41. affect vt. 影响，感动，作用，使悲伤等
A）Smoking affects health. 吸烟影响健康
Her break-up with her lover has badly affected her.她与恋人的分手严重影响到了她Second hand smoking may affect others’ health.二手烟会影响他人健康
Poor housing and family stress can affect both physical and mental health.
住房条件差、家庭压力大会影响身心两方面的健康
B）Affected adj.受到影响的，受（疾病）侵袭的；假装的，做作的
Many people are affected by the air pollution in winter.冬天，很多人受到了天气污染的影响People were deeply affected by the death of Jin Zhengri.金正日的死使人们感到悲伤
They were really affected by the movie.他们着实被电影感动了
Water supplies and other public utilities were badly affected.
供水以及其它公用事业受到了严重影响
C）Affection n.关爱，爱慕；感情；作用，影响；疾病
They two show affection towards each other.这两个人相互示爱
The couple show affection to each other by hugging.这对夫妇拥抱对方表达爱意
They looked into each other’s eyes with affection.他们充满爱慕地四目相望
D）Affective adj.情感的，表达情感的affectionate adj.充满深情的，挚爱的
This mother has good affective comunication with her son.
这个母亲和她孩子有很好的情感交流
He held his son in an affectionate embrace.他充满深情的将儿子抱在怀中
Women love a man who is affectionate and warm.女人喜欢深情且温暖的男人
The couple is affectionate to each other.这对夫妇深爱着对方
E）Affectation n.假装，装作；装模作样
Give up your affectation!You make me sick.别矫情了，你真让人恶心
He made an affectation of indifference.他装作无动于衷的样子
F）Effect n.效果，影响；印象；所有物
That lighting effect makes the stage look mysterious.那种灯光效果使舞台看起来更加神秘
I like the lighting effects on the stage.我喜欢舞台上的灯光效果
What will be the effect of the alliance between IBM and Apple?
若IBM和苹果公司联手会有什么效果呢？
Businesses are feeling the indirect effects from the recession that’s going on elsewhere.
企业感受到了别处经济衰退带来的间接影响
The drug has one important limitation.Its effects only last six hours.
这种药有一个严重缺陷，它的药力只能持续6个小时
G）Effective adj.有效的，有影响的，实际的，生效的
Makeup is very effective at hiding our physical flaws.化妆对于隐藏我们外表的缺陷非常有效It seems that the way he looses weight is quite effective.
似乎他减肥的方面确实很有效
Women are sometimes seen to be less effective as managers.女性有时被认为不善于管理
42. afford vt. 负担得起,买得起；抽得出(时间); 提供；产生；赐予vi.买得起，负担得起A）can/could/be able to afford sth/to do sth 负担得起...
I can’t afford a book/to buy the book我买不起一本书
Her husband is rich enough to afford the expensive handbag.
她的老公很有钱，买得起那个昂贵包包
B)Affordable adj.买得起的，负担得起的
He is thinking about whether a bicycle is affordable for him.他正在考虑是否买得起一辆自行车I can’t buy an iPhone,I can only buy a more affordable phone.
我买不起iPhone,我只能买一个负担得起的手机
The company makes wearable,beautifully cut clothes at affordable prices.
这家公司生产经久耐穿、外形美观且价格合理的衣服
There are few affordable apatments in big cities.在大城市里没有几所公寓是便宜的
C)Affordance n.可供性
43. afraid adj. 害怕的;担心的
A）be afraid to do 因为害怕不敢做...
The gril is too afraid to sleep alone.这个女孩儿自己太害怕了以至于睡不着
To tell you the truth,I was afraid to see him.坦白说，我害怕见到他
Don’t be afraid to ask for advice about ordering the ,eal.点餐时要大胆征求意见
B）be afraid of (doing) sth. 害怕...
