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Lesson 5修辞与结构

Lesson 5修辞与结构
Lesson 5修辞与结构

Structural Analysis

●Part I: a piece of narration

●Background of the speech

Part II. the speech proper

●an argument or persuasion

●Section 1: The Nazi regime… horrors upon mankind…

●Scenario on both sides of the border.

●To arouse emotion.

●Section 2: I have to declare the…in determination and in resources.

●What we should do.

●Section 3: This is no time…life and power remain.

●Further persuasion, to convince the audience of the justification of the decision.

Rhetoric

●Simile: a comparison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common.

●tenor: the subject of the comparison

●Vehicle: the image of which this idea is conveyed

●The vehicle is almost always introduced by the word "like" or "as".

●The bus (tenor) went as slowly similarity as a snail (vehicle).

●The water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephant's skin.

●Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall.

●The essential form of a metaphor is X is Y, and all forms of metaphor can be condensed

into this form.

●The ship ploughed the sea.

●Ship (X --- tenor) is plough (Y ---vehicle)

tenor:隐喻所指的词、短语或对象,如生命在

“Life's but a walking shadow”(Shakespeare)“生命不过是一个行走的影子”(莎士比亚) Vehicle:比喻词、形象词:具体的或特定的词或短语,用于某个比喻要旨并且给予该比喻形象力,如walking shadow(行走的阴影)节自

“Life's but a walking shadow”(Shakespeare)“生活不过是一个行走的阴影”(莎士比亚)

●Metaphor:

●They will be rounded up in hordes.

●I see Russian soldiers standing on the threshold...

●Means of existence is wrung from the soil...

●cataract of horrors

●rid the earth of his shadow...liberate people from his yoke

●The scene will be clear for the final act.

Alliteration:

●dull, drilled, docile...

●for his hearth and home

●with its clanking, heel-clicking...

Assonance: the use of the same or related, vowel sounds in successive words

●clanking, heel-clicking,…

●cowing and tying ...plodding on like crawling locusts, ...smarting from many a British

whipping...

●easier and safer prey

●Repetition:

●We have but one aim and one single purpose

●nothing will turn us---nothing

●We will never parley, we will never negotiate...

●This is our policy and this is our declaration

●as we shall faithfully and steadfastly

●Parallelism:

●The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies...

●I see,...I see...

●the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector

●We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air

●Any man or state... Any man or state...

●Let us... Let us...

●Noun phrases:

●I had not the slightest doubt where ...

●With great rapidity and violence

●Periodic sentences:

●When I awoke on...invasion of Russia.

●If Hitler imagines that... woefully mistaken.

1. Loose sentence:(松散句) main idea is presented at the beginning and the elements of the sentences are placed in a natural order like this: subject-verb-complement. The information is orderly presentation. It is often simpler, natural, and direct.E.g. my roommate told me to buy a ticket for him when I went to train station yesterday.

2. Periodic sentence:(圆周句)Main idea is presented at the end. You can’t understand the writer until you read thoroughly. Such sentence can emphasize the element placed at the beginning. It is more complex, emphatic, formal or literary. E.g. having considered both sides of the argument, I have come to the conclusion that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages.

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that you may take a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink.

Periodic Sentence

圆周句,也称“掉尾句”或“尾重句”,它是英语中末端中心(end focus)或句尾重心(end weight)原则的应用。它的特点是,主要信息或实质部分(如复合句的主句或主句的主要成分置于句尾,形成整句的高潮,从而达到突出该部分内容的目的。圆周句属于一种修辞强调句。因此,圆周句具有制造悬念、吸引读者注意力,强调主旨,给人以深刻印象的修辞作用。例如:

But if life hardly seems worth living, if liberty is used for subhuman purposes, if the pursuers of happiness know nothing about the nature of their quarry or the elementary techniques of hunting, these constitutional rights will not be very meaningful.(黄任 2005)

作者用三个if引导的从句引出主句,逐渐达到整句的高潮,从而使主句信息得到强调。

Having passed the house everyday for two years, and knowing that the man was a cripple, I could not believe what the next-door neighbor told me.(谢祖钧 2002)

这个句子,如果在two years或cripple之后停顿,语义和语法结构就都不完整。必须到句末,句子意思才清晰,才知道说话人要说的是什么。收到了引人入胜,信息突出的修辞效果。

Just before I went away to college, my father took me aside, as I had expected, and said, as I had not expected, “ now, son, if a strange woman comes up to you on a street corner and offers to take your watch around corner and have it engraved(雕刻), don’t do it.”

