Unit 14
Storms make trees take deeper roots.
P art A
Directions：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].
Text 1
When Julius Caesar made his triumphal entrance into Rome in 45 BC, he celebrated by giving a feast at which thousands of guests gorged on poultry, seafood and game. Similar celebrations featuring exorbitant consumption of animal flesh have marked human victories — in war, sport, politics and commerce —since our species learned to control fire. Throughout the developing world today, one of the first things people do as they climb out of poverty is to shift from their peasant diet of mainly grains and beans to one that is rich in pork or beef. Since 1950, per capital consumption of meat around the globe has more doubled.
Meat, it seems, is not just food but reward as well. But in the coming century, that will change. Much as we have awakened to the full economic and social costs of cigarettes, we will find we can no longer subsidize or ignore the costs of mass-producing cattle, poultry, pigs, sheep and fish to feed our growing population. These costs include hugely inefficient use of fresh water and land, heavy pollution from livestock feces, rising rates of heart disease and other degenerative illness, and spreading destruction of the forests on which much of ou r planet’s life depends.
First, consider the impact on supplies of fresh water. To produce 1kg of feedlot beef requires 7 kg of feed grain, which takes 1000 kg of water to grow. Pass up one hamburger, and you’ll save as much as water as you save by taking 40 showers with a low-flow nozzle. Yet in the U.S., 70% of all the wheat, corn and other grain produced goes to feeding herds of livestock. Around the world, as more water is diverted to raising pigs and chickens instead of producing crops for direct consumption, millions of wells are going dry. India, China, North Africa and the U.S. are all running freshwater deficits, pumping more from their aquifers than rain can replenish. As populations in water scarce regions continue to expand, governments will inevitably act to cut these deficits by shifting water to grow food, not feed. The new policies will raise the price of meat to levels unaffordable for any but the rich.
That prospect will doubtlessly provoke protests that direct consumption of grain can’t provide the same protein that meat provides. Indeed, it can’t. But nutritionists will attest that most people in the richest countries don’t need nearly as much protein as we’re currently getting from meat, and there are plenty of vegetable sources — including the grains now squandered on feed —
that can provide the protein we need.
1. T he author cites the example of Caesar’s feat to suggest that
[A] Caesar made a big triumphal entrance into Rome .
[B] the victory was celebrated with various kinds of meat.
[C] people think eating meat is a symbol of wealth and victory.
[D] Caesar and his guests enjoy the feast with meet very much.
2. The author compares meat eating to cigarette smoking because
[A] both of them are personal habits.
[B] they cost a lot of economic and social resources.
[C] eating meat can be expensive if people like to smoke.
[D] they can lead to some serious diseases.
3. What can be inferred from paragraph 3?
[A] To produce the same amount of beef needs 7000 times the weight of water.
[B] The resources we need to make a hamburger equal to that of 40 showers.
[C] As more water is used to raise poultry, water scarce regions will increase.
[D] To control water deficit, governments will raise the price of meat.
4. According to the text, which of the following is true?
[A] Only a small part of the grain is directly consumed in the world.
[B] Eating meat might be a symbol of richness in the future.
[C] People today eat much more meat than what is necessary.
[D] Many rich countries face the problem of fresh water shortage.
5. Which is the best title for the text?
[A] The change of food structure in America.
[B] Water shortage caused by meat consumption.
[C] The increase of meat supply around the globe.
[D] The cost of meat consumption.
Text 2
I agree that the Canadian immersion and bilingual schools have been successful in producing functionally bilingual students. In the province of Manitoba, there are French, Ukrainian, and German immersion schools; Hebrew bilingual schools; and a school for native Indian students. English immersion programs are popular for students from the province of Quebec as well as from countries such as Libya and Japan. However, Mr. Whelpton’s suggested condition that teachers in these schools must be fully bilingual may be unnecessary. For example, primary teachers can and do function with a smaller vocabulary than secondary teachers.
Secondly, it is doubtful that students will use English because they “understand and accept the objective of making English the language of the classroom,”which is a rather sterile motive. One reason that Canadian immersion programs work is because of the commitment to Whole Language Learning ,that is, children learn a language,(first or second),by using it to transmit or receive meaningful messages that are interesting, real and important.
They want to make their needs and desires known and to understand the world around them. Immersion programs integrate language and content in an activity-based, child-centered manner so that the child is motivated to use the second language as a tool to transmit and receive messages
related to social and academic interests. In addition the second language is modeled throughout the school, is encouraged and rewarded, and thus becomes the language of choice. It is not necessary to “abandon” Cantonese; an immersion program should provide some daily instruction in the first language.
Mr. Whelpton’s third argument that all the students in one class need to be at approximately the same level of English proficiency when they switch to English is unrealistic and unprofitable. How does a teacher group children who have a huge vocabulary but poor grammar skills and others who have correct grammar but a poor vocabulary?
Also, suppose the students have similar language abilities but different learning styles! The odds are that a teacher, at any point in time, will be teaching at a level that is too difficult for one-third, too easy for one-third and appropriate for the final one-third of the students. Hence the concept of co-operative learning: students in heterogeneous groups with a mixture of personalities, talents and weaknesses (a more realistic reflection of life) learn better as they co-operate, instead of compete, and depend on each other for support and information. This type of learning environment frees the teacher from the traditional lecturing mode in favor of circulating, monitoring and challenging the students to make use of their different experiences to expand their knowledge and skills.
6. The writer’s attitude towards the Canadian immersion program is
[A] balanced. [B] unenthusiastic.
[C] supportive. [D] critical.
7.The word “sterile” (Line 2, Para 2 )is closest in meaning to
[A] uninspiring. [B] unusual.