Be afraid of one’s （own）shadow胆小到极点
Be afraid of being found out心虚
I am afraid of your look.我害怕你这个样子
I’m afraid of you when you wear that mask.你带着那个面具的时候，我很害怕
He was a little bit afraid of his father’s reaction.他有点害怕父亲的反应
She was afraid to go out alone at night. 她害怕夜间独自外出
She was afraid of waking him up.她害怕叫他起床
44. against prep 对着；反对, 违背；靠着，迎着，衬着；以...为背景
A）stand against the wall 靠墙站着
Sitting against the tree,the boy is looking at the photo in his hand.
这个男孩靠着树，看着手中的照片
They rested their heads against the boy and fell asleep.他们把头靠在这个男孩身上睡着了B）Against the wind顶风，逆风
Wear clothes that provide adequate protection against the wind and rain.
穿上足以防风挡雨的衣服
Our ship made head against the wind and waves.我们的船顶着风浪前进
The wall screens them against the wind.墙为他们挡风
C）Against all odds不顾一切
He will succeed against all odds.他将会克服困难获得成功
D）Against time争分夺秒，赶时间
We’ll try to get this finished by May,but it’ll a race against time.
我们力争在五月底完成任务，但得争分夺秒地干
It was a race against time to stop people dying from starvation.
为抢救那些即将饿死的人争分夺秒
E）go against nature违背自然；违背常理
It is a great joy to battle against nature.与大自然斗，其乐无穷
All these activities are against nature.所有这些活动都是违背常理的
F）Against the law违法
Concealment of evidence is against the law.隐藏证据是违法的
G）be against sth 反对...
Only one person stood actively against him.只有一个人站在那主动反对他
She is the only person to speak against him.她是唯一发言反对他的人
They are strongly against the plan.
H）The pine tree were black against the morning sky.松树在早晨天空的衬托下是黑色的
45. age n.年龄；时代；时期v. （使）变老；（使）陈化
A）for ages 多年at an early age早些年，小时候
B）at the age of …在...岁时
People at any age should do sports.任何年龄段的人都应该做运动
Women over the age of 20 can get married in China.在中国，只有20岁以上的女性才可以结婚C)of the same age=of an age 同岁
People of any age can do exercise.无论年纪多大，都可以锻炼
These are people of different ages.他们的年龄各不相同
D）After his wife’s death he aged quickly.他妻子过世后，他老得很快
E）Aged adj.年老的；...岁的；老年人特有的
We may be old and aged,but our lives are great.我们可能年纪大了些，但生活很好
Each year,one in 100 girls aged 15-19 takes an overdose.
每年，每100名15至19岁的少女中就有一位嗑药过量
The Georgian,aged 19,is not one of the game’s big hitters.
这位19岁的佐治亚州人并不是比赛中的优秀击球者之一
46. agree vi. 同意;应允
A)agree with
①同意：后面常接表示人或意见/看法的名词/代词作宾语
agree with sb / what you say/your opinion.
I totally agree with you.我完全同意你
We shake hands and agree with each other.我们握手达成一致
②表示一致;“(食物、天气、工作等)对…适宜”：
The weather does not agree with me. 这种天气对我不适宜。
The dampness of the forest didn’t agree with him physically.他的身体不能适应森林的潮湿
A verb must agree with its subject in person and number.动词必须和它的人称和数保持一致What he does does not agree with what he says. 他言行不一致。
③不能用于被动语态
B）agree to：后面接表示提议、计划、办法、安排的名词/代词
the plan计划/ the arrangement安排/ the suggestion建议/the proposal提议
C)agree on /upon主要指双/多方通过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议：
We agreed on the price. 我们就价格达成了一致意见。
After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire.经过讨论，双方就停火问题达成协议Both sides agreed on these terms. 双方都同意这些条件。
They failed to agree on the terms of a settlement.他们未能就和解条件达成协议
They both agree on a peaceful solution.他们就一个和平解决方案达成一致
The businessmen agreed on the new deal.他们商定了新协议
We all agree on the solid fact that peace is the only way to prosperity.
