Cloud computing and emerging IT platforms Vision hype and reality for delivering computing as the 5t

一：云计算概述1、云计算简介云计算（cloud computing）是基于互联网的相关服务的增加、使用和交付模式，通常涉及通过互联网来提供动态易扩展且经常是虚拟化的资源。

云是网络、互联网的一种比喻说法。

过去在图中往往用云来表示电信网，后来也用来表示互联网和底层基础设施的抽象。

狭义云计算指IT基础设施的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需资源；广义云计算指服务的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需服务。

这种服务可以是IT和软件、互联网相关，也可是其他服务。

它意味着计算能力也可作为一种商品通过互联网进行流通。

2、云计算的定义云计算(Cloud Computing) 是一种新近提出的计算模式。

维基百科给云算下的定义：云计算将IT 相关的能力以服务的方式提供给用户，允许用户在不了解提供服务的技术、没有相关知识以及设备操作能力的情况下，通过Internet获取需要服务。

中国云计算网将云定义为：云计算是分布式计算（Distributed Computing ）、并行计算（Parallel Computing）和网格计算（Grid Computing）的发展，或者说是这些科学概念的商业实现。

Forrester Research 的分析师James Staten 定义云为:“云计算是一个具备高度扩展性和管理性并能够胜任终端用户应用软件计算基础架构的系统池”。

虽然目前云计算没有统一的定义，结合上述定义，可以总结出云计算的一些本质特征，即分布式计算和存储特性，高扩展性，用户友好性，良好的管理性。

3.云计算的优点数据在云端：不怕丢失,不必备份,可以任意点的恢复；软件在云端：不必下载自动升级；无所不在的计算：在任何时间，任意地点，任何设备登录后就可以进行计算服务；无限强大的计算：具有无限空间的，无限速度。

4.云计算六种服务方式SAAS（Software as a Service ）；PAAS（Platform as a Service ）；IAAS（Infrastructure as a Service ）；云存储；MSP（管理服务提供）；商业服务平台。

200+ clusters
Filesystem clusters of up to 5000+ machines Pools of 10000+ clients 5+ Petabyte Filesystems
All in the presence of frequent HW failure
Utility Computing
Don’t buy computers, lease computing power Upload, run, download Ownership model
第ep: Cloud Computing
Service and data are in the cloud, accessible with any
第2页，共50页。
Evolution of Computing with Network (2/2)
Grid Computing
Resource sharing across several domains
Decentralized, open standards
Global resource sharing
第5页，共50页。
Applications on the Web
The Cloud
第6页，共50页。
Cloud Computing
Definition
Cloud computing is a concept of using the internet to allow people to access technology-enabled services.
device connected to the cloud with a browser A key technical issue for developer:

用户可以根据自己的需要或喜好定制相应的服务、应用 及资源
动态迁移保证应用和计算的正常进行；在云计算服务器 端提供了最可靠、最安全的数据存储中心
DMT
云计算的分类
按服务类型分类
DMT
云计算的分类
按服务类型分类
基础设施云(Infrastructure Cloud)
• 为用户提供底层的、接近于直接操作硬件资源的服务接口。
Topic: Cloud Computing
云计算
DMT
你使用过云计 算吗？
如果你使用过Google Search Engine、Gmail、Gtalk、 Google Doc，那么你就是一名云计算的使用者！
DMT
云计算到来的必然性和趋势性
DMT
云计算的提出
2006年底Google推出了“Google101计划”，并正式提出“云”的概念和理 念。 云计算是2007年末才兴起的一个新名词，在Google，IBM等公司的大力推动 下逐渐进入人们的视野。
私有云
• 由某个企业或组织独立构建和使用的、专有的云计算环境。
混合云
• 公有云和私有云的混合。
DMT
云计算服务
DMT
云计算的服务模式
根据实际需要通过定制或租用的方式使用基于Web的软件来完成所需的工作。 将应用和计算机资源包括硬件和系统软件包装成服务，通过按需付费（payas-you-go）的方式，穿越Internet来满足用户各种不同的需求。 用户可以不再需要购买昂贵的计算机系统，不再因为需要短时间使用某个软
平台云(Platform Cloud)
• 为用户提供一个托管平台，用户可以将他们所开发和运营的应用托管到云平台中。

Key words: cloud computing technology; development status; cloud storage
随着计算机及网络技术的不断发展，计算机的性能增长 面临着巨大的生存挑战，而网络技术的发展使全球共享网络 资源成为可能，所以我们要从计算机网络这个整体入手，来 研究和研发这一新型的模式，而不是将个别人手中的资料作 为提供高性能服务。网路计算自诞生以来一直致力于解决这 个问题，但在这个过程中仍存在诸多问题。现在，云计算已 经融入人们的日常生活中，云计算技术是以为用户提供安全 经济和高效的网络运行环境为目的的一项新技术。
关键词：云计算技术；发展状况；云存储 中图分类号：TP393.01 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1003-9767（2018）07-169-03
Cloud Computing Technology and Its Application
Zhang Chunbo1, Wang Junlu2
(1.Harbin Vocational and Technical College, Harbin Heilongjiang 150081, China; 2.Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Guangdong 518000, China)
2018 年第 7 期
性，还在设施层面上的能源、制冷和网络连接等方面采用了 冗余设计来进一步确保服务的可靠性 [2]。这使得使用云计算 比使用本地计算机的安全性高。
2.3 通用性
云计算具有强大的兼容功能，不针对特定的应用。在“云” 的支持下，我们可以构造成千变万化的应用，而且更加强大 的是，一个“云”可以支撑多个不同类型应用的同时运行， 并保证这些服务的运行质量 [3]。

Cloud Models and Platforms
Dr. Sanjay P. Ahuja, Ph.D.
Fidelity National Financial Distinguished Professor of CIS
School of Computing, UNF
A Working Definition of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

Pay-per-use: Pay only for what you use
Multitenancy: Ability to have multiple customers access their servers in the data center in an isolated manner
This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.

