Vocabulary and Structure
D 34. The Space Age ____in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched by the former Soviet Union.
A. initiated
B. originates
C. embarked
D. commenced
B 36. It is high time that you _____the test paper and _____it in.
A. finish, hand
B. finished, handed
C. finished, to hand D, have finished, handed
A 37.Her parents wanted to change her mind so they tried to ____ her to their way of thinking.
A. convert
B. alter
C. transfer
D. convey
B 39.I wouldn’t ＿to interfere. Instead, I let my students make their own decisions.
A. resume
B. presume
C. assume
D. consume
C 42．Provided that my expenses＿，I will go with you for the investigation next week.
A. are paid for
B. will be paid
C. can be paid
D. be paid for
B 44．All the year she has been＿between optimism and despair.
A. vibrating
B. swinging
C. fluctuating
D. waving
A 45．The scientists at the University of Bern in Switzerland have used a weakened virus that is not_____ and has proved safe and effective．
A. infectious
B. harmful
C. dangerous
D. invading
D 47.Tourism has also been greatly＿the rapid development of some developing nations．
A. lain in
B. consisted in
C. responsible for
D. accounted for
B 49. If no one asks any question，I＿everybody understands．
A. deduce
B. presume
C. pretend
D. presuppose
C 50.It was important for any lecturer to get the audience＿right at the beginning and then gradually increase the pressure．
A. related B．concerned C. involved D. mixed
B 53. After a few months of working with his hands，Dr. Brown returned to his college, _____that his time had been well spent.
A. persuaded
B. convinced
C. noticed
D. promised
C 58.Before police could stop the drink-crazed driver, he had crashed＿another car and sent
six persons to the hospital．
A. out B．against C. into D. on
C 59. The high court reversed the decision of the lower court because the ruling＿the defendant his right.
A. refused
B. declined
C. denied
D. ignored
D 71. A newly developed robot that can show its emotions by smiling or frowning may one day help computer users talk as quickly and easily to machine＿with other people.
A. such as they now talk
B. like they now talk
C. as much as they now do
D. as they now do
B 72. Initially the Lincoln administration refused black volunteers; they feared that the appearance of black Y ankees on the battlefield might suggest that the war＿other purposes in addition to the restoration of the Union.
A. have B．had C. had had D. would have
C 73. The police admitted＿a mistake in arresting an innocent man.
A. to make
B. to have made
C. to having made
D. to making
B 76. The customs inspector was＿for smugglers．
A. on the guard
B. on the watch
C. on watch
D. on alert
D 83. Diamonds have little＿value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity．
A. extinct
B. permanent
C. surplus
D. intrinsic
C 85. One of the attractive features of the training was the way the practical work had been＿
into the learning process．
A. adjusted
B. alternated
C. incorporated
D. combined
D 89. For many patients, institutional care is the most＿and beneficial form of care．
A. pertinent B．appropriate C. acute D. persistent
B 97. Superconductors lose electrical resistance only＿subjected to intense cold.
A. through
B. when
C. as
D. by
D 98. Please check the copy＿the original before handing in．
A. with
B. against
C. over
D. A and B
Reading comprehension
(Directions：Choose the best answer for each of the questions or unfinished statements after reading the passages.)
Passage Two
Television was not invented by any one person. Nor did it spring into being overnight. It evolved gradually, over a long period, from the ideas of many people一each one building on the work of their predecessors．The process began in 1873，when it was accidentally discovered that the electrical resistance of the element selenium（硒）varied in proportion to the intensity of the light shining on it. Scientists quickly recognized that this provided a way of transforming light variations into electrical signals. Almost immediately a number of schemes were proposed for sending pictures by wire（it was, of course，before radio)．
One of the earliest of these schemes was patterned on the human eye. Sugested by G.R.Carey in 1875, it envisioned a mosaic of selenium cells on which the picture to be transmitted would be focused by a lens system. At the receiving end there would be a similarly arranged mosaic made up of electric lights．Each selenium cell would be connected by an individual wire to the similarly placed light in the receiving mosaic．Light falling on the selenium cell would reproduce the original picture. Had the necessary amplifiers（放大器、扩音器）and the right kind of lights been available,this system would have worked. But it also would have required an impractical number of connecting wires．Carey recognized this and proposed to "scan" the cells一transmitting the signal from each cell to its associated light, in turn, over a single wire．If this were done fast enough, the retentive power of the eye would cause the resultant（合成的）image to be seen as a complete picture.
B 6．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Television in the Electronic Era
B. First Steps in the Invention of Television
C.The Art of Television
D. Harmful Effects of Television V iewing
D 7．In Paragraph 1，the word "being" could best be replaced by＿.
A. place
B. creature
C. subsistence
D. existence
D 8．An important discovery in early television was the electrical resistance of___.
A. mosaics
B. the human eye
C. lenses
D. the element selenium
C 9. In 1875，Carey suggested that the human eye envisioned a mosaic of selenium cells on which the picture to be transmitted would be focused by＿．
A. wire
B. electric lights
C. a lens system
D. amplifiers
D 10. Following are the reasons why the first scheme for television was abandoned EXCEPT＿.
A. he lacks an effective assistant
B. the necessary amplifiers were unavailable
C. the proper lights were unavailable
D. the number of connecting wires is impractical
Passage Three
The greatest recent social changes have been in the lives of women．During the twentieth century there was a remarkable shortening of the proportion of a woman’s life spent in caring for children．A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old．By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. Today women marry younger and have fewer children．Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty．Even while she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliances and convenience foods．
This important change in women's life pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women's economic position. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age, and though women tend to marry younger, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born．Very many more afterwards return to ful1-time or part-time work．Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfactions of family life and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, according to the abilities and interests of each of them.
D 11 ．It‘s probably now that women＿．
A. marry men younger than themselves
B. do not do housework
C. do not want to give birth to children
D. provide the money to the family like her husband
A 12．For women at the twentieth century, the amount of time spent caring for children＿.