[C] stereotypical. [D] uninformative.
8. The Canadian immersion program has been a success because
[A] it makes English the language of the classroom.
[B] students in classrooms are at about the same level.
[C] students can use their first language freely in classrooms.
[D] it works towards real life goals of the students.
9. According to the author the reality of classroom teaching is
[A] more straightforward than Mr. Whelpton describes.
[B] more difficult to control than Mr. Whelpton describes.
[C] more lively than Mr. Whelpton describes.
[D] more complicated than Mr. Whelpton describes.
10. The author uses a colon (Line 3, Para 5) to
[A] give evidence for the point made. [B] explain the term.
[C] introduce the consequence. [D] provide a reason.
Text 3
The strongest case for globalization is the liberal one. It is almost never heard, least of all from governments or businessmen. International economic integration, on the liberal view, is what happens when technology allows people to pursue their own goals and they are given the liberty to do so. If technology advances to the point where it supports trade across borders, and if people then choose to trade across borders, you have integration, and because people have freely
chosen it this is a good thing. Also, again because people have freely chosen this course, you would expect there to be economic benefits as well.
By and large, theory and practice confirm that this is so. Adam Smith’s invisible hand does its work. People choose what serves their own self-interest, each of them making that judgment for himself. The result is that society as a whole prospers and advances spontaneously, not by design of any person or government.
All kinds of qualifications and elaborations are needed, obviously, to fill out the argument properly. This survey will offer some of them in due course. But it is essential to understand one point from the outset. The liberal case for globalization is emphatically not the case for domestic or international laisser faire. Liberalism lays down no certainties about the requirements of social justice in terms of income redistribution or the extent of the welfare state. It recognizes that markets have their limits, for instance intending to the supply of public goods (such as a clean environment). A liberal outlook is consistent with support for a wide range of government interventions; indeed a liberal outlook demands many such interventions.
But the starting point for all liberals is a presumption that, under ordinary circumstances, the individual knows best what serves his interests and that the blending of these individual choices will produce socially good results. Two other things follow. The first is an initial skepticism, at least, about collective decision making that overrides the individual kind. The other is a high regard for markets not as a place where profits are made, it must be stressed, but as a place where society advances in the common good.
Why then are governments and business leaders rarely heard to put this case? Because for the most part they are not liberals. Perhaps it goes with the job that politicians of left and right, traditional and modern, have an exaggerated view of their ability to improve on the spontaneous order of a lightly governed society.
11. What is the liberal’s understanding of the economic integration?
[A] It is designed by the government.
[B] It has nothing to do with technology.
[C] It is people’s own choice.
[D] It brings to people economic benefits.
12. What does t he word “argument” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) refer?
[A] People choose what serves their own self-interest.
[B] Technology allows people to pursue their own goals.
[C] Theory and practice confirm that this is so.
[D] Society as a whole prospers and advances spontaneously.
13. It can be inferred from Para 3 that
[A] the global liberal is either domestic or international laisser faire.
[B] liberalism requires social justice and the extent of the welfare state.
[C] liberals can supply markets with a clean environment.
[D] a liberal outlook demands many government interventions.
14. The initial skepticism most probably thinks that
[A] the combination of individual choices produces socially good results.
[B] market is a place where society advances in the common good.
[C] the individual knows best what serves his interests.
[D] collective decision making overrides the individual kind.
15. According to the text, who can be a liberal?
[A] Adam Smith. [B] A businessman.
[C] A business leader. [D] A politician.
Text 4
A couple of months ago, Blanca Nubia Chamorro, aged 12, found a ball in her village in southern Nicaragua. As she was playing, it blew up. Blanca now lies in hospital without her left arm and right hand.
Years after all fighting has stopped, landmines continue to cripple people in countries that have savage wars, including Nicaragua, Cambodia and Mozambique. Afghanistan, where new fighting is now awaited, may still be the most heavily mined area in the world. Moreover, the vile contraptions continue to be planted by governments or rebels in some 25 countries. According to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (IGBL), mines claim well over 15,000 victims a year in about 90 countries. At least matters are not as bad as they were. As they got together in Nicaragua on September 18th, the parties to the 1997 Ottawa convention which bans the use, production, stockpiling, sale and purchase of landmines had cause for congratulation. The ICBL was able to report that 185 square meters (46,000 acres) of mined territory was cleared last year; the number of producers has shrunk from 55 to 14 over the past few years; trade seems to have come to a halt; stockpiles are shrinking, with 27m mines destroyed; the number of new victims, while still high, is declining. There are now 120 full members of the convention, with another 21 on the way.
Yet 240m landmines are still thought to be stockpiled in about 100 countries. The Ottawa convention requires members to clean up their arsenals within four years, but nearly 20 countries have not even started to do so. More to the point, most of the world’s landmines are held by countries that have declined to sign the treaty. Russia and America, two determined non-joiners, have stockpiles estimated at 65m and 11m respectively. Theoretically, the Ottawa convention is legally binding, but identifying the culprits, let alone enforcing the law, is not easy. Many members have not yet provided clear information about their landmines, an obligation under the convention. Monitoring what is happening to the mines is difficult and time-consuming and is not part of the convention: most of the work is carried out by the IGBL’s 115 researchers. And even when countries are found guilty, bringing them back into line depends on peer pressure, since no clear penalty system has been devised.
Another troubling point is that the convention binds only governments. Yet landmines are a weapon of choice for rebels. The Nicaraguan meeting acknowledged that insurgents too should give them up. But it will take much more than peer pressure to get them to do so.
16. The author’s purpose in writing Para.1 is
[A] to make it interesting to attract the readers.
[B] to show the tragedy that landmines produce.