这个长句是一个圆周句,一直要读到最后的句号才能明白全句的意思,而其中父亲对儿子说的话也是一个圆周句,只有听他讲到”don’t do it”才明白他要说什么。

注:圆周句比较复杂、着重、正式和文雅。

Loose Sentence

松散句也称“松弛句”或“迟缓句”,它与圆周句恰恰相反,是把主要信息或实质部分首先提出来,随后附加修饰语或补充细节。松散句具有自然、轻松、随意、质朴、流畅的修辞效果。例如:

Sept.11 delivered both a shock and a surprise---the attack, and our response to

it---and we can argue forever over which mattered more.(吕煦2004)此句的主要信息在第一句,随后的两个名词(短语)和一个句子是第一句内容的补充。读者即使在它们各自之间停顿,其语义和语法结构都有相对的完整性,语句自然而又流畅。

He was an inch, perhaps two, under six feet, powerfully built, and he advanced straight at you with a slight stoop of the shoulders, head forward, and a fixed from under stare which made you think of a charging bull. His voice was deep, loud, and his manner displayed a kind of dogged self-assertion which had nothing aggressive in it. It seemed a necessity, and it was directed apparently as much of himself as of anybody else. He was spotlessly neat, appareled in immaculate white from shoes to

hat, and in the various Eastern parts where he got his living as ship-chandler’s

water-clerk he was very popular.(黄任2005)

这是英国作家Joseph Conrad的小说Lord Jim的开头一段.作者使用了一连串松散句,把他的故事以轻松自如的口气随意道来,直到最后一句的后半部,即从and开始作者才改变句子结构,以倒装的圆周句的形式使“he was very popular”得到强调。

注:并列句是一种松散句,它的分句各自表达比较完整的意思,并且前后次序常常可以颠倒。主句在前、从句在后的复合句也是一种松散句,因为一般说来主句表示的是整句意思的主体部分,而从句是表示次要部分,如补充、修饰等。松散句比较明白、简单、自然和直接。

life peer终身贵族...life peer ess终身女贵族

Dominion : Often Dominion One of the self-governing nations within the British Commonwealth. 常作Dominion 英联邦自治领域

hussar [?◆????]n.轻骑兵

admiralty [ ??????●??]n.海军上将职位, 舰队司令职位n. (英国)海军部

?1953: Queen Elizabeth II conferred on Churchill the dignity of Knighthood and

invested him with the insignia of the Order of the Garter

Knighthood

knighthood [ ???????]n.骑士(或爵士)的地位、身份

insignia [?????????]n.勋章, 徽章

cerebral thrombosis [ ??????◆???]n.血栓症

cerebral [简明英汉词典]

[5seribrEl]

adj.脑的,脑血栓

Mr. Wen Response to Stuents’ complaints

MR. Wen feel furious in these days for your complaints.

Last period, you hurl your complaints on me. I’m trying to explore why. After 2 day’s ponderation, I think I’ve found the root cause for your complains.

All in All, You’re passionate, but not considerate. You are self-centred, even a bit self-arrogant.You aren’t used to ask why when you encounter problems. You should bear in mind that there are always some reasons for some unusual things. As a single child in your family, you are good at finding other’s trivial faults, but ignore your own obvious shortcomings. You ask too much for others, that’s why so many beautiful young ladies can’t find their ideal lover in a series of good match program in famous Jiangsu TV program---named as Feichengwurao非诚无扰。You haven’t learn how to tolerate other’s faults.

You even don’t know how to exchange your ideas with others. To tell you the truth, your rude behaviour /remarks really shocked me and irritated me. You may feel pulzzed why Mr. Wen didn’t fly into a rage, some of you think that it’s a miracle, and they feel curious about it and want to know why. After this incident, you must get to know that I’m a man of vitue. I Have enough patitence for my students. Above all, I should emphasize that I am an experienced teacher. I am good at asking why. I am good at taking all the factors into full consideration, I have learned not to make decisions in haste. Although it’s a bit humiliated thing for me at that short moment, I sacrifice my dignity but I gain your respect from your innner heart. If I burst into anger to scold you in louder vioce, everything will go to the contrary.

There are 3 major guiding principles for the education of 21st century:

Firsty, let the students learn how to learn effectively; Second, let the students learn how to be a good man, in another word, learn how to behave properly, how to communicate with others and so on; Thirdly, let the students learn how to live a happy life.

I will analyze them one by one.