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云计算·语言点聚焦
The providers of the aforementioned clouds are commercial providers that offer a publicly accessible remote interface for creating and managing VM instances within their proprietary infrastructure. 上述云的提供者是商业提供商，它们提供了可供公众访问的远程 界面，用于在其专有基础设施内创建和管理虚拟机实例。
7
语言点聚焦
8
云计算·语言点聚焦
A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. A cloud can host a variety of different workloads, including batch-style backend jobs and interactive and user-facing applications. 一个云是一个虚拟化计算机资源池。云可托管各种不同的工作负荷，包括批处理的后端作业 和交互式面向用户应用。 pool：n. 池，库；组合 ➢ Some computer users think of the cloud as a centralized resource pool.（9A/练习-IV） 有些计算机用户将云视为集中式资源池。 ➢ They (viruses) might be used to have your computer send spam as part of a botnet or pool of compromised machines.（11C）它们（病毒）可能用于驱使你的计算机作为僵 尸网络或受害机器池的组成部分发送垃圾邮件。

云计算百科名片【云计算】概念是由Google提出的，这是一个美丽的网络应用模式。

狭义云计算是指IT基础设施的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需的资源；广义云计算是指服务的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需的服务。

这种服务可以是IT和软件、互联网相关的，也可以是任意其他的服务，它具有超大规模、虚拟化、可靠安全等独特功效；“云计算”图书版本也很多，都从理论和实践上介绍了云计算的特性与功用。

目录[隐藏]基本概念和特点“云计算”时代云计算的几大形式云计算四个显著特点云计算的发展现状云计算的20个基本定义判断是否是云计算的十五种方法与90's NetPC的渊源基本概念和特点“云计算”时代云计算的几大形式云计算四个显著特点云计算的发展现状云计算的20个基本定义判断是否是云计算的十五种方法与90's NetPC的渊源•云计算的发展原因•云计算主要应用•第一本深入剖析云计算技术的教材《云计算》•国内权威《云计算》图书•《云计算》新版•云计算图书《云计算:深刻改变未来》•国内第一本云计算原创图书《走近云计算》[编辑本段]基本概念和特点英译：cloud；cloud computing；cloud computer；cloud-based。

云计算（cloud computing，分布式计算技术的一种，其最基本的概念，是透过网络将庞大的计算处理程序自动分拆成无数个较小的子程序，再交由多部服务器所组成的庞大系统经搜寻、计算分析之后将处理结果回传给用户。

