Lesson 5修辞与结构

结构类修辞手法漫谈英语中，有些修辞手法是通过结构构成的。

结构类修辞手法(syntactical rhetorical devices)主要有：1．排比（Parallelism）排比是英语中一种常用的结构类修辞手法。

它是把相同的结构平行、相连地使用两次或两次以上，其目的是加强语气，使文章朗朗上口。

This is our policy and this is our declaration. 这就是我们的政策，这就是我们的宣言。

We shall fight them by land; we shall fight them by sea; we shall fight them by air. 我们将从陆、海、空全方位地同他们作战。

句中的this is...和we shall fight them by...结构分别重复了两次和三次，从而构成排比。

2．反问（Rhetorical Question）反问句也称修辞性疑问句，就是答案不言自明, 并不需要对方给予回答却故意提问，它并不是真正意义上的提问。

反问这一修辞手法有两个明显的特点：一是反问的目的不是为了让对方回答, 而是为了强调，以设问的方式来增强论证的力度;二是反问句所表达的实际含义在肯定否定上同它的字面形式正好相反，即否定形式的反问句表示的是肯定含义，肯定形式的反问句表示的是否定含义。

如：Doesn’t a wise man make mistakes? 聪明人就不犯错误吗？（否定形式的反问句表示肯定含义。

含义：聪明人也会犯错误。

)If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？(肯定形式的反问句表示否定含义。

含义：冬天来了，春天就不会远了。

)3．倒装（Anastrophe / Inversion）倒装就是故意改变句子中某一成分的正常位置。

一般来说，倒装的目的有三：一是为了强调,把需要强调的成分移到句首；二是为了平衡，避免句子显得头重脚轻；三是为了韵律，把押韵的词移到句末。

句子的修辞(Figures of Speech)英语修辞格可以使语言更加形象、生动、活泼。

英语修辞格种类很多，人们经常使用的有以下几种。

一、明喻(Simile)明喻通常是把被比喻的本体和用来比喻的喻体同时说出。

通过两个事物之间的相同性质或者特点使二者产生联系，进而达到用喻体使本体更生动的目的。

常用的比喻词有as, like, seem, as though。

例：Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in and those within want to get out.婚姻像是一个被包围的堡垒：外边的想要进去，里边的人想出去。

My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist's scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.我的头脑像发电机那样强大有力，像药剂师的天平那样精确，像外科医生的手术刀那样锋利。

二、隐喻(Metaphor)与明喻不同的是，隐喻中本体和喻体的比喻关系是暗示出的而不是直接陈述的。

隐喻是一种含蓄的比喻，暗示有比较，但又不充分说出这种比较。

例：I finally discovered the key to the mystery.我终于发现了解开奥秘的钥匙。

(暗示解开奥秘的方法就像开门的钥匙一样)The light of knowledge is shed on his confused face.知识之光洒在了他迷惑的脸上。

Hearing the news of his father's death, he had a stone face.听到父亲去世的消息，他表情呆滞。

隐喻不用比喻词，但可以用be动词或者只用逗号、破折号将本体和喻体连起来。

例：The green plant is a kind of food factory.绿色植物是一种食物工厂。

英语中的修辞手法Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.Figures of Resemblance and RelationshipSimile(明喻)Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻)Metonymy(转喻) (借代)Synecdoche（提喻）Personification（拟人）Antonomasia （换称）一Simile(明喻)Simile：(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.Simile is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader.For example,As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。

新概念英语第二册中英文对照课文免费阅读《新概念英语第二册课文讲解分析》一、课文解析示例（以Lesson1为例）1.原文呈现-A private conversation-Last week I went to the theatre.I had a very good seat.The play was very interesting.I did not enjoy it.A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.They were talking loudly.I got very angry.I could not hear the actors.I turned round.I looked at the man and the woman angrily.They did not pay any attention.In the end,I could not bear it.I turned round again."I can't hear a word!"I said angrily.-"It's none of your business,"the young man said rudely."This is a private conversation!"2.生僻字-在这篇课文中，生僻字较少。

