2018年职称英语考试综合b概括大意与完成句子练习题（12）
概括大意与完成句子
第十二篇 Intelligence:a Changed View
1.Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity,some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value therefore,was as a predictor of children"s future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn plex
tasks,then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children aording to ability at an early age； and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education.
2. Today,we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years,research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself1. There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement
and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually pared with that of their more fortunate classmates.
3. There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between geic intelligence and observed intelligence.2 Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence,whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.3 Researches have been investigating what happens in this interaction.
4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly,the greater part of the development of observed intelligence ours in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly,the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the
difference in measured intelligence between "privileged" and "disadvantaged" children4 may be due to the latter"s lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences.5
5. These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind,we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and,indeed,one of them is learning how to learn.
6. The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already ourring. With the move toward prehensive education and the development of unstrained classes6,fewer children will be given the label "low IQ"" which must inevitably condemn a child in his own,if not society"s eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is aepted by more and more people.
词汇：
entity 存在，实体 innate 内在的 stimulation 激发，促进
stream （根据能力把学生）分组 interaction 相互作用
注释：
1.…research has thrown doubt on the view that innate inteffigence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. ……科学研究对内在智力可以衡量这一观点以及智力的实质本身都表示怀疑。
2…… distinguish between geic intelligence and observed intelligence.区别基因智力和习得智力。
3.…the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment. ……遗传所得和从环境所得到的激发两者之间的相互作用。这里的两个whatever都相当于what，都引导了名词性从句，分别作介词of和with的宾语。
4."privileged" and "disadvantaged" children：“有优势的”和“没有优势的”孩子。privileged原来的解释是“有特权的”，disadvantaged是“不利的”，实际上它们分别用于指家境富裕的和家境贫困的，尤其是黑人家庭的孩子。
5.…lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the"poverty of their perceptual experiences. ……缺乏必要的语言刺激以及感性经历贫乏。
6.prehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes：综合教育以及混合编班的做法。prehensive education指具有不同能力的学生同在一校的综合的教育制度，和后面的development of unstreamed classes是一脉相承的。
7.IQ：智商。IQ是Intelligence Quotient的首字母缩写。
8. …… condemn a child in his own,if not society"s eyes.哪怕社会不把孩子看扁，他自己也把自己看扁了。condemn这个动词是“谴责，判定？一不合适、不足”的意思；in one"s eyes是“在……的眼里”。
练习：
1. Paragraph 2_________
2. Paragraph 4_________
3. Paragraph 5_________
4. Paragraph 6_________
A Main Results of Recent Researches
B Popular Doubt about the New View
C Effect of Environment on Intelligence
D Intelligence and Achievement
E Impact on School Education
F A Changed View of Intelligence
5.It was once believed_________,and thus we can tell how suessful he/she will be in the future aording to his/her intelligence.
6.More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited_________.
7.It can be inferred from the passage that a child
will_________if he has more opportunities to municate with others by means of language.
8.Children were not just_________,but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.
A born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C taught to be more intelligent
D that intelligence was something a baby was born with
2016年. 【农民】__theirland. 丧失 ,__provedthathewasn'tworkinghardenough.非限制性定语 倒装句 Athens同位语 翻译：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里，385码.大约为马拉松到雅典的距离 ,wedecided totakethetrain.完成被动的非谓语动词形式 与…打成一片 【记录】theplain【平常的，简单的】facts【事实，真相】ofsmalltownlife. 非谓语动词 抚养 ：为了 ''tknowmorethanyoudo. ''llmoveinsoonandweneedtobuy__furniture. 【药方】 【生物学家】doesnotmerely【仅仅】describe【描述】organisms【有机物】,buttriestolearn__actastheydo. "Hashecomeback....Yes,he__back forthreedays. 【32课】同位语 翻译：生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。 ,theearth__coveredbywater.【55课】虚拟语气
翻译：如果所有的大陆和山脉被推平，那么地球表面将被一层超过12000英尺深的水所覆盖。 "veryhappy".【5课】 翻译：拥有五个或更多亲密朋友的人自认“非常快乐”的机会高出他人50%。【不协调的，不相配的】withgoodhealth. ' ' 2017年 .【31课】 翻译：老人把手浸在盐水里，努力保持头脑清醒。 虚拟语气（过去相反） 翻译：Smith上周非常忙，否则他就去看你了。 . 非谓语动词 翻译：她需要买所有的东西，她将要离开市场，在小镇的街上再花费一个小时。 翻译：我很感激三年前给我的出国工作的机会。 ,__isclearfromtheexpressionsonhisface.【模拟三】as引导的非限制性定语从句翻译：他得了第一名，他脸上的表情清楚地表明了这一切。 . 【大纲原句】 翻译:直到后来他们才意识到发生了多么可怕的事情。 ,airtrafficcontrollersrelyonradar. 翻译：为了追踪机场航行中的飞机，空中交通控制台要用雷达。 ……to：太……而不能
