Unit 1> Caring for Our Earth
Passage A
Frog Story 蛙的故事
A couple of odd things have happened lately.最近发生了几桩怪事儿。
I have a log cabin in those woods of Northern Wisconsin. I built it by hand and also added a greenhouse to the front of it. It is a joy to live in. In fact, I work out of my home doing audio production and environmental work. As a tool of that trade I have a computer and a studio. 我在北威斯康星州的树林中有一座小木屋。是我亲手搭建的，前面还有一间花房。住在里面相当惬意。实际上我是在户外做音频制作和环境方面的工作——作为干这一行的工具，我还装备了一间带电脑的工作室。
I also have a tree frog that has taken up residence in my studio.还有一只树蛙也在我的工作室中住了下来。
How odd, I thought, last November when I first noticed him sitting atop my sound-board over my computer.I figured that he(and I say he,though I really don’t have a clue if she is a he or vice versa) would be more comfortable in the greenhouse. So I put him in the greenhouse. Back he came. And stayed. After a while I got quite used to the fact that as I would check my morning email and online news, he would be there with me surveying the world.去年十一月，我第一次惊讶地发现他（只是这样称呼罢了，事实上我并不知道该称“他”还是“她”）坐在电脑的音箱上。我把他放到花房里去，认为他待在那儿会更舒服一些。可他又跑回来待在原地。很快我就习惯了有他做伴，清晨我上网查收邮件和阅读新闻的时候，他也在一旁关注这个世界。
Then, last week, as he was climbing around looking like a small gray / green human, I started to wonder about him.可上周，我突然对这个爬上爬下的“小绿人或小灰人”产生了好奇心。
So, there I was, working in my studio and my computer was humming along.I had to stop when Tree Frog went across my view.He stopped and turned around and just sat there looking at me.Well,I sat back and looked at him. For five months now he had been riding there with me and I was suddenly overtaken by an urge to know why he was there and not in the greenhouse,where I figured he’d live a happier frog life.于是有一天，我正在工作室里干活，电脑嗡嗡作响。当树蛙从我面前爬过时，我不得不停止工作。他停下了并转过身来，坐在那儿看着我。好吧，我也干脆停下来望着他。五个月了，他一直这样陪着我。我突然有一股强烈的欲望想了解他：为什么他要待在这儿而不乐意待在花房里？我认为对树蛙来说，花房显然要舒适得多。
“Why are you here,”I found myself asking him.“你为什么待在这儿？”我情不自禁地问他。
As I looked at him, dead on, his eyes looked directly at me and I heard a tone. The tone seemed to hit me right in the center of my mind. It sounded very nearly like the same one as my computer. In that tone I could hear him “say”to me, “Because I want you to understand.”Yo. That was weird. “Understand what?”my mind jumped in. Then, after a moment of feeling this communication, I felt I understood why he was there. I came to understand that frogs simply want to hear other frogs and to communicate. Possibly the tone of my computer sounded to him like other tree frogs.我目不转睛地盯着他，他也直视着我。然后我听到一种叮咚声。这种声
音似乎一下子就进入了我的大脑中枢，因为它和电脑里发出来的声音十分接近。在那个声音里我听到树蛙对我“说”：“因为我想让你明白”。唷，太不可思议了。“明白什么？”我脑海中突然跳出了这个问题。然后经过短暂的体验这种交流之后，我觉得我已经理解了树蛙待在这儿的原因。我开始理解树蛙只是想听到其他同类的叫声并与之交流。或许他误以为计算机发出的声音就是其他树蛙在呼唤他。
Interesting.真是有趣。
I kept working. I was working on a story about global climate change and had just received a fax from a friend. The fax said that the earth is warming at 1.9 degrees each decade. At that rate I knew that the maple trees that I love to tap each spring for syrup would not survive for my children. My beautiful Wisconsin would become a prairie by the next generation.我继续工作。我正在写一个关于全球气候变化的故事。有个朋友刚好发过来一份传真，说地球的温度正以每十年1.9度的速度上升。我知道，照这种速度下去，每年春天我都爱去提取树浆的这片枫林，到我孩子的那一代就将不复存在。我的故乡美丽的威斯康星州也会在下一代变成一片草原。
At that moment Tree Frog leaped across my foot and sat on the floor in front of my computer. He then reached up his hand to his left ear and cupped it there. He sat before the computer and reached up his right hand to his other ear. He turned his head this way and that listening to that tone. Very focused. He then began to turn a very subtle, but brilliant shade of green and leaped full force onto the computer.此刻，树蛙从我脚背跳过去站在电脑前的地板上。然后他伸出手来从后面拢起左耳凝神倾听，接着他又站在电脑前伸出右手拢起另一支耳朵。他这样转动着脑袋，聆听那个声音，非常专心致志。他的皮肤起了微妙的变化，呈现出一种亮丽的绿色，然后他就用尽全力跳到电脑上。
And then I remembered the story about the frogs that I had heard last year on public radio. It said frogs were dying around the world. It said that because frogs’skin is like a lung turned inside out, their skin was being affected by pollution and global climate change. It said that frogs were being found whose skin was like paper. All dried up. It said that frogs are an “indicator species”. That frogs will die first because of the sensitivity.我猛然想起去年在收音机里听到的一则关于青蛙的消息，说是全世界的青蛙正在死亡。消息说因为青蛙的皮肤就像是一个内里朝外的肺，所以正在受到污染和全球气候变化的影响。据说已经发现有些青蛙的皮肤已变得像纸一样干瘪。还说青蛙是一个“物种指示器”，由于对环境敏感，这个物种会先遭灭顶之灾。
Then, I understood.这时我明白了。
The frogs have a message for us and it is the same message that some sober folks have had for us. “There are no more choices.”We have reached the time when we must be the adults for the planet, for the sake of the future generations of humans and for frogs.青蛙向我们传递了一个信息。一些头脑清醒的人士也曾向我们传递过同样的信息，那就是“我们别无选择。”我们已经进入了关键时刻，为了人类的子孙后代，也为青蛙，我们必须对这个星球负起主人的责任。
Because we are related.因为我们休戚相关。
Then I understood that there are no boundaries, that there is no more time.我还明白了我们之间没有界限，明白了时间的紧迫。
That we, for the sake of our relatives, must act now.为了我们的亲人，我们必须马上行动起来。
And then I understood, not only why the frog was there, but, also why I am here.于是我
明白了这只青蛙此行的目的，也知道自己在这儿该做些什么。
(736 words)
Passage B
Mission Zero 归零使命
Ray C. Anderson (July 28, 1934 - August 8, 2011) was founder and chairman of Interface, Inc., one of the world’s largest manufacturers of modular carpet for commercial and residential applications. He was “known in environmental circles for his advanced and progressive stance on industrial ecology and sustainability.”雷?C?安德森（1934年7月28日—2011年8月8日）——是全球最大的商业和住宅用拼块式地毯制造商之一——英特飞有限公司的创始人和董事长。他因在“工业生态和可持续发展方面表现出的先进和发展的立场而闻名于环保界”。
“If it exists, it must be possible”, asserts Amory Lovins1, co-founder and chief scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute2 think tank. He is talking about my company. Fellow industrialists, I dare say, thought my ambition impossible to realize when fourteen years ago I described my aspirations for Interface Inc. to turn into what it actually is becoming today. Indeed, around then, the CEO of a major competitor looked at me in the eye, and said, “Ray, you are a dreamer.”Yet, as Amory says, “If it exists …”“如果有其存在，就必然有其可能，”落基山研究所智囊团的联合创始人和首席科学家艾默里?洛文斯如此断言道。他说的正是我的公司。我敢说，当十四年前我描述我的志向，要把英特飞公司变成它今天正在呈现的模样时，各位实业家同人都认为我的雄心壮志根本不可能实现。事实上，一个主要竞争对手的总裁当时就瞪着我说：“雷，你是一个梦想家。”然而，正如艾默里所说，“如果有其存在......”