“bear”在这里作为动词，有“忍受”的意思，这个词有多种含义，如“熊”（名词）、“承受，忍受”（动词）等，在这里是一个重点词汇的理解。

3.多音字-本课文中没有明显的多音字。

4.同义词-“angrily”（生气地），可以用“crossly”或者“furiously”来替换，但是在语义和情感强度上会有一些细微差别。

例如“furiously”比“angrily”的愤怒程度可能更高一些。

Unit 11.bite-size piece: pieces small enough to be eaten as a single mouthful.2.Perhaps it would go away, deprived of her attention: Perhaps the whole thing would be gradually forgotten, if she did not pay any attention to it.3.We still take among-you to Washington, ourselves: We will take you girls, all three of you to Washington, ourselves.4.The three of us girls step-standards in-between:the three of girls neither bright like mother nor brown like father, but in a series of progressive colors from bright to brown.5.Except that what he probably said was "Negro", ...... quite progressive:If my father had not used the word"Colored", he might have used the word "negro" as he told us the story; compared with most other people of his time, he was quite radical to use the then progressive word.6.He had a great sense of history, ......and a trip: He was keenly aware of the importance of history; he had the natural ability to quiteli create an exciting & impressive atmosphere, and knew how much a special occasion & a trip meant.7.My fury was not going to be acknowledged by a like fury: Furious as we all were, the other mebembers of my family were not going to express their feelings the way I did.Unit 21.The language was a source of embarrassment: Chinese language makes me feel embarrassed.2.At last, I was one of you; i wasn't one of them.Sadly, I still am.:Finally, I assumed that I was one of the Americans and that I was not one of the Chinese. Unfortunately, I am, as a matter of fact, still Chinese.Unit 31.A sodden morning of the rains:an extremely wet morning in the rainy season2.But he stood quite unresisting....ropes: While e stood here, he simply accepted what the warders did to him, leaving his arms at the mercy of the ropes3.At each step his muscles slid......wet gravel:As he was moving forward, his muscle movements were in perfect harmony with each step he took, the cluster of hair on top of his head jerked up and down,and he left footprints behind on the wet gravel.4.All tiling away in solemn foolery:all these organs were functioning normally as usual but in a silly way, for all their efforts would go to waste as their owner was to be hanged soon.5.When he was falling through......to live:during that very instant when he went with the falling of the drop of the gallows6.Everyone had changed color:Everyone looked pale or gray as a result of a torturing long wait.7.Throw up his head: rasing his head up with force8.Do you not admire my new silver case, sir? What do you think of my new silver case, sir? Unit 41.I associated hugging with a more universal kind of love.:2.with which she had to make some kind of peace:3.Would I still be stammering out subject matter at students, year after year, with the little concern about the vulnerable human beings behind the masks? :the feeble, easily hurt, wounded or destroyed human beings behind their merry,strong, or satisfied appearancesUnit 51.Like any girl's fantasy, mine contained at least a shred of truth.: Like all other girls, I also had my fantasies about outstanding personages like Marie Curie, and my fantasies were built on certain truths.2.She was beneath his station: She was below his social rank3.The reality was a lot grittier—and a lot less romantic.:Unlike what many would expect, such an achievement had i fact demanded extraordinary resolution and fortitude, and in no way was it a romantic business.Unit 61.entertaining, as I do, opinions of a character very opposite to theirs:holding opinions,as I do, which are drastically different from theirs, but which I believe to be true2.Are we disposed to be......temporal salvation? Are we willing to join those people who are so insensitive as to simply ignore the most important things that ensure a normal, happy earthly existence?3.Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss:Do not allow yourselves to be betrayed4.The battle .......is not to the strong alone.:The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to be the strong5.The next gale that sweeps from the north:In Massachusetts some colonists had already begun to show open resistance against the BritishSimile（明喻）Metaphor（隐喻，暗喻）Metonymy（借喻，转喻，借代）Repetition（重复）Rhetorical question （修辞疑问）Transferred epithet（转移修饰）Personification （拟人）Parallelism（排比、平行）明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.隐喻、暗喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如:1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.借喻、转喻、借代不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.修辞疑问与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.例如:1>.How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?2>.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?排比、平行结构是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.例如:No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.例如:1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.。