The First complaint is related to new words. As one student complained that Mr. Wen explained some “new words” are already familiar to them, and for some other new words, Mr. Wen didn’t explain nothing.

The Second Complaint is relevant to teaching methods. They complain that I didn’t introduce western culture and

The third Complaint is relevant to learning effects. One student complained that It seems that they

learn little from Mr. Wen’s class. You They redouble their efforts but gain half progress as their anticepated.

英语作文范文-英语写作中的修辞

英语作文范文 英语写作中的修辞 学英语写作中的修辞 修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段,而且运用得好,会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。因此,掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。对于大学英语写作来说,主要应该掌握以下修辞手段,又称语句辞格,包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格,转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。 1。对比 正反对比就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思,因此恰当地运用反义词语往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况,就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句,实现语句的亮点。 1)如“很多人很快就会发现,他们在物质上是富裕了,精神上却很贫乏”,可以这样达: Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit.

(注:句中rich in 与 ragged in, goods 与 spirit 具有正反对比的关系和效果。) 2)如“利远远大于弊”,可以这样表达: The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages. (注:句中 the advantages 与 the disadvantages 具有正反对比的关系和效果。) 3)如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理,但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”,可以这样表达: They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements, but have ignored a more important fact. (注:句中have noticed 与 have ignored, a grain of truth in the statements 与 a more important fact 具有正反对比的关系和效果。) 4)如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”,可以这样表达: It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing. (注:句中negative 与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果) 5)如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友,又有与我们很为不同的朋友”,可以这样表达: We have friends similar to us and friends different from us. (注:句中similar to 与 different from具有正反对比的

现代汉语语法

层次分析法,又称“直接成分分析法”,是对句法单位(包括短语和句子)的直接成分进行结构层次分析的方法。由于切分过程中尽可能采用二分,所以层次分析法又称作“二分法”。 1、基本分析原则 语法从表面上看是线性排列的符号序列。线性排列是指按照时间先后顺序说出或写出的形式。但是语法结构却是有层次性的,层次是指句法单位在组合时所反映出来的不同的先后顺序。 表层的线性关系背后暗含着隐性的层次关系。小的语法单位是大语法单位的组成部分,大的语法单位是由小的语法单位组合而成的,本身又可以成为更大语法单位的组成部分。 语法结构的每个层次一般直接包含比它小的两个语法单位,这两个小的语法单位就是直接成分。每一个直接成分又可以包含更小的直接成分。 例如: 我们进行社会调查 |主||____谓_______| |_述 | 宾____ | |_定)中 | 层次分析法就是逐层将一个句法单位(联合短语等由多个直接成分组成的短语除外)切分成两个直接成分,直到不能再切分为止的句子分析方法。 2、分析过程 层次分析法的分析过程主要包括两个步骤:第一步是切分结构层次,第二步是确定结构关系。 例如: 他去年去了一趟美国。 |__||___________________| 主谓关系 |___||______________| 状中关系 |________| |__| 述宾关系 |_| |___| 述补关系

切分过程中应注意: ①第一步切分非常重要,第一步切分不当,后面便容易全都切错。 ②必须逐层切分,直至分析出每个实词,语素不需要切分。 ③为避免切分过程中的遗漏,一般采用从左到右、从上到下、逐块切分的分析步骤。 3、层次分析法的图解表示 层次分析法中常用的图解表示法是切分法、组合法和树形图。 ①切分法 切分法是最常用的方法,将所要分析的短语或句子作为一个整体,从大到小,逐层切分。 例如: 申奥成功有助于中国的改革与开放。 |_ 主 __| |______ 谓 ________________| |主| |谓| |_述_ |______ 宾___________| |__ 定_)_ 中 _______| | 联 + 合 | ②组合法 组合法是把所要分析的短语或句子切分到单词,然后从小到大,依次组合起来。例如: 他弟弟在北京念大学 |_定中_| |_介宾_| |_述宾_| | |____状中____| |_____主谓______| ③树形图