The “impossible”that exists today is a petroleum-intensive carpet manufacturer (for both energy and raw material) that has reduced net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 88 percent, in absolute tons, and its water usage by 79 percent since 1996, even as sales have grown by two-thirds and earnings have doubled. In 1994 Interface set out on a mission “to be the first industrial? company that, by its deeds, shows the entire industrial world what sustainability is, in all its dimensions: people, process, product, profit, and place.”Our definition of sustainability is to operate our petro-intensive company so as to take from the Earth only that which is naturally and rapidly renewable, and to do no harm to the biosphere.今天存在的这个“不可能”是一家（在能源和原材料方面）高度依赖石油的地毯制造商，从1996年至今将温室气体净排放量减少了88%（以实打实的吨数计），用水量减少了79%，而销售额却反而增加了三分之二，收益翻了一番。英特飞于1994年开始完成一项使命，力争“成为首家生态实业公司，通过自己的所作所为向整个实业界全方位地展现可持续性发展的理念：涵盖人员、生产过程、产品、利润、地点等各个方面。”我们对持续性发展的定义是：我们这家高度依赖石油的公司，坚持其运营只从地球获取可以自然而快速再生的资源，并且不对生态造成危害。
Cumulatively, we have avoided $372 million in costs by eliminating waste, in a quest that is half way to achieving waste-free perfection by 2020. We define waste as any cost that does not add value for our customers. This translates ambitiously into doing everything right the first time,
every time. We even define energy that still comes from fossil fuels as waste, something to be eliminated. Indeed, while offsets have a critical role to play in helping Interface (and, indeed, all of us) to reach our sustainability goals, we will not achieve them until we begin to redefine fossil fuel energy in this way. Sounds incredible? Remember, “If it exists …”. 通过消除浪费，我们已经累计降低了3亿7千2百万美元的成本，正在向2020年力争达到零浪费的完美目标迈进。我们对浪费的定义是：凡是不能给客户带来价值的花费都是浪费。这一定义雄心勃勃地转化为行动理念：做任何事情都要一开始就做对，而且每次如此。我们甚至把依然取自化石燃料的能源也定义为浪费，并作为要消除的对象。通过减少浪费而获得的补偿确实起了关键性作用，有助于英特飞（其实也包括所有公司）达到可持续发展目标；如果我们不这样重新定义化石燃料能源，我们就不可能最终实现可持续发展的目标。听上去有些不可思议？请记住，“如果有其存在......”
Indeed our belching smokestacks, our gushing effluent pipes, our mountains of waste —all completely legal —provided tangible proof that business was good. They meant jobs, orders coming in, products going out, and money in the bank. 的确，我们的烟囱烟雾腾腾，我们的管道污水喷涌，我们的废料堆积如山——所有这一切都完全合法——这是我们生意兴隆的确凿证据。这就说明有业可就，订单滚滚而来，产品源源出厂，以及利润存入银行。
That all changed with a question that came from our customers: “What is Interface doing for the environment?”We had not heard that question before, and had no good answers. For a “customer-intimate”company, this was untenable. Looking for an answer —and a determination to respond with credible, demonstrable, and measurable results and transparent accountability —set us on this course. 所有这一切都因消费者提的一个问题而改变：“英特飞对环境有何贡献？”这个问题我们以前闻所未闻，更无法交出满意的答案。对于一个善待消费者的公司而言，这是难以交代的。为寻求答案，还有决意给消费者提供一个可信、可见和可考量的结果并承担明晰的责任，我们踏上了征途。
Can taking a profitable business apartat the height of its success make business sense? The waste elimination initiative alone —and the avoided costs of $372 million over 13 years —have more than offset all the investments and expenses incurred in pursuit of our goal which we now call “Mission Zero”: zero environmental impacts by the year 2020. This has allowed the business case for sustainability to develop and become crystal clear. Costs are down, not up —dispelling a myth and exposing the false choice between the environment and the economy. 将一个处于鼎盛时期的赢利企业拆卸分解，从商业的角度看合理吗？仅消除浪费这一项行动，以及13年来因此而节约下来的3亿7千2百万美元的成本，不仅抵消而且超出了我们在追求持续发展目标方面的投资和花费总额。我们现在将此目标命名为“归零使命”：到2020年实现对环境的零影响。“归零使命”使这个可持续性发展的实业案例得以发展，并变得清澈透明。成本下降了，并非上升了，一个虚构的理念就此打破，让我们看到在环境和经济之间并非必然就是择此伤彼的虚假选择。
Amazingly, this initiative has produced a better business model, a better way to bigger and more legitimate profits. It out-competes its competitors in the rough and tumble of the marketplace, but not at the expense of the Earth or future generations. Instead it includes Earth and generations not yet born in win-win-win relationships. As validation of this, the Interface share
