第2讲冠词和介词
[全国卷考情分析]
考点一不定冠词
[先试做题组]
单句语法填空
1．(2019·石家庄质量检测一)According to William Hanson, an expert in ceremony，there's a very good reason for this and it has nothing to do with fashion，
but rather a royal tradition that dates back to the sixteenth century.
2．(2019·成都诊断)I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2016.It is so attractive that I decided to go there for a second time next year.
3．(2019·嘉兴测试)Later, her role as Queen Amidala in Star Wars made her an international superstar.
4．(2019·太原二模)Then he opened one of his bags and gave me a handful of freshly picked cherries，explaining that he had just taken them from his orchard.
[再解读要点]
不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。
1．不定冠词的基本用法
(1)用作可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。
It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。
(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。
—Excuse me，would you please give the iPad to John?
——打扰一下，请你把这个iPad给约翰好吗？
—Sorry，but I don't think there's a John in our class.
——对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。
(3)用在“be＋of＋a/an＋名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于of the same＋名词。
The two plants look different，but they are of a kind (＝of the same kind)．
这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。
2．不定冠词的活用
(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。
First impressions are the most lasting.After all，you never get a second chance to make a first impression.
最初的印象最持久。毕竟，你不可能有机会给别人再留下一个第一印象。
(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，pity，danger，comfort，honour等。
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of...时，前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a (good) knowledge of...“精通……”；have a (clear/good) understanding of...“了解……”。
If you don't have a good knowledge of English，it's out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.
如果你不精通英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！
3．用于固定搭配中
all of a sudden突然地as a matter of fact事实上
be/go on a diet节食pay a visit to参观；拜访
make a fool of 愚弄in a hurry匆忙地
make a living谋生 a waste of...浪费
once in a while偶尔keep an eye on 留意；留神
give sb.a lift让某人搭便车
at a loss不知所措；困惑
have a gift for在……方面有天赋
have a word with与……谈话
in a way从某种意义上说
as a result/consequence 因此
考点二定冠词
[先试做题组]
单句语法填空
1．(2019·合肥检测)Chinese brush call igraphy or “shufa” in Chinese is one of the most important art forms in China.
2．(2019·武汉高三调考)After taking a boat from the mainland，I arrived at the island province of Hainan.
3．(2019·赣中南五校一模)He plays the violin but gives lessons on the piano.
[再解读要点]
1．定冠词的基本用法
(1)指双方都知道的人或物，或特指的人或物的名词前。
I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。
(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。
We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.
我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。
(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级以及形容词only，very，same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。
As is known to all，the People's Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
This book is the better one of the two.
这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。
(4)用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前；乐器前；世纪年代前。例如：the sun；in the 21st century。
(5)“the＋姓氏复数”表示“一家人”
The Smiths are coming to dinner.
史密斯一家要来赴宴。
[易错提示]a与most连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最……的”。
(6)用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词(day/hour/dozen等)”结构中，表示“按……计算”。但size，weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。
He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore，that is，by the kilogram.
他惊奇地发现在这家书店书是按重量来卖，也就是说是按公斤来卖的。
(7)用于“动词(hit，strike，pull，take等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋表示身体部位的名词”结构中，其中的the不可用物主代词代替。
hit sb.on the head 打某人的头
pull/take sb.by the hand拉/抓住某人的手
strike sb.in the face打某人的脸
2．用于固定搭配中
at the moment 此刻，目前
by the way顺便说一下
in the way 阻碍；挡路
in the distance在远处
not in the least 一点也不
on the contrary与此相反
the other day 几天之前
on the other hand另一方面
to the point中肯；切题
take the place of 代替
go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧
in the habit of有……的习惯
make the most/best of 充分利用
to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话
for the time being 暂时
考点三零冠词
[先试做题组]
完成句子
1．(2019·邯郸联考)At_first(起初), I decided to eat less in order to lose the weight.
2．(2019·新疆第二次检测)Who is in_charge/control_of(主管) the United Nations?
3．(2019·石家庄检测一)In_fact/practice/reality(实际上)，this happens in many places of interest.I have some suggestions to solve this problem.
[再解读要点]
1．零冠词的基本用法
(1)用于不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前。
Human life is regarded as part of nature and，therefore，the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.
人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。
The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。
(2)名词前已有this，that，my，your，some，each，no，any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词。
Each student must hand in his(her) exercise book by the end of this week.
