Cloud computing and emerging IT platforms Vision hype and reality for delivering computing as the 5t

一：云计算概述1、云计算简介云计算（cloud computing）是基于互联网的相关服务的增加、使用和交付模式，通常涉及通过互联网来提供动态易扩展且经常是虚拟化的资源。

云是网络、互联网的一种比喻说法。

过去在图中往往用云来表示电信网，后来也用来表示互联网和底层基础设施的抽象。

狭义云计算指IT基础设施的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需资源；广义云计算指服务的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需服务。

这种服务可以是IT和软件、互联网相关，也可是其他服务。

它意味着计算能力也可作为一种商品通过互联网进行流通。

2、云计算的定义云计算(Cloud Computing) 是一种新近提出的计算模式。

维基百科给云算下的定义：云计算将IT 相关的能力以服务的方式提供给用户，允许用户在不了解提供服务的技术、没有相关知识以及设备操作能力的情况下，通过Internet获取需要服务。

中国云计算网将云定义为：云计算是分布式计算（Distributed Computing ）、并行计算（Parallel Computing）和网格计算（Grid Computing）的发展，或者说是这些科学概念的商业实现。

Forrester Research 的分析师James Staten 定义云为:“云计算是一个具备高度扩展性和管理性并能够胜任终端用户应用软件计算基础架构的系统池”。

虽然目前云计算没有统一的定义，结合上述定义，可以总结出云计算的一些本质特征，即分布式计算和存储特性，高扩展性，用户友好性，良好的管理性。

3.云计算的优点数据在云端：不怕丢失,不必备份,可以任意点的恢复；软件在云端：不必下载自动升级；无所不在的计算：在任何时间，任意地点，任何设备登录后就可以进行计算服务；无限强大的计算：具有无限空间的，无限速度。

4.云计算六种服务方式SAAS（Software as a Service ）；PAAS（Platform as a Service ）；IAAS（Infrastructure as a Service ）；云存储；MSP（管理服务提供）；商业服务平台。

云计算百科名片【云计算】概念是由Google提出的，这是一个美丽的网络应用模式。

狭义云计算是指IT基础设施的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需的资源；广义云计算是指服务的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需的服务。

这种服务可以是IT和软件、互联网相关的，也可以是任意其他的服务，它具有超大规模、虚拟化、可靠安全等独特功效；“云计算”图书版本也很多，都从理论和实践上介绍了云计算的特性与功用。

目录[隐藏]基本概念和特点“云计算”时代云计算的几大形式云计算四个显著特点云计算的发展现状云计算的20个基本定义判断是否是云计算的十五种方法与90's NetPC的渊源基本概念和特点“云计算”时代云计算的几大形式云计算四个显著特点云计算的发展现状云计算的20个基本定义判断是否是云计算的十五种方法与90's NetPC的渊源•云计算的发展原因•云计算主要应用•第一本深入剖析云计算技术的教材《云计算》•国内权威《云计算》图书•《云计算》新版•云计算图书《云计算:深刻改变未来》•国内第一本云计算原创图书《走近云计算》[编辑本段]基本概念和特点英译：cloud；cloud computing；cloud computer；cloud-based。

云计算（cloud computing，分布式计算技术的一种，其最基本的概念，是透过网络将庞大的计算处理程序自动分拆成无数个较小的子程序，再交由多部服务器所组成的庞大系统经搜寻、计算分析之后将处理结果回传给用户。