Part I Writing(30 minutes) The Challenges of Living in a Big City 【1】With the development of economy and urbanization, the number of cities is constantly increasing in China.【2】While big cities are attracting more and more people, they also bring many challenges,such as traffic jam and pollution,just to name a few.【3】The first problem that really bothers me is the traffic congestion in the rush hour. I hate waiting for buses and being late.Therefore, I have to get up very early if I have an appointment in the morning.【4】Next is that the large population in a big city makes it【5】so crowded that you can't find a peaceful place unless staying at home. The supermarkets are always crowded, so are the cinemas and parks. parks.【6】Another consequence for such a large population is that it intensifies the inadequacy of quality medical and educational resources, thus decreasing residents' sense of happiness. 【7】As a result, although I am frequently asked whether I like to live in a big city or not, my answer is always no, definitely not, How about you? 话题词汇: unsatisfactory不满意的leisure娱乐opportunity机会 fast pace快节奏 pressure压力 lifestyle生活方式 environment环境 urban城市的 health健康 Part III Reading Comprehension Section A 【词性分析】: 名词: A) ability能力;才能; E) control控制;管制;F) damage伤害;损害; M) sources来源;根源;O) vehicles交通工具,车辆 动词:B) associated与…相关;联系;E) control管理;控制;克制;F) damage损害;对……有不良影响G) described描绘,描述; H equals相当于;比得上;) innovated创新,革新;L) relates相联系;把…系起来;M) sources来自……;找出…的来源;N) undermine逐渐削弱 形容词:D) constant持续不断的;始终如一的 副词:C) consciously有意识地,自觉地; 1) exclusively仅仅,唯独;K) regularly经常;定期地 Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26-damage occurring in the developing world. The figures include a number of costs 27-associated with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year. 1.die v. 死亡，熄灭; 凋零n.骰子 2.trillion[?tr?lj?n]n. 万亿; 兆adj.万亿的 3.welfare [?welfe?(r)] n. 福利; 幸福; 繁荣; 安宁 4.alone [??l??n] adj. 单独的; 独一无二的; 独自的adv. 单独地; 独自地; 孤独地; 只，只有; The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 28-sources like home heating and cooking, has remaine d 29-constant over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation. 5.source [s?rs] n. 根源，本源; 源头，水源; 原因v. 来源; 起源; 寻求来源 6.remain [r??men]n.剩余物，残骸; 残余; 遗迹; 遗体v.留下; 保持;依然; 搁置; 剩余，剩下; 逗留 7.constant [?k?nst?nt] adj. 不断的，持续的; 永恒的，始终如一的; 坚定; 忠实的n.常量; 不变的事物
2020年职称英语等级考试综合类概括大意练习(18) Volts from the Sky Lightning has caused awe and wonder since old times. Although Benjamin Franklin demonstrated lightning as enormous electrical discharge more than 200 years ago， many puzzles still surround this powerful phenomenon. Lightning is generated when electrical charges separate in rain clouds， though processes are still not fully understood. Typically， positive charges build at the cloud top， while the bottom becomes negatively charged. In most instances of cloud-to-ground lightning， the negatively charged lower portion of the cloud repels negatively charged particles on the ground s surfaces， making it become positively charged. The positive charge on the ground gathers at elevated points. A flow of electrons begins between the cloud and earth. When the voltage charge becomes large enough， it breaks through the insulating barrier of air， and electrons zigzag earthward. We see the discharge as lightning. Lightning can occur within a cloud， between clouds， or between clouds and the ground. The first variety， intra-cloud lightning， is the most frequent but is often hidden from our view. Cloud-to-ground lightning， making up about 20 percent of lightning discharges， is what we usually see. Lightning comes in several forms， including sheet， ribbon，and ball. Intra-cloud lightning can illuminate a cloud so it looks like a white sheet， hence its name. When cloud-to-ground lightning occurs during strong winds， they can shift
2018年12月英语四级考试参考答案（全三套） 第一套 听力原文 News 1 A device that weighs less than one kilogram is part of a mission that will allow scientists to deliver fourth generation or 4G mobile coverage to the moon in 2019. If successful, the tiny device will provide the moon with its first ever mobile phone network. The lunar network will support high definition streaming of video and data between the moon and earth. The network is part of a mission to the moon. This is a project with the goal of landing the first privately paid for mission to the moon. The 4G mission is set to launch from Cape Canaveral in the United States on a space X Falcon 9 rocket in 2019. Mission to the moon intends to establish and test the first elements of a communications network on the moon. The scientists working on the project opted to build a 4G rather than a fifth generation or 5G network. This is because fifth generation networks are still in testing and trial phases. This means that a 5G network may not yet be stable enough to work on the moon’s surface. Question 1: What are scientists planning to do? Question 2: Why did scientists choose to set up a 4G network in their mission? News 2 It’s responded to a fire Wednesday night at an abandoned mall in Heywood. The fire was reported at 9:26 pm at an old shopping center on Michigan Avenue near St. Mary’s Church. Six fire engines, two trucks and two chiefs responded to the scene. Crews had the fire under control in about 45 minutes and managed to contain the fire to its point of origin. There were some people inside the building when the fire broke out but there were no reports of any injuries. Fire investigators have responded to the scene but have not yet determined the cause of the fire. Firefighters will remain on the scene until later this morning to ensure that the fire