A. was shorter than in previous centuries
B. was longer than in previous centuries
C. was considered to be surprisingly long
D. accounted for a great part of their lives
A 13．We are told that, in an average family about 1900＿．
A. many children died before they were five
B. seven or eight children lived to be more than five
C. the youngest child would be fifteen
D. four of five children died when they were five
A14．When she was over fifty, the late nineteenth century mother＿.
A. was unlikely to find a job even if she wanted one
B. would not expect to work
C. was very healthy and beautiful
D. was considered to have a rest at home
D 15．One reason why the woman of today may take a job is that she＿.
A. is younger when her children are still young
B. does not like caring for children
C. need not worry about food for her children
D. is younger when her children are old enough to look after themselves
Passage Six
Disagreements among economists are legendary，but not on the issue of free trade．A recent survey of prominent economists一both conservative and liberal一concluded that "an economist who argues for restricting international trade is almost as common today as a physician who favors leeching."
Why the consensus? International free trade, economists agree, makes possible higher standards of living all over the globe.
The case for free trade rests largely on this principle: as long as trade is voluntary, both partners benefit; otherwise they wouldn't trade. The buyer of a shirt, for example, values the shirt more than the money spent, while the seller values the money more．Both are better off because of the sale．Moreover, it doesn't matter whether the shirt salesman is from the United States or Hong Kong or anywhere else．
The vast majority of American manufacturers face international competition. This competition forces companies to improve quality and cut costs. By contrast, protectionism encourages monopoly，lower quality and higher prices．Americans pay an enormous price for protectionism—over＄60billion a year, or＄1,000 for a family of four. Thanks to protectionism，for example, American consumers pay twice the world price for sugar.
Free trade also makes the world economy more efficient, by allowing nations to capitalize on their strengths．The United States has an advantage in food production，for instance，while Saudi Arabia has an advantage in oil．The Saudis could undertake massive irrigation to become self-sufficient in food, but it is more economical for them to sell oil and purchase food from us．Similarly, we could become self-sufficient in petroleum by squeezing more out of oil shale．But it is much less costly to buy some of our oil from Saudi Arabia. Trade between our two countries improves the standard of living in both．
Protectionism is both wasteful and unjust. It taxes most heavily on the people who can least afford it．Thus, tariffs that raise the price of shoes burden the poor more than the rich．Despite the powerful case for free trade, the United States and the rest of the world have always been
protectionists to some degree．This is because free trade benefits the general public，while protectionism benefits special-interest groups，which are better organized, better financed and more informed．To make matters worse，much of what we hear on this issue is misinformation spread by the special interests themselves．
B 26．The economists ____.
A. disagree whether to restrict free trade or not
B. agree on free trade
C. agree on the restriction if internal trade
D. hold different arguments because to their different interests
B27．The two parties in a free trade＿．
A. do not care at all
B. care for different things
C. care for the things being traded
D. care for the same things
D28．According to Paragraph 4, what is the author’s attitude toward protectionism？
A. Sincere
B. Appreciative
C. Grateful
D. Ironic
D29．Why has protectionism always been exercised if it is wasteful and unjust? Because＿．
A. it helps to establish national industry of one’s own
B. it can achieve an independent economy
C. it is favored by general public
D. it benefits some privileged few
C 30．According to the free trade principle, the author suggests that＿.
A. US explore its oil shale
B. Saudi Arabia build its own industry
C. Saudi Arabia import food from US
D. US becomes more self-sufficient in food
Passage Seven
Thirty-two people watched Kitty Genovese being killed right beneath their windows．She was their neighbor. Y et none of the 32 helped her. Not one even called the police．Was this in gunman cruelty？Was it lack of feeling about one's fellow man?
"Not so,” say scientists John Barley and Bib Fatane. These men went beyond the headlines to probe the reasons why peo ple didn’t act．They found that a person has to go through two steps before he can help, First he has to notice that is an emergency．
Suppose you see a middle-aged man fall to the side-walk. Is he having a heart attack? Is he in a coma（昏迷）from diabetes（糖尿病）？Or is he about to sleep off a drunk?
Is the smoke coming into the room from a leak in the air conditioning? Is it "steam pipes"`? Or is it really smoke from a fire？It’s not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency.
Second，and more important，the person faced with an emergency must feet personally responsible．He must feel that he must help，or the person won’t get the help he needs．The researchers found that a lot depends on how many people are around. They had college students in to be "tested"．Some came alone．Some came with one or two others．And some came in large groups．The receptionist started them off on the "tests"．Then she went into the next room．A curtain divided the "testing room" and the room into which she went．Soon the students heard a scream, the noise of file cabinets falling and a cry for help. All of this had been prerecorded on a tape recorder. In pairs, only two out of ten helped．Of the students in groups, none helped．
In other words，in a group, Americans often fail to act. They feel that others will act. They themselves, needn’t. They do not feel any direct responsibility．
Are people bothered by situations where people are in trouble? Y es．Scientists found that the people were emotional，they sweated，and they had trembling hands. They felt the other person’s trouble. But they did not act. They were in a group. Their actions were shaped by the actions of those they were with．
A31.The main purpose of this passage is＿．
A. to explain why people fail to act in emergencies
B. to explain when people will act in emergencies
C. to explain what people will do in emergencies
D. to explain how people feel in emergencies
C32．Which of the following is NOT true?
A . When a person tries to help others，he must be clear that there is a real emergency.
B. When a person tries to help others, he should know whether they are worthy of his help.
C. A person must take the full responsibility for the safety of those in emergencies if he wants
to help.
D. A person with a heart attack needs the most.
C 33．The researchers have conducted an experiment to prove that people will act in emergencies when _____.