透过这项技术，网络服务提供者可以在数秒之内，达成处理数以千万计甚至亿计的信息，达到和“超级计算机”同样强大效能的网络服务。

最简单的云计算技术在网络服务中已经随处可见，例如搜寻引擎、网络信箱等，使用者只要输入简单指令即能得到大量信息。

未来如手机、GPS等行动装置都可以透过云计算技术，发展出更多的应用服务。

进一步的云计算不仅只做资料搜寻、分析的功能，未来如分析DNA结构、基因图谱定序、解析癌症细胞等，都可以透过这项技术轻易达成[7]。

Cloud Computing: What to Ask When the Clouds Roll InPresentation to the ACC Information Technology & Ecommerce CommitteeJune 5, 2008Randall S. Parks and James A. Harvey, Partners and Co-Chairs, and Roxanne Esch, Associate, Global Technology, Outsourcing and Privacy Practice Contact: Randy Parks, rparks@, 804.788.7375Jim Harvey, jim.harvey@, 404.888.4160The following is a conversational outline of a presentation made on June 5, 2008, as part of the Committee’s “Nutshell” program.1. What IS Cloud Computing and Where Did It Come From?(a) Definition. The name derives from the common representation intechnical architectural diagrams of internet network resources as a“cloud.” Forrester defines “cloud computing” as:A pool of abstracted, highly scalable, and managed computeinfrastructure capable of hosting end customer applications andbilled by consumption. Forrester Research, May 2008.By abstracted, Forrester means the key defining features of the cloud: theinfrastructure is entirely virtual, invisible to the user, potentially locatedanywhere in the world and requires no client installations or specialhardware. In the cloud you have access to necessary infrastructure, butthe usual burdens of ownership, administration, maintenance andoperation of hardware and software fall to the cloud provider, not the enduser. Many references discuss the cloud model as a form of utilitycomputing, referring by analogy to the electric power grid. Generatingassets move in and out of the grid seamlessly and all the user knows isthat the light goes on when the switch is flipped and the bill comes everymonth for the kilowatts consumed.Some non-commercial clouds have been around for quite awhile, such asSETI@home, which has created a 3 million member volunteer cloud usedto look for ET. Commercial clouds are owned by a single provider, thoughat least one provider (3Tera) plans to offer the opportunity to sell excesscapacity to a multi-party cloud.(b) Evolution. The term “cloud computing” is only a few years old. Keyenablers of the phenomenon have been:(i) High bandwidth, low cost network capacity. The cloud depends onhigh throughput, reliable networks to enable remote computing andstorage.(ii) Open standards and open source software. The cloud depends on highly flexible, low cost standard architectures to enablevirtualization of infrastructure. Most clouds are reported to runLinux. Also, the cloud is most economically efficient when softwarecosts are low or non-existent and there are no licensing restrictions.(iii) Virtualization software and techniques. The cloud not only depends upon, but is defined by the ability to create virtual machines forevery user.(iv) User acceptance of remote computing models. Years of usingHotmail has trained a generation that a important applicationneedn’t be hosted on your own machines or maintained by yourown staff. SaaS evolution has brought us a step closer, as well.2. Implications of the CloudCloud computing may be the disruptive technology of the next decade, as enterprises follow individuals and small-business into the cloud. Players which have an interest in maintaining proprietary software sales may find their market share eroded. 3. Who Are the Players and What are They Offering?Key players include web moguls, technology-based start-ups and the massively multinational:(a) Amazon, clams 300,000 developers working with its “Elastic ComputeCloud” (EC2), “Simple Storage Solutions” (S3), Amazon Simple DB andother web services since 2002.(b) GoogleApps - claims to be signing up 3,000 businesses each day.Offering cloud solutions in partnership with SalesForce and IBM.(c) ’s , 3Tera’s Cloudware, Rackspace’s Mozzoand many, many others.(d) The big boys: Microsoft Windows Live, IBM Blue Cloud, IBM/Google“Blue Business Platform,” Oracle Grid, Sun Hydrazine and more. Playerswith massive infrastructures and marketing plans - and varying historiesand agendas.4. 10 Questions to Ask About the CloudIf you ask and answer these questions you’ll have covered most of the legalissues associated with the cloud. I’ll use Amazon’s Web Services Agreement as an example of how some of these issues are treated by a major commodity cloud provider. Less commoditized solutions are available and some negotiation ofterms may be possible, though pricing models widely offered today don’t allow for much customization.(a) What’s going into the cloud? Analysis of the legal issues depends on theanswers to these threshold questions:applications?(i) What(ii) Whatdata?With that information in hand, the follow up questions might include:(b) Do my application licenses permit hosting in the cloud? Do applicablelaws permit hosting of the application in the cloud (ITAR? ExportAdministration Regulations (EAR)?)?(c) Do applicable laws permit hosting of the target data in the cloud? Someproviders explicitly state that there is no guarantee which data center willhouse your data. Amazon’s new “Availability Zones” may give you somecontrol over this issue.(d) Do other data-related obligations permit hosting in the cloud? Consider,among others:(i) contractual obligations to customers;policies;(ii) privacy(iii) interaction with the need for e-discovery.(e) What service levels are necessary and are they available? For example,what level of application availability is required and can the providerdeliver? Amazon offers no SLAs and, in fact, notes that downtime ispossible and disclaims all remedies. Another major provider offers anemail availability SLA, though the related credit is additional days ofservice which must be specifically requested.(f) What security commitments are necessary and are they available? Forexample, must the infrastructure meet the PCI Data Security Standard?How do you perform the penetration testing and quarterly scans that theDSS requires? Amazon disclaims all responsibility for security, reservesthe right to disclose your data in response to a simple “request” of agovernmental body and to demand copies of applications for purposes ofverifying compliance.(g) Can you audit billing? Will the provider support such an audit? Is thatnecessary for chargeback or internal control purposes?(h) “What Happens if They Lose Your Stuff?” When I explained thispresentation to my 14 year old daughter, her first question was “Whathappens if they lose your stuff?” Well, what does happen if they lose yourstuff? What’s the risk of that happening (and are you sure you really knowthe answer to that question)? Do you need explicit disaster recoveryrequirements or special support to configure redundancy? Amazondisclaims any responsibility for loss of data or security breach, but offerstools to create redundancy.(i) How do you exit and transition? How easily is data recovered andtransmitted? Amazon will store data for retrieval for only 30 days andretrieval is conditioned on payment of all fees and compliance with otherundefined terms they may specify. If you are terminated for cause, yourdata may not be available. Assurances of post-termination assistance arethin, at best.(j) Will the provider and the service be there tomorrow? Disruptivetechnologies attract players who may not be around for the long term -- oreven the short term. Even the largest players hedge their bets: Amazon’sWeb Services Customer Agreement permits termination of paid serviceson 60 days notice and change of terms of use on 15 days notice. Freeservices can be terminated or changed with no notice. Other providersreserve the right to terminate services at any time.5. What Is it Good For?(a) Joint ventures and short-term projects that need to stand-up quickly, buthave significant computing needs which can’t wait for internal resourcesand where third-party pricing of those services is necessary to avoidconflict over charge-back models.(b) Simple applications without need for active monitoring or management.(c) Small business and any other business than can tolerate commodityservice in exchange for the accessing high-quality shared infrastructure.6. What Isn’t It Good For?(a) Storage and processing of personal / sensitive information, at least notwithout careful diligence as to the types of data and how they will betreated.(b) Complex applications which require active monitoring and support.(c) Organizations not comfortable with self-service.7. How Does the Enterprise Respond to the Cloud?(a) Review current policies for coverage. Many of the issues presented mayalready be addressed. If not, get ahead of the issue and develop a policyaddressing use of cloud-based services based on your unique risk profile.Consider building a questionnaire to collect necessary data from businessunits testing the cloud.(b) Investigate whether cloud computing already is in-use in the organization,perhaps as part of a rogue deployment. You may be surprised. Clouduse is particularly easy to accomplish outside the usual vetting process,since its cheap and can be deployed with a credit card and withoutengaging IT. Consider whether these deployments should continue or belimited, based upon established risk guidelines.。