高英修辞总结

一.词语修辞格 (1) simile 明喻 它根据人们的联想,利用不同事物之间的相似点,借助比喻词(如like,as等)起连接作用,清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物 I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils )我像一朵浮云独自漫游。They are as like as two peas. 他们两个长得一模一样。 His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。 ① “Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“C an I have these old quilts?” ② Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ③ My skin is like an uncooked(未煮过的)barley pancake. ④ The oratorial(雄辩的)storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind though the schools… ⑤ I see also the dull(迟钝的), drilled(训练有素的), docile(易驯服的), brutish(粗野的)masses of the Hun soldiery plodding(沉重缓慢地走)on like a swarm(群)of crawling locusts(蝗虫). (1)metaphor 暗喻 暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。 All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演员. ( William Shakespeare )整个世界是座舞台,男男女女,演员而已。 Education is not the filling of a pail桶, but the lighting of a fire. ( William B. Yeats )教育不是注满一桶水,而是点燃一把火。 ① It is a vast(巨大的), sombre(忧郁的)cavern(洞穴)of a room,… ② Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ③ main artery(干线)of transportation in the young nation's heart ④ The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind. ⑤ Her voice was a whiplash(鞭绳). ⑥ We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke(枷锁). (2)metonymy 借代,转喻 用一事物的名称来代替另一事物,当然这一事物与另一事物是有关联的。 The White House has denied the report that more troops will be sent to Iraq. He lives by the pen. (=writing). 他以写作为生。 He is too fond of the bottle (=drinking). 他太贪杯了。 ① The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's" ② ...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe(镐) (3)synecdoche 提喻 以部分指代整体

高考英语作文常用修辞手法

高考英语作文常用修辞手法 高考英语作文常用修辞手法 文章最忌语言枯燥无味,一篇好的作文,语言应该生动形象。而恰当 地运用修辞手法,可以使文字新鲜活泼、具体逼真,大大增强艺术表 现力,扩大语言表达的范围;而且还可以激发读者的想象,给人留下 深刻的印象。下面介绍一些英语作文中常用的修辞手法。 1 比喻(etaphr) 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻: 明喻(siile): 用lie, as, asas, as if(thugh) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如: lve’s lie a red, red rse 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The an an’t be trusted He is as slipper as an eel 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He uped as if he had been stung他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 hildhd is lie a siftl passing drea 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 暗喻(etaphr): 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如: He has a heart f stne 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The rld is a stage 世界是一个大舞台。 2 换喻(etn)

用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称,只要一提到其中一种事物,就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the hite Huse 代替美国政府或者总统,用the bttle来代替ine 或者alhl,用the bar 来代替the legal prfessin,用rn代替ing等。例如: His purse uld nt all hi that luxur 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种 奢华。 The ther did her best t tae are f the radle 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He sueeded t the rn in 1848 他在1848年继承了王位。 3 提喻(snedhe) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分,以特殊代表一般或者用 一般代表特殊。例如: He earns his bread b riting 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The fars ere shrt f hands during the harvest seasn 在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat anada at riet 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿 大队。 He is the Netn f this entur 他是这个世纪的牛顿。 4 拟人(persnifiatin) 把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。例如: heart as singing 我的心在歌唱。 This tie fate as siling t hi 这一次命运朝他微笑了。

《法语语言学与符号学理论》教学大纲

《法语语言学与符号学理论》教案大纲 一、引论 1.定义:符号学是研究符号及其体系的学科; 2.索绪尔的定义、皮尔斯的定义、巴特的定义; 3.符号学的研究内容:非语言交际手段、社会交际方式、文学与艺术符号; 4.其他符号学:动物交际符号、机械控制符号、生物交流符号、医学病症学; 二、语言学的贡献 1.语言学研究简况 2.索绪尔结构语言学 3.马丁内的二重分节 4.特尼埃的结构句法 5.纪尧姆和鲍梯埃的语言描述 6.哈里斯的分布语法和转换语法 7.乔姆斯基的生成语法 8.结构主义的主要概念 三、符号学理论 1.符号学的基本概念与理论 1)吉罗的符号学 2)莫南的符号学 3)雅-马丁内的符号学 4)巴特的《符号学原理》 2.符号学的研究领域 1)哲学 2)历史学 3)社会学 4)人类学5)心理学 6)文化 7)语言 8)文学艺术等; 9)逻辑符号集、社会符号集、美学符号集; 3.文学与艺术符号 1)小说 2)诗歌 3)戏剧 4)电影 5)广告 6)美术等;

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排比 英文中有时也使用排比句式,这种句式整齐而有气势,又不会使人感到单调。例如,如“读书使我们聪明,锻炼使我们强健”,可以这样表达: Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong. 3.重复英文一般讲求简洁,因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等。 1)如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”,可以这样表达: Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.(注:此句为句首重复,重复部分为句首的now it the time to) 2)如“我们渴望成功,而且正在为成功而努力工作”,可以这样表达: We long for success and we are working hard for success.(注:此句为句尾重复,重复的部分为句尾的for success.) 3)如“我相信我们能够成功,我相信我们也一定会成功”,可以这样表达: I am convinced that we can succeed,and Iam convinced that we must succeed.(注:and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复,重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed)

