开关电源中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
Modeling, Simulation, and Reduction of Conducted Electromagnetic Interference Due to a PWM Buck Type Switching Power Supply I
A. Farhadi
Abstract:Undesired generation of radiated or conducted energy in electrical systems is called Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). High speed switching frequency in power electronics converters especially in switching power supplies improves efficiency but leads to EMI. Different kind of conducted interference, EMI regulations and conducted EMI measurement are introduced in this paper. Compliancy with national or international regulation is called Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Power electronic systems producers must regard EMC. Modeling and simulation is the first step of EMC evaluation. EMI simulation results due to a PWM Buck type switching power supply are presented in this paper. To improve EMC, some techniques are introduced and their effectiveness proved by simulation.
Index Terms:Conducted, EMC, EMI, LISN, Switching Supply
I. INTRODUCTION
FAST semiconductors make it possible to have high speed and high frequency switching in power electronics []1. High speed switching causes weight and volume reduction of equipment, but some unwanted effects such as radio frequency interference appeared []2. Compliance with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations is necessary for producers to present their products to the markets. It is important to take EMC aspects already in design phase []3. Modeling and simulation is the most effective tool to analyze EMC consideration before developing the products. A lot of the previous studies concerned the low frequency analysis of power electronics components []4[]5. Different types of power electronics converters are capable to be considered as source of EMI. They could propagate the EMI in both radiated and conducted forms. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) is required for measurement and calculation of conducted interference level []6. Interference spectrum at the output of LISN is introduced as the EMC evaluation criterion []7[]8. National or international regulations are the references for the evaluation of equipment in point of view of EMC []7[]8.
II. SOURCE, PATH AND VICTIM OF EMI
Undesired voltage or current is called interference and their cause is called interference source. In this paper a high-speed switching power supply is the source of interference.
Interference propagated by radiation in area around of an interference source or by conduction through common cabling or wiring connections. In this study conducted emission is considered only. Equipment such as computers, receivers, amplifiers, industrial controllers, etc that are exposed to interference corruption are called victims. The common connections of elements, source lines and cabling provide paths for conducted noise or interference. Electromagnetic conducted interference has two components as differential mode and common mode []9.
A. Differential mode conducted interference
This mode is related to the noise that is imposed between different lines of a test circuit by a noise source. Related current path is shown in Fig. 1 []9. The interference source, path impedances, differential mode current and load impedance are also shown in Fig. 1.
B. Common mode conducted interference
Common mode noise or interference could appear and impose between the lines, cables or connections and common ground. Any leakage current between load and common ground could be modeled by interference voltage source.
Fig. 2 demonstrates the common mode interference source, common mode currents I
and
cm1 and the related current paths[]9. The power electronics converters perform as noise source I
cm2
between lines of the supply network. In this study differential mode of conducted interference is particularly important and discussion will be continued considering this mode only.
III. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY REGULATIONS Application of electrical equipment especially static power electronic converters in different equipment is increasing more and more. As mentioned before, power electronics converters are considered as an important source of electromagnetic interference and have corrupting effects on the electric networks []2. High level of pollution resulting from various disturbances reduces the quality of power in electric networks. On the other side some residential, commercial and especially medical consumers are so sensitive to power system disturbances including voltage and frequency variations. The best solution to reduce corruption and improve power quality is complying national or international EMC regulations. CISPR, IEC, FCC and VDE are among the most famous organizations from Europe, USA and Germany who are responsible for determining and publishing the most important EMC regulations. IEC and VDE requirement and limitations on conducted emission are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 []7[]9.
For different groups of consumers different classes of regulations could be complied. Class A for common consumers and class B with more hard limitations for special consumers are separated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Frequency range of limitation is different for IEC and VDE that are 150 kHz up to 30 MHz and 10 kHz up to 30 MHz respectively. Compliance of regulations is evaluated by comparison of measured or calculated conducted interference level in the mentioned frequency range with the stated requirements in regulations. In united European community
compliance of regulation is mandatory and products must have certified label to show covering of requirements []8.
IV. ELECTROMAGNETIC CONDUCTED INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENT
A. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN)
1-Providing a low impedance path to transfer power from source to power electronics converter and load.
2-Providing a low impedance path from interference source, here power electronics converter, to measurement port.
Variation of LISN impedance versus frequency with the mentioned topology is presented in
Fig. 7. LISN has stabilized impedance in the range of conducted EMI measurement []7.