price has moved from $2 to $20 in four years, as we have dug out of the deepest, longest recession in our industry’s history, a recession we might not have survived without the enormous boost of sustainability. 令人惊讶的是，这一创举产生了一个更好的商业模式，找到了一个可获取更大利润，并且收入更加合法的更好的途径。这种模式在激烈残酷的市场竞争中击败了它的所有对手，却并不以伤害地球或后代的利益为代价。相反，这种模式将地球和尚未出生的后代纳入一种三赢的关系。作为证明，英特飞的股价四年内从2美元攀升至20美元，公司也从产业史上影响最深、持续最久的经济衰退中脱险而出。如果没有可持续性发展的极大推动，我们也许无法在这场经济衰退中存活下来。
But, what about the big picture? What does the Interface journey have to teach us? A sustainable society into the indefinite future depends totally and absolutely on a vast, ethically driven redesign of the industrial system, triggered b y an equally vast mind-shift —one mind at a time, one organization at a time, one technology at a time, one building, one company, one university curriculum, one community, one region, one industry at a time —until the entire system has been transformed into a sustainable one existing ethically in balance with Earth’s natural systems, upon which every living thing, even civilization itself, utterly depends. 但是，怎样从全局来看呢？英特飞的历程能给我们带来什么启迪？一个可持续发展的社会要想久远维系，就需要全方位地、彻头彻尾地对工业体系进行庞大的、由道德驱动的重新设计，这要由同样庞大的思想认识转变来启动，即一次改变一个想法、一个机构、一项技术、一座建筑、一家公司、一所大学的课程、一个社区、一个地区、一个行业，直到整个体系转变成为一个可持续发展的，在道德准则上能与地球生态系统和谐相处的体系，这才是所有的生物，乃至文明本身完全赖以生存的基础。
One person, you, can make the difference in your organization. The key is: Do something, then do something else. 即使一个人，你本人，也能在你的机构中发挥作用。关键是：行动起来先做一件事，接着再做另一件。
(771 words)
Unit 2> Nobel Prize Winners
Passage A
Einstein’s Compass爱因斯坦的指南针
Young Albert was a quiet boy. “Perhaps too quiet”, thought Hermann and Pauline Einstein. He spoke hardly at all until age 3. They might have thought him slow, but there was something else evident. When he did speak, he’d say the most unusual things. At age 2, Pauline promised him a surprise. Albert was excited, thinking she was bringing him some new fascinating toy. But when
his mother presented him with his new baby sister Maja, all Albert could do was stare with questioning eyes. Finally he responded, “where are the wheels?”小爱因斯坦是个安静的孩子。爱因斯坦夫妇赫尔曼和波琳认为他“或许太安静了”。爱因斯坦直到三岁时还很少开口说话。父母差点就误认为他是反应迟钝，但有一个明显的事实打消了他们的疑虑，因为当他真的开口说话时，说出的话便异乎寻常。两岁时，母亲波琳许诺给他一个惊喜。小爱因斯坦非常高兴，以为妈妈会带给他一件有趣的新玩具。但当妈妈把刚出生的妹妹玛嘉抱到他面前时，小爱因斯坦只是以疑虑的眼光盯着她，最后说道，“轮子在哪儿？”
When Albert was 5 years old and sick in bed, Hermann Einstein brought him a device that
did stir his intellect . It was the first time he had seen a compass. He lay there shaking and twisting the odd thing, certain he could fool it into pointing off in a new direction. But try as he might, the compass needle would always find its way back to pointing in the direction of north. “A wonder,”he thought. The invisible force that guided the compass needle was evidence to Albert that there was more to our world than meets the eye. There was “something behind things, something deeply hidden.”爱因斯坦五岁的时候有一次卧病在床，父亲赫尔曼送给他一个新玩意儿。正是这个小玩意开启了他的智力。那是小爱因斯坦第一次见到指南针。他躺在床上摇晃摆弄着这个稀奇的东西，认为自己能将指针糊弄到指向另一个方向。但是无论他怎样摆弄，指针却总是会回到原来指北的位置。“真奇妙”，他想。引导指南针的无形力量使爱因斯坦认识到，我们肉眼看到的只是世界的一部分，事物背后还有“某种东西，某种深藏着的东西”。
So began Albert Einstein’s journey down a road of exploration that he would follow the rest of his life. “I have no special gift,”he would say, “I am only passionately curious.”阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦就这样踏上了他穷其一生的探索之路。“我没有特殊的天分”，他常常说，“我只是有强烈的好奇心。”
Albert Einstein was more than just curious though. He had the patience and determination that kept him at things longer than most others. Other children would build houses of cards up to 4 stories tall before the cards would lose balance and the whole structure would come falling down. Maja watched in wonder as her brother Albert methodically built his card buildings to 14 stories. Later he would say, “It’s not that I’m so smart, it’s just that I stay with problems longer.”
