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被动语态复习“三步曲”
被动语态是动词语态的一种形式,表示主语是动作的承受者。在历年的中考题中,都有一定数量的考查被动语态的题目。因此,有必要对被动语态进行系统复习。
第一曲:掌握被动语态的结构
被动语态由"助动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。现将初中阶段常见的几种时态的被动语态总结如下:
1.一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are+done(指及物动词的过去分词,下同)如:
English is used all over the world.
2.一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+done如: The picture was painted two years ago.
3.现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now.
4.现在完成时的被动语态:have(has)+been+done如:The room has been cleaned.
5.一般将来时的被动语态:will/be going to+be+done如:The work will be finished tomorrow.
6.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today.
其它几种特殊句型：
It is said that …….. It is well known that ……. It is reported that……..
have sth done
第二曲:掌握主动语态变被动语态的方法
把主动语态变为被动语态时,应走好以下三步:1)主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语; 2)主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式; 3)主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构的谓语动词之后。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时,by短语可以省略。请看示范:
主动语态:My brother repaired that bike yesterday.
主语谓语动词宾语其余部分
被动语态:That bike was repaired (by my brother) yesterday.
主语谓语动词by+宾语其余部分
对于主动语态变为被动语态方法的考查,主要在句型转换题目中出现。只要能够按照上面介绍的方法去做,一般是能够做对的。
第三曲:注意主动语态变为被动语态的几种特殊句型
1.含有短语动词的被动语态
一般来说,只有及物动词才有被动语态。另外,许多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,后面也可加宾语。在变被动语态时,注意不可丢掉后面的介词或副词,常见的这类短语动词有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如:
The old people should be taken good care of.
2.含有双宾语的动词的被动语态
含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时,应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语,另一个宾语仍保留在原处。一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语,直接宾语(指物)不变。另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语,间接宾语(指人)不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for。如:
My father gave me a new book on my birthday.→
I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (间接宾语作了主语)
A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接宾语作了主语)
3.带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态
带有复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动语态的主语,原来的宾语补足语不动。同时,如果宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式,变为被动语态时,必须加上不定式符号to,这类动词有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如:
We find English very useful.→English is found very useful.
宾语宾补
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