阅读技能训练
一般说来，快速阅读的理解率为70％，如果理解率在80％-100％之间，那么你应该继续提高读速，使理解降至70％；如果理解的正确率只有50％，那么就应该在保持原有速度的前提下，设法使理解正确率达到70％。虽然这个理解率不算高，但你的速度却超过了常人。如果在考试中稍稍降低一下速度，你的理解就会轻松地达到90％—100％的正确。对于初次练习快速阅读者，加快速度阅读很可能会导致理解率的降低，这是一个非常普遍的现象，初学者一般都会经历这个阶段，所以没有必要担心。出现这种情况时，不要急急忙忙去迁就理解而放弃已达到的高速，而应保持你已经达到的阅读速度，同时逐渐把注意力转向对文章内容的理解上。只要这样反复多练，速度和理解一定会有很大提高。
下面的技能可以帮助你尽快提高阅读速度：
一、避免出声阅读和哑声阅读
出声阅读和哑声阅读对于快速阅读来说是一个致命的弱点。它把阅读速度降低为讲话的速度。正常的语速约每分钟150个单词，而正常的读速几乎等于语速的两倍。出声阅读有时表现为只动嘴唇而不发音，有时表现为舌头和喉管运动。如果我们在阅读时把手指放在声带部位，不管我们是否发出声，都会感到声带的震动。这种发声现象称为“哑声阅读”。哑声阅读还有一种很难克服的表现，即在阅读时虽然没有任何身体的运动，但在意识中，读者是一个词一个词地发出声来，而且自己仿佛还听得到。实际上，获得文字所表达的意义并不一定要经过发音这个环节。快速阅读的做法是，直接从字形的认知中获取意义。
那么怎样克服阅读中的出声和哑声阅读现象呢?这里提出建议两点：
第一，阅读时在主观上应以弄清楚作者的思想为阅读目的，要不断地思考阅读材料：“这是什么意思?”“我不同意他的观点!”“这一点和另一点有什么联系？”读者应该积极地与作者交流，而不是简单地重复作者说过的话。
第二，应该极力快读，使阅读的速度超过出声阅读的速度，尽量不给后者留下任何时间。
下面5个句子每个只出现5秒钟，你需要在5秒钟内读完并回答后面的问题。
(1)
We communicate through symbols, both audible and visible, that stand for something we have experienced. (15 words)
1: What are the two kinds of symbols we communicate through?
2: What do the symbols stand for?
(2)
The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken. (15 words)
3: What are the two things that the sentence talks about?
4: What's the difference between them?
(3)
The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg..(17 words) 5: Which part of the body does the sentence talk about?
6: Where is it on a body?
(4)
The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil. (18 words)
7: What does the sentence talk about?
8: On what do the foods eaten in any country depend largely?
(5)
In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center. (18 words)
9: What is Elizabeth in this sentence?
10: Where is she located?
练习六将出现15秒，快速阅读并回答后面的问题。
The silicon chips are, of course, microprocessors, minute but highly sophisticated electronic circuits suited to an almost infinite variety of applications, from the humble pocket calculator to the control of entire automated factories and warehouses. (35 words)
11. What does the passage talk about?
A. silicon chips
B. silver chips
C. electronic devices
D. none of the above.
12. What is not referred to in the passage?
A. the humble pocket calculator
B. the control of entire automated factories and warehouses
C. the microprocessors
D. the silicon valley
二、避免返读现象
返读现象是指在阅读过程中重新阅读刚刚读过的单词或句子来进一步确定读过的内容。返读是阅读能力低的一种表现。一般来说，任何读者都会有返读现象，但有时返读是因为读者遇到了生词或较难理解的句子，他希望通过返读来研究生词和难句，并加深记忆，这种情况自然无可非议：但低劣的读者把返读变成一种习惯，返读的次数远远超过了正常的阅
读需要。如果在阅读中经常有返读现象，就会限制阅读速度，干扰注意力，并且影响对文章的理解。因此要想达到快速阅读，必须尽可能地减少返读的次数。那么如何避免返渎现象呢?首先选取生词较少、内容浅易的材料，进行大量的简单、轻松的阅读练习；其次在阅读时注意提醒自己不要往回看，把注意力集中在思考文章内容上面。久而久之，返读的次数必然会减少。
下面的练习是专为克服返读现象而设计的，快速阅读这些文章，提醒自己直往前看，同时思考文章内容。
练习一只出现25秒，快速读完并回答后面的问题。
One morning my teen-age daughters encountered a stray dog in our neighborhood park. When they left, he followed. Concerned for his safety, they noted the owner's address on his license tag and took him to his home. Nobody answered the door, so they rang a neighbor's bell and asked when the dog's owners would return. "I'm not sure, but probably soon the neighbor replied. "They just went to the park."(71 words)
1. Where did the girls find the dog?
2. Where did they take the dog?
3. Where did the dog's owners go?
练习二只出现30秒，快速读完并回答后面的问题
Not long ago my actor brother had a small part as a mailman in a movie being filmed on a New Y ork City street. Since the area had not been roped off, passers-by were free to roam through until the cameras started rolling. While my brother was waiting, a woman walked by and stopped to ask him directions to a certain street. He told her that he was not familiar with the area. As she walked away, he could hear her mutter, "No wonder we never get our mail."
(89 words)
4. What is the author's brother?
A. A mailman
B. A passer-by
C. A film maker
D. An actor
5. Why did the woman say, "No wonder we never get our mail"?
A. Because the mailman was not familiar with the area.
B. Because the mailman didn't tell her the way.
C. Because she thought the author's brother was a real mailman.
D. None of the above.
从上面的两篇练习你可以看出这是发生在生活中的一些小幽默。它们的语言简单易懂。而且饶有趣味，在你读它们的时候，是否还需要不时地回头看呢？接着读下面一篇感人的短文，用最短的时间结束阅读，相信你一定会急于看到结尾而顾不上总是往回看了。
练习三只出现5分钟，快速读完并回答后面的问题：
My Forever Valentine
The traditional holidays in our house when I was a child were spent timing elaborate meals around football games. My father tried to make pleasant chitchat and eat as much as he could during halftime. At Christmas he found time to have a cup or two of holiday cheer and don his holly-shaped bow tie. But he didn't truly shine until V alentine's Day.
I don't know whether it was because work at the office slowed during February or because the football season was over. But V alentine's Day was the time my father chose to show his love for the special people in his life. Over the years I fondly thought of him as my "V alentine Man."
My first recollection of the magic he could bring to V alentine's Day came when I was six. For several days I had been cutting out valentines for my classmates. Each of us was to decorate a "mailbox" and put it on our desk for others to give us cards. That box and its contents ushered in a succession of bittersweet memories of my entrance into a world of popularity contests marked by the number of cards received, the teasing about boyfriends/girlfriends and the tender care I gave to the card from the cutest boy in class.
That morning at the breakfast table I found a card and a gift--wrapped package at my chair. The card was signed "Love, Dad," and the gift was a ring with a small piece of red glass to represent my birthstone, a ruby. There is little difference between red glass and rubies to a child of six, and I remember wearing that ring with a pride that all the cards in the world could not surpass.
As I grew older, the gifts gave way to heart-shaped boxes filled with my favorite chocolates and always included a special card signed "Love, Dad." In those years my thank-yous became more of a perfunctory response. The cards seemed less important, and I took for granted the valentine that would always be there. Long past the days of having a "mailbox" on my desk, I had placed my hopes and dreams in receiving cards and gifts from " significant others ", and "Love, Dad" just didn't seem quite enough.
If my father knew then that he had been replaced, he never let it show. If he sensed any disappointment over valentines that didn't arrive for me, he just tried that much harder to create a positive atmosphere, giving me an extra hug and doing what he could to make my day a little brighter.
My mailbox eventually had a rural address, and the job of and-delivering candy and cards was relegated to the U.S. Postal Service. Never in ten years was my father's package late－nor was it on the V alentine's Day eight years ago when I reached into the mailbox to find a card addressed to me in my mother's handwriting.
It was the kind of card that comes in an inexpensive assortment box sold by a child going door-to-door to try to earn money for a school project. It was the kind of card you used to get from
a grandmother or an aging aunt or, in this case, a dying father. It was the kind of card that put a lump in your throat and tears in your eyes because you knew the person no longer was able to go out and buy a real valentine. It was a card that signaled this would be the last you would receive from him.
The card had a photograph of tulips on the outside, and on the inside my mother had printed "Happy V alentine's Day." Beneath it, scrawled in barely legible handwriting, was "Love, Dad."
His final card remains on my bulletin board today. It's a reminder of how special fathers can be and how important it has been to me over the years to know that I had a father who continued a tradition of love with a generosity of spirit, simple acts of understanding and an ability to express happiness over the people in his life.
Those things never die, nor does the memory of a man who never stopped being my valentine. (700 words)
6. Why were the children to decorate a "mailbox" and put it on their desks on V alentine's Day?
A. To receive letters from their teacher.
B. To receive cards from their classmates.
C. To receive cards from their boyfriends.
D. To receive letters from their girlfriends.
7. What did the author's father do every year on V alentine's Day to show his love for his child?
A. He took her to travel abroad every year.
B. He only gave her a special card signed with "Love, Dad" every year.
C. He gave her various gifts with a card signed with "Love, Dad" every year.
D. He did nothing.
8. Why did the author know her father was dying at the sight of the card
he had sent her?
A. Because the card was the kind that one buys from the child going
door-to-door selling cards, which means her father was too ill to go out and buy a card for her.