每个学生必须在本周末交作业本。
(3) 表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补语时，其前通常用零冠词。
Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说，“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
(4)用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词，及球类、棋类和学科名词前。
Of all the subjects，I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.
在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解许多过去的有益的知识。
(5)表示泛指的复数名词前。
Bricks can be used to build houses.
砖可以用来建房子。
2．用于固定搭配中
on/catch fire着火mistake错误地
by chance/accident碰巧in history在历史上
under repair 在维修中
hand in hand 手拉手 do harm to 对……有害
on purpose 故意地 in place 在正确位置
in danger 在危险中 in return 作为回报
at present 目前 ahead of time 提前
in advance 提前 lose heart 灰心
out of control 失控 at dawn/dusk/night
在黎明/黄昏/夜晚 make room for
为……让出空间
3．有无冠词意义不同的搭配 ???at table 在吃饭at the table 在桌子旁 ???in hospital 住院in the hospital 在医院里
???at school 在上学at the school 在学校 ?
??in charge of 掌管in the charge of 在……掌管之中 ?
??out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能
考点四 常考介词的用法
[先试做题组]
单句语法填空
1．(2019·武汉高三调考)Flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea, the Yangtze is a natural division between north and south.
2．(2019·河南八市质检)Ocean currents changed with the climate and probably led the fish into different areas.
3．(2019·豫南九校质量考评)My parents and teachers were surprised at my bad performance.
[再解读要点]
1．表示时间的介词
简很着急，因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。
In Britain，it's not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.在英国，早餐时间开商务会议并不稀奇。
[易错提示](1)当时间名词前有this，that，last，next，every，each等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。
(2)“on/upon＋名词或动名词”结构可以表示“一……就……”。
2．表示方位的介词
到小溪。
The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.阳光透过天窗，照亮了整个房间。
3．表示方式的介词
表示使用的工具、手段、材料时，with，by，in，on都意为“用”。with多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官；by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具；in指使用某种语言、笔墨等；on 多用于固定词组中。
by train乘火车；on the radio通过收音机；on TV通过电视；with a pencil用铅笔
4．表示“除……之外”的介词(短语)
Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外，这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。
[易错提示](1)but常用于nobody，none，no one，nothing，anything，everyone，all 之后。接不定式时，如果前有实义动词do，则不定式中的to省略。
(2)besides还可作副词，意为“另外，而且”，在句中常作插入语。
5．表示原因的介词(短语)
for，because of，due to，thanks to，owing to，on account of，as a result of The open-air celebration has been put off because of the bad weather.
因为天气不好，这次户外庆祝会被推迟了。
Owing to bad weather，the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.
由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。
[易错提示]上述短语都可作状语，due to还可作表语。thanks to 表示“多亏，幸亏”，多位于句首。
6．其他常考的介词
她在转弯处开得如此快，以至于车差点偏离公路。
Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged.任何司机如被发现饮酒超限都会被指控。
考点五常考介词短语及搭配
[先试做题组]
单句语法填空
1．(2019·昆明质检)A lack of water can lead to health problems such as headaches, poor physical performance, and even more serious problems.
2．(2019·湖北高三质检)The theory of kung fu is based on/upon classical Chinese philosophy(哲学)．
3．(2019·正定月考)Sichuan is home to pandas, also the starting point of the Southern Silk Road.
