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阴阳五行学说的翻译问题

阴阳五行学说的翻译问题
阴阳五行学说的翻译问题

阴阳学说的翻译问题

阴阳是中国古代哲学的一对范畴,也是中医学的理论基础。下面简单地谈谈阴阳学说翻译中的一些问题。

一、“阴阳”的翻译

“阴阳”是中国古代哲学中的一对概念,很早就传入了西方。最初,人们曾采用意译法将其译为sun and moon(日月),masculine and feminine(男女),negative and positive(阴极与阳极)等等。在实际运用中,人们总觉得这样的译文不能很好地揭示“阴阳”在中国哲学与文化中的内涵,于是逐步将其音译为yin and yang,这也符合“语言国情学”的理论要求。目前“阴阳”的音译形式yang and yang已普遍为海内外学者所接受并已收入《威氏大词典》(Webster’s Dictionary)。

音译“阴阳”现在已成为大家所广泛接受,但在具体的拼写方式上仍有一定的差异。如有的采用大写,有的采用小写,有的采用斜体。从目前国内外的实践来看,这几种书写方式都较为流行。从交际的角度来看,小写似乎更自然一些。当“阴阳”作为两个独立概念使用时,我们可以将其译作yin and yang或Yin and Yang。但当“阴阳”作为一个统一概念使用时,我们可以将其译作yinyang或Yinyang。

二、与阴阳学说相关用语的翻译

1.阴阳学说

“阴阳学说”常译作theory of yin and yang或doctrine of yin and yang。将“学说”译作theory或doctrine均可。只是doctrine含有一定的宗教色彩。在许多英语词典中,doctrine的首要释义便是“beliefs and teachings of a church”(教旨、教义)。例如,The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of English-Chinese(《现代高级英汉双解辞典》)在doctrine一词的解释中所举的两个例子均于宗教有关:

(1)a matter of doctrine教旨问题

(2)the doctrine that the pope is infallible教皇永不会错的说法

当然doctrine有时也用以指科学的“学说”或非宗教的理论或主义。例如《新英汉词典》在doctrine词条下所举的两个例子便是很典型的用法:

(1)the reactionary Monroe doctrine反动的门罗主义

(2)the doctrine of evolution进化论

由此看来,用doctrine翻译“阴阳学说”之“学说”也未尝不可,但从实际应用情况来看theory似乎使用地更广泛一些。

2.阴气与阳气

“阴气”与“阳气”过去译作yin-energy和yang-energy,这主要是因为当时“气”译作vital energy。还有的译作yin principle和yang principle。随着“气”的音译形式“qi”或“Qi”的普及,“阴气”现在一般可译作yin qi或yinqi,“阳气”译作yang qi或yangqi。

3.阴中之阴与阳中之阳

“阴中之阴”“阳中之阳”以前多译作a component part of yin within yin,a component part of yang within yang。现在这一译法已逐步得到了简化,主要是删除了a component part of这样的解释性词语。这样就使得译文具有较强的回译性。请看以下各例:

阴中之阴yin within yin

阳中之阳yang within yang

阴中之阳yang within yin

阳中之阴yin within yang

4.阴阳互根

“阴阳互根”现一般译作interdependence between yin and yang。但也有的译作yin and yang are rooted in each other,yin and yang have their roots in each other或mutual rooting of yin and yang。这样的译法虽然回译性较强,但在语义上略嫌生硬,不如interdependence between yin and yang自然易解。

5.阴阳转化

“阴阳转化”一般可译作transformation between yin and yang,既有回译性,又能见词明意。国外亦有人译作yin-yang conversion或mutual convertibility of yin and yang。

6.阴阳自和

“阴阳自和”一般可译作natural harmony of yin and yang,这是从字面释义。实际上“阴阳自和”指“在病理情况下,阴阳失去正常的平衡关系,经过适当的治疗,失去平衡的阴阳重新趋向平衡”。正因为如此,国内有人将“阴阳自和”译作reestablishment of equilibrium between yin and yang。应该说这一翻译在语义上与原文是比较吻合的。国外的译法有spontaneous harmonization of yin and yang或natural restoration of the yin-yang balance。前者属字面对译,所以具有相当的回译性;后者即是释义性翻译。