我们一致认为：和平是通往繁荣的唯一道路
D) agree to do sth
He agreed to go with us. 他同意同我们去。
E)agreement n.协议、协定、一致、相合：reach/arrive at/come to an agreement 达成一致They came to an agreement and shook hands.他们握手达成协议
The agreement has raised hopes that the war may end soon.
那项协议使人们感到战争有望很快就会结束
F) I can’t/couldn’t agree more.再同意不过
47. ahead adv./adj. 在前，向前，提前
A）ahead of ... 提前；超过
I work hard to stay ahead of everyone else.我努力保持第一
Henry generally stayed ahead of the others in the academic subjects.
亨利的文化课成绩通常都优于其他学生
I am running ahead of the rest of the group.跑步的时候，我领先于小组其他人
Mark was out of earshot,walking ahead of them.马克走在前面，听不见他们的声音
B）Ahead of time/schedule提早，提前
Find out ahead of time what regulations apply to your situation.
提前搞清楚什么规章适用于你的情况
The dish may be prepared a day ahead of time and refrigerated.
这道菜可以提前一天准备好并冷藏起来
She arrives a smidgen ahead of time.她比预定的时间仅早到了一点
The election was held six months ahead of schedule.选举提前了6个月进行
The construction of the building was completed ahead of schedule.这座建筑物提前竣工了We laboured hard to finish our job ahead of schedule.我们努力工作以提前把活儿干完
C）go ahead 前进，干吧，说吧
The flag let us know when to go ahead and start the race.
这个旗子让我们知道什么时候开始比赛
The flat indicates that the car may go ahead.旗帜指示车子可以出发了
D）Go ahead with继续
The boy still went ahead with the race even after falling.跌倒后，这个男孩仍继续比赛
My boss told me to go ahead with my plan.我的老板告诉我继续我的计划
48. aid n. 援助;救护;辅助工具 v. 帮助，促进
A）first aid 急救
-I cut myself and I need someone to help me.Do you know first aid?-Yes.
我割伤自己了需要有人来帮我，你会急救吗？-会
The first aid box was provided to us by the Red Cross.我们的急救箱是由红十字会提供的B）in aid of 支持
I am collecting money in aid of deaf people.我筹款以帮助聋人
C）by ( the) aid of 借助于，通过…的帮助；come/go to one’s aid 帮助某人
D）aid (sb/sth) in/with ( doing) sth 帮助某人做...
I thought a phonetic spelling might aid in pronunciation.我想语音拼写可能有助于发音
Calcium may aid in the prevention of aolon cancer.钙可能有助于预防结肠癌
49.aim v.瞄准，旨在n.目标，对准
A）Aim at
①瞄准,对准He aimed the gun at the enemy officer.他用枪瞄准了敌方长官
The man aimed at the center of the target.这位男士瞄准了靶子中心
He aims qt the bull’s eye of the target.他瞄准了靶心
②(向某方面)努力She's aiming at ( trying to win) a scholarship.她为了奖学金而努力
They aim at quality rather than quantity.他们的目的在于质量而不是数量
③针对某人My words were not aimed at you.我的话不是在针对你
His criticism stuck out a mile to aim at us.他的批评显然是在针对我们
B）Aim to do
They aim to cut production lead times to under 18 months.
他们力求把开发周期缩短至18个月以下
They aim to clear every dealer fron thr street.他们打算把街上所有的小贩都清走
50. alike adj. 相像的，十分相似的 adv. 相似地，相同地
The two couples are a lot alike.这两对情侣有很多相似之处
Their haircut is the only reason why they look alike.他们的发型是他们唯一的相似之处
The two monkeys are very much alike.这两只猴子看起来很相像
The two guys are quite alike when they are playing ping-pong.他俩打乒乓球时简直太像了
We are alike in many ways.我们在很多方面都很相像
They tried to treat their children alike.他们尽力公平对待他们的孩子
51. alive adj. 活着的，存在的，在世的（多用来作表语，可以与living互换，可以修饰人或物；也可以作后置定语）
A)The badly wounded soldier was still alive when taken to the hosipital.