B. Because the card was not so good looking, which signaled that her father was not so good also.
C. Because the card was not signed with "Love, Dad" as usual.
D. Because the card was delivered late.
9. What does the passage want to tell us mainly?
A. It's good to give and receive cards on V alentine's Day.
B. The relationship between father and daughter became not so good as before when the author has grown up.
C. Fathers always love their children and children should cherish the fatherly love.
D. None of the above.
三、训练眼睛运动
在阅读过程中，眼睛的运动是跳跃式前进的，而不是像一般认为的那样扫过或略过字行。眼睛从一点移到另一点的时候，我们看不到任何东西。只有当眼睛固定或停顿时我们才能阅读。
据统计，普通大学生的眼睛每秒钟停顿四次。阅读水平较高者，每秒钟可达五次。对于普通读者而言，每一次停顿，其视幅(eye span)一般为1.1个单词，即每一次停顿可认出l.1个单词；优秀的读者，每次停顿的视幅约为2.7个单词。因此，理论上说普通读者的阅渎速度可达到每分钟264个单词，而优秀的读者可达到每分钟810个单词(此标准是对操本族语的读者而言的)。
但在实际的阅读中，由于各种因素如语言水平、文章难度、理解能力、词汇量等的影响，一般读者达不到理论上的水平。但普通读者的阅读速度是一定能够通过自己的努力和有意识的训练而提高的。这里关于眼睛运动提高阅读速度方面有三点建议：一，扩大视幅。在目光盯住一个单词时，要注意用眼睛的余光延及中心词两边的单词：二，缩短停顿的时间，增多停顿的次数。三，当眼睛到达一行的末尾时，快速移到下一行的开始部分，这样也可以节约时间．提高速度。
下面的文章用来帮助你提高眼睛移动的速度，如果你能在规定的时间内读完并回答后面的问题，那么说明你的阅读速度正在迅速提高。
练习一将出现15秒，它是根据短语划分的段落，刚来训练快速移动你的眼睛。试着在眼睛停止一次时看完一个短语。眼睛快速地从上往下逐行移动，每行只停顿一次。阅读后回答后面的问题。
(1)
There is opportunity to
no better way try out
to test the fishing boat
fishing boats under the most
than under adverse weather
actual fishing conditions and
conditions the most rapid
Actual conditions and unexpected
provide the passenger movements
(39 words)
1: Question: According to the short passage, which is the best way to test fishing boats?
练习二将出现20秒，要求同练习一
(2)
The purpose of life insurance
life insurance by simply
is to prevent asking yourself
financial difficulty if your death
for someone else would put someone
in the event else in a tough
of your death financial position
With that in mind, If the answer
you can determine is yes,
if you need you need insurance.
(55 words)
2: Question: According to the short passage, how to determine whether y ou need life insurance or not?
练习三将出现25秒，要求同练习一
(3)
Anytime ask your
you're told primary care physician
that you for a recommendation,
need surgery or call
and it's the nearest
not an emergency, teaching hospital
it's a good idea or an accredited
to get a second hospital for
opinion from a recommendation.
a qualified specialist Y ou can
in the appropriate also consult
field, the Directory
To find of Medical Specialists.
this specialist
(61 words)
3: What does the short passage suggest you to do when you're told that you need surgery and
it's not an emergency?
A. To ask a friend of yours for a second opinion.
B. To ask a doctor of any kind for a second opinion.,
C. To ask a qualified specialist in the appropriate field for a second field.
D. To ask a teacher for a second field.
4: Where can't you find a specialist, according to the above passage?
A. the nearest teaching hospital
B. the Directory of Medical Specialists
C. the medical school
D. an accredited hospital
练习四将出现30秒，要求同练习一
(4)
Actually, mild fever,
the common cold nasal congestion,
is not and coughing.
as simple Thus
as it seems, the thinking behind
It can "combination" products:
be caused they
by any of supposedly contain
200 different viruses, little something
and it can for the
bring misery different symptoms.
eight ways: One pill
sore throat, or capsule,
sneezing, the advertisers say+
runny nose, handles the
watery eyes, whole malady.
aches and pains A little like
one-stop shopping.
(75 words)
5: How many viruses can the common cold be caused?
A. 100
B. 200
C. 300
D. 400
6: Does the author agree with the advertisers that "one pill or capsule
handles the whole malady"?
练习五只出现3分钟，快速读完并回答后面的问题
(5)
Sometime when you take a common drug, you may have a side effect. That is, the drug may cause some effect other than its intended one. When these side effects occur, they are called adverse reactions. Whenever you have an adverse reaction, you should stop taking the drug right away. Ask your pharmac ist whether he can suggest a drug that will relieve the symptoms but that will not cause the adverse reaction. If an adverse reaction to a drug is serious, consult your doctor for advice at once.
Drugs that are safe in the dosage stated on the label may be very dangerous in large doses. For example, aspirin is seldom thought of as dangerous, but there are many reports of accidental poisoning of young children who swallow too many for their young bodies to handle. In adults, excessive use of some pain-killing drugs may cause severe kidney damage. Some drugs for relief of stomach upsets, when taken in excess, can cause an upset in the body's secretion of enzymes, perhaps causing serious digestive problems. Y ou should never use any over-the-counter drug on a regular, continued basis, or in large quantifies, except on your doctor's advice. You could be suffering from a serious illness that needs a doctor's care.
Each drug you take not only acts on the body but may also alter the effect of any other drug you are taking. Sometimes this can cause dangerous or even fatal reactions. For example, aspirin increases the blood-thinning effect of drugs given to patients with heart disease. Therefore, a patient who has been taking such a drug may risk hemorrhage if he uses aspirin whenever he gets a headache. Before using several drugs together you should ask your doctor and follow his advice. Y our pharmac ist can tell you whether certain drugs can safely be taken together.
Alcohol may increase the effect of a drug. Sleeping pills and antihistamines are two types of drugs that combine with alcohol to produce drowsiness. When taking any drug, you should ask your doctor whether drinking alcohol could be dangerous in combination with the medicine.
Experts believe there is a relationship between adult abuse of legitimate medicines and the drug culture that has swept our country. Y ou can do your share to reduce the chances that your children will become part of the drug culture by treating all medicines with respect. Always let your children know that medicines and drugs should not be used carelessly. (409 words) 7: The author advises parents
A. To avoid taking drugs in front of children.
B. To teach their children about drugs.
C. To throw away old medicines.
D. To use drugs without telling their children.
8: When aspirin is used with heart medication, it can
A. Clot blood.
B. Thin blood.
C. Thicken blood.
D. Raise the blood pressure.
9: The author implies that alcohol
A. Can intensify the effects of a drug.
B. Can make a drug useless.
C. Can cause a person to turn to drugs.
D. Can produce drowsiness.
四、阅读意群
阅读是寻找意义的过程．因此阅读应以表达一个完整意思的词组为基本单位进行。例如下面的句子.
When such stimuli are applied to animals their pupils dilate．
在这个句子中，最小的单位是字母，但我们显然不能从字母开始寻找意义，因为字母只表示一个发音符号，它本身不包含任何意义。字母构成了单词，如t和o。构成了to，而to 只是一个介词，表示一个方向，如果单独看这个单词，我们得不到任何具体的意义。而当它和apply合用为apply to时，我们就可以知道这个短语的意思是“作用于，应用于”。同样，当一个实词如stimuli被单独看待时，我们知道它的意思是“刺激”，但只能是一个抽象的不确定的意义。反之，如果我们把stimuli同such放在一起来看就会知道它们指上面提到过的刺激。因此，我们应该把“apply to”和“such stimuli”分别作为一个意群来看待。
调查表明阅读速度慢的人在阅读时每次摄取的文字单位非常小，甚至以单个的词为阅读单位；而优秀的读者快速扫过成行的内容，每一眼都获取一个完整的意义单位。
下面的练习是专门针对培养阅读意群的习惯而设计的，阅读时力争一眼获取一个意群，并快速移动眼睛。
练习一将出现15秒，它是根据短语划分的段落，用来训练培养阅读意群的习惯。试着在眼睛停止一次时看完一个短语。眼睛快速地从上往下逐行移动，每行只停顿一次。读后回答后面的问题。
(1)
When you or fixates
phrase read it should see
it should feel a meaningful phrase.
like this. Phrase reading
Y our eye should will improve
move and stop, Y our comprehension
move and stop. and help you
Each time read faster.
your eyes stops,
(42 words)
1. What kind of movement does your eye do when reading something?
2. What's the advantage of phrase reading?
A. It can help you read faster and comprehend more.
B. It tells you more things.
C. It makes the passages more interesting.
D. Y ou can see more phrases by using it.
练习二将出现35秒，要求同练习一
(2)
As a when you
used car shopper, see one.
your first Y ou can
task is also check
to decide the National
what kind Automobile Dealers
of car Association Used Car Guide
is going and the
to fill Kelly Blue Book
your needs, for prices
Then of used cars.
shop around They'll give
until you you prices
have a to work with,
good feel but they' re
for the market value only guides.
of that car. Condition and mileage
This way will adjust
you'll know the price up
a bargain or down.
(91 words)
3: What's the first task of a used car shopper?
A. To shop around and try to find a good car.
B. To know the general prices for a used car.
C. To ask other people for advice.
D. To determine what kind of car he needs.
4: Which one in the following does not affect the price of a used car?
A. Condition.
B. Mileage.
C. Market value.
D. How many people have used the car.
练习三将出现40秒，要求同练习一
(3)
The best exercise is beneficial.
is the endurance type The exercise should be
cardiovascular activities vigorous enough
that make you to produce
breathe deeply, a temporary feeling
elevate your pulse, of fatigue.
And make you sweat, At this level
Dr. Kenneth Cooper, of intensity,
expert on fitness, it strengthens the heart
lists the following and other muscles
as the best activities and increases circulation.
for physical fitness: Strenuous activity
running, swimming, should be scheduled
cycling, walking or striding, at least two
stationary running, to three times
handball, basketball, squash, a week
Any activity that elevates for at least
the heart's rate a half hour each time.
(106 words)
5: Which is the effect that you do not feel when you do the best exercise?
A. Y ou breathe deeply.
B. Y ou feel light-hearted.
C. Y our pulse is elevated.
D. Y ou sweat all over.
6: Strenuous activity should be schedule at least times a week for at least each time.
