of a dictionary has to select from current English , decide which to include and which to leave out.
10.2 Dictionaries classified by purpose and size
1) general-purpose dictionaries, for native speakers of the language;
2) children?s dictionaries, for those acquiring English as their first language or through English-medium education;
3) learner?s dictionaries, for those learning English as a second or foreign language, 1) General-purpose dictionaries in three main sizes:
(1) desk size (equivalent to college dictionaries in the USA), e.g. Collins English Dictionary (CED), Longman Dictionary of the English Language (LDEL), the New Oxford Dictionary of English;
(2) concise size, e.g. the Concise Oxford Dictionary (COD), Collins Concise English Dictionary, Longman Concise English Dictionary;
(3) pocket size, e.g. the Pocket Oxford Dictionary, etc.
…gem? dictionaries, smaller than the …pocket?
2) Children?s dictionaries come in various sizes：
From large-format picture book dictionaries for infant school children to school dictionaries and dictionaries for teenagers that begin to resemble adult dictionaries.
3) Learner?s dictionaries
As a progression from bilingual dictionaries, aimed at learners either at the intermediate or at the advanced stage of language learning.
Some for each of these levels:
● e.g. the Oxford Student?s Dictionary (1998) for intermediate
●the Oxford Advanced Learner?s Dictionary (ed. Crowther 1995) for advanced
learners;
●Collins COBUILD Learner?s Dictionary (1996) for intermediate learners
●Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (1995) for advanced learners.
●the Oxford Elementary Learner?s Dictionary (1994). for the …beginner to
pre-intermediate? stage
10.3 Some basic concepts of English dictionaries:
1. Monolingual Dictionaries单语词典
2. Bilingual Dictionary双语词典
3. Linguistic Dictionaries语言词典学
4. Encyclopedic Dictionaries百科词典
5. Encyclopedia百科全书词典
6. Unabridged Dictionaries足本词典
7. Desk Dictionaries案头词典
8. Pocket Dictionaries袖珍词典
9. Specialized Dictionaries专门词典
1 Monolingual Dictionaries单语词典
written in one language,the headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language。
2. Bilingual Dictionary双语词典
involve two languages, the entries are defined or explained in the same language with translations, or rather the headwords are defined in another language or given their equivalents.
3. Linguistic Dictionaries语言词典学
aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language，cover such areas as spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical function, usage and etymology, etc.
4. Encyclopedic Dictionaries百科词典
the characteristics of both linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedia, the general information as in a linguistic dictionary and limited encyclopedic information as well
5. Encyclopedia百科全书词典
An encyclopedia is not concerned with the language per se but provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword.
6. Unabridged Dictionaries足本词典
an unshortened one，a complete record of all the words ，the most complete description of words available，it provides a great quantity of basic information about a word: its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates, usage, grammatical function, etc. A book which deserves a special mention is The Word Book Dictionary.
7. Desk Dictionaries案头词典
medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000. one finds most used on desks
8. Pocket Dictionaries袖珍词典
about 50,000 entries or fewer, provide only the spelling and pronunciation of each word with a few most common meanings, containing only a few or no examples
9. Specialized Dictionaries专门词典
concentrating on a particular area of language or knowledge，treating such diverse topics as etymology，synonyms，idioms，pronunciation，usages in language and a variety of other subjects
E x.
1．Why is the study of the dictionary necessary in lexicology?
2. Why is an encyclopedic dictionary different from an encyclopedia?
3. Why are the “desk” dictionaries most popular of the unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries? 4
4. Do you think general dictionaries are always better than specialized ones?
5. What factors should be taken into consideration in choosing a dictionary? 7
6. Look up the word dull in CCELD ( Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary 1987 ) to find out how many meanings, synonyms, autonyms and superordinates are provided?
10.4 How many words?
difficult to ascertain
count the contents in different ways
1) How many ‘headwords’ they have.
two factors to bear in mind :
(1) headwords
abbreviations (MP); prefixes (mis-), suffixes (-ment), and combining forms (mal-, -mancy); open compounds (metal fatigue); and encyclopedic entries, i.e. names of people and places; Weights and Measures; Irregular verbs, etc. learners find them necessary and convenient.
(2) differ in their policy on multiple entries
a word belongs to more than one word class:
e.g. middle an adjective, a noun and a verb, and some dictionaries (e.g. LDEL 1991) have three headwords middle, (e.g. the New Oxford Dictionary of English 1998) include all three word classes under a single headword.