当受重伤的士兵被送到医院时，仍然活着
His beating heart shows he’s alive.跳动的心脏表明他还活着
B)catch …alive 活捉keep…alive 存活
In those days,they could hardly keep alive,for there is little food.
那时候，他们几乎活不下来，因为几乎没有食物
C)be alive with= be full of=be filled with充满
The lake was alive with fish. 这个湖里好多鱼
The street was alive with the sounds of the soldiers.这条街道上到处都是士兵的声音
D)Alive and well盛行的，仍然存在的，安然无恙的
A man who went missing yesterday during a blizzard has been found alive and well.
昨天在暴风雪中失踪的一名男子已经被找到，人安然无恙
E）修饰名词只能放在名词后作后置定语
Who is the greatest man alive.(后置定语)
52. allow v 准许，允许
A）allow doing/allow sb to do
The green light allows you to go.绿灯（表示）允许你通行
Why should a successful company allow another firm to pick its brains?
为什么一个成功的企业就得允许别的公司来讨教呢？
B）Allow me允许我，对不起，让我来
Allow me to buy you a drink at the bar.让我来请你喝一杯
Allow me to refresh your memory.让我来帮你回忆吧
C）allow for 把...考虑进去
You have to allow for a certain amount of error.你必须将一定量的误差考虑在内
Has everything been allowed for in your plan?你的计划把所有的事情都考虑进去了吗？D）Allow of容许，容许有...的可能
The situations allow no excuse.形式刻不容缓
This rule doesn’t allow of more than one interpretation.这条规则只能有一种解释
The river is too deep to allow of swimming.河太深，不能游泳
E）Allowance n.零用钱，津贴，补贴；限额，免税额；允许，容忍，让步；考虑
His father gives him a lot of allowances to spend.他爸爸每月都给他很多零用钱
My wife only gives me 20 dollars a month as my allowance.我老婆每月只给我20零用钱
53. almost adv. 几乎，差不多；差点
A）几乎
Almost no one/nobody came to the party. 几乎没有人来参加聚会
There was almost no snow that winter.那个冬天几乎没有下雪
It’s almost a foregone conclusion that you’ll get what you want.
你将得到你想要的，这几乎是确定无疑的
B）差点
He almost reached the diamonds.他差一点就挖到钻石了
I almost beat him in the race.我差点就能在比赛中战胜他
I almost won the race.我差点就能赢得比赛
54. alone adj./adv. 单独，孤独（强调孤独无依的客观事实）
A）形容词（常用作表语）
She is alone at home. 她独自一人在家。
Seesaws are not very fun when you are alone.当你孤身一人时，跷跷板就不有趣了
The little boy is alone in bed,waiting for his friend to come back.
这个小男孩独自坐在床上，等着他的朋友回来
B）副词let /leave sb/sth alone 别打扰......
Please let me alone.请不要打扰我
I like to work alone. 我喜欢独自一人工作。
He is playing alone in the park.他在公园独自玩耍
He held the toy,walking on the street alone.她抱着玩具，独自一人走在街上
C）Alone and friendless孤苦伶仃
Since his parents died,he has become alone and friendless.父母死后他便孤苦伶仃了
D）Aloneness n.孤独感，单独
When your loneliness becomes aloneness-that is freedom.当你的孤独变成孤独-这是自由E）“只有，仅仅”
The shoes alone cost $200. 这双鞋只花了200元
F）let alone 更不用说
G）区分lonely（强调人的内心感受）
A）定语：“孤单的，无伴侣的，无人烟的，荒凉的，偏僻的”
a lonely man/island.一个孤单的人/一座孤岛
A）表语：“孤寂的，寂寞的”
feel lonely 感到孤独
He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.他一人独居但是不感到孤独
55. aloud adv.大声地，出声地
A）read aloud 大声朗读
Reading aloud is very improtant for English learning.在学习英语时朗读很重要
He read the letter aloud to us.他大声给我们读信
I love to read aloud to my kids.我喜欢读故事给我的孩子听
He insisted that the contract(should)be read aloud.他坚持合同应该当众宣读
It’s far better to read aloud than to read in silence.朗读远胜于默读
B）think aloud 自言自语
A friend is one before whom I may think aloud.朋友就是我在其面前可以自言自语的人
I often like to think aloud.我常喜欢自言自语
56. amaze vt. 使惊奇/惊叹/惊异
What amazes me is how long she managed to hide it from us.