A. two to three; a half hour
B. one to two; an hour and a half
C. two to three; an hour and a half
D. one to two; a half hour
练习四将出现30秒，要求同练习一
(4)
Violin, the smallest of different thicknesses
and highest-pitched are stretched across
of one of the most a bridge
important families standing on the box
of stringed in such a way
musical instruments, that the tension of the strings
to which can be adjusted
it gives its name. by means of
It consists revolving pegs,
Essentially to which
of a resonant box they are
of peculiar form, severally attached
over which at one end.
four strings
(75 words)
7: What is not on a violin?
A. a resonant box
B. a bridge standing on the box
C. four strings of different thicknesses
D. a key board
8: How can we adjust the tension of the strings?
A. by shortening the length of the strings
B. by revolving the pegs on the violin
C. by make the strings longer
D. by removing the strings' position
五、避免使用词典
避免使用词典是指在阅读文章的过程中，即使遇到生词，也不要停下来查词典。如果一碰到生词就查词典就会大大减慢阅读速度，而且不利于思路的连贯。当遇到生僻词汇时，我们可以通过生词本身的构造或者上下文来推测它的意义。
利用生词本身的构造，即构词法来判断词义是一个基本的方法：英语中的许多词都由若干不同的部分构成：词根、前缀、后缀。如果了解一个词的词根，一般说就可以推断出该词的意义。例如，reprocess，如果认识词根process，知道re是前缀，有“再，又”的意思，那么，这个词就不难猗测，是“再加工，再处理”的意思。但是使用这种方法的前提是读者必须预先知道词根和词缀的意义。因此，读者在平常阅读和学习当中，应该注意记忆一些词根和词缀。
另外一种方法就是利用生词和上下文的关系推测其意义。生词不是孤立的、封闭的，它所在的句子、段落都会提供出很多暗示和线索，其中最常见的有如下五种:
1．定义线索，即作者自己定义或解释一个生词，如：
A．Horology is the science of measuring time．
B．Folkways are informal customs regarding the correct way to behave．
从上面的例子可以看出，划线的单词都有比较清楚、直接的定义或解释。这是上下文中最为明显的线索类型。
2．同义词或复述线索，即作者在同一个句子中使用另外一·个词，该词与生词具有基本相同的意义；或者，作者使用几个词来复述生词的意义。如：
A. Children often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they see on television．
B. Mr．Kelada was incredibly cocksure．It was this excessive self-confidence that made you want to prove him wrong whenever he gave an opinion．
从上面的句子中我们可以很容易得出emulate的意思与copy是差不多的，而copy the behavior意思是“模仿行为”，因此emulate即“模仿”。同样，cocksure也就是excessive self-confidence的意思，即“过分自信的，独断的”。
3．例释线索，即作者举出一些例子来解释或进一步说明生词的意思。
如：
A．There was a kind of detachment about the old man's behavior．It appeared as if he didn't care what you were saying to him，as if what you were saying were of no interest to him．B．Orthopterans，such as crickets，grasshoppers，and cockroaches，thrive in damp conditions．
从上面句子可以看出,"It appeared as if he didn't care what you were saying to him，as if what you were saying were of no interest to him．"这句话是用来解释说明detachment的，因此我们不难得出detachment是“超然、独立、分离”的意思。而orthopteran包括crickets，grasshoppers和cockroaches等带翅的昆虫，因此也可以大致得出orthopteran的意思，从而不妨碍对整个句子的理解。在带有例释的句子中，通常会有一些单词或短语来表示举例，如"such as", "including"，“for example”，“to illustrate”，“for instance”等。
4．比较／对照线索，即有些句子中可能会包含与生词具有相反或近似意义的词，读者可以通过这些词来推测生词的意思。这种情况下，作者有时会使用像On the other hand，however，although，unlike，yet，but，like，while，despite和even though等词，来提醒读者语气的变化和与前面表达相反的意义。如：
A. Like bright David，Richard was very intelligent．
B. During the concert the audience was quiet，but afterward the crowd became boisterous．
从上面句子中可以看出，intelligent和bright是同义词，有“聪明
的”意思。而boisterous很明显与quiet“安静的”是反义词，因此
boisterous应该是“吵闹的，喧哗的”意思。
5．经验线索或情境线索，即有些生词可以根据它们出现的情境去理
解；也可以通过读者的经验或常识去推断生词的意思。如：
A．In spite Of the fact that the fisherman were wearing sou'westers，the storm was so heavy they were wet through．
B.AN east or north-east wind brings cold, dry weather to England，but a sou?wester usual ly brings rain.
从上面两个句子可以看出，sou'wester在英语中有两个意思：一是指—种防水的衣服，而且很可能又厚又重，因为渔民们在风暴里穿着这种衣服：二是，很明显，指一种从西南方向吹来的风。在推测第二种意思时，我们还需要知道，…SOU'?指“南面的，南方的”。
尽管运用上下文线索推测生词的意思非常有用，但必须指出这种方法也有一定的局限。第一，用这种方法得到的生词意思通常都是比较模糊、一般性的，不是非常精确的含义。第二，用这种方法不—定每次都能得出生词的意思。有的时候，我们无法从上下文中得出生词意义，在这种情况下，读者需要运用其他的技巧来判断词的意思。
下面的练习是为训练你从上下文中推断词义的能力而设计的，阅读短文并回答问题：
(l)
The Jews have a recorded history beginning over 4,000 years ago. This history, and some of the traditions and teachings which developed during this period, have had a profound effect upon modem civilization. The Jews gave the world the Old Testament and they were the first monotheistic people in the world. Biblical laws of moral and ethical conduct have become the basis of legal systems everywhere. It is interesting to note that the Jews are the only civilization which survived in its original form from ancient to modem times; all other civilizations of antiquity have long since disappeared.
1. What does the word "monotheistic" mean in the passage?
A. the practice of having more than one wife
B. quality or state of being cruel
C. belief in the Trinity
D. belief that there is only one deity
2. "antiquity" means
A. finished or refinished in antique style
B. relics of ancient times, great age
C. a chronological record of significant events
D. laws of moral and ethical conduct
(2)
I was amused with the desultory, haphazard kind of life we led: here today and gone tomorrow, sometimes reveling in ale-houses, sometimes feasting under hedges in green fields. When audiences were crowded and business profitable, we fared well; when otherwise, we fared scantily and consoled ourselves with anticipations of the next day's success.
3. What does the word "desultory" mean?
A. lacking in definite plan, regularity or purpose
B. improper; immodest
C. secret; private
D. mental disturbance marked by confusion and speech disorder
4: Which of the following best explains the word "scantily"?
A. in great comfort
B. astonishingly
C. without much food or necessities
D. frightened
下面短文将出现15秒，快速阅读并回答后面问题。
(3)
Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy.
(38 words)
5. What does the word "fluctuate" mean?
A. move up and down
B. stay the same
C. reduce
D. increase
6. From year to year, the numbers of animals in a place
A. Do not change.
B. Change dramatically.
C. Have no significant change.
D. None of the above.
7. How many theories have the scientists proposed to account for this phenomenon?
A. 6
B. 3
C. 2
D. 4
六、了解文章结构
了解文章结构，即分析文章和段落的组织结构，更好更快地理解文章。作者在写文章时通常按照一定的组织结构来表达他们的思想和观点，在阅读过程中判断文章的组织结构能够帮助我们跟上作者的思路，加快阅读速度，理解作品并在读完后回忆作品。
每篇文章都是由段落组成的，而每一个段落又是由句子组成的。句子可以分作两类：一类是中心句，一类是辅助句。段落是思想的单位，每一段落通常都有一个中心大意，而表达这中心大意的句子称为“中心句”。除“中心句”外，段落中的大部分句子就是所谓的“辅助句”，它以各种方式阐述、论证中心句，如例释、比较、类比、或定义等。中心句在段落的位置主要有五种：
1、演绎型：即一开始就出现中心句，例如：
The art of writing itself is a good example of what students of the past call independent invention since systems of writing have evolved in isolation at different times in different parts of the world. For example, one system the Chinese ideogram--can be traced to its origin in archaic
signs engraved on the scapula bones of sheep or the shells of turtles in the second millennium B.C. as a means of asking questions of heaven. Roughly 1,000 years later an entirely independent system of writing arose halfway around the world in Mesoamerica. It combined a simple system of numerical notation with complex hieroglyphs and was principally used to indicate the dates of various events according to an elaborate calendrical system.
2、归纳型：即中心句出现在段落的结尾，例如：
They were desert nomads who settled on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. They lived off the sea, first building small fishing boats, then larger ones. Soon they were sailing up and down the Mediterranean, trading vigorously with other countries. They even sailed their seventy-five foot craft into the Atlantic. They were the Phoenicians.
3、居中型：即中心句出现在段落中间，例如：
About the middle of the fifteenth century, European scholars began again to study the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Interest gradually spread into many fields, like art, music, science, and exploration. This period, covering many centuries, is called the Renaissance, meaning "rebirth". Some of the greatest figures in Western history lived during this time: da V ince, Michelangelo, Copernicus, Columbus, Shakespeare, to name just a few.
4、混合型：即中心思想在段落开始时被讲述一遍，末尾又重复一遍，例如：
Whenever possible，the good listener prepares in advance for the speech or lecture he or she plans to attend. He or she studies the topic to be discussed and finds out about the speaker and his or her beliefs. On arriving at the place where the speech is to be given, he or she chooses a seat where seeing, hearing and remaining alert are easy. And, when the speech is over, he or she reviews what was said and reacts to and evaluates the idea expressed. Thus. an effective listener, in order to achieve the purpose of acquiring information, takes specific steps to achieve accurate understanding.
5．描述型：即段落中没有直接出现中心句，主要描述某一人物、场景、或事件，例如：Looking down the runway, the pilot eases the plane's throttle forward and feels the engine respond. At first the small plane moves slowly but then quickly gathers speed. When the airspeed indicator shows 55 miles per hour, the pilot gently pulls backward on the control yoke, lifting the nosewheel off the ground. An instant later the plane is buoyed by solid air.