〔Abstract〕Cloud computing, a rap idly develop ing information technology, has aroused the concern of the librarianship. The concep t of cloud computing is no longer speculation, but the actual operation of large enterp rises. L ibrary Science must research cloud compu2 ting and Cloud computing is challenges to library management. The possible app lications of cloud computing in the library include: SaaS, ILS based on cloud computing, cloud storage and PaaS or IaaS. 〔Keywords〕cloud computing SaaS library research
6 ·L IB RA RY AND IN FORM A T ION S ERV IC E·
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第 53卷 第 21期 2009年 11月
就可开展信息服务 。就是说 , IT硬件和软件能够成为 如供水 、供电一样的基础设施 ,用户无需一次购置大量 IT设备并配备维护人员 ,而是通过互联网 ,按需付费地 从提供云计算的专业公司获取软件运行 、数据存储等 服务 。N icholas Carr最早将云计算导致的 IT模式变化 与供电基础设施相比较 ,他形象地说道 :“今天 ,我们正 处在另一个新纪元巨变中 ,一个世纪前发生在发电上 的一切正发生在信息处理上 。由个别公司建造与运行 的私有计算机系统 ,正经由公共网格即互联网 、被中心 化的数据处理厂所提供的服务排挤掉 。计算变成了公 用事业 ……如同电力公用事业 ,新的计算公用事业正 达到远超过大多数公司以自己系统所能达到的规模经 济 ”[13 ] ] 。如果看不到这种变化的前景 ,我们可能失去 重要的机会 。 2. 2 图书馆学是否应该关注云计算 有人不认可图书馆学家应该关注云计算 ,大致有 这么一些理由 :云计算是亚马逊 、谷歌 、SUN 这些大公 司的项目 ,离图书馆太遥远 , 图书馆学家没有必要关 注 ;图书馆学应该关注图书馆的理论研究 、图书馆的服 务与管理 ,而不是云计算一类技术 ;图书馆学研究必须 坚持自己的核心内容 , 跟着 IT走将迷失自己 , 等等 。 对此 ,我想表达的观点是 : 2. 2. 1 云计算离图书馆并不遥远 云计算是一种规 模化的 IT服务 ,因此更适合于大企业运作 。但云计算 有多种类型 ,至少包括软件即服务 ( SaaS) 、平台即服务 ( PaaS) 、基础设施即服务 ( IaaS) [14 ] 。如果说 PaaS 和 IaaS更适合大企业运作的话 ,那么 SaaS则几乎适合任 何规模的组织 。不但图书馆服务企业可能提供 SaaS, 图书馆本身也适合提供 SaaS,如总馆通过 SaaS向分馆 提供服务 。如果认可云计算的宽松概念 ,即将 XaaS ( X 代表所有 IT设施 )都看成云计算 ,那么云计算早已在 图书馆运用 。如 ,书目数据库或全文数据库商很多年 前就以网络数据库取代了光盘版 ,早期的镜像版也越 来越多地被网络版所取代 ,这可以看成将图书馆接入 了数据库云 。很多软件提供商不断尝试改变软件提供 模式 ,通过提供 IT服务取代简单地销售软件产品 ; 比 如图书馆自动化管理系统 ( ILS)托管平台 ,在厂商的服 务器上安装管理软件 、由厂商负责维护 ,图书馆通过网 络浏览器实现业务的自动化管理 。以前这种软件即服 务的产品主要面向中小型图书馆 ,或者只限于图书馆 的某些辅助应用 ,如 W ebFeat Exp ress就提供托管型的 跨库检索系统 。由于云计算服务可望从基础设施层面 解决许多长期困扰图书馆网络信息管理和服务中存在

云计算的概念云计算（cloudcomputing）是一种基于因特网的超级计算模式，在远程的数据中心里，成千上万台电脑和服务器连接成一片电脑云。

因此，云计算甚至可以让你体验每秒10万亿次的运算能力，拥有这么强大的计算能力可以模拟核爆炸、预测气候变化和市场发展趋势。

用户通过电脑、笔记本、手机等方式接入数据中心，按自己的需求进行运算。

狭义的云计算是指IT基础设施的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需的资源（硬件、平台、软件）。