2)Way of counting the contents
express them in terms of the number of …definitions? or …meanings?.
a word has more than one …meaning?, figures (1., 2.), but sometimes additionally with sub-divisions by letter (la., lb.).
e.g. The noun monkey has five numbered meanings in the LDEL( Longman Dictionary of
the English Language 1991), but it has ten numbered meanings in Collins Electronic Dictionary (1992). Few dictionaries use definitions as the sole count of their contents.
3)The preferred way of expres sing the quantification of a dictionary?s contents is in terms of …references?.
●References include: the head-word; any additional word class; any inflected forms
given; run-on derivatives without definitions; idioms and other fixed expressions included within an entry; variant spellings; words given in lists at the bottom of the page, virtually anything in a bold typeface is counted as a …reference?.
●Reference words:
●The desk-size CED (1994) claims to contain 180,000 references;
●Collins Concise English Dictionary (1995), claims 125,000 references;
●T he Collins Compact English Dictionary (1994) claims 68,000 references.
●based on counting a sample of pages; but they give a good idea of how dictionaries
differ in size in respect of the quantification of their contents.
●10.5 S election of vocabulary
●current vocabulary.
●everyday words, identified as the …common core? of the vocabulary
●the vocabulary of science and technology
●information technology, the environment, business and finance, medicine, sport, and
popular culture
●the inclusion of recently coined words or meanings
Glossaire technique anglais fran?ais des remontées mécaniques anglais Fran?ais Commentaire abrasive cloth toile émeri abseil device dispositif de rappel abseil security device dispositif de rappel access bar barre d’accès actuator déclencheur adjustment scaleéchelle de réglage adjustment sleeve manchon d’ajustement air cooler fan ventilateur de refroidissement anchor bolt boulon d’ancrage anchorman assureur Anti-derailleur Antidérailleur anti-friction bearing roulement antifriction arm rest accoudoir assembly ensemble Dans de nombreux cas, il s’agit de montage (during assembly of…) assuming fixed track en assumant une voie fixe autolock descender descendeur autobloquant average gradient pente moyenne
一、组装、冲压、喷漆等专业词汇 Assembly line组装线 Layout布置图 Conveyer流水线物料板 Rivet table拉钉机 Rivet gun拉钉枪 Screw driver起子 Electric screw driver电动起子Pneumatic screw driver气动起子worktable 工作桌 OOBA开箱检查 fit together组装在一起 fasten锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具) pallet栈板 barcode条码 barcode scanner条码扫描器 fuse together熔合 fuse machine热熔机 repair修理 operator作业员 QC品管 supervisor 课长 ME制造工程师 MT制造生技 cosmetic inspect外观检查 inner parts inspect内部检查 thumb screw大头螺丝 lbs. inch镑、英寸 EMI gasket导电条 front plate前板 rear plate后板 chassis 基座 bezel panel面板 power button电源按键 reset button重置键 Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试 V oltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键 sheet metal parts 冲件 plastic parts塑胶件 SOP制造作业程序 material check list物料检查表 work cell工作间 trolley台车 carton纸箱 sub-line支线 left fork叉车QC Section品管科 stamping factory冲压厂 painting factory烤漆厂 molding factory成型厂 common equipment常用设备 uncoiler and straightener整平机 punching machine 冲床 robot机械手 hydraulic machine油压机 lathe车床 planer |'plein |刨床 miller铣床 grinder磨床 driller??床 linear cutting线切割 electrical sparkle电火花 welder电焊机 staker=reviting machine铆合机 position职务 president董事长 general manager总经理 special assistant manager特助 factory director厂长 department director部长 deputy manager | =vice manager副理 section supervisor课长 deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长 group leader/supervisor组长 line supervisor线长 assistant manager助理 to move, to carry, to handle搬运 be put in storage入库 pack packing包装 to apply oil擦油 to file burr 锉毛刺 final inspection终检 to connect material接料 to reverse material 翻料 wet station沾湿台 Tiana天那水 cleaning cloth抹布 to load material上料 to unload material卸料 to return material/stock to退料 scraped |'skr?pid|报废 scrape ..v.