[再解读要点]
高考中的语法填空和短文改错将更加注重对介词短语及搭配的考查，介词与名词、形容词与介词、动词与介词形式的搭配是高考考查的难点。常考介词短语及固定搭配有：
1．与名词的搭配
at a time每次，一次at a loss 困惑，不知所措
at first sight乍一看at table在吃饭
by mistake错误地by the way顺便说
in charge主管，看管in return作为回报
in turn依次，转而in shape健康状况良好
in trouble 处于困境中on purpose故意地
on holiday在度假in time及时，迟早
on time准时on average 平均
in place of代替in addition to 除了
by hand 手工on the contrary相反地
on account of 由于on behalf of 代表
approach to ……的方法visit to 到……的访问
for the sake of为了by means of 借助
reason for ……的原因(a) lack of ……的缺乏
2．与动词的搭配
answer for 对……负责apply for申请
call at 拜访(地点) refer to 谈到；涉及；查阅
result from 由于suffer from遭受
approve of赞成complain of 抱怨
consist of 由……组成dream of 梦到
think of 想起；考虑到call on 拜访(某人) depend/rely on 依靠result in/lead to导致belong to 属于date from/back to 追溯到protect...from 保护……不受伤害
succeed in 在……方面成功
keep/prevent/stop sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做……
3．与形容词的搭配
be aware of 意识到be proud of 以……为荣
be tired of厌倦be angry with sb.对……生气be eager for 渴望be absent from 缺席
be ashamed of对……感到羞耻
be sure of 对……有信心；确信
be familiar with sth.熟悉……
be familiar to sb.为……所熟悉
be patient with 对……有耐心
be pleased/satisfied with 对……满意
be popular with sb.受……欢迎
be strict with sb.对……严格
be addicted to 对……上瘾；沉溺于
be available to 对……可用；可供……使用
be beneficial to 对……有益处
be devoted to 致力于，献身于
be similar to 与……相似
be confident in 对……有信心
be anxious about/for 忧虑，担心
be crazy about 热衷；着迷
be curious about 对……好奇
be particular about 挑剔
be suitable for/to适合于
4．其他搭配
far from 远非once in a while 偶尔
after all 毕竟，终究in spite of 尽管；虽然
up to 达到；由……决定
ahead of (时间，空间)在……前面；领先
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder.
2．Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in 1445.
3．Although they may not find a new best friend, they will learn how to interact and work as a team, something that they'll find useful later in life.
4．Our local Community Youth Club is very popular with young people in my town. I have been a member for four years now.
5．Now years later, this river is one of the most outstanding examples of environmental clean-up.
6．She contributed more than any other scientist to solving the structure of DNA.
7．Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 above average.
8．In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with their hands.
9．This meeting room is a nonsmoking area. I would like to warn you in advance that if you smoked here you would be fined.
10．Have you ever heard of the trees that are home to animals both on land and sea?
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2019·山西八校联考)The Great Wall was grand，a little rainy at first，but grand all the same.The mist covered the far ends of the wall，1.________(give) it an almost mysterious feeling.The fog rolled in and out of the high mountains，revealing new parts of the wall as 2.________(quick) as it covered them.I kept on walking，seeing watchtower after watchtower 3.________my way.To my 4.________(relieve)，many people had decided today was not the best day 5.________(climb) the wall，and I was there with very few people.I walked for 6.________ seemed like miles.Then I saw just how long the wall I was standing on stretched for.
It was 7.________(end)! I walked and walked，but after every hill I climbed，there was another long stretch of wall.I eventually came to 8.________ long https://www.doczj.com/doc/fd18229401.html,ter I found out that it 9.________(call)“Chairman Mao's Challenge”．I accepted，and after climbing the hundred plus stairs to the peak，I had to admit that the Great Wall truly lives up to its reputation.So if I 10.________(have) another chance to travel to China，I would never hesitate to visit the Great Wall again.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。长城举世闻名，是中国文化的一张名片。本文讲述了作者登临长城的所见所感。
1．giving[句意：水汽弥漫了长城的远端，赋予它一种近乎神秘的感觉。give与其逻辑主语“The mist”之间为主谓关系，故应用其现在分词形式在句中作结果状语。]
2．quickly[句意：云雾在高山上翻腾起伏，长城时隐时现。此处为“as ＋形容词/副词＋as...”结构，在本句中应用副词修饰动词。]
3．on/along[句意：我继续行走，沿途看见一个接一个的烽火台。on/along one's way“沿途”。]
4．relief[“to one's＋表示情感的名词”是固定用法，意为“令某人……的是”。relieve的名词是relief，意为“轻松，解脱，宽慰”。]
5．to climb[当名词前有the only，the best，the first，the last等修饰语时，其后常跟动词不定式作后置定语。]
6．what[句意：我似乎步行了数英里。分析句子结构可知，空格处在句中引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主语，故填what。]
7．endless[句意：长城是无边无际的。根据句意及句子结构可知，此处应用形容词作表语，故填endless“无止境的，无限的”。]
8．a[句意：我最终来到一个长长的楼梯前。staircase意为“楼梯”时是可数名词，且其前无限定词修饰，故应用不定冠词a表示泛指。]
9．was called[it(指代a long staircase)与call之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。再结合本文的基本时态为一般过去时可知，此处也应用一般过去时。] 10．had[句意：因此如果我再有机会去中国旅行的话，我一定会毫不犹豫再去参观长城的。根据语境可知，此处表示对与将来事实相反的情况的假设，故应填had。]