使我惊讶的事她竟然打算把它藏离我们这么久
A）It amazed/amazes sb.+that 从句=it’a amazing that...
It amazed me that he could be so calm at such a time.他在这个关头还能如此镇定使我惊讶B）amazed adj. 惊奇的，惊异的（人）
We were amazed,shocked,dumbfounded,shaking our heads in disbelief.
我们震惊，愕然，目瞪口呆，难以置信地摇着头
Be amazed at...
She was amazed at the size of the diamond,but sha didn’t really want to marry him.
她被钻石的尺寸惊到了，但她并不想嫁给他
I was amazed at his speed of working.我对他的工作效率感到叹服
I have been amazed at times that cruelty can go unpunished.
我有时深感震惊，暴行竟可以不受惩罚
Be amazed that 从句
I am amazed that you own so many beautiful coats.
你拥有这么多漂亮大衣真的惊到我了
I’m amazed they had the cheek to ask in the first place.我真惊讶他们当初竟然有脸问
C）amazing adj.令人惊奇的/惊异的（物）
It’s amazing that...
The Northen Lights are so amazing.北极光令人惊叹
The small country has an amazing variety of landforms.
这个小国家拥有令人惊叹的丰富的地貌类型
The most amazing thing about nature is its infinite wariety
大自然最让人惊叹的地方是它的无限多样性
D）Amazement n.惊异，惊愕
I was expressing some amazement and wonder at her good fortune.
我对她的好运既惊奇又感叹
In amazement
I sat in amazement at the wonderful painting.看到这幅美妙的画作，我惊呆了
They stopped in their tracks and stared at him in amazement.
他们突然停下来，惊讶地盯着他
57. amount n. 数量(尤指数量，大小等) ，总额vi. 总计，合计；等同，接近（to）
A）a great/good/large/small amount of=great/good/large/small amounts of +不可数名词（修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词单复数由amount决定）
An amount of=amounts of许多，大量
He made a huge amount of money.他挣了一大笔钱
They will need a reasonable amount of desk area and good light.
他们需要一个面积较大的摆放办公桌的地方和充足的照明
B）the amount of......的数量
The amount of suger in this product is 28g.这种食物中糖的总量是28g
They have only a vague idea of the amount of water available.他们只是大概知道可用水的总量You may say melting ice will add to the amount of water.你可以说消融的冰会增加水量
The amount of sleep we need varies from person to person.
我们对睡眠的需求量因人而异
The amount of paperwork involved is mind-bogging.相关的书面工作多到让人难以想象
I was staggered at the amount of money the ring cost.这戒指这么贵，我很吃惊
The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited.
隐含的假定是，可用资金有限
We must constantly adjust the amount of money in circulation.
我们必须对货币的流通不断调节
C）amount to
1) (数量上)达到，总计
Time lost through illness amounts to 1,357 working days.
因疾病而损失的时间总共为1357个工作日。
2)等于，意味着
Ultimately, their ideas amount to the same thing. 归根结底，他们想的都是一回事。
If he goes on like this,he’ll naver amount to anything.如果他一味这样下去，他将一事无成Such aids amount to economic aggression.这种援助其实是经济侵略
What,on earth,does it amount to?这到底意味着什么？。