刮;削 deficient purchase来料不良 manufacture procedure制程 deficient manufacturing procedure制程 不良 oxidation |' ksi'dei n|氧化 scratch刮伤 dents压痕 defective upsiding down抽芽不良 defective to staking铆合不良 embedded lump镶块 feeding is not in place送料不到位 stamping-missing漏冲 production capacity生产力 education and training教育与训练 proposal improvement提案改善 spare parts=buffer备件 forklift叉车 trailer=long vehicle拖板车 compound die合模 die locker锁模器 pressure plate=plate pinch压板 bolt螺栓 name of a department部门名称 administration/general affairs dept总务 部 automatic screwdriver电动启子 thickness gauge厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具 power wire电源线 buzzle蜂鸣器 defective product label不良标签 identifying sheet list标示单 screwdriver holder起子插座 pedal踩踏板 stopper阻挡器 flow board流水板 hydraulic handjack油压板车 forklift叉车 pallet栈板 glove(s)手套 glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套 thumb大拇指 forefinger食指 midfinger中指 ring finger无名指 little finger小指 band-aid创可贴 iudustrial alcohol工业酒精 alcohol container沾湿台 head of screwdriver起子头 sweeper扫把 mop拖把 vaccum cleaner吸尘器 rag 抹布 garbage container灰箕
你一定要了解的三种英语构词法 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《你一定要了解的三种英语构词法》的内容，具体内容：我们学习英语最先开始的就是要了解英语单词的构词法，所以我特意整理了关于英语单词的构词法和演变方法供大家学习参考。英语中的构词法主要有三种即转化法、合成法和派生法。一、转化法(convers... 我们学习英语最先开始的就是要了解英语单词的构词法，所以我特意整理了关于英语单词的构词法和演变方法供大家学习参考。 英语中的构词法主要有三种即转化法、合成法和派生法。 一、转化法(conversion) 在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。 1. 动词转化为名词 Let me have a try. 让我试试。 They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school. 在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。 2. 名词转化为动词 He shouldered his way through the crowd. 他用肩膀推开人群前进。 The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。 3. 形容词转化为动词 We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 They tried to perfect the working conditions. 他们努力改善工作条件。 4. 形容词转化为名词 He didnt know the difference between right and wrong.他不辨是非。 The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 5. 形容词转化为副词 How long have you lived there? 你在那儿住多久了? 6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词 Warm clothes are a must in the mountains. 穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。 Life is full of ups and downs. 人生有得意时也有失意时。 His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他的辩论中含有太多的"如果"和"但是"。 二、合成法(composition)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/fd18479597.html,-翻译专业词语 1 .Semantic equivalence案本，语义对等 Faithfulness求信 spiritual resemblance 神似（傅雷提出的） transfiguration化境（钱钟书提出） 2.faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance (信达雅：严复提出) 3.translator is betrayer(译者即叛徒，指译者必须违背母语模式，为了产生满意的译文) 4.foreignization 异化指的是翻译策略，翻译时保持异国情调的方法。Domestication 归化翻译时风格向译入语的风格靠近 5 semantic translation 语义翻译指传达语句意思的翻译 communicative translation交际翻译指只要能达到句子的交际目的而可以不拘泥形式的翻译 6 componential analysis 语义分析比如 man 这个词它有human female adult 的语义特征 7 deconstruction 解构（指的是翻译时把原句式全部解开打乱） 8.equivalence 对等 9.equivalence effect 等效 10.functional grammar 功能语法 Function equivalence功能对等 11.interlinear translation 直译逐字翻译 12.literal translation 直译 free translation 意译 13.skopos theory 目的论（指译者翻译是有一定的目的的，政治目的，文化需要等） 14.transliteration 直译音译比如骆驼祥子直译为 camel xiangzi 15 word—for—word 逐字译 sense —for—sense 意译
1. 团购 group-buying/team-buying （参考）groupon=group coupon 2. 秒杀 seckill （参考）instant kill/ instant buy/flash buy/snatch buy/panic buy 3. 酒后代驾 designated driver=DD（与“酒后”有关系) （参考）substitute driver（意义更广泛，不一定是“酒后”） 引申：劝酒：（参考）courtesy drinking/Chinese-style toast 罚酒：（参考）forfeit drinking 敬酒toast of respect/propose a toast 4. 桌游 board role-playing games; （参考）RPG ( role-playing games)/table-top games（包括board games, RPG, etc.）5. 被就业/被代表 be said to have found jobs/be said to be represented （参考）be declared/be alleged/allegedly 6. 裸捐、裸官 donate his entire fortune to charity after his death (all-out donation) （参考）naked officials（第一次出现时，后面一定要加解释） 7. 裸婚 naked marriage（第一次出现时，后面一定要加解释） （参考）simplistic marriage/bare-handed marriage 8. 胶囊公寓 capsule apartment 9. 游街示众 shame parade/public shaming 9. 名著翻拍 remake/re-produce 10. 拜金女 material girl 引申：傍大款的人gold digger 被傍的大款sugar daddy 11. 富士康“几连跳” （参考）copycat suicide 12. 地沟油 swill-cooked dirty oil （参考）hogwash oil/waste oil/recycled cooking oil(后面可跟解释） 13. 诈捐 unfulfilled payment （参考）骗捐：charity fraud 14. 蜗居 dwelling narrowness(电视剧剧名的译文)/dwelling in a narrow
A . heard B . be heard C . hearing D . hear