A. they are in pairs B．they are in groups C. they are alone D. they are with their friends
D34．The main reason why people fail to act when they stay together is that＿.
A. they are afraid of emergencies
B. they are reluctant to get themselves involved
C. others will act if they themselves hesitate
D. they do not have any direct responsibility for those who need help
A 35．The author suggests that＿．
A. we shouldn't blame a person if he fails to act in emergencies
B. a person must feel guilty if he fails to help
C. people should be responsible for themselves in emergencies
D.when you are in trouble, people will help you anyway
史上最全雅思写作逻辑连接词 这是自己备考雅思过程中总结的，也附带了一些常用词组与句式。其中不少是从英文原著中总结的地道表达，比如《Justice,whats the right thing todo》。尤其是逻辑连接词，掌握后，就达到了“独上高楼，望尽天涯路”的境界，哈哈，之后就用起来随心所欲不逾矩了.一起来看看史上最全雅思写作逻辑连接词吧! 史上最全雅思写作逻辑连接词 因为雅思作文重在论述，论述重在逻辑，逻辑的表现就是逻辑连接词。灵活而不重样地使用这些词汇，即代表着语法的游刃有余，也代表着逻辑的清晰明了。 ______ART 1逻辑连接词_____ _ ##1.1 让步### 1. Despite+n/ving = in spite of 尽管. (不能加句子) Despite the fact that + 句子(太累赘) Despite myself, …情不自禁地… Her words were so satirical(讽刺的)that I lost my temper in spite ofmyself。 2. Although(更书面)= though(更口语) =even if (即使，更偏假设性)=eventhough(虽然，更偏事实性)+句子 注：不能与but连用。
Devoted though we are to prosperity and freedom, we cannot shakeoff the judgmental strand of justice.用倒装 3. No matter how/what/who等= 疑问句+ever No matter who/Whoever you are, you must keep the law. 注意：疑问句+ever 可以引导名词性从句 Whoever(≠no matter who)comes will be welcome. 4. …, as long as… You can do what you want, as long as you like. 5. 名词/表语/动词+ as(though)倒装，。。。，表“纵使” Object as/though you may, I’ll go。 Small as atoms are, they are made up of still smaller units。Lover of towns as I am, I realize that I owe a debt to my earlycountry life. 6. Whether…or…正反两方面，。。。表“不论。。。与否”Whether you believe it or not, its true. Youll have to attend the ceremony whether youre free or busy. 7. Notwithstanding +sth尽管 But notwithstanding its ancient lineage, it is open to thefollowing challenge. 8. albeit 虽然即使 You are to be given one method of communication with your rival,albeit indirect communication.
历年高考完形填空常用词汇总结动词类：看见catch sight of注意; Notice为了研究进行的观察/observe观 察watch ; 看的结果/ see看的动作look”看1“ / 瞥见 /glimpse瞅见Glance 瞪着看/ glare好奇地看starewatch TV see a film Say sth 强调说话者之间的交流talk with sb about sth 告诉 的内容tell sth to sb.=tell sb sth”说2“ 诉说的内容通知某人某 事Inform sb of sth 耳语whisper sth to sb 说的语言speak in English reason /talk/persuade sb into 重复repeat 聊天chat 讨 价还价Bargain 说服某人做某事doing sth 提醒remind 警告warn 解释explaindeclare指出figure 辩论debate讨论Discuss 描述describe 否绝deny 承认admit 提起mention 自称claim 宣 布公布announce 抱怨complain介绍introduce shout 叫call 哭 叫cry ” 叫3“ 大吵quarrel 叹气sigh 呻吟moan 尖叫scream 大喊” 问4“ 审问question 表达express 采访interview 询问ask 回答”answer答5“ 回复reply ) 用其他方式回应(回应respond 听的结果hear 听的动作” listen to听6 “无意听到overhear 收 听pick up 写write sth 听写dictate ” 写7“ 写下，记下take down/write down画draw 写信drop a line 描写describe 拿走”take放/拿8“pull 放置/铺lay 放Put举lift 拿来拿去fetch （无方向性）挑扛，carry 举着hold 拿来bring 推/push拉 握住grasp 紧抓seize 抓着take hold of ” 抓9“ 抠scratch 突 然想到/突然的击打strike 不间断的打击beat 一次性的打击” hit