Variation of level of signal at the output of LISN versus frequency is the spectrum of interference. The electromagnetic compatibility of a system can be evaluated by comparison of its interference spectrum with the standard limitations. The level of signal at the output of LISN in frequency range 10 kHz up to 30 MHz or 150 kHz up to 30 MHz is criterion of compatibility and should be under the standard limitations. In practical situations, the LISN output is connected to a spectrum analyzer and interference measurement is carried out. But for modeling and simulation purposes, the LISN output spectrum is calculated using appropriate software.
For a simple fixed frequency PWM controller that is applied to a Buck DC/DC converter, it is
) changes slow with respect to the switching frequency, the possible to assume the error voltage (v
e
pulse width and hence the duty cycle can be approximated by (1). Vp is the saw tooth waveform amplitude.
A. PWM waveform spectral analysis
The normalized pulse train m (t) of Fig. 8 represents PWM switch current waveform. The nth pulse of PWM waveform consists of a fixed component D/fs , in which D is the steady state duty cycle, and a variable component dn/f sthat represents the variation of duty cycle due to variation of source, reference and load.
As the PWM switch current waveform contains information concerning EMI due to power
supply, it is required to do the spectrum analysis of this waveform in the frequency range of EMI studies. It is assumed that error voltage varies around V e with amplitude of V e1
as is shown in (2).
fm represents the frequency of error voltage variation due to the variations of source, reference and load. The interception of the error voltage variation curve and the saw tooth waveform with switching frequency, leads to (3) for the computation of duty cycle coefficients []10.
Maximum variation of pulse width around its steady state value of D is limited to D1. In each period of Tm=1/fm , there will be r=fs/fm pulses with duty cycles of dn. Equation (4) presents the Fourier series coefficients Cn of the PWM waveform m (t). Which have the frequency spectrum of Fig.9.
B-Equivalent noise circuit and EMI spectral analysis
To attain the equivalent circuit of Fig.6 the voltage source Vs is replaced by short circuit and
) as it has shown in Fig. 10. converter is replaced by PWM waveform switch current (I
ex
The transfer function is defined as the ratio of the LISN output voltage to the EMI current source as in (5).
The coefficients di, ni (i = 1, 2, … , 4) c orrespond to the parameters of the equivalent circuit. Rc and Lc are respectively the effective series resistance (ESR) and inductance (ESL) of the filter capacitor Cf that model the non-ideality of this element. The LISN and filter parameters are as follows: CN = 100 nF, r = 5 Ω, l = 50 uH, RN =50 Ω, LN=250 uH, Lf = 0, Cf =0, Rc= 0, Lc= 0, fs =25 kHz
The EMI spectrum is derived by multiplication of the transfer function and the source noise spectrum. Simulation results are shown in Fig. 11.
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Create and comprehensive technology in the structure global design of the building The 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together. The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity and