提供资源的网络被称为“云”。

“云”中的资源在使用者看来是可以无限扩展的，并且可以随时获取，按需使用，随时扩展，按使用付费。

这种特性经常被称为像水电一样使用IT基础设施。

广义的云计算是指服务的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需的服务。

这种服务可以是IT和软件、互联网相关的，也可以是任意其他的服务。

云计算的概念是由谁提出的_云计算的云是什么意思云计算原理通过使计算分布在大量的分布式计算机上，而非本地计算机或远程服务器中，企业数据中心的运行将更与互联网相似。

这使得企业能够将资源切换到需要的应用上，根据需求访问计算机和存储系统。

云计算特点①超大规模“云计算”具有相当大的规模，这一点在各个云计算巨头身上便可以提现。

比如：Google、亚马逊、IBM、微软等“云计算”巨头均拥有几十万台服务器来支撑云计算的发展。

②虚拟化“云计算”可以使用户在任意时间、位置来获取服务。

云计算并不是固定的有形实体。

在日常生活中，我们只需一个手机，便可以通过网络服务来获取我们需要的一切。

③高可用“云计算”使用了数据多副本容错、计算节点同构可互换等措施来保障服务的高可靠用性，这一点比我们使用本地计算机要靠谱的多。

④通用性在“云计算”的支撑下，可以构造出数以万计的应用，同一个“云”可以同时支撑不同的应用运行，并不针对某一种应用。

⑤弹性扩展“云计算”其中一个显著特点便是可以动态伸缩，来满足应用和客户规模增长的需要。

Cloud computing1. IntroductionCloud computing is known as the most anticipated technological revolution over the entire world, and the reason why cloud computing has brought widespread attention is that it not only represent a new technology appeared, but also lead to the entire industry to change. Therefore, the ranking of national competitiveness will change accordingly.2. Cloud computing definition and applicationThe concept of cloud computing is put forward by Google, which is a beautiful network applications mode. Based on increasing in Internet-related services and delivery models, it provides dynamic, easy to expand and virtualized resources usually through the Internet. This service can be related to IT, software and Internet; other services can be supported too. It means that computing power can be circulation as a commodity. As we expect, more and more enterprise use this new technology into the practical application, such as webmail, Gmail and apple store use it for computing and storage. With the technology development, cloud computing has given full play to it roles, Industry, Newcomers and Media buy computer technology to make network cheaper, faster, convenient and better control.Cloud computing is used in the distributed computers by computing, rather than the local computer or remote server, the operation of the enterprise data center and the Internet are more similar. This process allows companies to be able to switch resources to the urgent application according to computer and storage systems demand access. This means that the computing power can be negotiable, like water and electricity, access convenient andlow-cost. The biggest difference is that it is transmitted via the Internet.3. AdvantageBy providing a large and secure data storage centers for cloud computing, users do not have to worry about their own data which be lost for some reason or destroyed by computer virus invasion, such as some data stored in the hard disk data will be lost by the computer damaged and virus invasion, so that users cannot access the data and recover data, another disadvantage may also appear when other people use your computer steal the user's computer, such as personal confidential information and business data loss. “Gate of blue photos " is a typical insecure example. If user uploads the photos through the Interne into data storage center, it may have less chance to access personal confidential information. And with cloud computing development, for the user, these services are free of charge, for the future, advanced technology will certainly become a cash cow for merchants, and for the country, the computing power is also able to reflect a country technological level and the level of overall national strength.As the user data stored in the cloud storage center, can reduce customer demand for the hardware level, coupled with cloud computing extremely powerful computing capability, it can enable users to call data more convenient and quick if can add the high-speed networks. Users no longer need replace the computer caused by having no enough hard disk space and CPU computing power. Otherwise, users only surf the Internet to access cloud storage center and then easily access the data.As powerful data storage centers, the most wonderful features is sharing data. No matter computer data or a variety of communication devices such as mobile phones and PDA. When some damaged appeared in your phone, lost or replaced in order to chase the trend of the times and phone, data copy is a tedious thing. However, in another way, you can solve the entire problem through cloud storage center.Cloud computing services will create more millions of jobs. On March 6, a news show that show that Microsoft statement a commissioned research conducted by theworld-renowned market analyst firm IDC. The research show that cloud computing will create nearly 14 million new jobs worldwide in 2015. And also predicted that it can stimulate IT innovation and brought the new revenue which can reach about $ 1.1 trillion, coupled with cloud computing efficiency substantially promote, the organization will increasere-investment and work opportunity. IDC chief research officer , as senior vice president, John F. Gantz said: "For most organizations, there is no doubt that cloud computing will significantly enhance the return on investment and flexibility, reduce investment costs, and bring revenue growth multiplied as well, we usually believe that cloud computing will reduce jobs by mistake, the opposite, it can create a lot of jobs around the world, no matter emerging market, small cities and small businesses will increase employment opportunities and get benefit from cloud computing. "14. DisadvantageWith large storage center, cloud computing strongly urges powerful hardware conditions and safety measures, which including a large storage space and powerful computing capabilities. As today's scientific and technological rapid develop, user increased, hardware capabilities become one of the necessary condition for development, moreover, the cloud should be kept to enhance their computing power and storage space, and endless. Security measures also include two aspects; firstly, it is necessary to ensure that user data not damaged, lost, and stolen by others, which requires a strong IT team to full range of maintenance and strict access management strategies. Some information has been confirmed, the existing cloud computing service provider still cannot guarantee no similar problem occurs. For users, this is a very serious problem. Another security issue is a natural or unnatural disaster, also can cause the storage center damaged, can cause users cannot access.Cloud computing services are available via the Internet, therefore, user usually have high demands for network access speed, although domestic access speeds improve fast, but compared with LAN, it will appear delays, incomparable, In addition, no network, the user will not be able to access cloud services.The rapid rise of Cloud technology, in another perspective, also restricts the speed of1Reference[1]development, which also lead to lower demand for high-end devices. It is the basic reason why can restrict terminal development. Customer needs, determine the business requirements for products, if customers reduce the terminal's hardware and software requirements, the business will be greatly reduced the degree of product development and restricted the pace of the terminal technology development.5. Cloud computing devel opment in chinaIn China, Cloud computing services have been in a state of rapid development. Looking at the cloud computing industry, government accounted for a major position, and in the market they have also been given the affirmation of the cloud computing. The cloud computing services major support for government agencies and enterprises, therefore, the personal cloud computing services in China is a potential big cake and wait for people enjoying. However because of the domestic personal network speed upgrade too slow, and relevant government network supervision, the development of personal cloud computing services will have more difficult. Due to excessive speculation in the international aspects, in our country, a lot of companies want to get some benefit from the rapid development of technology, exploit cloud computing services projects and promote enterprise development. My personal view is that enterprises should do some preparation, judge it’s good or bad and prospects, as well as estimate the strength of the company and do their best. Through access to information discovery, cloud computing as a technology trend has been got the world's attention, but look at the forefront of foreign enterprise closely, we can easily find almost no companies start the business rely on cloud computing; cloud computing applications and related research are also mostly implement by those large enterprise with more funds. As the prospects for development, for the enterprise, profit is the most critical issues.Although cloud computing has been integrated into our lives, but the domestic development of cloud computing is still confronted with many problems, such as lack of user awareness, migration risk, lack of standards, user locks, security and data privacy, safety, standards, data privacy has become a topic of which we are most concerned.Nowadays, people still lack of comprehensive, systematic cognitive of Cloud computing, part of them just imitate completely others and foreign experience, ignoring the specific conditions in our country, resulting in spending much money, but failed to alleviate the complex IT issues. In the original data center, hardware is relatively independent, but migrates to cloud computing data center, systematic assessment and scientific analysis must be essential.Otherwise it may lead to the hardware platform not achieve the proper effect and even the collapse of the application system. Cloud computing products is quite diversity, but the birth of the cloud standard is extremely difficult, the major manufacturers just have their own standards, the Government is also involved, both of them are striving to be able to dominate the major position, so more efforts are still needed. The other faced challenge is how to provide users legitimate services is also very important, except the risks in the systems. Compared with traditional data centers, it cloud provided more services diversity, which also bring more difficult to control. Therefore, analyze the needs of users, reasonable, enforceable service level agreements (SLAs) provided will help users establish confidence in cloud computing services in a large extent. Security problems can be said that a key factor in cloud computinglanding. Amazon failure made people deep in thought, which is just one factor of the security. The other security risks include user privacy protection, data sovereignty, disaster recovery, and even illegal interests caused by some hackers. In the era of cloud computing, there will be more user privacy data placed in the clouds, more data, and more value. Most importantly, lack of user’s trust will lead to cloud computing landing.Although the development road is very far away, but the Government has been giving support and encouragement. In 2012 Cloud Computing Industry Development Forum was successfully held, which is strong evidence. At the meeting, as a CCID Consulting, cloud industry observers, as well as excellence forerunner of the cloud computing industry, Microsoft, with their co-operation, complete the first "China Cloud economic development Report”, which shows that in-depth interpretation the content of cloud formation and specify the key factor of economic development in the cloud. The result obtained based on thelong-term observation and in-depth research on cloud computing industry. In addition, the participants share their own point about industry environment, market situation, technology development, application service elements and so on; they also can come up with any question about the cloud computing, expects will do their best to give analysis and authoritative view.26. Future prospectsAbout cloud computing services future prospects, in my opinion, it will have great potential, we can find out the answer from the action of the giants of the major IT companies, but now it still in a state of excessive speculation. Many small companies have no any knowledge and experience about it, and still want to exploit the services project. I don’t think it is a sagacious decision. in fact, for current state, I maintained a cautious attitude, as a corporate without strong financial strength, I think they should focus on business development and growth, in order to reduce unnecessary waste of resources, they can develop and use it when the technology get mature stage.Finally, have to say that the future of the cloud computing, it not only can provide unlimited possibilities for storage, read, and manage data using the network. But also provides us infinite computing power because of its huge storage space, there is no powerful computing capabilities, it cannot provide users with easy and fast. In one word, the development potential of cloud computing is endless.7. Reference[1] Microsoft news, Cloud computing services will create more millions of jobs.2012-03-06[2] CCIDNET news, Cloud Computing Industry Development Forum was successfully. 2012-03-072Reference[2]。