《液压传动》期末考试试题(A 卷) 一、填空题(每空2分，共30分) 1. 液压传动系统中，将液体的压力能转换成机械能的是执行元件。 2. 某液压油在40℃时运动粘度为32×10-6m 2/s ，其牌号为N32。 3. 在密闭管道中作稳定流动的理想液体具有压力能、位能、动能三种形式的能量。在沿管道流动的过程中，这三种能量可以相互转换，但在任一过流截面处，三种能量之和为一常数。 4. 液压泵的排量为V ，转速为n ，则理论流量q t =V*n 。 5. 液压泵的机械效率为95%,总效率为90%,则泵的容积效率为94.7%。 6. 柱塞泵是依靠柱塞在柱塞缸体内作往复运动,使泵内的密封容积产生变化来实现泵的吸油和压油的. 7. 液压基本回路按功能分为方向控制回路、压力控制回路、速度控制回路及多缸控制回路。 8. 某一单杆活塞液压缸的活塞横截面积为100cm 2，活塞杆横截面积为60 cm 2，液压油的压力为1MPa ，则活塞杆向前的推力为9806N 。（注：本题答10000N 、9800N 也算对） 9. 液压管道上的压力表读数5Kg/cm 2，则管道内液体的压力约为0.5MPa 。 10. 顺序阀是用来控制液压系统中两个或两个以上的工作机构的先后顺序。 11. 直动式溢流阀与先导式溢流阀中,工作时易产生振动和噪声,且压力波动比较大的是直动式溢流阀。 12. 变量叶片泵是通过调整定子与转子之间的偏心距来达到调整其输出流量的目的的. 二、判断题（每小题2分，共20分） 1. 当液体静止时,单位面积上所受的法向力称为压力,在物理学中则被称为压强。 （∨） 2. 真空度=绝对压力-大气压力。 （×） 3. 连续性方程是质量守恒定律在液体力学中的一种表达方式，伯努力方程是能量守恒定律在液体力学中的一种表达方式。 （ ∨） 4. 液压系统中由于某种原因所引起的压力在瞬间急剧上升的现象称为液压冲击。 （∨） 5. 液压传动中，作用在活塞上的压力越大，活塞的运动速度就越快。 （×） 6. 顺序阀、调速阀、减压阀和节流阀均属于压力控制阀。 （×） 7. 液压系统压力的大小取决于液压泵的额定工作压力。 （×） 8. 齿轮泵CB-B20的额定压力为2.5MPa,额定流量为 20 L /min 。 （∨） 9. 齿轮泵多用于高压系统中，柱塞泵多用于中、低压系统中。 （∨ ） 10. 双作用式叶片泵转子每旋转一周，每相邻叶片间的密封容积就发生一次变化，实现一 次吸油和压油的过程。 （× ） 三、选择题(每小题2分，共20分)： 1. 液压系统的最大工作压力为10MPa ，安全阀的调定压力应为（ B ） A 、等于10MPa ； B 、小于10MPa ； C 、大于10MPa D 、不知道。 2． 在先导式减压阀工作时，先导阀的作用主要是( C )，而主阀的作用主要作用是( A )。 A 、 减压； B 、增压； C 、调压。 3、有两个调整压力分别为5 MPa 和10 MPa 的溢流阀串联在液压泵的出口，泵的出口压力为（ B ）；并联在液压泵的出口，泵的出口压力又为（ A ）。 A 、5 MPa ； B 、10 MPa ； C 、 15 MPa ； D 、20 MPa ； 4、液压系统的控制元件是（ A ）。 A 、 液压阀 B 、 液压泵 C 、 电动机 D 、 液压缸或液压马达 5、要实现工作台往复运动速度不一致，可采用（B ）。 A 、双杆活塞缸 B 、单杆活塞缸的差动连接 C 、伸缩式液压缸 D 、组合柱塞缸
波普解析试题 一、名词解释（5*4分=20分） 1.波谱学 2.屏蔽效应 3.电池辐射区域 4.重排反应 5.驰骋过程 二、选择题。（ 10*2分=20分） 1.化合物中只有一个羰基，却在1773cm-1和1736cm-1处出现两个吸收峰 这是因为：（） A、诱导效应 B、共轭效应 C、费米共振 D、空间位阻 2. 一种能作为色散型红外光谱仪的色散元件材料为：（） A、玻璃 B、石英 C、红宝石 D、卤化物晶体 3.预测H2S分子的基频峰数为：（） A、4 B、3 C、2 D、1 4.若外加磁场的强度H0逐渐加大时，则使原子核自旋能级的低能态跃迁到高能态所需的能量是如何变化的：（） A、不变 B、逐渐变大 C、逐渐变小 D、随原核而变 5.下列哪种核不适宜核磁共振测定：（） A、12C B、15N C、19F D、31P 6.在丁酮质谱中，质荷比质为29的碎片离子是发生了（） A、α-裂解 B、I-裂解 C、重排裂解 D、γ-H迁移 7.在四谱综合解析过程中，确定苯环取代基的位置，最有效的方法是（） A、紫外和核磁 B、质谱和红外 C、红外和核磁 D、质谱和核磁 8.下列化合物按1H化学位移值从大到小排列 ( ) a.CH2=CH2 b.CH CH c.HCHO d. A、a、b、c、d B、a、c、b、d C、c、d、a、b D、d、c、b、a 9.在碱性条件下，苯酚的最大吸波长将发生何种变化? ( ) A．红移 B. 蓝移 C. 不变 D. 不能确定
10.芳烃(M=134), 质谱图上于m/e91处显一强峰，试问其可能的结构是：( ) A． B. C. D. 三、问答题（5*5分=25分） 1．红外光谱产生必须具备的两个条件是什么？ 2.影响物质红外光谱中峰位的因素有哪些？ 3. 色散型光谱仪主要有哪些部分组成？ 4. 核磁共振谱是物质内部什么运动在外部的一种表现形式？ 5. 紫外光谱在有机化合物结构鉴定中的主要贡献是什么？ 四、计算和推断题（9+9+17=35分） 1.某化合物（不含N元素）分子离子区质谱数据为M（72），相对丰度100%； M+1（73），相对丰度3.5%；M+2（74），相对丰度0.5%。 （1）分子中是否含有Br Cl? 。 (2) 分子中是否含有S? 。 (3)试确定其分子式为。 2. 分子式为C8H8O的化合物，IR（cm－1）：3050，2950,1695，1600，1590，1460,1370,1260,760，690等处有吸收， （1）分子中有没有羟基（—O H）？。 （2）有没有苯环。 （3）其结构为。 3. 某未知物的分子式为C3H6O，质谱数据和核磁共振谱如图1、2所示，试推断其结构。 图1 、C3H6O的质谱
Essay写作的7个建议 Essay的写作在留学期间非常的频繁，占据非常重要的位置，今天英国智酷小编就为大家介绍一下Essay写作的7个建议。 写好essay的7个建议： 1. 足够的积淀使你在写作时有无限的话可说 这一点能让你的写作变得更快速和容易。当你无话可说，无物可写的时候，你被迫的写出的那些貌似有意义的句子却使你的文章显得空洞无物。所以，你需要广泛的阅读，并做阅读笔记，正确的选择你的topic，然后通过写作与你的读者分享你所拥有的知识和信息。 2.选择简单的词汇 在你的写作中，用“use”代替“utilize”，用“near”代替“close proximity”，“help”代替“facilitate”等等。 只有在特别的句子里，其他简单词都不能代替的情况下再使用那些长难词，平常的写作中用简单的词汇就可以了。 3.尽量使用简单句/短句 写作中你应该尽量使用简单句和短句，这与你在写作中应写小篇幅的段落的原因是一样的。它们更容易让读者阅读和理解。没一个句子都应简单明了，对你的文章来说，更重要的应该是想法上的创造力与复杂性，而不是句子上的。 4.不要写冗长的段落 在学术写作中，每一个段落都是一个论点以及相关的论据，段落可以稍微长一些，但也应当尽量简洁。而日常写作中，有时一段只用2，3句话甚至1句话就足够了。 5.不要重复或自问自答 不要在你的文章中一遍又一遍写同样的事情，也不要在文章中自问自答。换句话说，在你的文章中那些事情只提一次或两次就足够了。 6.不要写的过度 写文章时要专注于你想表达的信息，同时也要把读者放在第一位。 7. 校对和编辑 缩短，删除和重新编写你文章中任何没有必要的话。使用比较闲散的风格写作是没有问题的，但不要在你的文章中出现无理由的多余的话。 上述英国智酷小编的讲解就到这里了，希望对大家的写作有所帮助。如果大家还有论文难题没有解决，都可以来咨询我们哦！