2016年 21. I could see from his face that he _____ bad news. A. had received B. receives C. received D. has received 22. The peasants【农民】__ their land. A. deprived B. were deprived C. deprived of D. were deprived of丧失 23. He failed his exam, __ proved that he wasn't working hard enough. 非限制性定语 A. what B. which C. this D. of which 24. So frightened __ in darkness that she did not dare to move an inch. 倒装句 A. was the girl B. the girl was C. such a girl was D. that the girl was 25. An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately_____ from Marathon to Athens. 同位语 A. the distance B. distance C. the distance is D. is the distance 翻译：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里，385码.大约为马拉松到雅典的距离 26. All flights __ because of the heavy storm, we decided to take the train. 完成被动的非谓语动词形式 A. having canceled B. being canceled C. having been canceled D. canceled 27. He preferred not to _____ with that group.
xx职称英语补全短文2018年职称英语综合类考试补全短文 习题（9） General Elections in Britain are usually held only on ___ every five https://www.doczj.com/doc/ff1335918.html,er ___ents can seem to be remote from the people they represent.The pro ___ss of protesting about gover ___ent actions is very slow,even though everyone is permitted direct contact to their member of Parliament.（46） Pressure groups will seek to influen ___ those who have political power,such as members of Parliament.（47） If members of a pressure group feel that there is public support from outside their group for their de ___nds,they will ___ members of Parliament about this. Pressure groups will thus seek to get support from the public.A powerful way of doing this is by ___ use of the ___ss media.（48） Meanwhile,the group will have to be sure of its facts,and fact-finding is thus an important part of its work.Up-to-date infor ___tion can be ___de known to members of Parliament and to the general public.
2018年12月大学英语四级真题完整版（第1套） Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than180 words. PartⅡListening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and then questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A），B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard. A) A man was pulled to safety after a building collapse. B) A beam about ten feet long collapsed to the ground C) A rescue worker got trapped in the basement D) A deserted 100-year-old building caught fire 2. A)He suffered a fatal injury in an accident. B) He once served in a fire department. C) He was collecting building materials. D) He moved into his neighbor's old house. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard. 3. A) Improve the maths skills of high school teachers. B) Change British people’s negative view of maths C) Help British people understand their paychecks. D) Launch a campaign to promote maths teaching. 4. A) Children take maths courses at an earlier age. B) The public sees the value of maths in their life. C) British people know how to do elementary calculations D) Primary school teachers understand basic maths concepts. Questions 5 and 6 are based on the news report you have just heard. 5. A) He owns a fleet of aircraft. B) He is learning to be a pilot. C) He regards his royal duties as a burden.
[2018年职称英语综合备考阅读判断强化练习（5）]职称英 语备考 Plants and Mankind Botany（植物学）,the study of plants,oupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge.We don‘t know what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants,but from what we can observe of preindustrialial societies that still exist,a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people,not only for food,but also for clothing,weapons,tools,dyes,Medicines,shelter,and many other purposes.Tribes living today in the jungle of the Amazon recognize hundreds of plants and know many properties of each.To them botany has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of “knowledge” at all. Unfortunately,the more industrialized we bee the farther away we move from direct contact with plants.And the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows.Yet everyone es unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge,and few people will fail to recognize a rose,an apple,or an
2018年职称英语综合类阅读理解练习题（5）职称英语综合 类 Style,Not Fashion Style goes way beyondfashion:It is the distinctive way we put ourselves together.It is a uniqueblend of spirit and substance-personal identity imposed oil and created throughthe world of things._____ （1） It is what people really want when they aspireto be fashionable.（if they aren"t just adorningthemselvesin status symbols）。 Through clothes,wereinvent ourselves every time we get dressed.Our wardrobe is our visual vocabulary.Style is ourdistinctive pattern of speech,our individual poetry. Fashion is the least of it.Style is,for starters,one part identity:self-awareness and self-knowledge._____ （2） And style requires security-feeling at home in your body,physically andmentally.Of course,like all knowledge,self-knowledge must be updated as yougrow evolve；style takes ongoing self-assessment.