DC Switching Power Supply Protection Technology Abstract: The DC switching power supply protection system, protection system design principles and machine protection measures, an analysis of switching power supply in the range of protected characteristics and its design methodology,introduced a number of practical protection circuit. Keywords: switching power supply protection circuit system design 1、Introduction DC switching regulator used in the price of more expensive high-power switching devices, the control circuit is also more complex, In addition, the load switching regulators are generally used a large number of highly integrated electronic systems installed devices. Transistors and integrated device tolerance electricity, less heat shocks. Switching Regulators therefore should take into account the protection of voltage regulators and load their own safety. Many different types of circuit protection, polarity protection, introduced here, the program protection, over-current protection, over-voltage protection, under-voltage protection and over-temperature protection circuit. Usually chosen to be some combination of protection, constitutes a complete protection system. 2、polarity protection DC switching regulator input are generally not regulated DC power supply. Operating errors or accidents as a result of the situation will take its wrong polarity, switching power supply will be damaged. Polarity protection purposes, is to make the switching regulator only when the correct polarity is not connected to DC power supply regulator to work at. Connecting a single device can achieve power polarity protection. Since the diode D to flow through switching regulator input total current, this circuit applied in a low-power switching regulator more suitable. Power in the larger occasion, while the polarity protection circuit as a procedure to protect a link, save the power required for polarity protection diodes, power consumption will be reduced. In order to easy to operate, make it easier to identify the correct polarity or not, collect the next light. 3、procedures to protect Switching power supply circuit is rather complicated, basically can be divided into low-power and high-power part of the control part of the switch. Switch is a high-power
史上最全的开关电源专业英语词汇 最新通知怎么在本平台发布招聘信息？ 各地招聘电源工程师（点击下面蓝色标题可直接查看）【广州2】招聘电源工程师/DSP工程师/ARM网络控制技术人员 【佛山】招聘开关电源工程师/助理工程师 【广州】招聘电源研发工程师 【东莞】招聘电源工程师/电子工程师/助理工程师 【长沙】招聘电源研发工程师 【上海/成都】爱立信招聘电源设计工程师 【浙江】招聘电源工程师 【北京】招聘电源工程师母线:Busbar 输电 线:TransmissionLine 发电厂:power plant 断路器:Breaker 刀闸(隔离开关):Isolator 分接头:tap 电动机:motor 状态参数有功:active power 无功:reactive power 电流:current 容量:capacity 电压:voltage 档位:tap position 有功损 耗:reactive loss 无功损耗:active loss 功率因 数:power-factor 功率:power 功角:power-angle 电压等级:voltage grade 空载损耗:no-load loss 铁损:iron loss 铜损:copper loss 空载电流:no-load current 阻抗:impedance 正序阻抗:positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗:negative
sequence impedance 零序阻抗:zero sequence impedance 电阻:resistor 电抗:reactance 电导:conductance 电 纳:susceptance 无功负载:reactive load 或者QLoad 有功负载: active load PLoad 遥测:YC(telemetering) 遥信:YX 励磁电流(转子电流):magnetizing current 定子:stator 功角:power-angle 上限:upper limit 下限:lower limit 并列 的:apposable 高压: high voltage 低压:low voltage 中 压:middle voltage 电力系统power system 发电机generator 励磁excitation 励磁器excitor 电压voltage 电流current 母 线bus 变压器transformer 升压变压器step-up transformer 高压侧high side 输电系统power transmission system 输电线transmission line 固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定stability 电压稳定voltage stability 功角稳定angle stability 暂态稳定transient stability 电厂power plant 能量输送power transfer 交流AC 装机容量installed capacity 电网 power system 落点drop point 开关站switch station 双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站transformer substation 补偿度degree of compensation 高抗high voltage shunt reactor 无功补偿reactive power compensation 故障fault 调节regulation 裕度magin 三