《现代汉语》句法结构资料讲解

浅析现代汉语语法中句法结构的分类类型 摘要:现代汉语的语法中,词和词相搭配构成短语和句子,在这个过程中所形成的结构就是句法结构。句法结构是构成句子的基本要素和框架,也是现代汉语在交流过程中的基本原则。对句法结构的分析是现代汉语构词成句固定性的要求。本文通过对相关例子的枚举和分析,浅要探析现代汉语语法中句法结构的主要类型。 关键词:现代汉语语法句法结构搭配分类 词与词组合构成句法结构.句法结构可以是词组也可以独立成句。从内部组合的方式看句法结构的基本类型有:主谓、动宾、偏正、补充、联合五种。这五种类型体现了汉语的基本语法关系。我们把它们叫作基本句法结构。分别称为主谓结构、动宾结构、偏正结构、补充结构和联合结构。 一.基本句法结构的分类 1主谓结构 主谓结构是指结构内部两个成分之间有陈述和被陈述关系.例如:“鲜花盛开”中鲜花为主语,盛开为谓语,两个词之前呈现陈述与被陈述的关系。 与之类似的还有:身体好,今天晴天,门开了,窗台上放着一盆鲜花,等。 2动宾结构 结构内部两个成分之间有支配与被支配关系.例如:“上车”中动词“上”支配名词“车”,新城动宾结构。 因此,“去北京”“是老师”“买一本”“写钢笔”“站着一个人”等结构都属于动宾结构。3偏正结构 偏正结构是指结构内部两个成分之间有修饰和被修饰的关系.例如:“帅哥”中形容词“帅”修饰名词“哥”,两个成分构成偏正结构。与之属于同类的还有“高尚的情操”“崇高理想”“南国风光”“春天般的温暖”“他的到来”等。 以上所叙述的是偏正结构中"定语+中心语"(即为"定中关系")。除此之外偏正结构中还有一种情况,例如:“都去”“很好”“应该去”“认真学习”“严格地训练”“慢慢地走”,这些属于是"状语+中心语"(即"状中关系")。 4补充结构 结构内部两个成分之间有补充与被补充的关系.例如: “打扫干净”“好极了”“走出来”“跑了两趟”“好得很”“听得清楚”等,以补语补充中心语(动词、形容词)的形式出现。 5联合结构 结构内部有两个或两个以上的成分它们之间有并列或选择关系.例如: “语言文学”“准确鲜明生动”“谦虚谨慎”“研究决定”“少而精”“讨论并通过”“内容和形式”“今天或明天”中,前后几个成分的关系是相对单独并列或选择的,所以称为联合式结构。 二.特殊句法结构分类。 除了上述五种基本句法结构以外,汉语中还有同位、连动、兼语、紧缩等特殊形式结构的存在。 1.同位结构 结构内部两个成分从不同的角度复指同一个人或事物,例如: “首都北京”中“首都”从功能和象征意义上、“北京”从名称上指代同一座城市,因此构成同位结构。与此相类似的还有:“英雄城南昌”“革命摇篮井冈山”“他们俩”“你自己”等。

从句法结构的关系意义出发解析

划分句子成分 从句法结构的关系意义出发,对句子作成分功能或作用分析的方法叫句子成分分析法,即用各种方法标出基本成分(主语、谓语、宾语)和次要成分(状语、补语)。 句子成分有六种——主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。 汉语句子成分口诀: 主谓宾、定状补,主干枝叶分清楚。 定语必居主宾前,谓前为状谓后补。 状语有时位主前,逗号分开心有数。 一、主语多表示人或事物,是句子里被陈述的对象,在句首能回答“谁”或者“什么”等问题。可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。例如: (1)今天晚上特别冷。 (2)明天这个时候,我们‖就可以走出戈壁滩了。 以动作、性状或事情做陈述的对象的主语句。例如: (1)笑是具有多重意义的语言。 (2)公正廉洁是公职人员行为的准则。 二、谓语是用来陈述主语的,能回答主语“怎么样”或“是什么”等问题。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。 (1)动词性词语经常做谓语。例如: 他只答应了一声。 南海一中留下许多人的梦。 我最近去了一趟北京。 (2)形容词性词语也经常做谓语。例如: 太阳热烘烘的。 人参这种植物,娇嫩极了。 说话要简洁些。 (3)主谓短语做谓语。例如: 这件事大家都赞成。 任何困难‖她都能克服。 大家的事情大家办。 (4)名词性词语做谓语。这种情况很少见,有一定的条件限制。可参考文言文中的判断句。例如: 鲁迅浙江绍兴人。