7.阴阳消长

“阴阳消长”目前有两种较为流行的译法:即growth and decline between yin and yang 及waxing and waning of yin and yang。前者属释义性翻译,后者属借喻性翻译。wax指月亮的渐圆,引申为增长;wane指月亮的亏缺,引申为衰落、衰退。

8.阴平阳秘

“阴平阳秘”指阴气和平,阳气固秘,两者相互调节而维持其相对平衡。所以这个用语可简单地译作balance between yin and yang。但目前国内外的翻译很不统一。国内的常见译法有Yang steadies while yin calms或Yin is in peace and yang in density。国外的译法有calm yin and sound yang等等。

阴阳学说在中医学上相关用语的翻译

阴阳学说贯串于中医学理论体系的各个方面,用来解释人体的生理功能、病理变化和指导临床的诊断与治疗。下面概要地谈一谈这方面有关用语的翻译问题。

1.阴阳失调

“阴阳失调”指机体阴阳动态平衡的破坏而出现阴阳相对偏胜偏衰的病理,常译作imbalance between yin and yang或incoordination between yin and yang。国外亦有译作yin-yang disharmony。中医学上的“失调”有多种含义,在不同情况下有不同的译法。如在“功能失调”中应译作dysfunction。

2.阴阳两虚

“阴阳两虚”指阴虚与阳虚证候同时并见的病理现象,常译作asthenia of both yin and yang 或deficiency of both yin and yang。也有的译作simultaneous asthenia/deficiency of yin and yang。国外的译法有dual vacuity of yin and yang和yin and yang vacuity。将“虚”译作vacuity似有不妥。因为vacuity一般指“空、空白”或“精神空虚、内容贫乏”等。有关中医学中“虚”的翻译,可参见第一课“中医翻译的特点”中的“多样化”一节。

3.阴阳乖戾

“阴阳乖戾”意即阴阳之间失去相互协调的正常关系,所以一般可译为dysequilibrium between yin and yang或imbalance/disharmony between yin and yang。亦有译作perverseness of yin and yang或perversion of yin and yang。

4.阴阳离绝

“阴阳离绝”意即阴阳正常关系的分离决裂,是阴阳失调发展到最严重阶段,一般译作separation of yin and yang,也有译作divorce of yin and yang。从实际应用来看,separation 的使用更为普遍一些。

5.阴胜则寒

“阴胜则寒”一般可译作excess of yin causing cold或predominance of yin leads to cold syndrome。前者是词组式,比较符合术语的翻译要求;后者是句子式,属于词典解释性翻译。从实际应用情况来看,这两种译法使用得都比较普遍。这里的“则”实际上表示“导致、引起”的意思,所以一般译作cause或lead to或result in等等。类似于这种结构的属于还有很多,例如:

阳胜则热excess of yang causing heat

Exuberance of yang leads to heat.

阳胜则阴病excess of yang causing disorder of yin

Exuberance of yang leads to disorder of yin.

阴胜则阳病excess of yin causing disorder of yang

Exuberance of yin leads to disorder of yang

阳虚则热asthenia/deficiency of yang causing heat

Asthenia/deficiency of yang leads to heat

阴虚则寒asthenia/deficiency of yin causing cold

Asthenia/deficiency of yin leads to cold

阳虚则外寒asthenia/deficiency of yang causing exterior cold

Asthenia/deficiency of yang leads to exterior cold.

阴虚则内热asthenia/deficiency of yin causing interior heat

Asthenia/deficiency of yin leads to interior heat.