透过这项技术，网络服务提供者可以在数秒之内，达成处理数以千万计甚至亿计的信息，达到和“超级计算机”同样强大效能的网络服务。

最简单的云计算技术在网络服务中已经随处可见，例如搜寻引擎、网络信箱等，使用者只要输入简单指令即能得到大量信息。

未来如手机、GPS等行动装置都可以透过云计算技术，发展出更多的应用服务。

进一步的云计算不仅只做资料搜寻、分析的功能，未来如分析DNA结构、基因图谱定序、解析癌症细胞等，都可以透过这项技术轻易达成[7]。

Cloud Computing: What to Ask When the Clouds Roll InPresentation to the ACC Information Technology & Ecommerce CommitteeJune 5, 2008Randall S. Parks and James A. Harvey, Partners and Co-Chairs, and Roxanne Esch, Associate, Global Technology, Outsourcing and Privacy Practice Contact: Randy Parks, rparks@, 804.788.7375Jim Harvey, jim.harvey@, 404.888.4160The following is a conversational outline of a presentation made on June 5, 2008, as part of the Committee’s “Nutshell” program.1. What IS Cloud Computing and Where Did It Come From?(a) Definition. The name derives from the common representation intechnical architectural diagrams of internet network resources as a“cloud.” Forrester defines “cloud computing” as:A pool of abstracted, highly scalable, and managed computeinfrastructure capable of hosting end customer applications andbilled by consumption. Forrester Research, May 2008.By abstracted, Forrester means the key defining features of the cloud: theinfrastructure is entirely virtual, invisible to the user, potentially locatedanywhere in the world and requires no client installations or specialhardware. In the cloud you have access to necessary infrastructure, butthe usual burdens of ownership, administration, maintenance andoperation of hardware and software fall to the cloud provider, not the enduser. Many references discuss the cloud model as a form of utilitycomputing, referring by analogy to the electric power grid. Generatingassets move in and out of the grid seamlessly and all the user knows isthat the light goes on when the switch is flipped and the bill comes everymonth for the kilowatts consumed.Some non-commercial clouds have been around for quite awhile, such asSETI@home, which has created a 3 million member volunteer cloud usedto look for ET. Commercial clouds are owned by a single provider, thoughat least one provider (3Tera) plans to offer the opportunity to sell excesscapacity to a multi-party cloud.(b) Evolution. The term “cloud computing” is only a few years old. Keyenablers of the phenomenon have been:(i) High bandwidth, low cost network capacity. The cloud depends onhigh throughput, reliable networks to enable remote computing andstorage.(ii) Open standards and open source software. The cloud depends on highly flexible, low cost standard architectures to enablevirtualization of infrastructure. Most clouds are reported to runLinux. Also, the cloud is most economically efficient when softwarecosts are low or non-existent and there are no licensing restrictions.(iii) Virtualization software and techniques. The cloud not only depends upon, but is defined by the ability to create virtual machines forevery user.(iv) User acceptance of remote computing models. Years of usingHotmail has trained a generation that a important applicationneedn’t be hosted on your own machines or maintained by yourown staff. SaaS evolution has brought us a step closer, as well.2. Implications of the CloudCloud computing may be the disruptive technology of the next decade, as enterprises follow individuals and small-business into the cloud. Players which have an interest in maintaining proprietary software sales may find their market share eroded. 3. Who Are the Players and What are They Offering?Key players include web moguls, technology-based start-ups and the massively multinational:(a) Amazon, clams 300,000 developers working with its “Elastic ComputeCloud” (EC2), “Simple Storage Solutions” (S3), Amazon Simple DB andother web services since 2002.(b) GoogleApps - claims to be signing up 3,000 businesses each day.Offering cloud solutions in partnership with SalesForce and IBM.(c) ’s , 3Tera’s Cloudware, Rackspace’s Mozzoand many, many others.(d) The big boys: Microsoft Windows Live, IBM Blue Cloud, IBM/Google“Blue Business Platform,” Oracle Grid, Sun Hydrazine and more. Playerswith massive infrastructures and marketing plans - and varying historiesand agendas.4. 10 Questions to Ask About the CloudIf you ask and answer these questions you’ll have covered most of the legalissues associated with the cloud. I’ll use Amazon’s Web Services Agreement as an example of how some of these issues are treated by a major commodity cloud provider. Less commoditized solutions are available and some negotiation ofterms may be possible, though pricing models widely offered today don’t allow for much customization.(a) What’s going into the cloud? Analysis of the legal issues depends on theanswers to these threshold questions:applications?(i) What(ii) Whatdata?With that information in hand, the follow up questions might include:(b) Do my application licenses permit hosting in the cloud? Do applicablelaws permit hosting of the application in the cloud (ITAR? ExportAdministration Regulations (EAR)?)?(c) Do applicable laws permit hosting of the target data in the cloud? Someproviders explicitly state that there is no guarantee which data center willhouse your data. Amazon’s new “Availability Zones” may give you somecontrol over this issue.(d) Do other data-related obligations permit hosting in the cloud? Consider,among others:(i) contractual obligations to customers;policies;(ii) privacy(iii) interaction with the need for e-discovery.(e) What service levels are necessary and are they available? For example,what level of application availability is required and can the providerdeliver? Amazon offers no SLAs and, in fact, notes that downtime ispossible and disclaims all remedies. Another major provider offers anemail availability SLA, though the related credit is additional days ofservice which must be specifically requested.(f) What security commitments are necessary and are they available? Forexample, must the infrastructure meet the PCI Data Security Standard?How do you perform the penetration testing and quarterly scans that theDSS requires? Amazon disclaims all responsibility for security, reservesthe right to disclose your data in response to a simple “request” of agovernmental body and to demand copies of applications for purposes ofverifying compliance.(g) Can you audit billing? Will the provider support such an audit? Is thatnecessary for chargeback or internal control purposes?(h) “What Happens if They Lose Your Stuff?” When I explained thispresentation to my 14 year old daughter, her first question was “Whathappens if they lose your stuff?” Well, what does happen if they lose yourstuff? What’s the risk of that happening (and are you sure you really knowthe answer to that question)? Do you need explicit disaster recoveryrequirements or special support to configure redundancy? Amazondisclaims any responsibility for loss of data or security breach, but offerstools to create redundancy.(i) How do you exit and transition? How easily is data recovered andtransmitted? Amazon will store data for retrieval for only 30 days andretrieval is conditioned on payment of all fees and compliance with otherundefined terms they may specify. If you are terminated for cause, yourdata may not be available. Assurances of post-termination assistance arethin, at best.(j) Will the provider and the service be there tomorrow? Disruptivetechnologies attract players who may not be around for the long term -- oreven the short term. Even the largest players hedge their bets: Amazon’sWeb Services Customer Agreement permits termination of paid serviceson 60 days notice and change of terms of use on 15 days notice. Freeservices can be terminated or changed with no notice. Other providersreserve the right to terminate services at any time.5. What Is it Good For?(a) Joint ventures and short-term projects that need to stand-up quickly, buthave significant computing needs which can’t wait for internal resourcesand where third-party pricing of those services is necessary to avoidconflict over charge-back models.(b) Simple applications without need for active monitoring or management.(c) Small business and any other business than can tolerate commodityservice in exchange for the accessing high-quality shared infrastructure.6. What Isn’t It Good For?(a) Storage and processing of personal / sensitive information, at least notwithout careful diligence as to the types of data and how they will betreated.(b) Complex applications which require active monitoring and support.(c) Organizations not comfortable with self-service.7. How Does the Enterprise Respond to the Cloud?(a) Review current policies for coverage. Many of the issues presented mayalready be addressed. If not, get ahead of the issue and develop a policyaddressing use of cloud-based services based on your unique risk profile.Consider building a questionnaire to collect necessary data from businessunits testing the cloud.(b) Investigate whether cloud computing already is in-use in the organization,perhaps as part of a rogue deployment. You may be surprised. Clouduse is particularly easy to accomplish outside the usual vetting process,since its cheap and can be deployed with a credit card and withoutengaging IT. Consider whether these deployments should continue or belimited, based upon established risk guidelines.。