开关稳压电源设计说明书 学生姓名： 学号： 专业班级：物电学院电子2班报告提交日期： 2014年5月20日 湖南理工学院物电学院
目录 一、设计任务及要求 (2) 1、设计任务 (2) 2、设计要求 (2) 二、基本原理与分析 (2) 三、方案设计 (5) 1、开关器件的选择 (5) 2、参数的设定 (5) 四、电路设计 (5) 1、电路整体设计 (5) 2、电路工作原理 (5) 五、总结 (7) 六、参考文献 (7)
一、设计任务及要求 1、设计任务 设计一手机开关型电池充电器，满足： （1）开关电源型充电； （2）输入电压220V，输出直流电压自定； （3）恒流恒压； （4）最大输出电流为:I max＝1.0 A; 2、设计要求 （1）合理选择开关器件； （2）完成全电路理论设计、绘制电路图； （3）撰写设计报告。 二、基本原理与分析 随着电子技术和集成电路的飞速发展，开关稳压电源的类型越来越多，分类方法也各不相同，如果按照开关管与负载的连接方式分类，开关电源可以分为串联型、并联型和变压器耦合（并联）型3种类型。下面分别对这三种类型的开关电源做一些简单的介绍。 （1）串联型。 图1所示的开关电源是串联型开关电源，其特点是开关调整管VT与负载R L串联。因此，开关管和续流二极管的耐压要求较低。且滤波电容在开关管导通和截止时均有电流，故滤波性能好，输出电压U0的纹波系数小，要求储能电感铁心截面积也较小。其缺点是：输出直流电压与电网电压之间没有隔离变压器，即所谓“热地盘”，不够安全；若开关管部短路，则全部输入直流电压直接加到负载上，会引起负载过压或过流，损坏元件。因此，输出端一般需加稳压管加以保护。 根据稳压条件可得：（U i-U0）T1/L=U0T2/L 即 U0=U1T1/（T1+T2）=（T1/T）U i，σ=T1/T 由上式可见，可以通过控制开关管激励脉冲的占空比σ来调整开关电源的输出电压U0。
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
Measurement of the Source Impedance of Conducted Emission Using Mode Separable LISN: Conducted Emission of a Switching Power Supply JUNICHI MIY ASHITA,1 MASAYUKI MITSUZAW A,1 TOSHIYUKI KARUBE,1 KIYOHITO Y AMASAW A,2 and TOSHIRO SA TO2 1Precision Technology Research Institute of Nagano Prefecture, Japan 2Shinshu University, Japan SUMMARY In the procedure for reducing conducted emissions, it is helpful to know the noise source impedance. This paper presents a method of measuring noise source complex impedances of common and differential mode separately. We propose a line impedance stabilization network (LISN) to measure common and differential mode noise separately without changing LISN impedances of each mode. With this LISN, conducted emissions of each mode are measured inserting appropriate impedances at the equipment under test (EUT) terminal of the LISN. Noise source complex impedances of switching power supply are well calculated from measured results. ? 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 72 78, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1154 Key words:Conducted emission; noise terminal voltage; noise source impedance; line impedance stabiliza-tion network (LISN); EMI. 1. Introduction Switching power supplies are employed widely in various devices. High-speed on/off operation is accompa-nied by harmonic noise that may cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) with communication devices and other equipment. To prevent the interference, methods of meas-urement and limit values have been set for conducted noise (~30 MHz) and radiated noise (30 to 1000 MHz). Much time and effort are required to contain the noise within the limit values; hence, the efficiency of noise removal tech-niques is an urgent social problem. Understanding of the mechanism behind noise generation and propagation is necessary in order to develop efficient measures. In particu-lar, the propagation of conducted noise must be investi-gated. Modeling and analysis of equivalent circuits have been carried out in order to investigate conducted noise caused by switching [1, 2]. However, the stray capacitance and other circuit parameters of each device must be known in order to develop an equivalent circuit, which is not practicable in the field of noise removal. On the other hand, noise filters and other noise-removal devices do not actually provide the expected effect [3, 4], which is explained by the difference between the static characteristics measured at an impedance of 50 ?, and the actual impedance. Thus, it is necessary to know the noise source impedance in order to analyze the