[C] to tell the reader a story of a pitiful girl.
[D] to introduce something about landmines .
17. Which of the following is true about landmines?
[A] Mozambique and Afghanistan are among the most heavily mined areas.
[B] In more than twenty countries, governments or rebels still use landmines.
[C] The September 18th convention covers the use and sell of landmines
[D] The landmine storage declines, thanks to the removal of many arsenals,.
18. The IGBL congratulated because
[A] a wide area of mined territory was found and the landmines were destroyed.
[B] the reduction of producers caused the shrinking of landmine stockpiles.
[C] trade of landmines had been stopped due to pressure from members.
[D] the number of new victims in about 90 countries declined to a satisfying level.
19. The phrase “on the way” (Line 10, Para 2) most probably means
[A] planning to join. [B] planning to withdraw from the treaty.
[C] planning to use landmines. [D] planning to abandon landmines.
20. The underlined sentence in Para 3 shows that
[A] many members haven’t reported their landmines clearly and timely.
[B] surveying what is happening to the mines is difficult and wastes time.
[C] it is difficult to put the culprits under penalty since the law is imperfect.
[D] the convention binds both governments and rebels to plant landmines.
Part B
Directions:You are going to read a text, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best item from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered subheading (21-25). There is one extra item which you do not need to use.
The high-tech revolution has inspired a seemingly endless stream of new and exciting electronic products that we just can’t live without. In fact, the dizzying speed of technological innovation can make last year’s must-have this year’s junk.
And that’s the problem. The average life span of a personal computer has shrunk to around 18 months —and this had nothing to do with worn-out mice or damaged disk drives. Simply put, electronic products can become obsolete before you’ve even figured out how they work.
21. However，out-fashioned electronic machines are disposed in ways disagreeable.
Many end up in landfills and that is where the trouble really begins. Computer monitors can contain up to 3.5kg of lead and can actually be considered hazardous waste once they are no longer in use. Circuit boards in electronic products contain cadmium, chromium and mercury, all of which are toxic substances that can leach into groundwater if left in a landfill.
22. Unfortunately, disposal problem is growing by the minute.
In Europe, 6 million metric tons of electrical and electronic equipment were generated in 1998 alone, and that volume is expected to increase three to five percent per year — which means by 2010 it could nearly double.
23. Actions are taken to answer the problem raised by techno-trash.
24. Companies are searching for new ways of tackling disposal issues before they become a problem, thus eliminating the need for legislative solutions. One way to reduce waste is to avoid throwing this away in the first place. Many companies reuse parts from old products in new models. This is not cheating — it makes both environmental and economic sense.
25. Electronic products garbage cannot necessarily be reined in during only one phase.
IBM, meanwhile, recently unveiled programs in Canada and the U.S. that, for a small fee, will take back not just an IBM but any manufacturer’s computer. Depending on the age and
condition, the equipment will then be either refurbished and donated to charity, or broken down and mined for reusable parts and recyclable materials.
[A] Canon, for example, has adopted a corporate philosophy known as”kyosei”. In Canon’s context it means “living and working together for the common good”—including a fundamental goal of achieving sustainable economic development and harmony between the environment and corporate activities. The company has even gone so far as to say that environmental assurance should come before all business activities, and that companies incapable of achieving such assurance do not deserve to remain in business.
[B] In Japan alone, consumers throw away some 20 million TVs, washing machines, refrigerators and air conditioners each year.
[C] In 1999, the recoverable ratio including closed recycling, was 97 percent for Bubble Jet ink cartridges in Japan.
[D] The European Commission has proposed a directive that would require all electronic manufacturers to take back and properly dispose of all electronic products, regardless of their age. The details are still being ironed out, but some version of the directive will most probably become law in the next few years. Similar legislation is in preparation in the U. S. and has already been passed in Japan.
[E] Old keyboards, monitors, organizers and CPUs are stashed away in the attic or forgotten in a corporate warehouse, taking up valuable space.
[F] One concept，called “design for the environment”is in evidence at Kyocera Mita, whose Ecosys laser printers do not use disposable toner cartridges. Using advanced ceramics technology, these printers include a durable print drum with a super-hard coating that can produce up 300,000 pages of high-quality printing. Not only does this make ecological sense and keep cartridges out landfills, but also it saves the customer money.
Part C
Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
Our age is in many ways unique, full of phenomena that never occurred before and never can again. They distort our thinking, making us believe that what is true now will be true forever, though perhaps on a larger scale. Because we have overcome distance on this planet, we imagine that we can do the same in space. 26)The truth is otherwise, and we will see it more clearly if we forget the present and turn our minds toward the past.
To our ancestors, the vastness of the earth was a dominant factor in their thoughts and lives. No man could ever see more than a tiny fraction of the earth. Only a lifetime ago, parents waved farewell to their emigrating children, knowing that they would never see them again. Now, within one incredible generation, all this has changed. Psychologically as well as physically, there are no longer any remote places on earth. 27)When a friend leaves for what was once a distant country, we cannot feel that same sense of unchanged separation that saddened our forefathers. We know that he is only hours away by plane, and we have merely to reach for the telephone to hear his voice.
When the satellite communication network is fully established, it will be as easy to see friends on the far side of earth as to talk to them on the other side of town. Then the world will shrink no more. 28)From a world that has become too small, we are moving out into one that will be forever large, whose frontiers will recede from us always more swiftly than we can reach out
toward them.
Modern technology might seem to make even the solar system a comfortable homey place. You might think that such giant planets as Saturn and Jupiter would come to hold the same place in our thoughts that African and Asia do today. 29)Remember, however, that as soon as we pass beyond the orbit of the moon, a mere quarter-million miles away, we will meet the first of the barriers that will separate the earth from her widely scattered children — time.