提交的答案: In 1938. 正确答案:In 1966. 提交的答案:heard 正确答案:heard 题目详解: A . have evaluated B . evaluating C . be evaluated D . evaluated 提交的答案:evaluating 正确答案:evaluating 题目详解: A . Although B . In spite of C . Despite D . As 提交的答案: In spite of 正确答案:Although 题目详解:
A . would B . might C . must D . should 提交的答案: would 正确答案:should 题目详解: A . It was from Stephen that B . That was from Stephen C . It was Stephen whom D . It was Stephen that 提交的答案: It was Stephen that 正确答案:It was from Stephen that 题目详解: A . least B . lowest C . fewest D . last 提交的答案: last 正确答案:least 题目详解:
A . As B . It C . That D . Which 提交的答案:As 正确答案:As 题目详解: A . what B . where C . that D . how 提交的答案:how 正确答案:how 题目详解: A . In exceptional circumstances only B . In only exceptional circumstances C . Only in exceptional circumstances D . In exceptional only circumstances 提交的答案:Only in exceptional circumstances 正确答案:Only in exceptional circumstances 题目详解:
大学英语六级翻译常用词汇：经济类 中国经济 总需求 aggregate demand 总供给 aggregate supply 企业文化 corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象 corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司 cross-national corporation 创业精神 enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业 foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济 holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业 electronic industry 汽车制造工业 car industry 娱乐业 entertainment industry 信息产业 information industry 知识密集型产业 knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业 light industry 博彩业 lottery industry 制造业 manufacturing industry 垄断行业 monopoly industries 市场多元化 market diversification 市场经济 market economy 市场监管 market supervision 购买力 purchasing power 熊市 bear market 牛市 bull market 城镇化 urbanization 房地产 real estate 首付 down-payment 业主 home owner 个人购房贷款 individual housing loan
常见金融词汇大全专业单词带翻译 每行每业的学习都有他自己的专业词汇，金融行业也是这样，今天学习啦小编为大家整理了常见金融词汇大全，希望这些金融专业单词能帮到大家! 常见金融词汇篇一b i g m a c s,b i g/l a r g e-c a p s t o c k,m e g a-i s s u e大盘股 o f f e r i n g,l i s t上市 b o u r s e证交所 c o r p o r a t e c h a m p i o n龙头企业 S h a n g h a i E x c h a n g e上海证交所 p e n s i o n f u n d养老基金 m u t u a l f u n d共同基金 h e d g e m u t u a l f u n d对冲式共同基金 s h a r e股票 v a l u a t i o n股价 u n d e r w r i t e r保险商 g o v e r n m e n t b o n d政府债券 s a v i n g a c c o u n t储蓄帐户 e q u i t y m a r k e t股市
s h a r e h o l d e r股东 d e l i s t摘牌 m o n g e y-l o s e r亏损企业 i n v e n t o r y存货 t r a d e d c o m p a n y,t r a d i n g e n t e r p r i s e上市公司 s t a k e h o l d e r利益相关者 t r a n s p a r e n c y透明度 M s n b c:M i c r o s o f t n a t i o n a l b r o a d c a s t微软全国广播公司 m a r k e t f u n d a m e n t a l i s t市场经济基本规则 d a m a g e-c o n t r a l m a c h i n e r y安全顾问 e f f i c i e n t m a r k e t有效市场 常见金融词汇篇二i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y知识产权 o p p o r t u n i s t i c p r a c t i c e投机行为 W o r l d C o m世通公司 b r i b e r y行贿 e n t r e p r e n e u r企业家 c o o k t h e b o o k做假帐 r e g u l a t o r y s y s t e m监管体系 a u d i t审计
Name & No.: Exercises for Business English Translation 练习之词义选择（1） １. Thank you for your letter reference DT/Zi No. 102, of 29th, March. ２. We have had only one order from ABC Co., Ltd., so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience. ３. Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No. 1529. ４. The Buyer asks for credit and has given the Bank of China, Beijing as a reference. ５. The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission. ６. A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish L/C against S/C No. 2523. 7. The time limit for inspection and claim is 60 days after discharge of the cargo at the port of destination. 8. Party B agrees that the expiration of this license shall not discharge party B from its obligation. 9. Routine duties of the Joint Venture Company are to be discharged by the general manager appointed by the Board of Directors. 10. Party B shall check the quality of each discharge in accordance with the Contract. 11. Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief. 12. During the 1980’s the large premiums paid in acquisition often resulted in prices that greatly exceeded the value of tangible assets. 练习之词类引申（2） 1．Vietnam was his entrée to the new Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant. 2．There was no provocation for such an angry letter.