掌握了段落的结构规律，我们就可以分析文章结构，从而提高阅、读速度，同时期J 深对文章内容的理解。下面的练习是针对文章结构而设计的，快速阅读并回答后面的问题。
练习一将出现20秒，快速阅读并回答后面的问题:
(1)
In the past two decades, a number of studies have confirmed a link between certain foods and our ability to feel more alert, calm－even upbeat. "We've found that some foods influence the
production of brain chemicals that are directly involved in determining our mood, mental energy, performance mid behavior." says Judith Wurtman, a nutrition researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (62 words)
1. Between what does a link have been confirmed by a number of studies in the past two decades?
A. Between certain foods and our health
B. Between certain foods and certain habits
C. Between our mood and our health
D. Between certain foods and our mood
2: What is Judith Wurtman?
A. She's a researcher on chemicals.
B. She's a psychiatrist.
C. She's a researcher on nutrition.
D. She's a nurse.
3: Where is the main idea of the passage?
A. the first sentence
B. the second sentence
C. the third sentence
D. Nowhere can we find the main idea.
练习二只出现1.5分钟，快速读完并回答后面的问题
4: What's the percentage of water in the paper before it is polished and reeled?
A. 70%
B. 30%
C. 8%
D. 10%
5: What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The varieties of paper.
B. The making of paper.
C. The components of paper.
D. The quality of paper.
6: The basic process of papermaking is
A. to reassemble the suspended fibers into thin sheets.
B. to mix the fibers together with water.
C. to suck the water out of the mixture of fibers and water.
D. to polish and reel the water-drained paper.
练习三将出现35秒，快速阅读并回答后面的问题。
(3)
To a lot of Americans, it now seems that prosperity can be bought like insurance, ff you lose your job you can sue for the mental distress of being fired. If your bank goes broke, the government has insured your deposits. If your marriage goes wrong you can divorce.., and then sue for a share of money your spouse would have earned, had he or she give up a lucrative job. ff you drive drunk and crash you can sue somebody for failing to warn you to stop drinking. There is always somebody else to blame. (96 words)
7: It is very easy to find someone to blame
A. if something goes wrong
B. when you are in a bad mood
C. when you get a divorce from your spouse
D. if you suffer from a mental distress
8: According to the article
A. it is safe to deposit money in bank
B. if your bank fails, the government will make compensation
C. you may sue somebody for your drunk ness
D. all above
9: What is implied from the passage?
A. if you have a car accident, you will lose your money
B. one can become rich by suing someone else
C. one can get nothing from his spouse when he gets divorced
D. if you lose your job, no one cares
10: Which of the following can be regarded as the topic sentence?
A. the first sentence
B. the last sentence
C. the second sentence
D. the last but one sentence
七、快速浏览
快速浏览是一种选择阅渎法，因为在实际的阅读中，并不是所有的材料都同样重要，都需要一字不漏的读完，因此，我们可以略掉一些内容来节省时间。快速浏览法就是针对这种情况而产生的一种阅读方法：它有两个特点：第一，它有意忽略掉—些字词、句子或段落,有时读者以为他抓住了某—段的大意时，他甚至可以不再理会该段的一半或四分之三的内容。第二，它有意地不求甚解。在正常的快速阅读中，理解率应达到70-80％，但在skimming 阅读中，读者自愿地接受低水平理解，即理解率达到50％即可。
Skimming阅读的基本任务是找到文章的大意。Skimming一般有三种用途：第一，用于仔细阅读前的预读，这样可以大概熟悉材料的组织结构和内容，知道其重点的位置和分布，
使仔细阅读时不至于轻重不分，主次不辨。第二，用于浏览。当读者认为以后不会再读这些材料，而又需要了解一下里面的主要观点和结构框架，就可以使用这种方法。第三，用于复习。对于已经读过的材料，为了加深记忆，就需要复习。用skimming方法进行复习，可以迅速地熟悉已读材料的主要内容.
一般来说用skimming阅读来找出文章大意的步骤主要有下面几点：
一．阅读题目；二．阅读介绍：三．阅读所有的标题和次标题：四.注意文章中的所有插图和图表；五．阅读每段的第一句话；六．快速扫描该段的剩余部分：七．阅读总述或文章最后一段。
下面的练习是专门为训练你快速浏览文章的技能而设计的：练习一只出现10秒钟，快速浏览并回答后面的问题。
(l)
There are laws of nature that I doubt we shall ever understand. Take such a simple matter as the twining of vines that climb by twisting their stems around a stronger support. They twist, with few exceptions, counterclockwise. Smoke rising from a chimney also twists counterclockwise. Hurricanes move in the same direction as they come whirling up the coast from the Caribbean. And water whirl pooling down the kitchen sink makes the same counterclockwise motion. Why is this so?
(79 words)
1: What is the passage talking about'?.
A. Vines twist around a stronger support.
B. Smoke rising from a chimney twists counterclockwise.
C. Hurricanes come whirling up the coast from the Caribbean.
D. There are laws of nature that the author doubts we shall ever understand.
2: How many examples the author gives in the passage in order to support his point?
A.4
B. 5
C. 3
D.6
练习二只出现25秒，快速浏览并回答后面的问题：
(2)
In marine habitats, a number of small creatures are involved in a "cleaning symbiosis". At least six species of small shrimp, frequently brightly colored, crawl over fish, picking off parasites and cleaning injured areas. This is not an accidental occurrence, because fish are observed to congregate around these shrimp and stay motionless while being inspected. Several species of small fish (wrasses) are also cleaners, nearly all of them having appropriate adaptations such as long snouts, tweezer-like teeth, and bright coloration. Conspicuous coloration probably communicates that these animals are not prey. (90 words)
3: This passage is mainly concerned about
A. a process of marine life
B. a place in the sea
语文现代文阅读能力训练一：基础辨识能力 参考答案 （一） 1海底“黑烟囱”2．逻辑顺序 3记叙、描写、说明 4比喻 5列数字、举例子、摹状貌、作比较等 （二） 1．老太太 2．明线是杉田卖菜，暗线是老太太生活日益穷困 3．交代故事发生的环境，为人物的塑造、情节的发展作好铺垫 4．“她清瘦……女人”，老太太年老体衰，变得贫穷、孤独，过着无依无靠的生活 5．好，因为“纽扣”既是文章情节发展的线索，又是小说人物命运的写照．以“纽扣”为题简要、含蓄。 （三） 1学问与智慧是相辅为用，缺一不可的 2．事实论据 3．比喻论证、对比论证 4．主运用比喻的修辞手法，使文章的论证生动形象 5．指出学问与智慧的区别，具体分析学问与智慧的关系，总结论点。 （四） 1．指心灵与他人隔膜而变得冷漠、世故。（答案不惟一，意思相近即可） 2．①——⑨⑩；第一层：叙述家人教育孩子的两件事，第二层：发表自己的感慨 3．记叙、议论；对比中外教育观念的差别，为后文作铺垫 4．在竞争中既要争做强者、力争胜利，又要对失败者、弱小者充满同情，可以举学习、生活中的例子进行分析 5．“父亲”：轻视体力劳动者，看不起下层人民；“妻子”：认为天真、善良是要吃亏的；“我”：愿孩子有一颗善良的心。（意思对即可） 6．答案不惟一，言之成理即可。