The wonderful telephone and television network that will soon cover the whole world can never be extended into space. It will never be possible to talk with anyone on another planet.
30)The problem is the length of time necessary for the transmission of the message, which will take minutes or hours to travel, because radio and light waves travel at the rate of 186,000 miles a second and cannot be hurried up. In distances of more than a million miles, the time lag will be intolerable. Under such circumstances an exchange of verbal messages is possible —but not a conversation.
做题点拨与全文翻译
Part A
Text 1
语境词汇
1. gorge vt.贪婪地吞咽n.咽喉；山峡
2. exorbitant a.过度的；极高的
3. subsidize vt.给…津贴或补贴
4. degenerative a.变质的；退化的；退步的
5. divert vt.使转移；使得到消遣
6. aquifer n地下蓄水层；砂石含水层
7. replenish vt.补充
8. provoke vt.激起，激怒
9. attest vt.证明；作为…的见证
10. squander vt.（指钱、财产等）浪费
难句突破
1.[Much as we have awakened to the full economic and social costs of cigarettes,] we will find we can no longer subsidize or ignore the costs of mass-producing cattle, poultry, pigs, sheep and fish [to feed our growing population.]
【分析】复合句。As在句首引导方式状语从句，译作“像…一样”；find后面是一个省略了that的宾语从句；to引导目的状语。
【译文】然而在未来的一个世纪，这种情形会有所改变。我们已经意识到香烟已经使我们的整个经济和社会付出了沉重的代价，而我们也将会发现，为了给不断增长的人类提供食物，我们大规模地饲养牛、家禽、猪、羊和养鱼，而这么做给社会造成的损失已经无法再用社会补助金来弥补了，对于这些损失我们也不能再掉以轻心了。
2.But nutritionists will attest that most people in the richest countries don’t need nearly as much protein [as we’re currently getting from meat],and there are plenty of vegetable sources —including the grains now squandered on feed —— (that can provide the protein we need).
【分析】复合句。第一个that 引导宾语从句，作主句的宾语，该宾语本身是由and连接的两个并列句构成：第一个并列分句中包含一个as引导的比较状语从句，第二个并列分句包含一个that引导的定语从句修饰限定先行词vegetable sources。
【译文】但是营养学家将会证实，大部分最发达国家的人们其实并不需要我们现在从肉类食物中所摄取的如此多的蛋白质。
本文是一篇“现象解释型”论述文。文章主要论述了饲养肉用动物带来的健康和环境的问题。第一段引用凯撒的例子说明人类在举办各种庆祝活动时，往往通过吃肉来标榜自己的胜利和财富；第二段作者用类比论证的方式，说明了饲养肉用动物给全社会带来的危害；第三段中作者着重论述了饲养肉用动物引起的淡水资源紧缺的问题；第四段则说明了蔬菜类食物同样可以提供人体所需要的蛋白质。
Text 2
语境词汇
1. immersion n.沉浸；洗礼
2. bilingual a.双语的n.能说两种语言的人
3. sterile a.贫瘠的；无菌的
4. commitment n.重视，强调；信奉；保证
5. integrate vt.使结合成为整体
6. motivated a.有动机的，有根据的
7. proficiency n.熟练，精通
8. heterogeneous a.不同种类的；混杂的
难句突破
1. One reason (that Canadian immersion programs work) is because of the commitment to Whole Language Learning, that is, children learn a language,(first or second),by using it to transmit or receive meaningful messages that are interesting, real and important.
【分析】复合句。句子主干为“one reason is because of…”，that引导的定语从句修饰reason；后面的“that is…and important”是对whole language learning的解释。
【译文】加拿大沉浸式强化教学法成功的原因之一在于它注重整体语言学习，即儿童是通过运用语言来传递或接收有趣、真实并且重要的信息来学习一门语言(无论是母语还是第二语言)的。
2. Hence the concept of co-operative learning: students (in heterogeneous groups with a mixture of personalities, talents and weaknesses (a more realistic reflection of life)) learn better [as they co-operate, instead of compete, and depend on each other for support and information].
【分析】复合句。冒号后面的部分是对the concept of co-operative learning的进一步解释说明。在该部分中，主语students后面跟了两个介词短语作其定语；句中的as引导方式状语从句。
【译文】因此我们提倡合作学习法：即不同的组里都会有不同性格、不同天分、不同缺点（对生活更真实的折射）的学生，他们之间相互合作，相互依赖，相互支持，相互提供信息，而不是相互竞争，这样他们会学得更好。
本文是一篇“观点论证型”论述文。文章主要针对维尔普顿先生对沉浸式强化教学法所持的某些观点提出了质疑。第一段作者首先肯定了沉浸式强化教学法的作用，然后对维尔普顿先生的第一个观点提出质疑，他认为在实施沉浸式强化教学法的学校，所有老师必须熟练掌握两门语言，作者明确提出那是不必要的；第二、三段作者提出第二点质疑，即学生是因为理解并接受英语为课堂语言而使用英语，这一动机值得怀疑；第四段是第三点质疑，即同一个班的学生们的英语水平要接近的想法是不现实也是没用的；第五段指出另一点质疑，即假如学生语言能力相当，但学习方法不同，教学还是会出现问题。最后作者提出应该提倡合作学习法。
Text 3
语境词汇
1. liberal a.自由的；开放的
2. integration n.一体化；混合，融合
3. confirm vt.证实，证明；批准
4. elaboration n.详尽的阐述
5. outset n.开始，开端
6. laisser faire n.放任，自由主义
7. redistribution n.再分配
8. consistent a.一致的，符合的
9. blending n.混合，混合物
10. spontaneous a.自发的，无意识的
难句突破
1. [If technology advances to the point (where it supports trade across borders)], and [if people then choose to trade across borders], you have integration, and [because people have freely chosen it] this is a good thing.