云计算最大的好处就是能够快速搭建我们的 企业应用，比如我们现在要开发一个网站，我们 就不必担心是否需要花巨资购买硬件来集群，然 后是巨额资金购买所需的系统软件而且这些也需 要一些人员来组建和维护的，如果恰巧这是一个 比较新且可能会带来盈利的商业点子，那搭建在 云上就是一个非常不错的选择，这起码能比其他 企业先行一步。
目前云计算的主要开发商
代表性的云计算系统
• Amazon
– AWS：EC2、S3、SimpleDB等云服务
• Google
– APPEngine – MapReduce、GFS、BigTable等关键技术
背景
• 云计算是继1980年代大型计算机到客户端-服务器 的大转变之后的又一种巨变。 • 云计算（Cloud Computing）是网格计算 （Grid Computing ）、分布式计算 （DistributedComputing）、并行计算（Parallel Computing）、效用计算（Utility Computing）、 网络存储（Network Storage Technologies）、 虚拟化（Virtualization）、负载均衡（Load Balance）等传统计算机和网络技术发展融合的产 物。
云计算
---------杨杰群、黄宣霖、韩小 路、汤伟能
云计算的热度
什么是云计算
• 云计算（cloud computing）一般是指：互 联网为中心，通过建立大型的集中性的计 算中心，为普通用户提供安全、快速的数 据存储和网络计算服务。 • 狭义云计算指IT基础设施的交付和使用模式， 指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所 需资源； • 广义云计算指服务的交付和使用模式， 指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式 获得所需服务。

第32卷第7期通信学报V ol.32No.7 2011年7月Journal on Communications July 2011云计算：体系架构与关键技术罗军舟，金嘉晖，宋爱波，东方(东南大学计算机科学与工程学院，江苏南京 211189)摘 要：系统地分析和总结云计算的研究现状，划分云计算体系架构为核心服务、服务管理、用户访问接口等3个层次。

围绕低成本、高可靠、高可用、规模可伸缩等研究目标，深入全面地介绍了云计算的关键技术及最新研究进展。

在云计算基础设施方面，介绍了云计算数据中心设计与管理及资源虚拟化技术；在大规模数据处理方面，分析了海量数据处理平台及其资源管理与调度技术；在云计算服务保障方面，讨论了服务质量保证和安全与隐私保护技术。