翻译常用词汇 高枕无忧resting without worries 史无前例unprecedented in the history 不可一世a conquering hero 毫不示弱equally firmly 量体裁衣to act according to actual circumstances 一刀两断to cut it clean 与虎谋皮to ask a tiger for its skin 六亲不认to disown all one’s relatives and fri ends 英雄本色the true quality of a hero 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. 每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever we think of our dear ones faraway. 上有好，下必有其焉。What the superior loves, his inferiors will be found to love exceedingly.大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。The Great River flows to the east: Its waves have washed away all the men of untrammeled spirit of a thousand ages. 上兵伐谋，其次伐交。What is supremely important in war is to attack the enemy’s strategy. Next best is to disrupt his alliances. 问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流。I wonder how many sorrows you have. They are exactly like the Yangtze River unceasingly flowing eastward in spring. 千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。Only after a thousand entreaties does she appear. Her face half hidden behind the guitar (pipa) in her arms. 吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。Only if you can stand the hardest of hardships can you hope to rise in society. 是非经过不知难You never know how hard a task is almost until you have done it yourself. 满招损Pride goes before a fall. / Pride spells failure. 适可而止Bind the sack before it be full. 好汉做事好汉当A true man has the courage to accept the consequences of his own actions.知己知彼，百战不殆。To know one’s and the enemy’s situation ensures victory. 牵扯之覆，后车之鉴。The overturned car ahead is a warning to the ones behind. 山雨欲来风满楼The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains. 是故学然后知不足，教然后之困。Therefore, to learn makes us realize our deficiency, and to teach makes us know the difficulties. 人尽其才、地尽其利、物尽其利、货畅其流。Our human, land and material resources should be used to the best advantage, and our goods should be in good circulation. 父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务，成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。Parents have the duty to rear and education their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. 中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。Citizens of the P eople’s Republic of China have the right as well as the duty of work. 各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings.
英语单词的构词法 英语单词的构成主要有派生、合成和转换三种。 派生分——前缀、后缀。 一、派生 前缀——在词首添加固定字母组合，通常改变词义，不改变原词性。 如：动词否定前缀：dis——discover发现 形容词、副词否定前缀：un，im，in——unhappy不高兴，impossible不可能 动词的重复前缀：re——redo重做，recite背诵，record记录 名词的遥远前缀：tele （多用于电信）——television，telescope望远镜，telegraph电报后缀——在词尾添加固定字母组合，通常改变词性，不改变原基本词义。 如：形容词后缀ful（基本词full）表示充满了什么——colorful 天气后缀y——windy，sunny 注意：少数后缀既改词义又改词性。 如：less为否定后缀（基本词为little的比较级）——homeless（无家） 前缀构词法一览表 dis否定（多用于动词） Im，in否定 （多用于形容词、副词） Un否定 （多用于形容词、副词） re重复 （多用于动词） tele遥远 （名词） Discover发现Cover覆盖 Impossible 不可能的 Unknown不知名的 Known Recover恢复 Cover覆盖 Telescope望远镜 Scope范围 Disappear消失Appear出现Impolite无礼貌的 Polite礼貌的 Unusual不寻常的 Usual通常的 Remove开除，搬家 Move移动 Television Vision视觉，景象