【分析】并列复合句。第二个and连接两个并列分句：前一分句中两个if引导的条件状语从句，从句中where引导定语从句修饰point；后一个分句中because引导的原因状语从句。【译文】假如技术的发展支持跨境贸易，并且人们也选择跨境贸易，就会出现一体化；因为是人们自由地选择了它，所以这就是好事。
2. But the starting point (for all liberals) is a presumption {that，under ordinary circumstances，the individual knows best what serves his interests} and {that the blending of these individual choices will produce socially good results}.
【分析】复合句。主句的表语a presumption带有两个由that引导的同位语从句，在第一个同位语从句中又含有一个what引导的宾语从句。
【译文】但是自由主义者的出发点是基于一种在正常情况下的假设，那就是每个人清楚地知道他们的利益所在，并且个人的选择会融合在一起产生良好的社会效应。
本文是一篇“信息传播型”论述文。主要介绍了全球化的最突出的表现是全球的贸易自由化。第一、二段介绍了全球化所需要的条件及全球化的最终结果——自由贸易对社会的影响；第三段介绍了自由贸易承认市场的局限性，认同政府的一些干预；第四段讨论了由自由贸易引发的两种极端情绪；第五段分析了很多政府不实施自由贸易的原因。
Text 4
语境词汇
1.cripple vt.受伤致残；严重削弱，使瘫痪
2.mine vt.在…下布雷；开采vi.在…开采n.地雷；矿井
3.vile a.令人讨厌的；卑鄙的，可耻的；极坏的
4.contraption n.一种机械装置，小机件
5. arsenal n.军火库；兵工厂
6. culprit n.肇事者，罪犯
7. enforce n.实施，执行；强迫，迫使
8.penalty n.惩罚，处罚；不利后果，损失
9. devise n.想出；计划；设计；发明
10. insurgent n.叛乱分子a.起义的；叛乱的
难句突破
1.[As they got together in Nicaragua on September 18th], the parties(to the 1997 Ottawa convention (which bans the use, production, stockpiling, sale and purchase of landmines) ) had cause（for congratulation）.
【分析】复合句。句子的主干为the parties had cause；as引导状语从句，作整个句子的状语；to 引导的介词短语作the parties的后置定语；which引导定语从句，修饰convention。
【译文】当参加1997年“禁止使用、生产、贮存、买卖地雷”的渥太华禁雷会议的各个成员国于9月18日齐聚于尼加拉瓜的时候，他们有理由庆祝一番的。
2.[Theoretically], the Ottawa convention is legally binding, but identifying the culprits, let alone enforcing the law, is not easy.
【分析】并列句。Theoretically作句首状语；but连接了两个转折关系的并列分句；第一个分句结构较简单；第二个分句中的主语由一个动名词identifying来充当，“let alone …”作了插入语。
【译文】理论上，渥太华公约具有法律约束力，但是要查出哪个国家违反了禁雷公约并非易事，更不用说执行法律手段了。
本文是一篇“问题解决型”论说文。采用了“提出问题——分析问题”的总结构。第一段通过一个实例生动地讲述了地雷给普通人或无辜者造成的危害，引起了作者在第二段到第四段中的讨论；第二段中作者主要论述了国际禁雷会议的成就；第三、四段主要论述了国际禁雷组织在执行工作过程中所面临的一系列问题。
Part B
语境词汇
1.obsolete a.已过时的；已废弃的
2.dispose vi.去掉；处理
3.hazardous a.冒险的，危险的
4.toxic a.有毒的
5.rein v.控制；勒缰使(马)停步n.缰绳；统治
6.stash vt.隐藏n.隐藏处
7.corporate a.法人的；社团的
8.refurbish v.整修
难句突破
1. [In Europe], 6 million metric tons of electrical and electronic equipment were generated [in 1998] alone, and that volume is expected to increase three to five percent [per year] — (which means by 2010 it could nearly double.)
【分析】并列复合句。句中的第二个and连接两个并列的分句：第一个分句为一个简单句；第二个分句中破折号起解释的作用，其后的which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面and that volume...一整句话。
【译文】在欧洲，仅1998年一年就产生了600万吨的电器和电子设备垃圾，这个数字预期会以每年3%至5%的速度递增——这意味着到2010年其数量将近翻一番。
2. IBM, [meanwhile], recently unveiled programs [in Canada and the U.S.] (that, [for a small fee], will take back not just an IBM but any manufacturer’s computer.)