conducted noise. Regulations on the measurement of noise terminal voltage [5] suggest using LISN; in particular, the vector sum (absolute voltage) of two propagation modes, namely, common mode and differential mode, is measured in terms of the frequency spectrum. Such a measurement, however, does not provide phase data, and propagation modes cannot be separated; therefore, the noise source impedance cannot be derived easily. There are publications dealing with the calculation of the noise source impedance; for example, common mode is only considered as the principal mode, and the absolute value of the noise source impedance for the common mode is found from the ground wire current and ungrounded voltage [6], or mode-separated measure-ment is performed by discrimination between grounded and ungrounded devices [7]. However, measurement of the ground wire current is impossible in the case of domestic single-phase two-line devices. The complex impedance can be found using an impedance analyzer in the nonoperating state, but its value may be different for the operating state. Thus, there is no simple and accurate method of measuring source noise impedance as a complex impedance. ? 2002 Scripta Technica Electrical Engineering in Japan, V ol. 139, No. 2, 2002 Translated from Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, V ol. 120-D, No. 11, November 2000, pp. 1376 1381
开关电源常见四大故障及检修方法 开关电源是各种电子设备必不可缺的组成部分，其性能优劣直接关系到电子设备的技术指标及能否安全可靠地工作。由于深圳开关电源内部关键元器件工作在高频开关状态，功耗小，转化率高，且体积和重量只有线性电源的20%—30%，故目前它已成为稳压电源的主流产品。电子设备电气故障的检修，本着从易到难的原则，基本上都是先从电源入手，在确定其电源正常后，再进行其他部位的检修，且电源故障占电子设备电气故障的大多数。故了解开头电源基本工作原理，熟悉其维修技巧和常见故障，有利于缩短电子设备故障维修时间，提高个人设备维护技能。 1. 无输出，保险管正常这种现象说明开关电源未工作或进入了保护状态。首先要测量电源控制芯片的启动脚是否有启动电压，若无启动电压或者启动电压太低，则要检查启动电阻和启动脚外接的元件是否漏电，此时如电源控制芯片正常，则经上述检查可以迅速查到故障。若有启动电压，则测量控制芯片的输出端在开机瞬间是否有高、低电平的跳变，若无跳变，说明控制芯片坏、外围振荡电路元件或保护电路有问题，可先代换控制芯片，再检查外围元件;若有跳变，一般为开关管不良或损坏。 2. 保险烧或炸主要检查300V上的大滤波电容、整流桥各二极管及开关管等部位，抗干扰电路出问题也会导致保险
烧、发黑。需要注意的是：因开关管击穿导致保险烧一般会把电流检测电阻和电源控制芯片烧坏。负温度系数热敏电阻也很容易和保险一起被烧坏。 3. 有输出电压，但输出电压过高这种故障一般来自于稳压取样和稳压控制电路。在直流输出、取样电阻、误差取样放大器如TL431、光耦、电源控制芯片等电路共同构成一个闭合的控制环路，任何一处出问题就会导致输出电压升高。 4. 输出电压过低除稳压控制电路会引起输出电压低，还有下面一些原因也会引起输出电压低： a. 开关电源负载有短路故障（特别是DC/DC变换器短路或性能不良等），此时，应该断开开关电源电路的所有负载，以区分是开关电源电路还是负载电路有故障。若断开负载电路电压输出正常，说明是负载过重;或仍不正常说明开关电源电路有故障。 b. 输出电压端整流二极管、滤波电容失效等，可以通过代换法进行判断。 c. 开关管的性能下降，必然导致开关管不能正常导通，使电源的内阻增加，带负载能力下降。 12v开关电源维修分析 一.开关电源不启振，出现这种情况，我们首先要查看开关频率是否正确、保护电路是否封锁、电压反馈电路、电流反馈电路又没问题以及开关管是否击穿等。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系：机械工程系 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Design of prestressed (用外文写) concrete structures 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 8-2简支梁布局 一个简单的预应力混凝土梁由两个危险截面控制：最大弯矩截面和端截面。这两部分设计好之后，中间截面一定要单独检查，必要时其他部位也要单独调查。最大弯矩截面在以下两种荷载阶段为控制情况，即传递时梁受最小弯矩M G的初始阶段和最大设计弯矩M T时的工作荷载阶段。而端截面则由抗剪强度、支承垫板、锚头间距和千斤顶净空所需要的面积来决定。所有的中间截面是由一个或多个上述要求，根它们与上述两种危险截面的距离来控制。对于后张构件的一种常见的布置方式是在最大弯矩截面采用诸如I形或T形的截面，而在接近梁端处逐渐过渡到简单的矩形截面。这就是人们通常所说的后张构件的端块。对于用长线法生产的先张构件，为了便于生产，全部只用一种等截面，其截面形状则可以为I形、双T形或空心的。在第5 、 6 和7章节中已经阐明了个别截面的设计，下面论述简支梁钢索的总布置。 梁的布置可以用变化混凝土和钢筋的办法来调整。混凝土的截面在高度、宽度、形状和梁底面或者顶面的曲率方面都可以有变化。而钢筋只在面积方面有所变化，不过在相对于混凝土重心轴线的位置方面却多半可以有变化。通过调整这些变化因素，布置方案可能有许多组合，以适应不同的荷载情况。这一点是与钢筋混凝土梁是完全不同的，在钢筋混凝土梁的通常布置中，不是一个统一的矩形截面便是一个统一的T形，而钢筋的位置总是布置得尽量靠底面纤维。 首先考虑先张梁，如图 8-7，这里最好采用直线钢索，因为它们在两个台座之间加力比较容易。我们先从图（a）的等截面直梁的直线钢索开始讨论。这样的布置都很简单，但这样一来，就不是很经济的设计了，因为跨中和梁端的要求会产生冲突。通常发生在跨度中央的最大弯矩截面中的钢索，最好尽量放低，以便尽可能提供最大力臂而提供最大的内部抵制力矩。当跨度中央的梁自重弯矩M G相当大时，就可以把c.g.s布置在截面核心范围以下很远的地方，而不致在传递时在顶部纤维中引起拉应力。然而对于梁端截面却有一套完全不同的要求。由于在梁端没有外力矩，因为在最后的时刻，安排钢索要以c.g.s与 c.g.c在结束区段一致，如此同样地获得克服压力分配的方法。无论如何，如果张应力在最后不能承受，放置 c.g.s.