语文现代文阅读能力训练二：基本分析能力训练参考答案 （一） 1．导语部分，标题和导语都是对消息核心事实的概括，只不过导语比标题更具体详细。 2．主体部分为第②段；分两层：①②③④⑤ 3．③、④ 4．介绍三峡工程的重大意义；是消息的结语部分。 （二） 1．冰雹的形成，冰雹的分类，冰雹的预报 2．分两层；第①段为一层。总说降水的两种形态；第②③④为一层，具体解说冰雹的形成、分类以及如何预报。 3．不能颠倒，这三段依次说明冰雹的形成、分类以及预报，符合人们对事物的认识过程，顺序合理。 4．表格略 5．只要所写句子能起到承上启下的作用即可例如：冰雹的危害很大，预报冰雹就很重要 （三） 1．①②段是故事的开端，写兄弟俩偷羊受到村民的惩罚；③④⑤段是故事的发展，写其中一个兄弟尽心弥补自己所犯的错误。⑥⑦⑧段是故事的高潮和结局，写老人成了人们心中的圣徒 2．高潮在文章的最后，老人弥补了自己所犯的错误，成了人们心中的圣徒 3．所有的村民经过老人的身旁，都会停下脚步与老人说上几句话，表达他们的敬意；小孩子也会停止玩耍，给老人一个温暖的拥抱 4．这一生，他似乎是为了他人而活 5．老人是一个知错能改的人 6．人难免会犯错误，关键在于要用自己的行动来改正错误，弥补过失。（意思对即可） （四） 1．①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩ 2．文章主体部分采用并列结构，从不同角度对中心论点展开论述，且每一层都用“我现在就付诸行动”开头，构成排比 3．一切的一切毫无意义——除非我们付诸行动 4．文段以议论为主，其中不乏哲理深刻的句子，可以选择自己感受最深的语句来回答 5．这是一个自由表述题，可从语言优美、哲理深刻、结构清晰等角度选一个进行赏析。
小学语文阅读经典训练 1、露珠 我喜欢露珠，我赞美它。 夏日的清晨，我来到野外散步。在万道霞光中，一个美妙的，崭新的世界便（显现呈现出现）在我的眼前。看！那无边的绿叶上，闪动着无数颗晶莹的露珠，一颗、两颗、十颗、白颗……啊！像夜空中璀璨的繁星，像碧波上撒满了宝石，乂像千白万闪光的眼睛。啊！露珠！这就是极普通乂为人们所喜爱的露珠。 露珠的身体很小，生命也很短暂，但它却是不平凡的。当夜幕笼罩的时候它像慈母用乳汁（教育哺育培育）儿女一样地滋润着禾苗每、“I黎明到来的时候它乂最早睁开那不知疲倦的眼睛它白天隐身于空气中，夜晚无声地辛勤工作。它不像暴雨那样挟带风雷闪电以（夸耀显耀炫耀）它的威力，更不像冰雹那样对一切（残酷残忍残暴）无情。它把短暂的一生，献给树木、庄稼…… 而对它们却无所苛求。它多么像辛勤的园丁，培育着祖国的花朵，多么像我们敬爱的老师，伏在桌边灯下夜以继日地匸作，把全部心血洒在我们的心田…… 我爱露珠，它比珍珠更珍贵，比宝石更晶莹，比群星更璀璨。我赞美它。露珠精神将永远在我心头闪动。 1、联系上下文，在文中括号处选择恰X的词语，依次写在横线上。 2、把文章第三自然段中没有标点的地方加上标点。 3、联系上下文理解字义。 （1）它白天隐身于空气中。于：______________________________ （2）乂为人们所喜爱。为:___________________________________ 4、“露珠精神将永远在我心头闪动”中“露珠精神”是指 2、这是一个迷人的海滨的夏夜。 夕阳西下，天空燃烧着一片橘红色的晚霞。大海也被霞光染成了红色，它比天空的景色更壮观。当一排排波浪涌起的时候，那映照在浪峰上的霞光，乂红乂亮，闪烁着，滚动着，使人赞叹。 夜幕降临，天空的霞光渐渐淡下去了，深红的颜色变成了浅红，当一切光都消失了的时候，那高而远的天空中便出现了夜明星。它是那么大，那么亮，放射着令人注目的光辉，活像一盏挂在高空的明灯. 夜色加浓，各处的灯火，也陆续亮了起来，尤其是山坡上那一片片灯光，它们从半空中倒映在乌蓝的海面上，像一串流动的珍珠. 我踏着软绵绵的沙滩，望着这夏夜的景色，心里有说不出的愉快和兴奋。 1、这篇短文是按顺序耳的，表示顺用的词是：______________________ .___________ 、_ 2、第四自然段打的景物是________________ . ______ 3、找岀文中的两个比喻句，抄在下面的横线上。 3、美丽的晚霞
中考现代文阅读练习 一、阅读《天上梯田听古歌》，完成1～3题。(共9分) 天上梯田听古歌 张永权 ①南疆春早。当北国还是一片千里冰封时，这里早已是一个孕育生命的季节。红河两岸，哈尼山寨，层层梯田，一片繁忙，正是插秧的好时节。 ②天不亮，哈尼妇女就起来煮好红鸡蛋、红米饭和腊肉，背到梯田边，让全家享用。男人们把秧苖打捆挑到要栽插的田间，女人们一排排下到田里栽秧。一梯梯良田，被翠绿的秧苗绣成碧玉般的天梯，一梯一梯地向着蓝天伸去。梯田接地连天，天在水田里，人在彩云中，好一幅美好和谐的田园农耕图。 ③这里就是称雄天下、有大山雕塑美誉的世界文化遗产元阳哈尼梯田核心区。三千多级的梯田，从山脚伸进云天，气象万千，雄奇磅礴。梯田在一年四季形成不同的景观：冬天清水滢滢，波光闪烁；春夏翡翠绿梯，耀眼悦目；秋日辉煌灿烂，气势非凡。一千个梯田，就有一千个太阳；一万个梯田，就装着一万片奇幻的云彩。 ④哈尼人，只要一说话，就会唱歌，说红河两岸人人都是歌唱家绝非夸张。此时那些栽秧的女人唱起歌来，歌声此起彼伏，四山回应，有的高亢嘹亮，有的低回优美。外人听不懂歌词，但美好的旋律也会让人陶醉。合唱、独唱、对唱，女人们一边栽秧，一边唱歌，让梯田成了神奇的赛歌台，把希望的秧苖插在歌声里。 ⑤人群中有个姑娘，她放声一唱，四周便一片寂静。这时，只有她那山泉般清纯的声音，流淌在秧田之中，流淌在天上人间。陪同的哈尼族诗人朋友告诉我，她唱的是一首哈尼族四季生产调中表现栽秧生活的古歌。诗人译出的歌词大意，也充满诗意：冬天是春天的母亲，冬天老了，春天就长大了。春天飞来白鹇(xi án)鸟，白鹇鸟把红米的种子撒在梯田上，秧姑娘就出生了。今天长大的秧姑娘要出嫁，红河两岸的木棉花举起玛瑙酒杯来祝贺，秧姑娘要在梯田安个新家……这古歌的歌词浪漫、奇特又很原生态，这是真正的诗。他还告诉我，这个栽秧女可是见过大世面的。自从2013年6月哈尼梯田申遗成功，进入世界文化遗产名录后，哈尼梯田和哈尼古歌就闻名世界了。2015年5月，她和哈尼古歌艺术团到意大利米兰世博会演出半年之久，惊艳海外。像她这样唱哈尼古歌的农民，生在哈尼山寨，哈尼梯田和他们生生相伴，不离不弃，相依为命，正如他们在古歌中唱的：“没有哈尼族的天上梯田，就没有哈尼人的今天。” ⑥昨晚在山上的哈尼小镇看哈尼古歌艺术团的演出后，我们和一位年逾古稀的古歌传承人交流，还听他唱了一段原始的古歌。老人满头银发，脸上刀刻样的皱纹流着人世沧桑。说到要唱古歌，老人就兴奋了，朋友说他身上的每个毛孔都
现代文阅读能力训练方案一：基础辨识能力 学生姓名：时间：年月日【常见考点】 基础辨识能力指的是在现代文阅读中对各文体基础知识的识别能力。具体来说，指能辨识各种文体，能判别各文体的组成要素，能分辨各文体中的表达方式，能指出各文体的结构或顺序，能判断文中的各种修辞手法，等等。 在中考阅读题中，考查“基础辨识能力”的考点主要有： 1．指出记叙文中记叙的人称、顺序、线索和要素等。 2．辨识说明文的说明对象、说明顺序和说明方法等。 3．判别议论文的论点、论据和论证方法。 4．分辨小说的主要人物、情节和环境等。 5．识别特殊体裁（如新闻）的结构。 6．辨别文中的记叙、说明、议论、描写、抒情等表达方式。 7．判断文中的各种修辞手法。 【答题点拨】 解答基础辨识题首先要夯实基础，熟练掌握各种文体的基本知识，然后在阅读训练中掌握答题的技巧。 比如，辨识说明文的说明顺序就是一个难点，我们可以总结出一些规律： 1．看说明的内容。一般来说，说明事物的形态、结构，多用空间顺序；说明事物的发展变化多用时间顺序；其他则多用逻辑顺序。 2．看说明的对象。说明某事物多用时间、空间顺序，说明事理则多用逻辑顺序。 3．看标志词、过渡词。如果文段有表时间、空间的词语，则多为时间、空间顺序；如果文段有“为什么、首先、所以”等推理性的词语，则多为逻辑顺序。辨识议论文的论点是议论文阅读的关键，答题时先要看文题，以得到启发和指引；再看文段，确定提出观点的段落；最后抓住概括性的句子即可。小说的阅读重点是对主要人物的辨识，判断的依据不应该是描写人物的笔墨有多少，而应该看小说的主题、作者的意图靠谁来表达。 【单项训练】 （一）海底“黑烟囱” ①1979年，美国的“阿尔文”号载人深潜器在东太平洋海底熔岩上，发现的350摄氏度的含矿热液以每秒几米的速度喷出。矿液刚喷出时为澄清溶液，与周围海水混合后，很快产生沉淀变为“黑烟”，形成
概要写作微技能训练——如何提炼与处理次要点 1.段落中前后有转折关系的，主要点在后面转折部分，前面的信息要适当选用（尤其是字数较多的情况下），用while/ although/ despite/ in spite of等引出。 例1: A vegetarian diet is often praised for its health benefits. Studies have shown that vegetarians usually have lower levels of heart disease and a lower risk of diabetes than people who eat meat. What most people are less aware of, however, are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have on the environment. 要点： 【牛刀小试】 It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the community is too busy just trying to survive to care about their language. But many languages are not in such a serious position. Often where languages are seriously endangered, there are things that can be done to give new life to them. 要点： 2.当段落中出现firstly, secondly, finally或also, besides, what’s more, in addition, moreover等表示递进关系的连接词时，这些次要点都需要提取。可采用平行结构(几个次要点都采用相同的句法结构)合并次要点。 例2: From one point of view, people who accept changes think that changes make their life meaningful. Firstly, changes create new opportunities, which make us leap forward. A new job, for instance, might present challenges that push the person to adapt, acquire new knowledge, or add to their skill set. Secondly, a change can represent a break with the past and an old routine which has become boring and predictable. Finally, as well as making life more fun and interesting, new experiences can be good for our physical and mental health. We find that changes can make us experienced and valuable. 要点： 【牛刀小试】 ①However, a report from the Pew Internet and American Life Project offers a more helpful and encouraging view, suggesting that far from replacing human contact, technology can actually better family relationships. Just over half of the 2,253 people surveyed agreed that technology had enabled them to increase their contact with distant family members and 47 percent said it had improved the communication with the people they lived with. Moreover, even the closest members of families need time away from each other at some point to seek their own interests. Family members who might otherwise have sat in separate rooms can now be in the same one while still occupying a different mental space.