明天教师节。 她大眼睛,红脸蛋。 三、宾语往往表示动作支配的对象,并且总是处在动词的后头。可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。 (1)名词性宾语。例如: 玫瑰花我给你们俩十朵,给你紫红的,给她粉红的。 (2)谓词性宾语。例如: 最有效的防御手段是进攻。 谁说女子不如男? 早上一起床,大家发现风停了,浪也静了。 四、定语是名词性词语的修饰成分。可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。 (1)描写性定语,多由形容词性成分充当。例如: 弯弯曲曲的小河。青春气息。风平浪静的港湾。 (2)限制性定语:给事物分类或划定范围,使语言更加准确严密。例如: 晓风残月中的长城。野生动物。古城大理的湖光山色。 (3)助词“的”:定语和中心语的组合,有的必须加“的”,有的不能加“的”,有的可加可不加。 单音节形容词作定语,通常不加“的”,例如:红花、绿叶、新学校、好主意等。 双音节形容词作定语,常常加上“的”,特别是用描写状态的词,例如:晴朗的天、优良的传统、动听的歌声、粉红的脸等。 五、状语状语是动词性、形容词性词语的修饰成分。可以由副词、短语以及从句来担任。 (1)描写性状语:主要修饰谓词性成分,有的是描写动作状态,有些是限制或描写人物情态。例如: 他突然出现在大家面前。小李很高兴地对我说。 (2)限制性状语:主要表示时间、处所、程度、否定、方式、手段、目的、范围、对象、数量、语气等。例如: 午后,天很闷,风很小。白跑一趟。她的身上净是水。 (3)助词“地”:助词“地”是状语的标志。状语后面加不加“地”的情况很复杂。单音节副词做状语,一定不加,有些双音节副词加不加“地”均可,例如“非常热︰非常地热”。形容词里,单音节形容词做状语比较少,大都也不能加“地”,例如“快跑、苦练、大干”。多音节形容词有相当一部分加不加都可以,例如“热烈讨论︰热烈地讨论/仔细看了半天︰仔细地看了半天”

英语写作常用修辞手法

英语写作常用修辞手法 英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下: 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.

II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap. 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物. 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart.

德语陈述句句法结构解析1

Modern Linguistics 现代语言学, 2015, 3, 46-55 Published Online May 2015 in Hans. https://www.doczj.com/doc/fd5585075.html,/journal/ml https://www.doczj.com/doc/fd5585075.html,/10.12677/ml.2015.32006 The Syntactic Structure of German Declarative Sentences1 Chien-Chun Lin Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Email: chienchunlintw@https://www.doczj.com/doc/fd5585075.html, Received: Jan. 18th, 2015; accepted: Feb. 4th, 2015; published: May 12th, 2015 Copyright ? 2015 by author and Hans Publishers Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). https://www.doczj.com/doc/fd5585075.html,/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Languages play a vital role in communication and the exchange of ideas among people. A primary aim of learning a foreign language and being proficient in it is to be able to understand and ex-plore another country’s culture, history, society and so on. The German language belongs to the Indo-European languages. As an important European language, German is the closest one to Eng-lish. The major difference between the two is the higher complexity of German grammar which comprises a vaster set of rules. In contrast to the current German grammar references und specia-lized literature of German linguistics, this paper focuses on the deconstruction and analysis of declarative sentences to find the regulations followed in the arrangement of their syntactic struc-ture. Furthermore, this paper also depicts the flexibility of German syntax which allows for wider possibilities in sentence structure, and the nuances of this phenomenon in both spoken and writ-ten discourse. All of this will acquaint learners with the complexity of German syntax, in hopes of providing a tool that will guide them to use this language more accurately and freely. Keywords German Grammar, German Syntax, German Didactics, Linguistics 德语陈述句句法结构解析1 林倩君 台湾大学外国语文学系,台北,台湾 1本论文的成果来自笔者在德国留学期间对德语语言学相关领域研习的积累和后来于德语教学实践中的探索和经验。在此要特别感谢德国海德堡大学德文系Friedrich Strack教授对相关语言现象之议题的指教和富有成效的讨论。

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