爱因斯坦不仅仅只是有好奇心。他的耐心和毅力使他做起事情来能比大多数人都更持久。其他孩子用纸牌搭楼房，搭到四层高时房子就会失去平衡而坍塌下来。而玛嘉却惊奇地看着她哥哥阿尔伯特能有条不紊地搭起14层的纸牌高楼。后来爱因斯坦说道，“这不是因为我有多聪明，而是因为我能坚持得更久。”
One advantage Albert Einstein’s developing mind enjoyed was the opportunity to communicate with adults in an intellectual way. His uncle, an engineer, would come to the house, and Albert would join in the discussions. His thinking was also stimulated by a medical student who came over once a week for dinner and lively chats. 阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦的思维发展
得益于他有机会与成人进行智力交流。他的叔叔是工程师，经常到爱因斯坦家里来，于是爱因斯坦就有机会参与他们的讨论。爱因斯坦的思想还受到一位医科学生的启迪。此人每星期都来爱因斯坦家一次，与爱因斯坦一家共进晚餐，一起谈天说地。
At age 12, Albert Einstein came upon a set of ideas that impressed him as “holy.”It was a
little book on Euclidean plane1 geometry. The concept that one could prove theorems of angles and lines that were in no way obvious made an “indescribable impression”on the young student. He adopted mathematics as the tool he would use to pursue his curiosity and prove what he would discover about the behavior of the universe. 爱因斯坦12岁的时候发现了一系列他认为是“神圣”的观念。那是一本有关欧几里得平面几何的小册子。原来人可以证明那些不易明显看出的角度和线段的定理。这个想法给年轻学生爱因斯坦留下了“难以形容的印象”。他把数学当做满足自己好奇心并用以证明他后来发现宇宙运行规律的手段。
He was convinced that beauty lies in the simplistic. Perhaps this insight was the real power of his genius. Albert Einstein looked for the beauty of simplicity in the apparently complex nature and saw truths that escaped others. While the expression of his mathematics might be accessible to only a few sharp minds in the science, Albert could condense the essence of his thoughts so anyone could understand. 他坚信美丽寓于简朴。或许这个悟性才是激发他天分的真正力量所在。阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦在表象复杂的大自然中寻求简朴的美，并发现别人看不到的真理。爱因斯坦用数学公式表达的思想也许只有少数才思敏锐的科学家才能理解，但他却能简洁地阐明自己思想之精髓，使人人都能够理解。
For instance, his theories of relativity revolutionized science and unseated the laws of Newton that were believed to be a complete description of nature for hundreds of years. Yet when pressed for an example that people could relate to, he came up with this: “Put your hand on a hot stove for a minute and it seems like an hour. Sit with a pretty girl for an hour and it seems like a minute. THAT’s relativity.”比如说，他的相对论推翻了数百年来一直被认为是完整地描述了自然界一切规律的牛顿定律，给科学界带来了一场彻底的变革。但是当有人敦促他举例说明，以便让大众能理解相对论时，他说：“把手放在烫人的炉上时，一分钟就像是一个小时。坐在漂亮姑娘的身边，一个小时就像是一分钟。这就是相对论。”
Albert Einstein’s wealth of new ideas peaked while he was still a young man of 26. In 1905 he wrote 3 fundamental papers on the nature of light (a proof of atoms), the special theory of relativity and the famous equation of atomic power: E=mc . For the next 20 years, the curiosity that was sparked by wanting to know what controlled the compass needle and his persistence to keep pushing for the simple answers led him to connect space and time and find a new state of matter. 阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦的创新思维在年仅26岁时就达到了高峰。1905年他写了三篇重要的论文，分别是关于光的本质（证明原子存在）、相对论以及著名的原子能等式：E=mc2.。在随后的20年里，正是由于想知道是什么力量控制了指南针的指向所激发的这份好奇心以及坚持追求简单答案的毅力，引导他将空间与时间联系起来思考问题，由此发现了一种崭新的物质状态。
What was his ultimate quest?他追寻的最终目标是什么呢？
“I want to know how God created this world ... I want to know His thoughts; the rest are details.”“我想知道上帝是怎样创造世界的??我想知道他的思路；其余的就都是细枝末节了。”
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Passage B
The Wake-up Call from Stockholm来自斯德哥尔摩的唤醒电话
“These are the last 20 minutes of peace in your life,”the Swedish caller told Caltech professor Ahmed Zewail at 5:40 a.m. on October 12. 10月12日凌晨5:40，加州理工学院的阿莫德?扎威尔教授接到了一个来自瑞典的电话，告诉他“你这辈子只有这20分钟的清静时间了”。
Soon the world would hear of Zewail’s award —the 1999 Nobel Prize in chemistry —and Zewail would hear from the world. Two thousand e-mails would zoom his way within a few days and three phone lines would start ringing with eager requests for interviews from the national and Egyptian press and with congratulations from friends and colleagues. But first, the 53-year-old man would share the news with his family. 全世界很快就会知道扎威尔获得了1999年度的诺贝尔化学奖，接着，扎威尔就会收到世界各地的来信。几天之内，2000封电子邮件将蜂拥而至；三部电话都将响个不停，美国和埃及的媒体将纷纷打来电话，急切要求对他进行采访；朋友和同事也会不断打来恭贺电话。但是现在，这位53岁的男子首先要与家人共享这条喜讯。
He kissed his wife, Dema, and young sons, Nabeel and Hani. His mother, whom Zewail reached in his native Egypt, cried and cried. His daughters, Maha and Amani, “were going crazy on the phone. I couldn’t even speak,”said Zewail. 扎威尔亲吻了妻子德玛和两个小儿子纳比尔和哈尼。当他把这个消息告知远在家乡埃及的母亲时，她禁不住喜极而泣。扎威尔说，他的两个女儿玛哈和阿曼妮“从电话里一听到这个消息，就高兴得快疯了。我甚至连话都没法讲下去了”。
“I was disappointed in Nabeel’s reaction,”he added. “I told him I had won the prize. He said, ‘Good.’”But when Zewail asked if he’d tell the kids at school, the six-year-old said, “No. These guys will say ‘So what?’”But Nabeel did ask, “Are we going to see the king?”“纳比尔的反应让我有些失望，”他补充道。“我告诉他我获得了诺贝尔奖。他却只说了一声‘不错’。”当扎威尔问他是否会把这个消息告诉他学校里的小伙伴们时，这个六岁的小家伙答道：“不会。那些家伙只会说‘那又怎样？’”不过纳比尔倒还确实问过“我们要去见国王吗？”
The Royal Swedish Academy honored Zewail for his groundbreaking work in viewing and studying chemical reactions at the atomic level as they occur. He has shown “that it is possible with rapid laser technique to see how atoms in a molecule move during a chemical reaction.”
瑞典皇家科学院因扎威尔在观察和研究原子层面所发生的化学反应方面所作的开创性工作而授予他诺贝尔化学奖。他向世人证明，“利用快速的激光技术有可能观察到在发生化学反应时，分子中的原子是怎样运动的。”
Zewail had brought the most powerful tools from the field of physics into the chemistry lab to create a revolution, and the field of femto-chemistry1 was born. It was “a revolution in chemistry and related sciences,”the Swedes announced, “since this type of investigation allows us to understand and predict important reactions,”to probe nature at its most fundamental level.