针对新型的云计算应用和云计算存在的局限性，又探讨并展望了今后的研究方向。

最后，介绍了东南大学云计算平台以及云计算研究与应用方面的相关成果。

关键词：云计算；虚拟化；数据中心；海量数据处理；服务质量；安全与隐私中图分类号：TP393文献标识码：A文章编号：1000-436X(2011)07-0003-19 Cloud computing: architecture and key technologiesLUO Jun-zhou, JIN Jia-hui, SONG Ai-bo, DONG Fang(School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China)Abstract: Based on the analysis and summary of the previous work, the cloud computing framework can be divided into three layers: core cloud services, cloud service management and user access interface. To realize low-cost, reliable, available and scalable cloud services, the up-to-date key technologies and research progresses of the three layers within the cloud framework are reviewed intensively and extensively. Regarding cloud infrastructure, the strategies for data cen-ter design and management are introduced together with the virtualization technology. In respect of large-scale data proc-essing, several platforms and their resource management and task scheduling mechanisms are investigated extensively.With regard to cloud service quality, both QoS guarantee and security/privacy protection are discussed in depth. The prospects for future research are further explored based on the new application models and limitations of cloud comput-ing. Finally, the cloud computing platform and research work of Southeast University are introduced.Key words: cloud computing; virtualization; data center; large-scale data processing; quality of service; security and privacy收稿日期：2011-05-20；修回日期：2011-06-30基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目(61070161，61070158，61003257, 60773103, 90912002)；国家重点基础研究发展计划（“973”计划）基金资助项目（2010CB328104）；国家科技支撑计划课题基金资助项目（2010BAI88B03）；教育部博士点基金课题基金资助项目（200802860031）；江苏省自然科学基金资助项目（BK2008030）；国家科技重大专项课题基金资助项目（2009ZX03004-004-04）；江苏省“网络与信息安全”重点实验室基金资助项目（BM2003201）；“计算机网络与信息集成”教育部重点实验室项目（93K-9）Foundation Items: The National Natural Science Foundation of China(61070161, 61070158, 61003257, 60773103, 90912002); The National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)(2010CB328104);China National Key Technology R&D Program (2010BAI88B03);China Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (200802860031); The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2008030); China National S&T Major Project (2009ZX03004-004-04); Jiangsu Provin-cial Key Laboratory of Network and Information Security (BM2003201); The Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Informa-tion Integration of Ministry of Education of China (93K-9)·4·通信学报第32卷1引言近年来，社交网络、电子商务、数字城市、在线视频等新一代大规模互联网应用发展迅猛。