【分析】复合句。that引导定语从句，修饰programs；for a small fee为该定语从句中被前置的状语。
【译文】同时，IBM公司最近透露了在加拿大和美国开展的一些计划，即它将收取小笔费用用来回收任何厂家的计算机，不仅仅是IBM公司的产品。
本文是一篇“问题解答型”论述文。主要论述了电子垃圾的危害并提出了解决这个问题的方法。第一、二段提出问题：伴随着科技革命和技术更新，越来越多的电子产品被淘汰；第三至六段分析问题：由于处理过时电子用品的方法还不尽人意，以及电子垃圾每分钟都在不断的增加，使得电子垃圾的危害非常大；第七至十段解决问题：人们正在采取各种措施，纷纷寻求应对电子垃圾的方法。
Part C
语境词汇
1.ancestor n.祖先
2.dominant a.支配的；占优势的
3.scattered a.离散的，分散的
4.Saturn n.土星
5.Jupiter n.木星
6.intolerable a.无法忍受的，难耐的
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学 Passage 18(Doctor-assisted Suicide：Is It Ever an Option?) Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations. Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces. What role should the doctor have? Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible，then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime，and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that a cancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another’s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well. These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn’t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide. I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying of
Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运 转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控 制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时 说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平 行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但 是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在 那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语
2018考研英语阅读解题思路：细节题 理解文章的具体信息和概念含义是大纲对阅读的明确要求。细节题目的考查在每年的考研英语真题当中都会占到一半以上，考生必须给予足够重视，牢牢掌握细节题的解题方法和思路。我们以2009年的真题为例： The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. 31. The author holds that the importance of education in poor countries______. [A] is subject to groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias [C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated 解析：首先依据题干关键词the importance of education in poor countries定位到第一句The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood，但是仔细研读后发现贫穷国家中正规教育与经济发展之间的关系为经济学家及政治家们普遍误解。，该句只是在说正式教育和经济发展之间的关系，并不是题干所要找的教育的重要性。继续定位到第三句however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.那种认为教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的重要因素之一的传统观点是错误的。句中涉及了和教育的重要性相关的信息，锁定为答案出处。作者说这种传统的观点时错误的，可以理解为作者认为贫困国家不应该把教育看的如此重要，即，现在的贫困国家太过于注重教育了，所以答案选[D] has been overestimated教育被高估了。[C] is conventional downgraded被降级轻视，和原文事实相反。A和B选项所说的怀疑和偏见态度在原文中找不到依据，可排除。
1.主旨题 (考察理解文中具体信息和概念性的含义的能力） ?识别：题干中出现：subject，summary，topic，title等表达方式的为主题句?实质：对论点和论题提问 ?解题方法： 寻找主题句，主题句通常出现在文章首段首句，或出现在文章开头的转折处或文章开头结束处 主题句特征：主体句通常是一个概括总结性的结论或者判断 寻找主题词：主题句首段末段或全文中多次出现 解题原则：正确选项不能描述太细节，不能包含无依据的信息，应该包含主题词或同义替换词 优先考虑议论文的标题 2.例子证明题（主要考察区分论点和论据的能力） ?识别：题干中出现example，case，illustrate等词 ?解题思路：例子为观点和结论服务，寻找到例子对应观点和结论，通常往上或往下寻找 ?错误选项特征：就事论事，自我总结 ? 3.推理题 ?识别：题干中出现infer，learn,conclude等词 ?分类 a.细节性的推理题(题干中包含具体的定位信息） 理解文中具体信息和概念性的含义的能力 b.段落性的推理题（题干中包含具体段落） 理解文中单句之间，段落之间关系的能力，进行有关的判断，推断和引申的能力 c.全文性的推理题（题干中包含主体词或无定位信息） 理解文章总体结构的能力 ?常考出题点：段落首末段，主题句，观点句，转折处，强调或递进关系的地方
?实质和解题原则：考研推理题本质上还是一种同义改写，推理通常为正反推理和归纳总结 解题原则重在推理原文依据，特别关注转折，选择答案方面，主体大于细节，观点大于论据（意思就是选择原文中对应的总结性句子，而不是论据） 4.细节题：题干中不包含提起题型特征的题为细节题 （考察理解稳重的具体信息和概念性的能力，理解文章的总体解雇以及单句之间，段落之间的关系能力） ?事实识别：问题中出现文章相关的具体信息，可以用相对明显的本文词汇定位 ?因果关系：问题中除了有相对具体的定位信息词外，还有表示因果关系的词汇，要重点把握 ?观点识别：与观点结论有关，通常有suggest，found等引导的宾语从句 ?which题型：问题中没有具体的定位词只出现which提问 解题思路： a.识别题型 b.定位：寻找题干定位词（具体的定位词，因果词，观点词，比较词，原文词汇的替换词）与包含定位词的句子 c.读取： ?分析线索句主干与其他各项的对比（表达方式不同，意思最为接近的为正确选项） ?必要时需要分析线索句的上一句和下一句（支持句） ?当线索句为段落首末段时，支持句为段落的其他句子 d.注意事项：顺序原则（出题顺序和行文顺序基本一致）段落原则（一个段落通常只出现一个细节题，细节题通常不跨段（除非段落间存在指代或明显的逻辑关系） 5.词汇题 (考察上下文推测词义的能力） a.识别：要求对题干中的某个单词，词组或句子的含义进行推测 b.实质：通过上下文确定单词含义 c.解题流程： ?返回原文确定题干位置 ?根据上下文推测含义 ?代入原文，确定答案
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇之经济类
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇之经济类 unit1 unit1 Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007. Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the country reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience". Resilienc e has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by