云计算的概念云计算（cloudcomputing）是一种基于因特网的超级计算模式，在远程的数据中心里，成千上万台电脑和服务器连接成一片电脑云。

因此，云计算甚至可以让你体验每秒10万亿次的运算能力，拥有这么强大的计算能力可以模拟核爆炸、预测气候变化和市场发展趋势。

用户通过电脑、笔记本、手机等方式接入数据中心，按自己的需求进行运算。

狭义的云计算是指IT基础设施的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需的资源（硬件、平台、软件）。

提供资源的网络被称为“云”。

“云”中的资源在使用者看来是可以无限扩展的，并且可以随时获取，按需使用，随时扩展，按使用付费。

这种特性经常被称为像水电一样使用IT基础设施。

广义的云计算是指服务的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需的服务。

这种服务可以是IT和软件、互联网相关的，也可以是任意其他的服务。

云计算的概念是由谁提出的_云计算的云是什么意思云计算原理通过使计算分布在大量的分布式计算机上，而非本地计算机或远程服务器中，企业数据中心的运行将更与互联网相似。

这使得企业能够将资源切换到需要的应用上，根据需求访问计算机和存储系统。

云计算特点①超大规模“云计算”具有相当大的规模，这一点在各个云计算巨头身上便可以提现。

比如：Google、亚马逊、IBM、微软等“云计算”巨头均拥有几十万台服务器来支撑云计算的发展。

②虚拟化“云计算”可以使用户在任意时间、位置来获取服务。

云计算并不是固定的有形实体。

在日常生活中，我们只需一个手机，便可以通过网络服务来获取我们需要的一切。

③高可用“云计算”使用了数据多副本容错、计算节点同构可互换等措施来保障服务的高可靠用性，这一点比我们使用本地计算机要靠谱的多。

④通用性在“云计算”的支撑下，可以构造出数以万计的应用，同一个“云”可以同时支撑不同的应用运行，并不针对某一种应用。

⑤弹性扩展“云计算”其中一个显著特点便是可以动态伸缩，来满足应用和客户规模增长的需要。