扎威尔将物理领域内最有威力的仪器引进化学实验室，从而引发了一场革命，超微（千万亿分之一）化学从此诞生。瑞典发布人说，这是“化学及相关学科领域的一场革命，因为这种研究方法使我们能够了解并预测重要的化学反应，能从自然界最基础的层面探测自然。”
Zewail is the 27th Caltech faculty member or alumnus to receive the Nobel Prize, and the third faculty member to be so honored in this decade. 扎威尔是加州理工学院教师及校友中第27位获得诺贝尔奖的人，同时也是最近十年里第三位获此殊荣的学院教师。
“In my experience,”said Zewail after a tumultuous week, “whenever you cross fields or bring in new ideas and tools, you find what you don’t expect. You open new windows.”在经过了一周的激动和忙乱之后，扎威尔说：“根据我的经验，无论你在什么时候跨越学科或引进新的观点和仪器，你都会得到意想不到的发现，因为你开启了新的窗口。”
Zewail’s path to the forefront of the international science arena has been elegant and swift, like the atoms he observes performing molecular dances. With a wealth of experience in home chemistry projects as a boy in Egypt, he sailed to the top of his class at Alexandria University. The classical science education he received there prepared him for a promised tenure-track2 position in the field of his choice: math, physics, chemistry, or geology, but he decided to get his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania —to “see the molecular world of chemistry.”He had heard of Caltech, but to this young Egyptian, “institute”sounded less prestigious than “university.”As it turned out, Penn provided the “ideal”transition from classical science studies to the postdoctoral work he did at UC Berkeley. 扎威尔走向国际科学领域前沿的道路快捷而别具特色，正如他所观察的原子跳出的分子舞步一样优美。年轻时，扎威尔在埃及国内进行了很多化学实验，并由此获得了丰富的经验，这些经验使他在就读亚历山大大学时成绩在班上名列前茅。他在亚历山大大学接受的正统理科教育本可使他在数、理、化、地质等任一领域中获得一个极有发展前途的终身教授职位。不过他最终还是决定去宾夕法尼亚大学攻读博士学位，“去见识一下化学的分子世界。”扎威尔以前也曾听说过加利福尼亚理工学院，但当时这位年轻的埃及人认为，“学院”的名字听上去没有“大学”响亮。事实证明，在扎威尔从正统理科研究转向他后来在加州大学伯克利分校的博士后科研过程中，宾夕法尼大学起到了“理想的”的过渡作用。
He stayed at Berkeley for postdoctoral work for two reasons: to think more about research rather than about getting a PhD and “the secret reason —I wanted to buy a big American car to take back to Egypt with me.”At Berkeley, he published three papers “immediately”and was advised to apply to the top handful of American universities. 扎威尔留在伯克利分校做博士后研究有两个原因：一是想搞科研而非仅仅得到博士学位；另一个“私下的原因是我想买一辆美国大轿车带回埃及去”。他一到伯克利分校就“立即”发表了三篇论文，当时有人就建议他与美国不多的几所顶尖大学联系深造。
“The most important reason why I decided on Caltech was, once the offer was made, I was well received by the staff, administration, and faculty.”He also felt he could make his own way specializing in dynamics in a department strong on structure. And the Mediterranean climate3 didn’t hurt. That was 1976. “我决定去加州理工学院的最重要的原因是，我的申请一提出，就受到了全院教职员工、领导和系里的热烈欢迎。”同时他认为，在一个以结构研究见长的系里，自己能在专攻动力学方面取得成功。并且，加利福尼亚的地中海气候也令人惬意。那是发生在1976年的事情。
Zewail was off and running, earning tenure in a year and a half, making full professorship by 1982, seated in the Pauling Chair4 by 1990. Now with a Nobel Prize under his belt, what’s next? “First of all, I’m not retiring,”he said. “And I’m not going to Hollywood.”扎威尔的事业可谓一帆风顺。他在加利福尼亚理工学院工作一年半后就获得了终身教席，1982年被聘为正教授，1990年获泡令首席教授荣誉。如今他又将诺贝尔奖揽入囊中，下一步他该干些什么呢？“首先，我还不会退休，”扎威尔说。“而且我也不会去好莱坞。”
In the coming years, Zewail looks forward to more breakthroughs. He will remain active in research and in publishing papers, which he considers to be his babies (363 to date). Tracking the progress of two papers within a week of receiving the prize, he reached a surprised editor who said, “You on the phone? Impossible! I thought you’d be out wining and dining.”He will continue to push the envelope of what is possible. 扎威尔期望今后几年里能再有突破性的成果。他将继续活跃在科研领域、积极发表论文，他视其论文如自己的儿女（迄今为止他已经发表了363篇论文）。在获得诺贝尔奖后不到一个星期内，扎威尔就打电话给编辑追问两篇论文的进展情况，这让编辑大为惊讶，问道：“是你在给我打电话吗？不可能吧！我想你一定出去喝酒赴宴了。”他将继续尽力去揭示尚待研发的领域的奥秘。
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Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