历年高考完形填空常用词汇总结 动词类： 1“看”look看的动作/ see看的结果; watch观察/observe为了研究进行的观察; Notice 注意catch sight of看见/ stare好奇地看/ glare瞪着看 Glance瞅见/glimpse瞥见see a film watch TV 2“说”telll sth to sb.=tell sb sth告诉的内容talk with sb about sth强调说话者之间的交流Say sth诉说的内容speak in English说的语言whisper sth to sb 耳语 Inform sb of sth 通知某人某事reason /talk/persuade sb into doing sth 说服某人做某 事Bargain讨价还价chat聊天repeat重复explain解释warn警告 remind提醒Discuss 讨论debate辩论figure 指出declare宣布claim自称 mention 提起admit 承认deny 否绝describe描述announce 公布introduce 介绍complain抱怨 3“叫”cry哭叫call叫shout大喊scream尖叫moan呻吟sigh叹气quarrel大吵4“问”ask 询问interview 采访express表达question审问 5“答”answer回答respond回应(用其他方式回应) reply回复 6 “听”listen to听的动作hear听的结果pick up收听overhear无意听到 7“写”dictate听写write sth 写d escribe描写drop a line 写信draw画 take down/write down写下，记下 8“拿/放”take拿走bring拿来hold举着carry扛，挑（无方向性）fetch拿来拿去lift 举Put放lay 铺/放置pull拉/push推 9“抓”take hold of 抓着seize紧抓grasp 握住scratch 抠 10“打”hit一次性的打击beat不间断的打击strike突然的击打/突然想到blow吹刮attack攻击 11“扔”throw扔drop掉放弃错过fall 倒下无意掉下来wave 招手shake摇 12“送”send寄送deliver递送give给offer 主动给予see off给某人送行 13“摸/抱”touch摸/fold折叠/embrace拥抱/ hug抱/hold 握in one’s arms 14“踢/碰”kick踢/knock敲/ tip 轻敲 15“行”walk run climb jump skip 单腿跳slip溜come/go enter进入move搬迁drive开车ride 骑fly crawl 匍匐前进
测试题(液压传动) 姓名:得分: 一、填空题(每空2分,共30分) 1.液压系统中的压力取决于(),执行元件的运动速度取决于()。 2.液压传动装置由()、()、()和()四部分组成,其中()和()为能量转换装置。 3.仅允许油液按一个方向流动而反方向截止的液压元件称为()。 4.溢流阀为()压力控制,阀口常(),先导阀弹簧腔的泄漏油与阀的出口相通。定值减压阀为()压力控制,阀口常(),先导阀弹簧腔的泄漏油必须单独引回油箱。 5.为了便于检修,蓄能器与管路之间应安装(),为了防止液压泵停车或泄载时蓄能器内的压力油倒流,蓄能器与液压泵之间应安装()。 二、选择题(每题2分,共10分) 1.将发动机输入的机械能转换为液体的压力能的液压元件是()。 A.液压泵 B.液压马达 C.液压缸 D.控制阀 2.溢流阀一般是安装在()的出口处,起稳压、安全等作用。 A.液压缸
B.液压泵 C.换向阀 D.油箱。 3.液压泵的实际流量是()。 A.泵的理论流量和损失流量之和 B.由排量和转速算出的流量 C.泵的理论流量和损失流量的差值 D.实际到达执行机构的流量 4.泵常用的压力中,()是随外负载变化而变化的。 A.泵的输出压力 B.泵的最高压力 C.泵的额定压力 5.流量控制阀使用来控制液压系统工作的流量,从而控制执行元件的()。 A.运动方向 B.运动速度 C.压力大小 三、判断题(共20分)
1.液压缸活塞运动速度只取决于输入流量的大小,与压力无关。() 2.流量可改变的液压泵称为变量泵。() 3.定量泵是指输出流量不随泵的输出压力改变的泵。() 4.当液压泵的进、出口压力差为零时,泵输出的流量即为理论流量。() 5.滑阀为间隙密封,锥阀为线密封,后者不仅密封性能好而且开启时无死区。() 6.节流阀和调速阀都是用来调节流量及稳定流量的流量控制阀。() 7.单向阀可以用来作背压阀。() 8.同一规格的电磁换向阀机能不同,可靠换向的最大压力和最大流量不同。() 9.因电磁吸力有限,对液动力较大的大流量换向阀则应选用液动换向阀或电液 换向阀。() 10.因液控单向阀关闭时密封性能好,故常用在保压回路和锁紧回路中。() 四、问答题(共40分) 1、说明液压泵工作的必要条件?(15分) 2、在实际的维护检修工作中,应该注意些什么?(25分) 一、1.(负载)(流量) 2.(动力元件)、(执行元件)、(控制元件)(辅助元 件)(动力元件)(执行元件)3.(单向阀)4.(进口)(闭)(出口)(开)5.(截止阀)(单向阀) 二、(A)(B)(C)(A)(B)
核磁共振波谱分析法习题 二、选择题 1．自旋核7Li、11B、75As, 它们有相同的自旋量子数Ι=3/2, 磁矩μ单位为核磁子，μLi=3.2560, μB=2.6880, μAs =1.4349 相同频率射频照射，所需的磁场强度H大小顺序为 ( ) A B Li>B B>B As B B As>B B>B Li C B B>B Li>B As D B Li>B As>B Li 2．在 O－H 体系中，质子受氧核自旋－自旋偶合产生多少个峰 ? ( ) A 2 B 1 C 4 D 3 3．下列化合物的1H NMR谱，各组峰全是单峰的是 ( ) A CH3-OOC-CH2CH3 B (CH3)2CH-O-CH(CH3)2 C CH3-OOC-CH2-COO-CH3 D CH3CH2-OOC-CH2CH2-COO-CH2CH3 4．一种纯净的硝基甲苯的NMR图谱中出现了3组峰, 其中一个是单峰, 一组是二重峰，一组是三重峰。该化合物是下列结构中的 ( ) 5．自旋核7Li、11B、75As, 它们有相同的自旋量子数Ι=3/2, 磁矩μ单位为核磁子，μLi=3.2560, μB=2.6880, μAs =1.4349 相同频率射频照射, 所需的磁场强度H大小顺序为( )
A B Li>B B>B As B B As>B B>B Li C B B>B Li>B As D B Li>B As>B Li 6．化合物CH3COCH2COOCH2CH3的1H NMR谱的特点是 ( ) A 4个单峰 B 3个单峰，1个三重峰 C 2个单峰 D 2个单峰，1个三重峰和1 个四重峰 7．核磁共振波谱法中乙烯、乙炔、苯分子中质子化学位移值序是 ( ) A 苯 > 乙烯 > 乙炔 B 乙炔 > 乙烯 > 苯 C 乙烯 > 苯 > 乙炔 D 三者相等 8．在下列因素中，不会使NMR谱线变宽的因素是 ( ) A 磁场不均匀 B 增大射频辐射的功率 C 试样的粘度增大 D 种种原因使自旋-自旋弛豫(横向弛豫)的速率显著增大 9．将（其自旋量子数I=3/2）放在外磁场中，它有几个能态 ( ) A 2 B 4 C 6 D 8 10．在下面四个结构式中 哪个画有圈的质子有最大的屏蔽常 数？（） 11．下图四种分子中，带圈质子受的屏蔽作用最大的是( )