本科毕业设计(论文) 外文参考文献译文及原文 学院信息工程学院 专业信息工程 年级班别 学号 学生姓名 指导教师
目录 译文 (1) 基于单片机的开关电源 (1) 1、用途 (1) 2、简介 (1) 3、分类 (2) 4、开关电源的分类 (3) 5、技术发展动向 (4) 6、原理简介 (6) 7、电路原理 (7) 8、DC/DC变换 (8) 9、AC/DC变换 (8) 原文 (10) The design Based onsingle chip switching power supply (10) 1、uses (10) 2、Introduction (10) 3、classification (11) 4、the switching power supply. (13) 5、technology developments (14) 6、the principle of Introduction (17) 7、the circuit schematic (18) 8、the DC / DC conversion (19) 9, AC / DC conversion (20)
译文 基于单片机的开关电源 1、用途 开关电源产品广泛应用于工业自动化控制、军工设备、科研设备、LED 照明、工控设备、通讯设备、电力设备、仪器仪表、医疗设备、半导体制冷制热、空气净化器，电子冰箱，液晶显示器，LED灯具，通讯设备，视听产品，安防，电脑机箱，数码产品和仪器类等领域。 2、简介 随着电力电子技术的高速发展，电力电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切，而电子设备都离不开可靠的电源，进入80年代计算机电源全面实现了开关电源化，率先完成计算机的电源换代，进入90年代开关电源相继进入各种电子、电器设备领域，程控交换机、通讯、电子检测设备电源、控制设备电源等都已广泛地使用了开关电源，更促进了开关电源技术的迅速发展。 开关电源是利用现代电力电子技术，控制开关晶体管开通和关断的时间比率，维持稳定输出电压的一种电源，开关电源一般由脉冲宽度调制（PWM）控制IC和开关器件（MOSFET、BJT等）构成。开关电源和线性电源相比，二者的成本都随着输出功率的增加而增长，但二者增长速率各异。线性电源成本在某一输出功率点上，反而高于开关电源。随着电力电子技术的发展和创新，使得开关电源技术在不断地创新，这一成本反转点日益向低输出电力端移动，这为开关电源提供了广泛的发展空间。 开关电源高频化是其发展的方向，高频化使开关电源小型化，并使开关电源进入更广泛的应用领域，特别是在高新技术领域的应用，推动了高新技术产品的小型化、轻便化。另外开关电源的发展与应用在节约能源、节约资源及保护环境方面都具有重要的意义。
一、开关式稳压电源的基本工作原理 开关式稳压电源接控制方式分为调宽式和调频式两种，在实际的应用中，调宽式使用得较多，在目前开发和使用的开关电源集成电路中，绝大多数也为脉宽调制型。因此下面就主要介绍调宽式开关稳压电源。 调宽式开关稳压电源的基本原理可参见下图。 对于单极性矩形脉冲来说，其直流平均电压Uo取决于矩形脉冲的宽度，脉冲越宽，其直流平均电压值就越高。直流平均电压Ｕ。可由公式计算， 即Uo=Um×T1/T 式中Um为矩形脉冲最大电压值；T为矩形脉冲周期；T1为矩形脉冲宽度。 从上式可以看出，当Um 与T 不变时，直流平均电压Uo 将与脉冲宽度T1 成正比。这样，只要我们设法使脉冲宽度随稳压电源输出电压的增高而变窄，就可以达到稳定电压的目的。 二、开关式稳压电源的原理电路 1、基本电路
图二开关电源基本电路框图 开关式稳压电源的基本电路框图如图二所示。 交流电压经整流电路及滤波电路整流滤波后，变成含有一定脉动成份的直流电压，该电压进人高频变换器被转换成所需电压值的方波，最后再将这个方波电压经整流滤波变为所需要的直流电压。 控制电路为一脉冲宽度调制器，它主要由取样器、比较器、振荡器、脉宽调制及基准电压等电路构成。这部分电路目前已集成化，制成了各种开关电源用集成电路。控制电路用来调整高频开关元件的开关时间比例，以达到稳定输出电压的目的。 ２．单端反激式开关电源 单端反激式开关电源的典型电路如图三所示。电路中所谓的单端是指高频变换器的磁芯仅工作在磁滞回线的一侧。所谓的反激，是指当开关管VT1 导通时，高频变压器Ｔ初级绕组的感应电压为上正下负，整流二极管VD1处于截止状态，在初级绕组中储存能量。当开关管VT1截止时，变压器Ｔ初级绕组中存储的能量，通过次级绕组及VD1 整流和电容Ｃ滤波后向负载输出。