2018年12月大学英语四级真题完整版（第3套） Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad. You should write at least 120 words but no more than180 words. PartⅡ Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once． Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage. Have you ever used email to apologize to a colleague Delivered a 26 to a subordinate (下属) with a voice-mail message Flown by plane across the country just to deliver important news in person The various communication options at our fingertips today can be good for 27 and productivity---and at the same time very troublesome. With so many ways to communicate, how should a manager choose the one that’s best --- 28 when the message to be delivered is bad or unwelcome news for the recipient We’ve 29 business communication consultants and etiquette (礼仪) experts to come up with the following guidelines for 30 using the alterative ways of delivering difficult messages. First of all, choose how personal you want to be. A face-to-face communication is the most 31 .Other choices, in descending order of personalization, are: a real-time phone call, a voice-mail message, a handwritten note, a typewritten letter, and the most 32 is email. Some of these may change order according to the 33 situation or your own preferences; for example, a handwritten note might seem more personal than voice mail. How do you decide on the best choice for the difficult message you’ve got to deliver “My 34 concern is: How can I soften or civilize this message” says etiquette expert Dana Casperson. “So when
1、(contrary) to your prediction,.......... 2、(To be honest), I didn’t agree with what you said 3. (What ) is the price of that T-shirt 4. (For) what reason did she quarrel with you? 5(Looking) back into history, we can see that Chinese people have achieved 6(Given) their inexperience,they ‘ve done a good job 7, (Now that ) I have lost the notes ,...have to go without them . 8(Welcome ) to beijing ”,Mr. Li. said to the foreign friends. A: 1 a baby learns to ( creep ) before it learns to walk . 2 A co-generation power plane not ...( steam ) to heat users 3 a dog was ( run over ) by a bus and killed . 4 A desperate man will stop at nothing to get (what ) he wants 5 A generator is a machine to ( convert ) mechanical energy. 6 A good dictionary is ( indispensable ) to the study ... 7 A really powerful speaker can work ( up//into )...the feeling of the crowd to a 8 A thunder came down (while) they were listening to light music 9 According to distribution equipment ( location ) ,... 10 accuracy is ( fundamental ) to the programming of computers. 11 ( Far from ) admiring his paintings, ... 12 After ( flying ) across the Atlantic , bacame famous .( overnight ). 13 After a good deal of trial and error, we..............(succeeded) in making our but 14 After being rescued from the wrecked ship, ...( be thankful for ) . 15 After my mother finished cleaning up the house ,she went on (to read ) ...... 16 After the lecture,...had a heated (discussion) on it . 17 After Tom passed his driving test he ( filled out ) ... 18 after being rescued from the ...( be thankful for ). 19 All the desks in the room ( are covered with ) dust . 20 All the worker s in the factory ( are provided )with protective hats. 21 All those expensive shoes are made ( by ) hand 22 although many young people are (keen)..... 23 Although my friends ...( insisted) on ... 24 Although she was disabled when ...( high ) ,for ...( highly ) of her. 25 Although the three workers got very tired ...( none of ) ... 26 although her marriage was very unhanppy,...( sake ) of... 27 although the family trusted her , she ( let )... 28 american blacks were ( denied ) equal rights with ... 29 American school children should learn .......address by ( heart ). 30 An argument was inevitable because they disliked each other so much 31 ( by way of ) an excuse he said he was tired .. 32 Any body who has broken the law ..(being punished ). 33 Anything that is dropped falls towards the centre ...( gravity ). 34 apart from blue eyes , blonde hair is also ( characteristic ) of ... 35 ( pumps ) are widely used in ... 36 As a result of the neglect of all safety rules,.( were exposed )to 37 As a result , he succeeded in ( reaching ) the castle but (failed to find )...
2018职称英语考试时间【2018年职称英语综合类考试阅读 理解练习及答案（3）】 Natural health care is a philosophy and a set of principles and practices"based on science that lead to an extraordinary level of personal health and happiness. It recognizes the unity of all life and holds that physical,mental,and emotional health cannot be separated,and that personal health,environmental health,and munity health are parts of a whole. Natural hygiene （卫生学） teaches that the best way to achieve best health is right living——developing self-esteem and a positive attitude towards life；eating fresh,whole natural foods； exercising regularly；getting plenty of rest and sleep； getting plenty of fresh air and sunshine； learning to handle stress； and avoiding all negative influences of life. Basic principles:Natural health care is unique in its argument that health is normal——as simple as living in harmony with nature. Health and disease are a continuum （连续统一体）——the same physiological （生理的） laws govern the body in sickness and in health. Healing（康复） is a biological