精心整理2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版） 2011-01-16 21-25CBDBA Text1 ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthet alkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Fort
hemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTo mmasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic。 2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。 ,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes。 就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问AveryFisherHall（可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。（作者意思是，不需要听吉尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。
2017考研英语：57个阅读题答题技巧 距离2017年考研初试已经只剩一个多月的时间，各位考生在这段时间需要做得很重要的一件事就是练习真题，研究答题技巧。下面小编为大家整理了2017考研英语阅读题答题技巧，以供大家参考。 在考研英语中，阅读是一个拉分大项，也是难度较大的题目，因此同学们在复习的过程中应将答题技巧融合在复习过程中，下面是英语阅读的57个答题技巧。 1、原句重复出现，200%错。正确的都是有改动的，即同意替换。 2、文章是按顺序出题的。你要觉得不是，就是你做错了。 3、选项中意思完全相反的2个选项，其中之一是对的。(要有这个意识)。 4、就一般而言，some people，表作者不认同的观点。few people，表作者的观点。 5、用文章里举例的句子来作为选项，直接排除。200%错。(要有能辨别这个选项是不是文章中例子的能力)。 6、某某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。尤其是在段落的后半部分。很有可能就是某个问题的同意替换。即题眼。 7、有的时候，一句话可以设2个问题。不过这种情况很少出现了，非常少。 8、文章基本以5段为主(也有6段、7段的)，要把握每段之间的关系。一般来说，一段一个题，只是一般来说喔。 9、一篇文章总会有5、6+个长难句，且总会在这里设问题。所以，长难句必须要拿下! 10、每段的第一句很重要。尤其总分结构的段。有的时候第一句话就是题眼。考研英语，总分结构或者总分总的段落很多。
11、若文章首段以why为开头的，这里若设题的话，选项里有because的，往往就是正确选项。不过这种类型的题，很少见了。 12、有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。你要注意的是，作者对什么进行了转折。那个关键词你要找出来。 13、在应该出现答案的地方，没有答案。接着往下读。答案可能会在下一段的开头部分。因为文章都是接着说的。要有连贯性。这和7选5的技巧有些相似。不过这种情况并不多见。 14、一个长句看不懂，接着往下看，下一句可能是这个长句的解释说明。是的话，这的地方可能会出题。出的话，答案就在这附近。而实际情况是，文章在谈论某个问题或提出某个观点时，有时会再做进一步的解释说明。这种情况下，这里往往会设问题。不过，这种情况很少见了。 15、有些句子仅仅是解释补充，或者是起过渡作用的。这样句子的特点是，句子比较短。注意，答案一般不会在这儿出现。选项中出现，肯定是干扰项。你要知道的是，同意替换的句子，大都是长难句。一些作为过渡的句子，不可能是答案。在你读不懂的情况下，要有这个判断力。 16、正确选项都是原文中的个别几个词的同义替换。阅读理解历年的所有真题，都是同意替换!就看你能不能找得到。考研英语，考的就是这个!那个关键词，就看你找没找得到，不管是什么类型的题。 17、每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个中心句。 18、选项中的几个单词，是该段中不同句子里的单词拼凑的，有时看上去很舒服，注意，干扰项。还有从不同的段落里的词拼凑到一起的，直接排除。总之，选项的单词是拼凑的，肯定错。 19、一定要注意文章中句子的宾语部分，尤其是长难句中主干的宾语。上面说了，考研英语大都是长难句里设题。你要知道的是，长难句里，最可能是出题的就是句子的主干部分!主干的主语、宾语是什么，一定要知道。正确选项的题眼往往就在这儿。当然，还有一些起修饰、限定作用的词，一定要看仔细。小心陷阱。
TEXT 2 He emerged, all of a sudden, in 1957: the most explosive new poetic talent of the English post-war era. Poetry specialised, at that moment, in the wry chronicling of the everyday. The poetry of Yorkshire-born Ted Hughes, first published in a book called “The Hawk in the Rain” when he was 27, was unlike anything written by his immediate predecessors. Driven by an almost Jacobean rhetoric, it had a visionary fervour. Its most eye-catching characteristic was Hughes's ability to get beneath the skins of animals: foxes, otters, pigs. These animals were the real thing all right, but they were also armorial devices—symbols of the countryside and lifeblood of the earth in which they were rooted. It gave his work a raw, primal stink. It was not only England that thought so either. Hughes's book was also published in America, where it won the Galbraith prize, a major literary award. But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide. Hughes was vilified for long after that, especially by feminists in America. In 1998, the year he died, Hughes broke his own self-imposed public silence about their relationship in a book of loose-weave poe ms called “Birthday Letters”.In this new and exhilarating collection of real letters, Hughes returns to the issue of his first wife's death, which he calls his “big and unmanageable event”. He felt his talent muffled by the perpetual eavesdropping upon his every move. Not until he decided to publish his own account of their relationship did the burden begin to lighten. The analysis is raw, pained and ruthlessly self-aware. For all the moral torment, the writing itself has the same rush and vigour that possessed Hughes's early poetry.