目录 Unit1 Text A Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life 1 Unit1 Text B American Family Life: The Changing Picture 4 Unit2 Text A The Freedom Givers 10 Unit3 Text A The Land of the Lock 14 Unit3 Text B Why I Bought A Gun16 Unit4 Text A Was Einstein a Space Alien? 21 Unit5 Text A Writing Three Thank-You Letters 25 Unit6 Text A The Last Leaf 28 Unit7 Text A Life of a Salesman33 Unit7 Text B Bricklayer's Boy41 Unit8 Text A Human Cloning: A Scientist’s Story47 Unit8 Text B Second Thoughts on Cloning 50 Unit1 Text A Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life 多尔蒂先生创建自己的理想生活吉姆·多尔蒂Jim Doherty 1 There are two things I have always wanted to do -- write and live on a farm. Today I'm doing both. I am not in E. B. White's class as a writer or in my neighbors' league as a farmer, but I'm getting by. And after years of frustration with city and suburban living, my wife Sandy and I have finally found contentment here in the country. 有两件事是我一直想做的――写作与务农。如今我同时做着这两件事。作为作家，我和E·B·怀特不属同一等级，作为农场主，我和乡邻也不是同一类人，不过我应付得还行。在城市以及郊区历经多年的怅惘失望之后，我和妻子桑迪终于在这里的乡村寻觅到心灵的满足。 2 It's a self-reliant sort of life. We grow nearly all of our fruits and vegetables. Our hens keep us in eggs, with several dozen left over to sell each week. Our bees provide us with honey, and we cut enough wood to just about make it through the heating season. 这是一种自力更生的生活。我们食用的果蔬几乎都是自己种的。自家饲养的鸡提供鸡蛋，每星期还能剩余几十个出售。自家养殖的蜜蜂提供蜂蜜，我们还自己动手砍柴，足可供过冬取暖之用。
How empathy unfolds 同感是怎样表露的 1 The moment Hope, just nine months old, saw another baby fall, tears welled up in her own eyes and she crawled off to be comforted by her mother, as though it were she who had been hurt. And 15-month-old Michael went to get his own teddy bear for his crying friend Paul; when Paul kept crying, Michael retrieved Paul's security blanket for him. Both these small acts of sympathy and caring were observed by mothers trained to record such incidents of empathy in action. The results of the study suggest that the roots of empathy can be traced to infancy. Virtually from the day they are born infants are upset when they hear another infant crying – a response some see as the earliest precursor of empathy. 霍普才九个月大，一见到另一个婴儿摔倒，泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰，就好像是她自己摔疼了。15个月大的迈克尔把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗；保罗不停地大哭的时候，迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。这项研究的结果表明，同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。实际上，从出生的那天起，婴儿在听到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安——有些人认为这种反应是同感的最初先兆。 2 Developmental psychologists have found that infants feel sympathetic distress even before they fully realize that they exist apart from other people. Even a few months after birth, infants react to a disturbance in those around them as though it were their own, crying when they see another child's tears. By one year or so, they start to realize the misery is not their own but someone else's, though they still seem confused over what to do about it. In research by Martin L. Hoffman at New York University, for example, a oneyear-old brought his own mother over to comfort a crying friend, ignoring the friend's mother, who was also in the room. This confusion is seen too when one-year-olds imitate the distress of someone else, possibly to better comprehend what they are feeling; for example, if another baby hurts her fingers, a one-year-old might put her own fingers in her mouth to see if she hurts, too. On seeing his mother cry, one baby wiped his own eyes, though they had no tears. 成长心理学家发现，甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前，婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月，婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应，就好像他们自己的烦躁不安一样，看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。到了一岁左右，他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的，而是别人的，可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。例如，在纽约大学的马丁·L.霍夫曼所做的一项研究中，一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友，却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到，他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦，也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。例如，如果别的婴儿伤了手指，一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里，看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己的妈妈哭，婴儿即使没有眼泪，也会擦拭自己的眼睛。 3 Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. Titchener, an American psychologist. Titchener's theory was that empathy stemmed from a sort of physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself. He sought a word that would be distinct from sympathy, which can