后缀构词法一览表
名词后缀 动词变名词（某某人） +er 动词变名词（某某人） 以t结尾通常+or 变名词（女性） +ress（取dress词尾） 名词变某某人 ian人 名词变某某人 Ist人 Teacher Teach讲授Inventor发明家 Invent发明 Hostess女主人 Host主人 Musician音乐家 Music音乐 Artist艺术家 Art艺术 Worker Visitor Visit参观，拜访Actress女演员Asian亚洲人 Aisa Pianist钢琴家 Piano钢琴 Dancer Competitor竞争者 Compete比赛，竞争Directress女导演Canadian加拿大人 Canada加拿大 Dentist牙医 Dent齿轮的齿 Runner Conductor列车长 Conduct引导，管理Indian印度人 India印度 Scientist科学家 Science科学 Winner获胜者Win获胜 Director导演 Direct指挥 Librarian图书馆员 Library图书馆 Chemist化学家 Chemical化学的 动词变名词（运动，结果） +ment 动词变名词（动作性质） +tion 形容词变名词（状态） +ness 名词变状态身份 +ship 名词变某某语言 +ese Government政府Govern统治Action动作，行为 Act行动 Happiness幸福，快乐Friendship友谊，友好Chinese China Improvement改进Invention发明Illness疾病Membership成员资格Japanese
[一般用法]be able to do [特殊注意]反义词unable表示不能，而disabled表示残疾的。 Be able to do可以表示经过艰难困苦才能做到的事。 2．abroad [一般用法]表示到（在）国外，是一个副词，前面不加介词。 [特殊注意]可以说from abroad，表示从国外回来。 3．admit [一般用法]表示承认的时候后面要加动名词形式。 [特殊注意]表示允许进入的时候与介词to搭配。 4．advise [一般用法]advise sb. to do; advise doing [特殊注意]后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即：advise that sb. (should do)的形式。5．afford [一般用法]通常与动词不定式搭配使用。 [特殊注意]前面需要有be able to或can等词。 6．after [一般用法]表示在时间、空间之后；be after表示追寻。 [特殊注意]用在将来时的时候后面接一时间点；而in接一个时间段，如：after 3 o’clock; in 3 days. 7．agree [一般用法]与介词on, to, with及动词不定式搭配。 [特殊注意]agree on 表示达成一致；agree to 表示批准；agree with表示同意某人说的话。 8．alive [一般用法]表语性形容词，在句中只能作表语，不能作定语。 [特殊注意]可以作状语使用，表示活活地，如：bury alive.
[一般用法]allow doing; allow sb. to do [特殊注意]可以表示允许进入，如：Please allow me in. 10．among [一般用法]用在三者或三者以上的群体中。 [特殊注意]还可以表示其中之一，如：He is among the best. 11．and [一般用法]用于连接两个词、短语、句子或其他相同结构。 [特殊注意]与祈使句搭配时往往可以表示条件。如：Work hard, you’ll succeed sooner or later. 12．another [一般用法]表示又一个，泛指，相当于one more的含义。 [特殊注意]不能直接加复数名词，需要与一个数词搭配，如：another 2 weeks. 13．answer [一般用法]及物动词，但在作名词时要与介词to搭配。 [特殊注意]可以表示接电话、应门等。如answer the phone／door. 14．anxious [一般用法]be anxious for／about／to do [特殊注意]be anxious about表示担心；be anxious for表示盼望得到。 15．appear [一般用法]不及物动词，没有宾语，没有被动语态。 [特殊注意]还可以作为系动词，与seem同义，表示看起来……。 16．arrive [一般用法]arrive at表示到一个小地方；arrive in表示到一个大地方。 [特殊注意]引申含义表示得出，如：arrive at a decision／conclusion. 17．ask [一般用法]ask to do; ask sb. to do; ask for
英语新词汇与常用词汇的翻译-N篇 2010年9月 N.Y. 纽约 nab 逮捕 nabe 电影院 nabi 伊斯兰教先知 nabob 印度长官 nabobery 财主去处 nabobess 女财主 nabobism 巨富 Naboth 拿伯 Naboth's vineyard 为别人所垂涎之物 nabs 家伙 nacarat 桔红色 nacelle 引擎机舱 nacre 珠母贝 nacred 真珠质的 nacreous 真珠质的 Naderism 纳德运动 nadir 最低点 nae 不的 naevi 痣 naevus 痔 nag at 唠叨 nag 敦促 nag 老马 nagana 那加那病 nagger 爱唠叨 nagging 唠叨的 naggish 爱唠叨的 nagual 守护神 Nahum 那鸿 naiad 水中仙女 naif 像孩子的 nail a lie to the counter 拆穿西洋镜 nail clippers 指甲钳 nail down to 束缚 nail down 用钉钉住 nail file 指甲锉 nail one's colors to the mast 明确且坚持自己的要求 nail polish 指甲油 nail puller 起钉钳 nail scissors 修甲小剪刀 nail up 钉牢