高中现代文阅读指导 一、考查能力： 1、文中重要词语、句子含义的理解 2、文中有效信息的筛选及整合 3、分析文章结构，把握文章思路 4、归纳内容要点，概括中心思想 5、分析概括作者在文中的观点态度 6、鉴赏文学作品的形象、语言和表达技巧 7、评价文章的思想内容和作者的观点态度 二、具体题型分类： （一）理解类：理解重要词语、句子的含义 （二）结构类：句子作用段落作用 文章思路材料安排. （三）技巧类：各种修辞手法及其作用、各种表现手法及其作用（多与理解类结合） （四）主旨类：文章中心思想，主题 （五）概括类：形象特点、信息筛选 作者的情感变化 （六）阅读延伸题： 三、熟悉文体 ?第一类：记叙性散文 这类散文以叙述和抒情为主要表达手段，叙述多是日常生活较为平淡的人事。主旨即对所写人事寄寓的感情，或由此得到的感悟。 典型写作思路：简叙写作缘由→多角度多层次写人记事→中间穿插一些细节描写→结尾抒发情感，反映世态，总结感悟 2007北京卷《湿湿地想念》 ?第二类：写景状物性散文 这类散文以描写和议论抒情为主要表达手段，描写多是景、物的某一突出特征，议论抒情多是在景、物突出特征的基础上进行人生道理的升华。主旨即物人相通处。 典型写作思路：引出写作对象→咏物状景，时空拓展→中间常穿插其他景、物对比反衬→再由自然之物作拟人化延伸议论→结尾抒情言志，升华主旨 2008年北京卷《碧去寺的秋色》2009年北京卷《司马祠》 ?第三类：议论性散文 也叫哲理散文。这类散文以议论为主要表达方式，但议论不是凭空而生，往往在文章的开头交代议论的由头，或事，或物，然后逐层递进式议论。主旨在物（事）与理相通处。 典型写作思路：对现实的事、物有触动（触发点）→类似事情相近或相反的联想议论（联系点）
部编统编版三年级语文上册阅读能力训练题含答案（一）《读唐诗》 床前的月光,窗外的雪。高飞的白鹭,浮水的鹅 唐诗里有画,唐诗里有歌。唐诗像清泉,流进我心窝。相思的红豆,吴山的雪。边塞的战士,回乡的客。唐诗里有乐,唐诗里有苦。唐诗像祖先,在向我诉说 练一练 1.选择加点字的正确读音并打“√”。 白鹭(lù/rù)边塞(sài/sāi)清泉(qīn/qīng)祖先(zhǔ/zǔ) 心窝(wuō/wō)诉说(sù/shù) 2.根据小诗内容的提示填空。 (1)“床前的月光”让我想起李白《静夜思》中的一句诗：（）,疑是地上霜。 (2)“浮水的鹅”让我想起骆宾王《咏鹅》中的诗句：（），红掌拨清波。 (3)“相思的红豆”让我想起王维的《相思》：红豆生南国，（）。 (4)“回乡的客”让我想起贺知章《回乡偶书》中的（）,笑问客从何处来。3.请默写一首你最喜欢的唐诗。 （二）《今天风真大》 今天风真大啊!路旁的树木被风吹得摇摇摆摆,不时地发出鸣呜的声音。大街上尘土飞扬,枯黄的落叶、碎纸,被风卷上天空,在灰暗的天空中飞扬。 行人几乎都闭着嘴,眯着眼,不少人用围巾把头包起来。顶风骑车的人,就像自行车运动员比赛一样,弓着身,双脚吃力地向前二步一步地蹬着。顺风骑车的人缩着头,两脚搭在车蹬上,毫不费力地飞向前去。 我走进学校来到教室里,看见窗台上、桌子上、椅子上全是尘土。
练一练 1、“顶”的意思有:（） ①人体或物体最高最上的部分; ②用头或脚撞击; ③对面迎着。 “顶风骑车”中“顶”的意思是(填序号)。 2、根据短文内容,找出表示动作的词语并填在下面的括号里。 （）嘴（）眼（）身 （）头（）车 3、从短文中摘录表示风大的词语。 4、短文围绕“”这句话，通过对、和三个地方的描写，写出了风大。 5、学习文中划线句的写法，通过描写一个人的样子、动作，写出“天冷”。 （三）《妈妈的笑》记忆中,妈妈的笑最亲切,最温柔。 当我取得满意的成绩踏进家门时,妈妈的笑容里透着欣慰和勉励;而当我考砸了垂头丧气羞见父母时,妈妈则将深切的理解和鼓舞融进笑意。 是的,妈妈的笑伴随了我多少年,从一个懵懂无知的幼童,到成熟自主的青年,其间饱含着妈妈的辛劳。我试着抹平妈妈额前的皱纹,但那岁月煎熬的印迹,怎能抹平呢? 年迈的妈妈不再有青丝拂肩,衰老的妈妈不再有烂漫的笑脸。然而,我常常感到,世间最美丽的,仍是妈妈的一瞥,或者一个微笑那是所有的温存、所有的慈爱和所有的关怀...... 练一练 1、给下面加粗红色的字注音并解释词语 懵懂()： 一瞥()： 2.从文中找出下列词语的反义词。
现代文阅读练习 (一)阅读《写给母亲》 写给母亲 算一算，再有20天，我妈去世就三周年了。 三年里，我一直有个奇怪的想法，就是觉得我妈没有死，而且还觉得我妈自己也不以为她就死了。我妈跟我在西安生活了14年，大病后医生认定她的各个器官已在衰竭，我才送她回棣花老家维持治疗。每日在老家挂上液体．她也清楚每一瓶液体完了，儿女们会换上另一瓶液体的，所以便放心地闭了眼躺着。到了第三天的晚上，她闭着的眼再没有睁开，但她肯定没有意识到从此再不醒来．因为她躺下时还让我妹把给她擦脸的毛巾洗一洗，梳子放在了枕边．系在裤带上的钥匙没有解，也没有交代任何后事啊。 三年以前我每打喷嚏，总要说一句：这是谁想我呀？我妈爱说笑，就接茬说：谁想哩，妈想哩！这三年里，我的喷嚏尤其多，喷嚏一打，便想到我妈了，认定是我妈还在牵挂我哩。我更是觉得我妈还在，尤其我一个人静静地待在家里，这种感觉就十分强烈。我常在写作时，突然能听到我妈在叫我，叫得很真切，一听到叫声我便习惯性地朝右边扭过头去。从前我妈坐在右边那个房间的床头上，我一伏案写作，她就不再走动，也不出声，却要一眼一眼看着我，看得时间久了，她要叫我一声，然后说：世上的字你能写完吗，出去转转嘛。现在，每听到我妈叫我，我就放下笔走进那个房间，心想我妈从棣花来西安了？当然房间里什么也没有，我却要立上半天，自言自语我妈是来了又出门去街上给我买我爱吃的青辣子和萝卜了，或许，她在逗我，故意藏到挂在墙上的她那张照片里，我便给照片前的香炉里上香，要说上一句：我不累。 整整三年了，我给别人写过十多篇文章，却始终没给我妈写过一个字，因为所有的母亲，儿女们都认为是伟大又善良，我不愿意重复这些词语。我妈是一位普通的妇女，缠过脚，没有文化，户籍还在乡下，但我妈对于我是那样的重要。已经很长时间了，虽然再不为她的病而提心吊胆了，可我出远门，再没有人哆哆唆唆地叮咛这叮咛那，我有了好吃的好喝的，也不知道该送给谁去。 在西安的家里，我妈住过的那个房间，一切摆设还原模原样，我一次又一次难受着又跟自己说，我妈没有死，她是住回乡下老家了。今年的夏天太湿太热，每晚被湿热闹醒，恍惚里还想着该给我妈的房间换个新空调了，待清醒过
小学三年级课外阅读能力及提高训练 （一）秋天的雨 秋天的雨，是一把钥匙。它带着清凉和温柔，轻轻地，轻轻地，趁你没留意， 把秋天的大门打开了。 秋天的雨，有一盒五彩缤纷的颜料。你看，它把黄色给了银杏树，黄黄的叶 子像一把把小扇子，扇哪扇哪，扇走了夏天的炎热。它把红色给了枫树，红红的 枫叶像一枚枚邮票，飘哇飘哇，邮来了秋天的凉爽。金黄色是给田野的，看，田 野像金色的海洋。橙红色是给果树的，橘子、柿子你挤我碰，争着要人们去摘呢！ 菊花仙子得到的颜色就更多了，紫红的、淡黄的、雪白的……美丽的菊花在秋雨 里频频点头。 秋天的雨，藏着非常好闻的气味。梨香香的，菠萝甜甜的，还有苹果、橘子， 好多好多香甜的气味，都躲在小雨滴里呢！小朋友的脚，常被那香味 住。 秋天的雨，吹起了金色的小喇叭，它告诉大家，冬天快要来了。小喜鹊衔来 树枝造房子，小松鼠找来松果当粮食，小青蛙在加紧挖洞，准备舒舒服服地睡大觉。松柏穿上厚厚的、油亮亮的衣裳，杨树、柳树的叶子飘到树脚下。它们都在 准备过冬了。 秋天的雨，带给大地的是一曲丰收的歌，带给小朋友的是一首欢乐的歌。 练习： 1．填上合适的词语。（可以不是文章中的） （）的雨滴（）的雨滴 （）的歌（）的歌 （）的气味（）的气味 2．结合课文内容写出“五彩缤纷”一词的意思：（）。与它相近的词语 是（）。 3．“小朋友的脚，常被香味勾住”中的“勾住”是什么意思？ 4. 《秋天的雨》这篇课文从哪几个方面描写秋天的雨？ 5.文章第二段，是围绕那句话来写的？ 6．秋天的雨还可能是什么，请发挥想象写一段话。 _____________________________________
北师大版五年级语文阅读能力训练题(附答案) 《老银杏树》五年级阅读题和答案 在我们的楼前，有一棵老银杏树。它高大挺拔，像一个威武的巨人。它度过了漫长的岁月，谁也算不出它的确切年龄。 这棵银杏树的树干笔直笔直，已长到三层楼的楼顶那么高了。假如把大地比作一张弓的话。那么这棵银杏树就是一支射向蓝天的长箭。它耸立在一排水杉的前面，暴风雨来了，它用那粗壮的身子保护着杉树。任凭风刮雷劈，毫不动摇。它的树枝一律向上伸展，而且互相靠拢，像经过人工修剪似的；又像一个巨人高耸着千百条铁的臂膀，给人以奋发向上的力量。 春天，枝上萌出嫩芽，闪着黄绿的眉眼。微风拂过，眨呀眨的，多像少女那充满活力的妩媚的眼睛。夏天，叶子长成小扇子的模样，绿得似乎一会儿就会滴下油来。到了秋天，叶子变黄了，一阵风吹过，摇一树金片。抬头仰望，就像大地举起了一支饱蘸黄色油彩的大笔，要为蓝色的天空添上一幅美丽的图画，秋风吹得紧了，片片黄叶纷纷扬扬飘落下来，像一只只黄蝴蝶在追逐嬉戏。冬天，落在地面的叶子渐渐地被尘土掩埋，慢慢地化成肥料溶进大地，为来年新叶生长提供了养料。 银杏树的果实一串串，黄澄澄。它隐藏在稠密的叶子里面，不易发现，而不像苹果，桃子那样高高地悬挂在枝头，炫耀自己。 啊，银杏树，你高大的形象，给人们奋发的力量；你那闪光的品德，给人以深深的启迪。银杏树，我赞美你！ 1．写出下面词语的反义词。
漫长——（）稠密——（） 2．“假如把大地比作一张弓的话，那么这棵银杏树就是一支射向蓝天的长箭。”这句话运用了_______的手法。把_________比作_________，把_________比作_________，突出地了银杏树的_________。 3．在第1、3 自然段中，用“_______”画出一个拟人句，用“～～”画出一个句。4．全文是抓住了银杏树的_________、_________、_________、_________来记叙的。5．短文赞扬了银杏树的什么品德？ ______________________________________ 参考答案： 1．短暂稀疏2．大地一张弓银杏树长箭高大挺拔…（本文答案在第4页）…5．赞扬了它坚韧挺拔却不骄傲自大的美好品德。 《西湖》五年级阅读题 ①杭州素有“人间天堂”的美称。西湖，就是镶嵌在这天堂里的一颗明珠。 ②站在柳丝轻拂的西湖边放眼远眺，只见湖的南北西三面是层层叠叠、连绵起伏的山峦，一山绿，一山青，一山浓，一山淡，真像一幅优美的山水画。平静的湖面，犹如一面硕大的银镜。一群群白鸥掠过湖面，在阳光下一闪一闪的，好看极了。 ③围绕着西湖的是一圈树木织成的绿色镶边。十里明湖中，葱绿的孤山显得格外秀美典雅。孤山东边的白堤和西南的苏堤，就像两条绿色的绸带，轻柔地漂浮在碧水之上。湖心
智慧树知到《教师专业技能训练》章节测试答案第一章 1、从宏观层面讲，影响教师专业技能发展的因素有（） A:培养模式 B:教育政策 C:现代信息技术 D:专业动机 答案: 教育政策 2、教师专业技能训练时“师范性”重于“学术性”。 A:对 B:错 答案: 错 3、教师专业技能的特点有（） A:发展性 B:综合性 C:复杂性 D:应用性 E:科学性 答案: 发展性,综合性,复杂性,应用性 4、教师专业技能训练要树立的理念（） A:育人为本 B:实践为主
C:学习为先 D:能力为上 E:生态为重 答案: 育人为本,实践为主,学习为先,能力为上 5、美国斯坦福大学率先将“微格教学”用于教师专业技能培训是在哪年 A:1962 B:1963 C:1964 D:1965 答案: 1963 第二章 1、语调是指一句话或者某个语言片段在声音上的，高低、轻重、快慢的变化。A:对 B:错 答案: 对 2、《国家普通话水平测试大纲》将普通话水平测试分为二级四等。 A:对 B:错 答案: 错 3、辅音在发音过程中，气流没有受到阻碍。 A:对 B:错