新职业英语·职业综合英语课文翻译 第一课谷歌 上过互联网的人都见过谷歌，许多人要在互联网上查找某方面的信息时，他们都会去“谷歌”一下。作为全世界最有名的互联网搜索引擎，谷歌是网络业界功成名就的最好范例之一。 谷歌始于1996年1月斯坦福大学博士生拉里?佩奇的一个研究项目。为了找到一种能帮助网络用户搜索到相关网页的更好方法，佩奇设想可以通过检索网页之间的关系来实现。他认为其他网页链接最多的那些网页一定是最受欢迎的，这项技术结果看起来是成功的。 佩奇和他的合作伙伴谢尔盖?布林于1998年9月7日创建了自己的公司，并在之后的一周注册了https://www.doczj.com/doc/f216185484.html,这一网址。这个搜索引擎很快声名鹊起，2000年谷歌开始在自己的网站出售广告。在投资者的热情资助下，经过几年的发展，谷歌上市了，谷歌的很多雇员一夜之间成了百万富翁。 谷歌最近收购了互联网最大的视频共享网站https://www.doczj.com/doc/f216185484.html,，而且每天都在不断增加一些新功能，如工具栏、邮件和广告。当然，成长与成功也带来了竞争。微软最近就试图收购雅虎以便能在互联网搜索引擎领域与谷歌抗衡。 随着公司的壮大与知名度的提高，谷歌在美国公司就业吸引力的排名也上升到第一。他们尝试打破传统的办公室设计，努力把办公室变成员工感觉舒适、并能充分发挥自己才华的地方。 现在，谷歌已拥有YouTube、Blogger和其他一些热门网站，并且成为网络广告收入方面的领头羊。当初两个学生的一个小点子已发展成为一家拥有十亿美元资产的大公司，谷歌也成为全球最著名的商标之一。谷歌的发展史为当今的网络企业家树立了一个完美的典范，也提供了灵感。 第二课秘书 秘书可能会有很多其他不同的头衔，例如行政助理、文员或私人助理。尽管所有这些头衔都以行政工作为主旨，但它们却反映了不同种类的秘书工作。秘书岗位十分古老，例如，古希腊和罗马的商人和政客们就曾雇用私人秘书和文员来管理他们的事务。 秘书的工作就是使办公室顺利运转。秘书的职责范围很广，依据他们所在办公室的不同而各异。就最低要求来说，秘书要处理信函，跟踪日程安排，管理文件系统，操作电话、传真机、复印机等办公设备。许多秘书还要接听电话，并将其转给适当的人员。有些秘书还要负责办公室用品的采购，他们也可能会处理预算、簿记和人事文档。秘书应当具备使用电脑和其他电子设备的经验，因为他们将处理大量的电子资料，包括往来信函。
human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to sense of reality by giving meaning to events. 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an impli cit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。 明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较，一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of
译文 第一单元 友谊的真谛 米歇尔·E·多伊尔马克·K·史密斯 我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准。在某一情境下，我们会把某个人称为朋友；然而，情境一旦变迁，朋友这个称呼就显得没那么贴切了。因此，人们对友谊的真谛的理解往往是非常肤浅的。为了帮助我们理解友谊的真正含义，我们需要回顾有关友谊的几种传统的看法。 一种传统的友谊观在古希腊著名的哲学家亚里士多德的著作里得以阐述。他将自己心目中真正的友谊同另外两种友谊截然分开。这两种友谊分别是：基于互利的友谊；基于愉悦的友谊。因此，根据亚里士多德的观点，我们可以将友谊分为三类： 建立在功利之上的友谊。|功利并非永恒，它依照环境而变化。友谊的根基一旦消失，友谊也随之破灭。这类友谊似乎在老人之间最为常见，因为上了年纪的人需要的不是愉悦而是实用。基于功利的友谊也同样存在于追逐个人利益的中年人和青年人中。这些人不会在一起消磨时光，因为他们有时甚至不喜欢对方，因而觉得除非可以互相利用，否则没有交往的必要。只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时 候，才会乐于呆在一起。 建立在愉悦之上的友谊。|年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。然而，他们的情趣随着自己日渐成长也会变化，他们交友容易，分手也干脆。年轻人的态度变化无常，甚至一日数变，难怪他们的友谊总是迅速地开始，又匆匆地结束。 建立在美德之上的友谊。|完美无瑕的友谊立足于美德。只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间建立的友谊才是最完美的。品行高尚的人，其行为是相同的，或者是类似的。爱和友谊多半在品行高尚的人之间发生，而且以最高雅的形式出现。这种友谊是罕见的，需要时间，需要交 往。常言道，真正的朋友必须同甘共苦，历经风雨。只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并获得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。交友的意愿可能倏忽而至，但真正的友谊却要慢慢培养。 另一种传统的友谊观可以在古罗马政治家、演说家西塞罗的著作里找到。西塞罗认为，真正的友谊只能在好人之间发生。他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、公平和开明的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。”好人之间建立的这种友谊立足于美德，它确实可以带来物质利益，但决不以追求物质利益为目标。人类生活在以共同的理想为基础的社会。因此，在处理朋友关系和其他人际关系时，优越于他人的人必须平等地对待那些没那么幸运的人。美德创造友谊，美德使友谊之树常青。 我们由此可以看出，传统的友谊观由三个要素构成：朋友以相伴为乐；朋友必须彼此受益；彼此都有志于崇高的事业。这些传统的友谊观告诉我们，两个品德高尚的朋友是永不分离的，因为彼此认同对方的高尚品德。因此，认识朋友就是认识自我，了解朋友就是了解自我。可
新世纪大学英语综合教程2课文翻译 UNIT 1 “我原谅你” 1、并非只有婚姻关系才需要宽恕。我们与子女、朋友、同事、邻居，甚至陌生人相处时同样需要宽恕。事实上，没有宽恕的氧气，任何人际关系都无从维系。宽恕并不是脾气好的人们才拥有的特质；它是所有关系的必要条件，也是自己的身心健康不可缺少的。 2、有些人可能认为，自己受伤太深、次数太多，无法宽恕。可耐人寻味的是，恰恰是被伤得最深的人，才真正需要宽恕别人，原因很简单：仇恨就像癌症，会毁掉宿主。如果不尽快铲除，它就会生根发芽，使那些执意仇恨无法释怀的人受伤甚至死亡。 3、因为事实是，除非我们能宽恕他人，否则就永远无法恢复。伤口会继续溃烂，永不愈合。中国有句古谚，“复仇者必自绝”。 4、对有些人来说，宽恕他人似乎是不可能的，因为他们根本不知从何做起。首先你要接受一个非常重要的事实：宽恕他人并不是件容易的事。事实上，对于我们大多数人来说，这也许是最难做到的。 5、被伤害的是我们，却还要宽恕他人，这似乎毫无公平可言，然而这正是宽恕的关键所在。 6、“宽恕并忘记”，这句俗话谁都会脱口而出，但实际上既简单又肤浅。一则这是绝对不可能的，二则它完全偏离了宽恕的真正含义。生活中最需要宽恕的事正是那些无法忘记的事。我们不应把这些事掩饰起来，而需记住它们，并有意不因此对做过这些事的人怀有成见，然后继续生活。 7、这就是为什么有的时候会感到：宽恕别人，一开始会相对容易些，难的是每次你看到那个人，与他谈话，甚至只是想起他之后如何控制自己的感情。真正的宽恕不是一劳永逸之举，而是持久的情感面对。 8、等待越久，宽恕就越难。实际上，时间不会愈合伤口，只会让愤懑和仇恨更长时间地吞噬你的内心。如果要等待“适当的时候”，你也许永远都找不到机会。 9、开始运用宽恕的艺术之前，你先要问自己这样一个问题：我们中有多少人在特定的场合下是完全无辜的呢？ 10、几年前，我和妻子买了一件便宜家具。最初几个月，它蒙蔽了所有人——美观、实用、人见人爱。我们认为它太适合我们家了。可时间一长，表面薄层的边角部分开始慢慢脱落。再也没有当初的效果了，不过至少它现在是以真实面目示人！事实是，不管喜欢不喜欢，在漂亮的表层下，我们都只是刨花板。因此，在我们评判别人之前，明智的做法是先在镜子里认真审视自己。我们越是审视自己，正视自己的缺点，便越愿意也越能够宽恕他人的缺点，宽恕得越多，也就越能体会到真正的满足。
NUIT1 大学已经不再特别了 有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。 20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德?里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。 在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。 20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本禁书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米?亨德里克斯或兰尼?布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。 可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的30岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。 没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。 童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。
Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit
unit 4 Was Einstein a Space Alien? 1 Albert Einstein was exhausted. For the third night in a row, his baby son Hans, crying, kept the household awake until dawn. When Albert finally dozed off ... it was time to get up and go to wor k. He couldn't skip a day. He needed the job to support his young family. 1. 阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦精疲力竭。他幼小的儿子汉斯连续三个晚上哭闹不停，弄得全家人直到天亮都无法入睡。阿尔伯特总算可以打个瞌睡时，已是他起床上班的时候了。他不能一天不上班，他需要这份工作来养活组建不久的家庭。 2 Walking briskly to the Patent Office, where he was a "Technical Expert, Third Class," Albert w orried about his mother. She was getting older and frail, and she didn't approve of his marriage to Mileva. Relations were strained. Albert glanced at a passing shop window. His hair was a mess; he had forgotten to comb it again. 2. 阿尔伯特是专利局三等技术专家。在快步去专利局上班的路上，他为母亲忧心忡忡。母亲年纪越来越大，身体虚弱。她不同意儿子与迈尔娃的婚事，婆媳关系紧张。阿尔伯特瞥了一下路过的商店的橱窗，看见自己头发凌乱，他又忘了梳头了。 3 Work. Family. Making ends meet. Albert felt all the pressure and responsibility of any young h usband and father. 3. 工作，家庭，维持生计——阿尔伯特感受到了一位年轻丈夫和年轻父亲所要承担的全部压力和责任。 To relax, he revolutionized physics. 他想放松下，却使物理学发生了突破性进展 4 In 1905, at the age of 26 and four years before he was able to get a job as a professor of physic s, Einstein published five of the most important papers in the history of science--all written in his " spare time." He proved that atoms and molecules existed. Before 1905, scientists weren't sure abo ut that. He argued that light came in little bits (later called "photons") and thus laid the foundation for quantum mechanics. He described his theory of special relativity: space and time were threads in a common fabric, he proposed, which could be bent, stretched and twisted. 4. 1905年，在他被聘为物理学教授的前四年，26岁的爱因斯坦发表了科学史上最重要论文中的五篇——这些论文都是他在“业余时间”完成的。他证明了原子和分子的存在。1905年之前，科学家们对此没有把握。爱因斯坦论证说光以微粒形态出现（后来被称为“光子”），这为量子力学奠定了基础。他把狭义相对论描写为：时空如同普通织物中的线，他提出，这些线可以弯曲、拉长和交织在一起。 5 Oh, and by the way, E=mc2. 5. 对了，顺便提一下，E = mc2。 6 Before Einstein, the last scientist who had such a creative outburst was Sir Isaac Newton. It ha ppened in 1666 when Newton secluded himself at his mother's farm to avoid an outbreak of plagu e at Cambridge. With nothing better to do, he developed his Theory o f Universal Gravitation. 6. 在爱因斯坦之前，最近一位迸发出如此创造性思想的科学家当数艾萨克牛顿
陌生人的善意 1. 一年夏天，我从家乡加利福尼亚州的塔霍城开车前往新奥尔良。在沙漠深处，我碰到一个年轻人站在路旁。他一只手打出拇指向外的手势，另一只手里拿着一个汽油罐。我直接从他身边开过去了。别人会停下来的，我想。再说，那汽油罐只是个让车停下、好抢劫司机的幌子而已。在这个国家，曾有那么一段时间，你要是对需要帮助的人置之不理，大家会认为你是混蛋，而如今你要是帮了你就是笨蛋。到处潜伏着犯罪团伙、吸毒上瘾者、杀人犯、强奸犯、盗窃犯还有劫车犯，为什么要冒险呢？“我不想卷进去”已经成为全国性的信条。 2. 开过了几个州以后，我还在想着那个想搭便车的人。把他一个人留在沙漠中倒并没有让我有多么不安。让我不安的是，我多么轻易地就做出了这个决定。我甚至根本没把脚从油门上抬起来。我很想知道，现在还有人会停车吗？ 3. 我想到我此行的目的地——新奥尔良。那里是田纳西·威廉姆斯的剧作《欲望号街车》的背景地。我回想起布兰奇·杜波依斯的名句：“我总是依赖陌生人的善意。” 4. 陌生人的善意。听起来好怪。如今这年头还有谁能指望陌生人的善意吗？ 5. 要验证这一点，一个办法是一个人从东海岸旅行到西海岸，不带一分钱，完全依靠美国同胞的善意。他会发现一个什么样的美国？谁会给他饭吃、让他歇脚、捎他一程呢？ 6. 这个念头激起了我的好奇心。但谁会这么不切实际、愿意去尝试这样一次旅行呢？好吧，我想，那不如我来试试？ 7. 满37岁那个星期，我意识到我这辈子还从没冒过什么险呢。所以我决定来个观念的跨越，美洲大陆那么宽——从太平洋去大西洋，不带一分钱。要是有人给我钱，我会拒绝。我只接受搭顺风车、提供食物和让我歇脚的帮助。这将是穿越这片金钱至上的土地上一次无钱的旅行。我的最终目的地是北卡罗来纳州的“恐惧角”（即开普菲尔），它象征着我沿途必须克服的所有恐惧。 8. 1994年9月6日，我早早起床，背起一个50磅重的包，朝金门桥走去。我从背包里拿出一个牌子，向过路的车辆展示我的目的地：“美利坚”。 9. 司机们隔着挡风玻璃念出这个词，然后笑了。两个女人骑自行车经过。“有点含混，”其中一个说。一名带有德国口音的年轻男士走上前来问，“你这个‘美利坚’在哪儿？”10. 实际上，整整六个星期的时间里我试图找出答案。我搭了82次便车，行程4223英里，穿越了14个州。在旅途中，我发现其他人跟我一样有担心。人们总是在警告我当心别的某个地方。在蒙大拿州，他们叫我留神怀俄明州的牛仔，而在内布拉斯加州，人们提醒我说艾奥瓦州的人可不如他们友好。 11. 然而，在我所去的每个州，我都受到了友善的对待。我诧异于美国人执意帮助陌生人的能力，甚至于在看来与自己的最大利益相冲突时他们也绝不袖手旁观。有一天，在内布拉斯加，一辆四门小轿车在路肩停下。我走到车窗边，看到两位穿着节日盛装的瘦小老妇人。12. “我知道这年头不该带搭便车的，但这里前不着村后不着店的，不停车感觉真不好。”自称“维”的司机说。她和姐姐海伦是去内布拉斯加的安斯沃思看眼疾的。 13. 她们为我停了车，我都不知道是该亲吻她们呢还是该责备她们。这个女人是在告诉我，她宁肯冒生命危险也不愿意因为没为一个站在路边的陌生人停车而感到内疚。她们在一个高速路口把我放下时，我望着维。我们俩异口同声地说，“小心。” 14. 有一次我在雨中没能搭上便车。一名长途卡车司机停了车，他把刹车踩得那么重，车子都在草地路肩上滑行了一段。司机告诉我他有一次被搭便车的人持刀抢劫了。“但我不愿意看到有人在雨里站着。”他补充说，“现在大家都没有良心了。” 15. 然而，我发现，总体而言，人们还是挺有同情心的。艾奥瓦州一对中年夫妇为了帮我找宿营地领着我走了一个小时。在南达科他州，一个女人让我在她家住了一晚之后递给我两张