【essay】常用academic词汇 1.增补(Addition) in addition另外, furthermore此外, again, also, besides, moreover此外, similarly, fi nally最后 2.比较(Comparison) in the same way, likewise同样地, similarly, equally, in comparison比较起来, just as 同样地 3.对照(Contrast) whereas然而, in contrast与此相反, on the other hand, instead同样, however然而, nevertheless然而, unlike, even though即使, on the contrary, while 4.因果(Cause and effect) because, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, henc e, thus 5.强调(Emphasis) certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant 6.让步(Concession) although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is tru e.... 7.例证(Exemplification) for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, b y way of illustration. 8.总结(Conclusion) to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary 9.推断(Inference) therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise 10.时间和空间(Time and space) afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of 11.启承转合
波谱解析试题库-试卷4 （天然药物化学教研室） 一、名词解释(15分)： 1、Red shift ：由于取代作用或溶剂效应导致吸收峰向长波方向移动的现象。 2、基频峰：分子振动能级由基态跃迁到第一激发态产生的吸收峰。 3、磁等价：以相同的偶合常数与分子中其它氢核偶合的化学等价核。 4、均裂： 5、屏蔽效应：核外电子在对外加磁场垂直的平面运动，产生与外加磁场方向相反 的感应磁场，这种核外电子对抗外加磁场的作用叫屏蔽效应。二、选择题（20分，只有一个正确答案，将答案填入下表中） 1、所需电子能量最大的电子跃迁是： A:σ →σ * B: n→σ * C:π →π* D:n→π* 2、不是助色团的是： A: -OH B: -Cl C: -SH D: CH3CH2- 3、下列说法正确的是： A: 饱和烃类在远紫外区有吸收。 B: UV吸收无加和性。 C: π →π*跃迁的吸收强度比n→σ*跃迁要强10-100倍。 D: 共轭双键数目越多，吸收峰越向蓝移。 4、非线性分子的自由度为： A：3N-5 B: 3N-6 C: 3N+5 D: 3N+6 5、下列化合物的νC=C的频率最大的是： A B C D A B C D 6、亚甲二氧基与苯环相连时，其亚甲二氧基的δCH特征强吸收峰为： A：925~935cm-1B：800~825cm-1 C：955~985cm-1D：1005~1035cm-1
7、下图为某化合物的IR 图，其不应含有： A ：苯环 B ：甲基 C ：-NH 2 （双峰） D ：-OH 8、分子中质子受到的屏蔽效应的大小，取决于： A ．电子密度 B ．外加磁场 C ．测定溶剂 D ．NMR 仪器 9、烯质子δ值范围一般为： A ．0.5-1.5ppm B ．4.5-8.0ppm C ．2.0-2.8ppm D ．9-10ppm 10、偕偶：即间隔两个单键的偶合，即同C 上两个质子的偶合，J 2值范围在： A ．0-3 Hz B ．6-8 Hz C ．2-5 Hz D ．10-16Hz 11、二旋系统用AX 表示，其特点是： A 四条谱线，A 和X 各两条。 B ． 二条谱线，A 和X 各一条。 C ．三条谱线，A 一条、X 两条。 D ． 五条谱线，A 叁条、X 两条。 12、下列结构中偶合常数大小顺序为： A B C A ．A ＞ B ＞ C B ．B ＞A ＞C C ．C ＞A ＞B D ．B ＞C ＞A 13、烷基质子和SP 3 杂化碳原子相连时，其β位亦是SP 3杂化碳原子，其化学位移约在： A ．2.0-2.5 ppm B ．3.5-4.2 ppm C ．0.9-1.5 ppm D ．6-8 ppm 14、偕偶：即间隔两个单键的偶合，即同C 上两个质子的偶合，J 2值范围在： A ．0-3 Hz B ．6-8 Hz C ．2-5 Hz D ．10-16Hz 15、质谱主要用于测定化合物中的： A ．官能团 B ．共轭系统 C ．分子式 D ．质子数 16、在高质区，下列脱去的碎片是合理的是： A ．M-5 B ．M-15 C ．M-13 D ．M-11 C C HA B H C C HA HB C C HA
Essay写作中的词汇误用范例 范例一：use，utilize和using 许多人喜欢用utilize代替use表示“用”的意思。但是这两个词有明确而不同的定义，不能混用。use是最普遍的用法，可以表示一切“用”，但多指用其本身的用途，比如use血压计量血压。而utilize是用其本身没有的用途，比如utilize钥匙开瓶盖。因此，在科学论文中utilize几乎没有机会使用到，而用use始终正确。Using也经常被误用：QoL was evaluated using Hamilton scale。此处语法上不正确，正确的用法是前面加个“by”: QoL was evaluated by using Hamilton scale。 范例二：due to和because of 用due to代替because of在笔者编辑过的论文里也非常常见，但这是错误的。Due to的意思是caused by，做形容词用，修饰的是名词，而because of做介词用。比如：He died from pneumonia due to (caused by) a severe infection 是正确的，due to a severe infection形容pneumonia。而He was hospitalized due to a severe infection 是错误的，此处应该用because of。 范例三：compared with和compared to Compare这个词，每篇论文都会用到，比如在结果和讨论中经常见到compared with 或compared to the control group。笔者的经验是，用compared with，不用compared to。在比较两者时，compared with是