6.阴损及阳

“阴损及阳”一般译作impairment of yin affecting yang或consumption of yin involving yang。同理,“阳损及阴”可译为impairment of yang affecting yin或consumption of yang involving yin;“阴阳俱损”可译为impairment of both yin and yang或consumption of both yin and yang。“阴阳俱损”有时也译作simultaneous impairment of yin and yang或simultaneous consumption of yin and yang。

7.阳病治阴

“阳病治阴”一般译作treating yang disease from yin aspect;同样的,“阴病治阳”可译作treating yin disease from yang aspect。

8.阴胜格阳

“阴胜格阳”指阴寒内盛,阳气被拒于外,常译作predominant yin rejecting yang或excessive yin repelling yang。同理,“阳胜格阴”可译作predominant yang rejecting yin或excessive yang repelling yin。

五行学说的英语翻译问题

一、五行学说的翻译

“五行”一般有三种译法:five elements,five phases,wuxing。从目前的使用情况来看,five elements最为流行,且有约定俗成之势,值得采用。“五行”中的“木、火、土、金、水”一般直译为wood,fire,earth,metal and water。亦曾有人将“金”译作gold,这是不妥的。“五

行”中的“金”实际上指的是金属。有人将“土”译作soil,太具体化。因为soil在英语中的含义是“the top covering of the earth in which plants grow”(植物赖以生长的地表之土),而earth的含义则较为宽泛和抽象。另外,earth翻译“土”也是约定俗成的结果。

对于“木”的翻译,以前也有过不同的意见。比如有的人认为,wood指木材,意即砍到的树木;而“五行”的“木”则是指生长中的“树木”,所以建议用tree来翻译“木”。其实wood在英语中并不一定就是指经过加工的木材。例如Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English给wood下的第一个定义就是“the material of which trunks and branches of trees are made,which is cut and dried in various forms for making material,for burning,for making paper or furniture,etc.”(构成树木主干和枝节的材料,可以用不同的方式砍到和凉干,用以制作材料、燃料、造纸或做家具,等等)。

二、五行之间各种关系的翻译

五行之间存在着生克制化的作用,其相互关系概括起来有以下几个方面:

1.相生:在“五行学说中”,“相生”指事物之间具有相互资生、相互促进的一面。常译作mutual promotion,mutual generation或inter-promotion,inter-generation。mutual和inter-都表示相互的意思,只是mutual可以作为一个独立的词语来使用,而inter-则不能作为独立词语使用,只能作为一个构词成分使用。“相生”还有人译作engendering和generation in the five elements等。

2.相克:在“五行学说”中,“相克”指事物间具有相互制约、相互排斥的一面,常译作mutual restraint,mutual restriction,mutual inhibition或inter-restraint,inter-restriction,inter-inhibition。从目前的使用情况来看,mutual(inter-)restraint和mutual(inter-)restriction使用的最为普遍,虽然mutual(inter-)inhibition在语义上也有可取之处,但其使用范围远不及前两种译法广泛。在实际应用中,也有人不用mutual和inter-的,直接使用restraint或restriction。

3.相乘:“相乘”指克制太过,超过了正常的制约程度,常见的译法有:over-restraint,over-restriction,也有译作subjugation。

4.相侮:“相侮”指相反方向的克制,常译作counter-restraint,counter-restriction或reverse restraint,reverse restriction。国外也有译作rebellion,显然是意译了。还有译作inter-insult,有点质直了。

6.“我生”“生我”:“我生”一般译作“to generate”而“生我”则译作“to be generated”。

7.“我克”“克我”:“我克”一般译作“to restrain”或“to restrict”,而“克我”则译作“to be restrained”或“to be restricted”。

8.制化:“制化”指五行之间既相互制约,有相互生化的关系,常译作restriction and generation,restraint and promotion,inhibition and generation等,意思基本一致。

应用于中医学的五行关系及其翻译

五行学说在中医学中不仅被用作理论上的阐释,而且亦具有指导临床的实际意义。现就与其相关的一些概念和用语的翻译介绍如下。

一、“五行”的直译与意译问题

在上一课有关“五行”翻译问题的介绍中,我们知道“五行”中的“木”、“火”、“土”、“金”、“水”一般分别直译为wood,fire,earth,metal和water,这也是国内外普遍的做法。但当它们用以解释人体的生理、病理和疾病的治疗等问题时,其翻译问题却一直存在争议。例如当我们翻译“抑木扶土法是治疗肝旺脾虚的一种方法,又称为平肝和胃法,适用于木旺

乘土,木不疏土之证”这句话时,我们就遇到这样一个问题:这里的“木”、“土”究竟是按照“五行”的译法译作wood,earth,还是按照“五行配五脏”的实际内涵译作liver,spleen 呢?