nail 指甲 nail-biting 束手无策 nail-clippers 指甲刀nailbrush 指甲刷 nailer 敲打工人 nailery 制钉工厂nailhead 钉头 nailhole 钉眼 nailing 敲钉的 nailless 没有指甲的naillike 像指甲的 nailsick 不结实的nainsook 薄棉织物 naira 奈拉 Nairobi 奈洛比naissance 诞生 naive 天真的 naively 天真烂漫地naivete 纯真 naivety 天真烂漫 naked call 无担保承购期权naked eye 肉眼 naked 裸体的 nakedize 成为裸体nakedly 赤裸裸nakedness 裸 naker 定音鼓 Nakhodka 不冻港 naled 二溴磷 namable 可定名的namaste 合十礼namaycush 湖红点鲑namby-pamby 感伤的name after 按...命名name brand 名牌 name it 讲出来 name plate 名牌 name sb for 把...命名为name 名字 name-calling 骂人 name-child 起名 name-drop 抬高身价name-dropping 提高身份nameable 可命名的
词汇进阶-----词根词缀构词法汇总 1.常见的词根(转自无优雅思) 常见的词根 1) aer, ar, 含义是“空气，大气”aeroplane, aerial, 2) ag, act, ig, 含义是“做，动作”active, agent, reaction, 3) alt, 含义是“高”，altitude, 4) alter, altern, altr, 含义是“其它，变更”alternate, 5) bio, bi, bion, 含义是“生物，生命”biology, bionics(仿生学) 6) brev, bri, brief, 含义是“短”brief, abbreviation, abridge(节略) 7) cap, capt, cept, cip, 含义是“取，获”capture, except, concept, capacity 8) ced, ceed, cess, 含义是“行，让步”proceed, succeed, excess(过度) 9) centr, centr, 含义是“中心”concentrate, eccentric(偏心的) 10) clain, clam, 含义是“呼喊”claim, proclaim, exclaim 11) clos, clud, 含义是“闭合”conclude, enclose, include 12) col, cult, 含义是“耕耘”colony, cultivate, agriculture 13) cor, cord, 含义是“心”cordial, record, accord 14) curr, cur, cour, 含义是“跑，动作”current, occur, concurrence(同时发生) 15) dic, dict, 含义是“说，示”dictate, edit, indicate, predict 16) doc, doct, 含义是“教”doctor, document． 17) duc, duct含义是“引导，传导”introduce, produce, conduct, deduct( 推论) 18) fact, fac, fect, dic, dit, 含义是“做，创造”factory, effect, profit, faculty, perfect 19) fend, fens, 含义是“打，击”defence, offence 20) fer, 含义是“搬运，移转”ferry, transfer, defer(迟延) 21) fin, finit, 含义是“终，极”final, finish, confine 22) firm, 含义是“坚固”firm, confirm, affirm(断定) 23) fix, 含义是“固定”prefix, affix(附加) 24) flect, flex, 含义是“弯曲”flexible, reflex 25) flor, flour, flower, 含义是“花”flower, flourish 26) form, 含义是“形”uniform, formula, transform, reform, deform 27) forc, fort, 含义是“力，强度”force, enforce, effort 28) gen, genit, 含义是“生产，发生”generate, generation 29) gram, graph, 含义是“书写，记录”telegram, diagram, photograph 30) grad, gress, gred, gree, 含义是“步，阶段”gradually, degree, progress 31) hab, habit, hibit, 含义是“保持，住”inhabit, exhibit, prohibit 32) her, hes, 含义是“粘附”adhere, cohesion 33) ject, jet, 含义是“抛射”project, inject 34) jour, 含义是“日，一天”journal(日记), journey, adjourn(延期) 35) jug, junct, 含义是“结合，连合”conjunction, junction(连合) 36) labour, labor, 含义是“劳动，工作”labourer, elaborate, collaborate 37) lect, leg, lig, 含义是“挑选，采集”collect, select, lecture