答案: 错 4、元音在发音过程中，气流没有受到阻碍。 A:对 B:错 答案: 对 5、朗读时，停连的处理只需要根据自己的语感来处理就行了。 A:对 B:错 答案: 错 6、重音是朗读时需要突出、强调的音节。 A:对 B:错 答案: 对 7、表达失望的情绪，朗读时应该用慢速。 A:对 B:错 答案: 对 8、朗诵不仅是一种高雅的语言艺术形式，也能够提高普通话水平。A:对 B:错 答案: 对 9、一般教师的普通话水平最低应该达到二级。
初中语文能力训练080722 班级姓名 酒事 于德北 17岁那年,我离开了学校,走上了社会.我父亲是一个古板而严谨的人,他当时是一家报纸的副总编,在人群里总有点面子,特别希望我能去一家好一点的高中重读.我生来就倔,小事还犹豫,大事从来是一去不回头.当时,我外语不好,数学不好,考上大学的希望十分渺茫,所以,我毅然选择离家,到外面的世界去漂泊. 我曾在一个建筑工地当力工。 力工的活苦，没技术，让人瞧不起。不像钢筋工、架子工、木工、电工那么气派，受人尊敬。力工像杂役，什么地方缺人都得顶上。 心中就苦闷。 苦闷也没有办法，因为，这毕竟上自己的选择。 那年夏天，雨水大，工期被耽误了，大家都很着急。有一天，我被分到李师傅带的混凝土班，跟着大家打立柱。一天的任务是11根立柱，打到下午的时候，云彩就来了。李师傅抬头看看天，凭空叫了一句：“爷儿几个，加把劲，抢雨前干完了，我管酒。” 我知道这个李师傅，他是建筑公司的劳模。他有一个疯老婆，已经疯了三十几年，但三十几年里，李师傅从来没让她磕着、碰着，从来没让他弄脏了衣服，从来没让他走失过。 谁也不知道他是怎么做到的。 李师傅有一个女儿，刚刚上大学，李师傅的负担不轻，平日里花钱节省人人尽知。 “真管酒？”有人问。
“管！” 李师傅平时是一个话语极少的人，他这一喊，有一点一诺千金的意思，身边的人陡然增了一股劲，硬是抢在倾盆大雨下来之前，把立柱打完了。 酒、肉都有价，酒是9毛钱一斤，肉是8毛钱一盘。 六个人，围坐在工棚里，大呼小叫地吃开了。 我不会喝酒，自然往后挪挪身子，我感到有点冷。这时，一只粗糙的大手扶住了我的后背，并用力地往回拢了拢。 是李师傅。 他把发乌的饭盒递到我眼前，说：“啁一口。” 我摇了摇头。 “啁一口。” 语气是命令似的。 我接过饭盒盖，抿了一口里边的白酒，顿时被呛得咳嗽起来。 李师傅拍了拍我的后背，鼓励说：“再啁一口。” 我抬头看看他，突然在他的目光里发现了一种异样的东西——那是父亲般的慈爱和让人无法抗拒的关怀。 我又喝了一口。 是喝，不是抿。 一股热浪从喉头一直冲到胃里，又从胃里反到心上。 工友们都笑了。
中考必备语文诗歌鉴赏+现代文阅读技巧全解及练习题(含答案) 一、中考语文诗歌鉴赏训练 1．阅读下面的诗歌，完成下面小题。 暮江吟 [唐]白居易 一道残阳铺水中， 半江瑟瑟半江红。 可怜九月初三夜， 露似真珠月似弓。 （1）请用“/”画出下面这句诗的朗读节奏。 半江瑟瑟半江红。 （2）诗人为什么觉得“九月初三夜”是“可怜”的?结合诗句做具体分析。 【答案】（1）半江/瑟瑟/半江红。 （2）“可怜”意为可爱。诗人看到江边的草地上挂满了晶莹的珍珠没的露珠，深蓝的天幕上悬挂着一张精巧银弓没的新月，所以才脱口而出赞美这可爱的夜晚。 【解析】【分析】（1）七言绝句属于格律要求比较严格的近体诗。首先是篇幅固定。全诗四句，每句七字，总共二十八字。其次是押韵严格，表现为通常只押平声韵且不能出韵。还要讲究平仄，即要求符合平仄律，就是在一般情况下，以两个音节（两个字）为一个音步，平仄交互安排。故划分为：半江/瑟瑟/半江红。或根据诗歌的意思划分，“半江瑟瑟半江红”的意思是“半江碧绿半江艳红”。故划分为：半江/瑟瑟/半江红。 （2）“可怜九月初三夜，露似真珠月似弓”的意思是“最可爱的是那九月初三之夜，露水亮似珍珠郎朗新月形如弯弓”。首先要明确“可怜”是“可爱”之意，围绕诗歌中描写的景物，抓住“可爱”这条情感主线，结合具体诗句进行分析即可。 故答案为：⑴半江/瑟瑟/半江红。 ⑵“可怜”意为可爱。诗人看到江边的草地上挂满了晶莹的珍珠没的露珠，深蓝的天幕上悬挂着一张精巧银弓没的新月，所以才脱口而出赞美这可爱的夜晚。 【点评】⑴本题难度不大，考生在平时注意对七律的朗读即可划分节奏。 ⑵本题考查的是对诗歌内容和诗人情感的理解。解答此题要求考生读懂诗歌，理解诗歌的内容，注意诗歌中的景物，整体感悟诗人的情感。在理解时要反复朗读。 2．阅读诗歌，回答问题。 艾青诗选﹒礁石 一个浪，一个浪 无休止地扑过来 每一个浪都在它脚下 被打成碎沫、散开…… 它的脸上和身上 像刀砍过一样 但它依然站在那里
阅读技能训练（一） Identify Facts and Opinions(区分事实和观点) Topic: Entertainment A I have always been a great movie fan. I remember myself at the age of 5 or 6 when my granny used to take me by the hand，and we would walk to the Salut Cinema. She bought me ice-cream and chocolate. I liked watching cartoons. Those days were so wonderful. As I grew older I started going to the cinema with my school friends. We still went there though we didn't·have much time. We preferred watching comedies. I like the stars like Jim Carey，but as for Russian films，some of them are not bad. I like old Russian comedies very much. Well; sometimes I also like to go to the theatre now，but I don't go very often. Why? For many reasons first of all I don't have enough time. Also，I'm too lazy to book tickets in advance(预先). So，I can't say exactly which I prefer: going to the cinema or to the theatre. It depends on how I feel at the time. 根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。 ( ) 1. Choose a sentence that's an opinion. A. My granny used to take me to the cinema. B. Those days were so wonderful. C. My granny bought ice-cream and chocolate for me. D. I liked watching cartoons. ( )2. What's the author's opinion about Russian films? A. They are very excellent. B. Jim Carey's films are the best. C. Old comedies are better than other Russian films. D. Some of them are not bad. ( )3. What is the main reason why the author no longer goes to the theatre very often? A. He has grown up. B. He is too lazy. C. He is too busy. D. He doesn't know exactly. B The detective was thinking about the information he had got from his helper. A dead man was hanging from a rope tied to the ceiling(天花板) in a snow-covered house. It appeared that the man killed himself. But the detective was thinking how the man reached the ceiling，because there was nothing in the house for him to step on. There was only a big and empty box and some water on the floor when the policeman arrived. The detective's helper suggested that the man might have been killed by someone else. The killer might have made him hang himself. However，the detective was quite sure that the man had gone to the house alone，because there was only one set of footprints leading to the house. The footprints matched the shoes that the dead man had been wearing. The ground was covered with snow and they could see the footprints clearly. The detective knew that it was impossible for anyone to have gone to the house without leaving their footprints. Since he could not think of an answer，the detective decided to have a cold drink. He put some ice-cubes into a glass and，when he looked at the ice-cubes，he suddenly realized how the dead man might have done it. The box that he stepped on to reach the ceiling was probably full of ice. By the time the police arrived，the ice had melted(融化)，leaving only some water and an empty box. 根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。（词数: 124处理时间:2'55" ） ( ) 1. It is a fact that______________________. A. the detective found the answer before having a drink B. the man might have been killed by others C. there was only a big and empty box and some water on the floor D. the man stepped on a box filled with ice to reach the ceiling ( )2. Which sentence is an opinion? A. The footprints matched the shoes of the dead man.