信息技术云计算概览与词汇信息技术在当今社会中的重要性越来越显著，而云计算作为信息技术的重要组成部分之一，在各个行业中得到了广泛的应用。

本文将对云计算进行概览，并介绍与云计算相关的一些关键词汇，旨在为读者提供一个生动、全面、有指导意义的了解云计算的文章。

云计算，英文名为Cloud Computing，是一种运用互联网的方式来提供可随时、随地访问和使用的共享计算资源的方法。

云计算可以被分为公有云、私有云和混合云等模式。

公有云是由云服务提供商提供给多个客户使用的云计算资源，而私有云是被单个组织或企业所使用的云计算资源。

混合云则是将公有云和私有云相结合，以满足不同组织的需求。

云计算的核心优势之一是灵活性。

通过云计算，用户可以根据自身需求，随时调整计算资源的规模。

这种弹性使得企业能够更好地应对突发需求，同时也能够更好地管理资源成本。

此外，云计算还能够提供高可用性和可靠性的服务。

云计算提供商通常会在多个地理位置建立数据中心，以确保数据的备份和容灾。

这样一来，即使某个数据中心出现故障，用户的数据也能够在其他数据中心中得到保护。

与云计算相关的一些重要概念还包括虚拟化、容器化和可扩展性。

虚拟化是指将硬件资源进行抽象，划分为多个虚拟实例来运行不同的应用。

通过虚拟化，用户可以最大限度地利用硬件资源，提高资源利用率。

容器化则是在操作系统级别对应用进行隔离，实现不同应用之间的资源共享和独立运行。

容器化能够提供更高的应用性能和更快的部署速度。

可扩展性则是指云计算能够根据需要随时增加或减少计算资源的能力。

这种灵活性使得用户能够根据实际情况调整资源使用量，提高资源利用效率。

云计算在各个行业中都有广泛的应用。

在企业级应用中，云计算可以提供各种软件服务，如软件即服务（SaaS）、平台即服务（PaaS）和基础设施即服务（IaaS）。

这些服务能够帮助企业将关注点从基础设施管理转移到业务创新和用户体验上。

在教育领域，云计算可以帮助学校和教育机构提供在线学习平台、学生管理系统等服务。

• (3)高可靠性 • “云”使用了数据多副本容错、计算节点同构可互换等措施来保障服务的高可靠性，使用云计算比使用本地计算机可靠。 • (4)通用性 • 云计算不针对特定的应用，在“云”的支撑下可以构造出千变万化的应用，同一个“云”可以同时支撑不同的应用运行。 • (5)高可扩展性 • “云”的规模可以动态伸缩，满足应用和用户规模增长的需要。 • (6)按需服务 • “云”是一个庞大的资源池，你按需购买:云可以像自来水，电，煤气那样计费。 • (7)极其廉价
6.应用
云物联 云安全 云储存 云游戏
云物联
物联网 ，就是物物相连的互联网。 这有两层 意思:第一，物联网的核心和基础仍然是互联 网，是在互联网基础上的延伸和扩展的网络; 第二，其用户端延伸和扩展到了任何物品与 物品之间，进行信息交换和通信。
云安全
云安全(Cloud Security)是一个从“云计算”演变 而来的新名词。云安全的策略构想是:使用者越 多，每个使用者就越安全，因为如此庞大的用户 群，足以覆盖互联网的每个角落，只要某个网站 被挂马或某个新木马病毒出现，就会立刻被截获。 “云安全”通过网状的大量客户端对网络中软件 行为的异常监测，获取互联网中木马、恶意程序 的最新信息，推送到Server端进行自动分析和处 理，再把病毒和木马的解决方案分发到每一个客 户端。
(2)对软件测试 在云计算环境下，由于软件开发工作的变化，也必然对软件测试带 来影响和变化。 软件技术、架构发生变化，要求软件测试的关注点也应做出相对应 的调整。软件测试在关注传统的软件质量的同时，还应该关注云计 算环境所提出的新的质量要求，如软件动态适应能力、大量用户支 持能力、安全性、多平台兼容性等。 云计算环境下，软件开发工具、环境、工作模式发生了转变，也就 要求软件测试的工具、环境、工作模式也应发生相应的转变。软件 测试工具也应工作于云平台之上，测试工具的使用也应可通过云平 台来进行，而不再是传统的不地方式;软件测试的环境也可移植到云 平台上，通过云构建测试环境;软件测试也应该可以通过云实现协同、 知识共享、测试复用。 软件产品表现形式的变化，要求软件测试可以对不同形式的产品进 行测试，如Web Services的测试，互联网应用的测试，移动智能终 端内软件的测试等。 云计算的普及和应用，还有很长的道路，社会认可、人们习惯、技 术能力，甚至是社会管理制度等都应做出相应的改变，方能使云计 算真正普及。但无论怎样，基于互联网的应用将会逐渐渗透到每个 人的生活中，对我们的服务、生活都会带来深远的影响。要应对这 种变化，我们也很有必要讨论我们业务柔来的发展模式，确定我们 努力的方向。

Cloud ComputingCloud computing is a service provided by way of a dynamic scalable virtualized computing model resources over the Internet. This mode offers available , convenient , on-demand network access into a shared pool of computing resources can be configured ( resources, including networks, servers, storage , applications, services ) , these resources can be quickly provided , just put it less administration , or with service providers rarely interact .It is calculated by the distribution of the large number of distributed computers, rather than the local computer or a remote server, running enterprise data centers and the Internet will be more similar. This allows companies to switch to the application of the resources required , according to demand access to a computer and storage systems. Like a single generator from the old model to a centralized power plant model . It means that computing power can also be used as a tradable commodity , like gas, water and electricity , as access to convenient , inexpensive. The biggest difference is that it is transmitted through the Internet.Cloud computing service characteristics and nature of clouds, water circulation on the Internet has a certainsimilarity , so the cloud is a very apt analogy.Cloud computing proposed for the development of computers played a role in making the network more widely based . In my opinion cloud computing has four significant advantages : Cloud computing provides the most reliable and secure data storage center , users do not have to worry about data loss, virus attacks and other problems ; cloud computing client devices require a minimum , is also the most convenience ; cloud computing data and applications can be easily shared between different devices ; cloud computing as we use the network provides almost infinite number of possibilities.But on the other hand there are also disadvantages two aspects : first, it is safe , because the cloud computing power and data in the cloud , how to ensure the security of customer data is a relatively important . Security has two aspects, one is the data is not lost , the general service providers will have the ability to solve backup , but also occurs occasionally lost ; Another is that your data will not leak , although this will take some measures to service providers , not to outsiders , such as hacker attacks to get data , but the problem is the service provider 's internal staff is great . The second is the network delay or interruption. Cloud computing generally remoteaccess via the network, although it is now improving speed quickly, and LAN but compared to the speed or delays , and if once a network outage , the service will not be able to access .云计算云计算是一种通过Internet以办事的方式提供动态可伸缩的虚拟化的资源的计算模式。

对比
云计算常与网格计算（分布式计算的一种，由一群松散耦合的计算机集组成的一个超级虚拟计算机，常用来执行大型任务)、效用计算（IT资源的一种打包和计费方式，比如按照计算、存储分别计量费用,像传统的电力等公共设施一样)、自主计算（具有自我管理功能的计算机系统）相混淆。

事实上，许多云计算部署依赖于计算机集群（但与网格的组成、体系机构、目的、工作方式大相径庭），也吸收了自主计算和效用计算的特点。

它从硬件结构上是一种多对一的结构，从服务的角度或从功能的角度它是一对多的. (1）例如，今天要设计一供应链管理系统,可以先从市面上提供的免费云服务器主机,将Application放置主机上，使用MS所提供数据库，这样一来,硬件成本大幅降低,将
Application放置云上，且随时随地于任何终端设备上连结互联网，就能访问数据（因为基于公开的标准协议）。

（2）云科技,在2009年开始至今，对于任何企业都吹起一股风潮,除了数据访问方便，营运成本大幅降低(例如，办公室软件，操作系统,硬件设备）,都能通过云技术的提供，免费使用。

现今很多企业在创业时,都采用云技术，来降低成本，以提高企业竞争能力。

体系架构
核心特性
私有云
私有云(Private Cloud）是将云基础设施与软硬件资源创建在防火墙内，以供机构或企业内各部门共享资源.
创建私有云,除了硬件资源外，一般还有云设备(IaaS）软件；现时开放源代码的云设备软件主要有Eucalyptus和OpenStack。