若按照“五行”的一般译法来翻译,那么这句话则应译作:The method of suppressing wood and supporting earth is used to treat hyperactivity of the liver and weakness of the spleen, also known as soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach,applicable to the treatment of subjugation of earth by hyperactivity of wood and failure of wood to soothe earth.

若按照“五行配五脏”的实际内涵来翻译,则应译作:The method of suppressing the liver and reinforcing the spleen is used to treat hyperactivity of the liver and weakness of the spleen,also known as soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach,applicable to the treatment of the subjugation of the spleen by hyperactivity of the liver and failure of the liver to soothe the spleen.

第一种译法强调了“五行”理论对中医的影响并力图在译文中保持中医的固有特色。从“全面系统地介绍中医的理论,完整准确地再现中医的信息”这个角度来看,第一种译法无疑是值得推广的。因为这种译法初看起来晦涩难懂,但却承载了丰富的、具有中医特色的理念与实践,使其始终将中医的理论与实践置于中华传统文化的大背景之下。

第二种译法强调了对原文实际内涵的再现。广大的西方读者对于中医的理论与中国的传统文化还是相当陌生的,如果能以较为明确易解的语言翻译较为晦涩的中医理论,这无疑有助于他们理解中医理论和中国文化。这种译法是比较符合现代翻译学的理论的,现代翻译学认为“翻译就是翻译意义”(translation is to translate the meaning)。我国唐代学者贾公彦在其所作的《义疏》里说:“译即易,谓换易言语使相解也。”贾公彦的话大概也是说的这个意思。

由此看来,这两种译法实际反映了两种翻译理念,无孰优孰劣之分。但在一般的交流活动中,首先强调的应是信息的准确快捷的传递,其次才是语言风格和文化特色的保持。具体到中医翻译上,如果是专业书刊的翻译,第一种译法是值得倡导的;如果是一般性交流或大众性读物的翻译,则以第二种译法为妥。实际上在翻译实践中,这两种译法是可以兼取并用的。例如,有时人们在翻译诸如“抑木扶土”这样一些概念时,采用直一译意译兼取之法翻译为suppressing wood(liver)and reinforcing earth(spleen)。有时人们也采用类似于中医上讲的“肝木”、“脾土”、“肾水”等说法,将这些概念直译作liver-wood,spleen-earth,kidney-water。咋一看,颇为怪异。但仔细推敲,岂不正合中医理论与文化之辙!

二、有关传变问题的翻译

以五行学说来说明五脏疾病的传变,可以分为相生关系的传变和相克关系的传变。这里我们主要介绍相生关系传变中的“母病及子”与“子病犯母”的翻译问题。

五行学说中的“母子”关系过去译作mother-son relation。有人感到译的太“白”,故改译为the generator and the generated relation。这一改似乎“雅”了一些,但似乎也丢掉了中医的特色。实际上在英语里也常用“母”或“子”表示某些具有特定功能的事物或现象,如生物学上的mother cell(母细胞),化学上的mother liquid(母液),航海上的mother ship(母舰)等等。由此看来将“母子”关系译作mother-son relation在英语中既有语用学基础,有能保持中医的特色。但son最好改为child,这样较为合理一些。搞清楚了这个问题,“母病及子”与“子病犯母”的翻译问题就好解决了。

“母病及子”一般可译作disease of the mother-organ affecting the child-organ,“子病犯母”可译作disease of the child-organ affecting the mother-organ。mother和child之后加上organ一词既限定了mother和child的内涵,又说明了其属性。目前国内外的常见译法还有:diseased mother affecting the child,disease of the mother affects the child。如果mother和child之后不加上organ一词,mother和child的内涵与属性就不明确了。

“母病及子”与“子病犯母”中的“犯”与“及”也可译作involve,如有人就将这两个概念译为:illness of a mother-organ involves its child-organ,illness of a child-organ involves its mother-organ。

综合英语第8单元翻译

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