根据对总结历年真题的总结发现，完型填空中的逻辑关系词总共有十大类。 第一：并列关系。并列关系是比较简单的一种逻辑关系词。 常考的标志词：and, and or so, not only…but also, neither nor, that is to say. 我们看一个真题： 1996(41)：They do not provide energy, ___do they construct or build and part of the body. [A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never 观察一下这句话，有一个显著的特点是在横线后面的语序采用的是倒装语序，那么回忆一下语法中哪些情况可以引起句子倒装呢?肯定有否定词前置引起句子倒装。同时，在本句中，逗号之前的句子有否定词，因此，横线上选择的词汇必然要满足两个条件，第一可以前面的否定呼应，第二，可以引起句子倒装。所以，纵观四个选项，只有nor 满足两个条件，为正确答案。 第二：因果关系。因果关系词是比较容易判断的一种逻辑关系，前面叙述原因，后面叙述结果，反之亦然。但是，在历年考研完型填空中，经常出现广大考生不熟悉的词组，为了帮助考生辨认，我将这些短语列出如下：bec ause, for, so that, such… that , in order that, due to, thanks to, in response to , considering that. 考生看到这样的短语就要想到是因果关系，反过来，判断出上下句逻辑关系是因果，要能够从选项中选出这些短语。 第三：转折关系。常用逻辑连接词有but, yet, however, on the contrary, on the other hand.下面我们看一道真题。看看这样的问题我们应该怎样解决。 1996(50)Many people ,___,be lieve in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. [A]nevertheless [B]therefore [C]moreover [D]meanwhile 我们看这道题的四个选项，就是让我们选择逻辑关系词，所以，我们首先要判断前后两句的逻辑关系。上文说“尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值，但获得足够的维生素对人的生命是至关重要的”而这句表达的大概意思为很多人——为了安全起见，服用额外的维生素。从这两句话，我们可以感觉出来是转折关系。因此，纵观四个选项，只有A表示转折，为正确答案。 第四：让步关系。常用逻辑连接词有although, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of, regardless of, anyway, anyhow. 第五：递进关系。常用逻辑连接词有aslo, then, besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more. 我们来看一道考研真题。 1994 The words used by the speaker may _44__ unfavorable reactions in the listener __45__ interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. __46___, inaccurate or indefinite words may make _47____ difficult for the listener to understand the __48___ which is being transmitted to him. 46 [A]Moreover [B]However [C]Preliminarily [D]Unexpectedly 我们看这道题，第一段文字是在说词汇可能会导致听话人错误的理解。而46空格后面继续说用词不准确会怎么样。由此，我们可以看出，这两段之间的关系应该是递进，即进一步说明用词不当会带来的后果。A选项刚好是递进关系比较常见的逻辑关系词。A为正确选项。第六：列举顺序关系。常用逻辑词有first, then, on one hand, some…others…still others. 最后一个短语如果出现，各位考生需要能够辨认出这种形式。 第七：对比关系。常用逻辑词有while, whereas, as, rather…than, instead of. 在对比关系的句子中，前后两部分应该有明显的对比成分。 例如：2007年(12)____most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ____ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the _____ of other faiths. 46 [A]Since [B]If [C]Unless [D]While
一、填空题(每空2分，共4０分) 1.液压传动中,压力决于＿负载_,速度决定于流量。 ２。液压传动中，_ 实际输出流量_＿__与＿___泵得出口压力_＿相乘就是液压功率 3。我国生产得机械油与液压油采用_40ｏC时得运动粘度(mm2/s)为其标号。 4。管路系统总得压力损失等于_沿程压力损失＿及__局部压力损失＿＿之与. ５．方向控制阀得操纵方式有如下五种形式_＿_手动式_、＿_机动式＿__、__电磁式_＿__、_液动式、＿___电 液动式＿. 6。溢流阀、减压阀、顺序阀都有____直动式______与_＿__先导式__＿___＿两种不同得结构形式 ７．进油路节流调速回路得功率损失由__＿_＿_溢流损失___＿__＿__与_＿＿___节流损失＿_＿_两部分组成. 二、单选题(每小题2分，共20分) 1.压力对粘度得影响就是（Ｂ) A 没有影响 B 影响不大 C 压力升高,粘度降低 D 压力升高,粘度显著升 高 ２.目前,９0%以上得液压系统采用（) A 合成型液压液Ｂ石油型液压油 C 乳化型液压液D磷酸脂液 3。一支密闭得玻璃管中存在着真空度，下面那个说法就是正确得( ) A 管内得绝对压力比大气压力大B管内得绝对压力比大气压力小 C 管内得相对压力为正值D管内得相对压力等于零 ４。如果液体流动就是连续得，那么在液体通过任一截面时，以下说法正确得就是( C ）
A 没有空隙 B 没有泄漏 C 流量就是相等得 D 上述说法都就是正确得 5。在同一管道中,分别用Ｒe紊流、Re临界、Re层流表示紊流、临界、层流时得雷诺数,那么三者得关系就是 ( C ) ＡRe紊流< Rｅ临界＜Re层流B Ｒe紊流= Re临界＝Re层流 ＣＲｅ紊流〉Ｒe临界〉Re层流ＤRｅ临界 1. 