考研英语：阅读理解之八大考点 考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%），还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。对所读材料，考生应能： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，共20小题，每小题2分，共40分 一、
1.提问方式： 1)直接提问(Main idea型) ?The text intends to express the idea that. . . ?We can draw a conclusion from the text that. . . ?What is the passage mainly about? ?The passage is mainly. ?From the passage we learn that. . . ?The passage is mainly about. . . ?he key point of the passage is that. . . ?This passage mainly deals with. . . ?The main point the author makes in the passage is. ?What does this passage mainly discuss? ?The general/ main/ central idea of the passage is. ?The passage is primarily concerned with. . . 2)给文章定标题 The best title for the text may be. . . Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?' A best title for the passage could be. A best title for the passage might be. This passage can be entitled. . . 3)提问写作目的( Purpose型) ?The article is written to explain. ?The purpose of the passage is. ?This passage is intended to… 2.解题技巧： 1) ①.重点读文章的首段开头部分，如果文章中有这样的主旨句， 那么再看四个选择项，如其中一项所含的信息同主旨句中的信息相似，该项即为正确答案 ②.重点读各段的开头和结尾，四个选项中能涵盖文章各段内容的一项， 就是正确答案
考研英语阅读各题型解题技巧分析
————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期:
考研英语阅读各题型解题技巧分析 态度题是考研英语阅读理解中的必考题型,在20道选择题中大约要占到10%-1５％的比重，也是同学们得分率较低的一个题型，在做题时往往抓不住文中的关键信息来判断作者或是其他相关人士的态度。本文就来谈谈如何应对考研英语阅读理解中的态度题目。 首先，我们来看一下态度题目题干中的标志性词。当我们在题干中看到aｔtitudｅ,ｂelieve, agrｅe等词时就可以判定其为态度题了,选项中表示态度的单词常见的有：表示积极的态度:supｐoｒtｉve、optimiｓtｉｃ、coｎsent、ａpproval 表示消极的态度：ｉndifferent、inｄｉgnant、ｃontｅｍｐt、ｂiaｓ、pｅssimistic、skeｐticａl、resｅnt、susｐicｉon、oｐpoｓｉｔion 表示客观中立的态度:ｄｅtacｈｅd、reserveｄ、ｏbjectivｅ、concerneｄ、imparti ａl 此外，根据题干中态度主体的不同，分为作者态度题和他人态度题。在阅读题干和返回原文时，我们要注意态度的主体、态度的对象和态度的表达方式。即这道题是说谁的态度，关于哪一个话题、在文章中是怎样表现的。那么针对此类题,我们该如何解答呢?1.确定题干中态度的主体和对象;2、返回原文寻找包含主体和对象的句子；３.将原文中的态度词与选项进行比较，意思接近的为正确答案。 下面我们通过2000年考研阅读真题的第一篇文章来讲解一下这类题型的解题技巧。这篇文章主要讲了美国经济在不同时期的状况以及人们对经济发展不同的态度。以5４题为例进行讲解。 ５４.Ｔhe ａutｈor seｅms ｔｏｂeliｅve ｔhe ｒevｉｖａl oｆtｈe U.S． eco ｎoｍy ｉｎ the １990s ｃan be attribｕted to the ________． ［A] turniｎg of the bｕsiｎｅsｓｃｙclｅ [B] reｓtｒuctuｒing of iｎdustry [C］ improvｅd busｉneｓs manaｇemeｎｔ [Ｄ] sucｃess ｉn education 从题干的beliｅve一词我们可以判定这是一道态度题，另外，题干中提到具体定位信息,the ｒevivaｌｏf the U.S．ｅｃｏnoｍｙｉn ｔhe 19９0ｓ,所以需要我们根据选项中的内容返回原文进行查找。来源为第四自然段第二句话。Fｅw Americaｎｓaｔｔｒibute this solely to such ｏｂvｉoｕs ｃauｓｅｓａs a devalｕeｄ dollaｒ or the turｎiｎg ｏｆ the busｉｎess cｙcle. Few表示否定的概念，表示几乎没有人把美国经济的稳定增长单纯归因于美元贬值或是商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因,而这恰恰是美国经济复苏的原因所在。后面作者又提到自我怀疑被盲目自大所替代。下面几个人的说法（Ｒicharｄ, Ｓｔephen)正是盲目自大的具体表现。可见作者是不支持这种bｌinｄｐｒｉde的说法。Ｂ是Ｒichard的观点,C是Steｐhen和Williaｍ的观点。D没有提到。正确选项为Ａ。 通过以上题目的讲解，相信大家对考研英语阅读理解中态度题的做题方法有了更深的认识和把握。在今后阅读中遇到态度的问题时，一定要看清问的是谁的关于什么问题的态度，
Text 4 In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption?conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell.?But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government. The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on “specific”and “unsettled”issues related to his duties. Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found. The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful”and “nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act”. The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.”The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,”assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.” But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—工学 类 Passage 18 Tennis hopeful Jamie Hunt, 16, felt he could not become a world-class junior player while attending a regular school. The international circuit has players on the road 50% of the time--and it's hard to focus on your backhand when you're worrying about being on time for homeroom. So last year Hunt, who hones his ground strokes at Elite TNT Tennis Academy in April Sound, Texas, enrolled for academics in the $9,750-a-year University of Miami Online High School (UMOHS), a virtual school that caters to athletes. "The online school gives me the flexibility I need," says Hunt. "The workload is the same, but I can do it anywhere. It's nicer to ask a question face-to-face with a teacher, but in some ways it prepares me better for college because I have to be more independent." A year ago, Hunt's world junior ranking was 886; now it's 108. Virtual high schools, which allow students to take classes via PC, have emerged as an increasingly popular education alternative, particularly for on-the-go athletes. UMOHS has more than 400 students enrolled, 65% of whom are athletes. Accredited by the 100-year-old Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, UMOHS offers honors and advanced-placement classes. All course material is online, along with assignments and due dates. For help, says principal Howard Liebman, "a student may e-mail, instant message or call the teacher." Dallas mom Lori Bannon turned to another online school, Laurel Springs in Ojai, Calif. Bannon, who has a medical degree from Harvard, didn't want to compromise the education of her daughter Lindsay, 13, an élite gymnast who spends eight hours a day in the gym. "Regular school was not an option," says Bannon, "but I wanted to make sure she could go back at grade level if she quit gymnastics." Laurel Springs' enrollment has increased 35% a year for the past four years, to 1,800 students. At least 25% are either athletes or child entertainers. Educators are split on the merits of such schools. Paul Orehovec, an enrollment officer for the University of Miami, admits, "I was somewhat of a skeptic. But when I looked into their programs and accreditation, I was excited. UMOHS is the first online school to be granted membership in the National Honor Society." Kevin Roy, Elite's director of education, sees pitfalls and potential in virtual schools. "You will never have that wonderful teacher who inspires you for life," says Roy. "But the virtual school offers endless possibilities. I don't know where education's imagination will take this." 注(1)：本文选自Time;11/29/2004, p149-149, 1/2p, 1c; 注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 4第1、2题(1、2)，text 1 第2 题(3)，text 3第5 题(5)和2000年真题text 4第4题(4); 1. What does Jamie Hunt get from the virtual school? [A] the ability to perfect his tennis skills [B] the time to do his school work