2019年中考语文现代文阅读5篇专题练习（一）说明文阅读篇 1、承德避暑山庄 ①承德避暑山庄又名承德离宫或热河行宫，坐落于河北省承德市中心以北的狭长的谷地上，占地面积584公顷。它是中国清朝皇帝的夏宫，始建于康熙42年，建成于乾隆55年，历时89年。山庄以朴素山野气息为格调，取自然原景本色，吸收江南水秀风光，而建成山中有园，园中有山的独特园林。这座园林又因众多群体的历史文化遗产，而与北京的颐和园，苏州的拙政园，苏州的留园，一并称为中国的四大名园。[来源:Z&xx&https://www.doczj.com/doc/f017761265.html,] ②避暑山庄大体可分为宫殿区和苑景区两部分。宫殿区位于山庄南部，宫室建筑林立，地形平坦，是皇帝处理朝政、举行庆典和生活起居的地方，占地10万平方米，由正宫、松鹤斋、万壑松风殿和东宫四组建筑组成。正宫按封建礼制分为前朝、后寝两部分。前朝的正殿是澹泊敬诚殿，全部由楠木建成。清代皇帝在山庄时，重大的典礼都要在此举行。四知书屋是清帝大典前休息更衣以及平时召见大臣、处理政务的地方。后寝主要有烟波致爽殿和云山胜地楼。烟波致爽殿是皇帝的寝宫，因康熙誉称这里“地既高敞，气亦清朗”“四周秀岭，十里平湖，致有爽气”而得名，并列为避暑山庄康熙三十六景之首。其正中设宝座；西暖阁是皇帝的卧室，床后有暗道；东暖阁是皇帝与大臣议论国事的地方。云山胜地楼是帝后观赏湖光山色的地方，它不设楼梯而以假山为磴道。出正宫门便是万壑松风殿，这是清帝批阅奏章及读书处。正宫东侧为松鹤斋，原供皇太后居住，其造型与颐和园中的谐趣园相仿。东宫在宫殿区最东面，原为清帝举行庆宴大殿场所，不幸于抗日战争中被日军焚毁。 ③苑景区又分湖泊区、平原区和山岳区。宫殿区以北为湖泊区。湖区集南方园林之秀和北方园林之雄，将江南园林的景观移植到塞外。湖区的
阅读的四种能力及培养 阅读能力主要包括认读能力、理解能力、评价欣赏能力、迁移应用能力，它们呈现一种递进的阶段性，前后关联，互为补充，形成一个完整的阅读能力纵向系列。认识和筛选信息；对抽象的道理加以具体说明，或对具体的材料加以抽象和概括；把阅读所获信息加以组合、调整，纳入自己原有的知识系统；作出扩展，对作品是非得失、优劣加以判断。因此，中学生要想达到这样的阅读目标，应具有以下四个方面的阅读能力。 1.认读能力是对书面语言的感知能力 具体说，是指认知字形、认读字音、了解字义，初步获得课文表层意义的能力。这是阅读过程中最基本的能力，又是整个阅读过程的基础。顺利进行认读的心理特征，主要有两项，一是视读的广度，这指视知觉范围的大小，初中学生视视读广度是以词和短语为单位，高中学生则能以句子为单位。准确认读表现在对一些音形义混淆、容易读错、容易写错的字以及对同义词、反义词的辨析。准确认读还表现在，认读时不错字，不减字、不增字、不重字、不倒字。读得正确，不仅能锻炼语言的感知能力，而且能促进对语言的理解和记忆。它以敏锐的语感能力为核心，要求认读速度快、广度大，感知选择性强、准确性高。 一般地讲，不发声的默读由于省掉了发声器官的发音过程、听觉分析器的分析过程，直接经过视觉分析器将文字信息传给大脑，所以较之诵读速度快。更重要的是读者的知识水平越高，就越能快速有效的辨识字词篇章所表达的概念、意旨，认读速度也就越快。汉语表达的特征具有很强的“板块”性状，在中心意义——“神”的统摄下，流水一样发展，这就要求在快速阅读过程中加大视觉范围和认读广度，尽可能多地抓住词句间的内在联系，从而准确把握板块单元的意旨。 2.理解能力是阅读能力结构中最核心的因素。 阅读中的理解是对课文中词句、段落、篇章、写作方法以及所表达的思想内容的理解。整个理解过程是按照对语言形式到对内容的理解，对部分到对整体的理解；然后在这个基础上加深对语言形式和部分内容的理解这样的规律来完成的，在这个循环往复的过程中，从写词句入手，经过判断和推理，分析与综合，抽象与概括的思维活动，达到对课文中心思想的理解，这才算读懂了一篇课文。这是在认读感知基础上对词句所作的解释和对作品从内容到形式所作的分解和剖析。要能够理解词句的含义，尤其要善于抓住关键词句，前后关照，统摄整体，注重由表及里、由浅入深、由分散而关联的思考途经；要分析作者的思路层次，分析材料和中心、材料和材料的关系，分析材料使用的详略、先后，分析表达方式和表现方法，从整体感知入手到局部咀嚼体会，进而归纳整合，形成新的整体感知，实现螺旋式上升的理解分析效果。但初高中学生的思维特点不同，他们理解的心理特征也就不同。初中学生的思维特点是由形象思维向抽象思维过渡，其中具体的形象成分仍然起着重要作用。这一特点使他们对课文的深层意义和隐含内容常常理解肤浅；对内容复杂的课文，往往以偏概全；对没有中心句的段或不是判断句的论点、缺乏概括能力。在归纳中心思想或段落大意时，有时夹杂次要因素，有时又遗漏某些重要成分，或不大善于用自己的语言加以概括，往往会生搬硬套原文中的某些句子，作机械拼凑。高中学生的思维具有抽象概括的特点，由经验型向理论型发展。因此，他们的理解能力较之初中学生有所提高。在阅读中，能基本把握课文的主要内容，抽象出最基本的观点；并能用自己的语言加以概括。但他们在阅读中往往忽略某些深层意义或潜在内容。在揭示寓意较深的内涵或提炼某些复杂的议论文的主要观点时，仍然把握不准。另外，初中学生思维的独立性和批判性不如高中学生，尤其在思维的广阔性和深刻性方面。因此阅读时，初中学生只能就一个方面、一个层次或一般问题质疑，而高中学生则可能在更多的方面和更深的层次上进行质疑；初中学生主要在内容方面提出问题，高中学生则能在内容和形式，乃至语言风格方面提出问题。 3.评价欣赏能力 是指对课文的美的感知、体验和评价能力，包括从课文的思想内容到表现形式、语言文字，乃至风格特点和评价和欣赏。高中学生在生理、心理上都接近成熟，开始初步形成某些人生价值观念，抽象思维已占主导地位，特别明显的是思维的独立性和批判性增强，阅读中选择性和稳定性有了明显发展。这些特点使他们已经具有相当的评价欣赏能力，有对阅读材料从思想内容到表现形式，乃至语言风格进行判断辨析和鉴赏。由于他们在知识和生活上的不足，致使他们在思维和理解上具有一定的片面性，这样在评价欣赏作品时也往往会反映出来。例如，当他们读到某些反映社会阴暗面的作品时，就以为整个社会是漆黑一团；当他们看到揭露某些干部腐化堕落的文章后，就认为“天下乌鸦一般黑”。这就要求语文教师必须在培养学生评价欣赏能力方面采取多种方式加以指导。这是建立在对文本从形式到内容的全面、准确、深入理解分析基础之上的，它要求读者对作品所表达的知、情、义的丰富或单薄、正确或谬误、健康或消极，表达方式、方法的恰当或不足、高明或笨拙、有益或有害等方面作出判断，从而真正认