辩论文 Argument essay: Title: Purpose: Asks the question, describes the issue or dilemma Description: Contains key words about content and process. Introduction: Purpose: Includes a statement of position (or main thesis) Description: This introduces the issue to be discussed and gives essential background information. It focuses on and perhaps defines the key words and gives a list or a route map of what is to follow. Main body: Purpose: Presents a case or argument Description: Each new main point should have its own paragraph. You should use evidence to support the arguments you make in this section, referencing your sources appropriately. Conclusions: Purpose: Reinforcement of the statement of position Description: This sums up how the points in the body of the essay have made a case for your answer to the question. It should include a reference to the wording of the title. 2. 议论文 Discussion essay: Title: Purpose: Asks the question, describes the areas or issues to be discussed Description: Contains key words about content and process. Introduction: Purpose: The issues under discussion are spelt out Description: This introduces the issues to be discussed and gives essential background information. It focuses on and perhaps defines the key words and gives a list or a route map of what is to follow. Main body: Purpose: Arguments for and against Description: You should use evidence to support and challenge the issues you cover in this section, referencing your sources appropriately. You can either deal with all of the supporting and all of the challenging evidence separately or you can take each issue in turn and compare the the supporting and challenging evidence. 高考完形填空常用词汇总结 动词类： 1“看”look看的动作/ see看的结果; watch观察/observe为了研究进行的观察; Notice注意catch sight of看见/ stare好奇地看/ glare瞪着看 Glance瞅见/glimpse瞥见see a film watch TV 2“说”telll sth to sb.=tell sb sth告诉的内容talk with sb about sth强调说话者之间的交流Say sth诉说的内容speak in English说的语言whisper sth to sb 耳语Inform sb of sth 通知某人某事reason /talk/persuade sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事 Bargain讨价还价chat聊天repeat重复explain解释warn警告remind提醒Discuss 讨论debate辩论figure 指出declare宣布claim自称mention 提起admit 承认deny 否绝describe描述announce 公布introduce 介绍complain抱怨 3“叫”cry哭叫call叫shout大喊scream尖叫moan呻吟sigh叹气quarrel大吵4“问”ask 询问interview 采访express表达question审问 5“答”answer回答respond回应(用其他方式回应) reply回复 6 “听”listen to听的动作hear听的结果pick up收听overhear无意听到 7“写”dictate听写write sth 写describe描写drop a line 写信draw画 take down/write down写下，记下 8“拿/放”take拿走bring拿来hold举着carry扛，挑（无方向性）fetch拿来拿去lift 举Put放lay 铺/放置pull拉/push推 9“抓”take hold of 抓着seize紧抓grasp 握住scratch 抠 10“打”hit一次性的打击beat不间断的打击strike突然的击打/突然想到blow吹刮attack攻击 11“扔”throw扔drop掉放弃错过fall 倒下无意掉下来wave 招手shake摇 12“送”send寄送deliver递送give给offer 主动给予see off给某人送行 13“摸/抱”touch摸/fold折叠/embrace拥抱/ hug抱/hold 握in one’s arms 14“踢/碰”kick踢/knock敲/ tip 轻敲 15“行”walk run climb jump skip 单腿跳slip溜come/go enter进入move搬迁drive开车ride 骑fly crawl 匍匐前进 16“坐”sit down be seated seat oneself take a seat/ stand站，耸立/ lean斜靠 17“睡/休息”lie /on one’s back/ on one side/ on one’s stomach stay in bed have a rest take a nap打盹be asleep bend turn over翻身rest 18“笑”smile 微笑（不出声）laugh burst into laughter burst out laughing 19“哭”cry shed tears 留泪weep呜咽地哭sob抽泣burst into tears /burst out crying 20“找/查”find找到look for正在找过程find out查明discover/explore 发现/探索hunt for search for seek / seek for in search of寻找 Search sb 搜身search sp. for sth 为某物而搜寻某地 Check检查，核实examine 考察发现问题/体检test检测，检验inspect视察 21“穿”put on 动作wear穿戴have on试穿be dressed in 穿的状态make-up化装 get changed换衣服be in red Take off 脱remove 去除Essay四大类型及写作技巧
英语---完形填空常用词汇总结
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