开关电源 与电子技术的飞速发展,电子系统的应用领域越来越广泛,电子设备,有越来越多的人工作以电子设备、生活越来越密切的关系。任何电子设备都离不开可靠供电电源的需求,他们也越来越高。电子设备的小型化、低成本的光的力量又瘦,小而高效的为发展方向。传统的晶体管稳压电源是系列调整连续控制线性稳压电源。这种传统的稳压电源的技术更加成熟,已经有大量的综合线性稳压电源模块,有稳定的性能好、输出电压波动小、运行可靠等。但通常需要体积大且沉重的工频变压器和体积和重量是大的过滤器。 在1950年代,美国国家航空和宇宙航行局的小型化、轻重量为目标,为火箭携带开关电源的发展。在近半个世纪的发展过程中,开关电源因其体积小、重量轻、效率高,适用范围广,电压的优点在电子、控制、计算机等许多领域的电子设备已得到广泛应用。在1980年代,计算机是由所有开关电源的,第一个完整的计算机发电。整个1990年代,开关电源在电子、电器、家用电器领域得到广泛、开关电源技术进入快速发展。此外,大规模集成电路技术,和快速发展,开关电源有了质的飞跃,提高了高频大功率产品的、小型化、模块化的潮流。 电源开关管、PWM控制器和高频变压器是不可或缺的组成部分,开关电源。传统的开关电源的一般均采用高频大功率开关管的划分及各销,如利用PWM(脉宽调制)集成控制器UC3842 + MOSFET是国内小功率开关电源的设计方法,更流行。 自1970年代以来,出现在许多功能完全集成控制电路、开关电源电路越来越简化,工作频率的不断提高,提高效率,为电力小型化提供更为广阔的发展前景。三结束离线脉冲宽度调制单片机顶部(三个交换线)将终端时,电源开关MOSFET PWM控制器包在一起,已经成为国际关系的主流,开关电源IC发展。采用集成电路设计上的开关电源开关,可使电路简单、体积进一步缩小,成本也明显降低 单片开关电源有单片集成,最简外围电路,最好的性能指标、没有工作频率变压器能构成一个重要的优势开关电源等PI(以)。美国公司在电力在1990年代中期,首次推出新高频开关电源芯片,被称为“上开关电源”的宗旨,以低成本、电路简单、效率较高。第一代产品于1994年代表TOP100/200系列,第二代产品是ⅡTOPSwitch - 1997年问世。以上产品一旦出现较强的生命力和他大大简化了 设计的150 W以下开关电源和新产品的开发为新工作,也、高效、低成本开关电源和普及推广创造了良好条件,可广泛用于仪表、笔记本电脑、移动电话、电视、VCD、DVD、摄录像机、手机电池充电器、功率放大器等领域,并形成各自不同小型化、密度、价格可以跟线性稳压电源AC / DC电源变换模块。 开关电源的综合了今后的发展方向将是主要趋势,功率密度将越来越大,对工艺的要求将越来越高。在半导体器件和磁性材料,没有新的突破性的技术进步主要之前可能很难达到、技术创新的重点将是如何提高工作效率和集中在减肥。因此,工艺水平将会在这个位置的电源生产更高。此外,应用数字控制电路是未来的方向发展的一个开关电源。在DSP这种信任在速度和抗干扰技术的不断提高。至于先进控制方法,目前个人觉得没见过的实用性方法显得尤为强烈, 也许是流行的数字控制,会有一些新的控制理论引入开关电源。 (1)技术:用高频开关频率增加、开关变换器体积也减少,功率密度也大幅提升,动态响应得到改善。小功率直流-直流转换器开关频率将上升到兆赫。但是当开关频率的不断提高,开关元件、被动元件损失增加、高频寄生参数和高频电磁干扰(EMI)等新问题也会造成。
开关电源的基本原理与分类方法 开关电源是指调整功率管以开关方式进行工作的稳压电源。缩写为SPS(Switching Power Supply),开关电源的核心部分是一个直流变换器。目前开关电源向着高频、高可靠性、低功耗、低噪声、抗干扰和模 块化方向发展。开关电源现在在社会上应用越来越广泛，需求也越来越大。 电源在一个典型系统中或者在一台机器中担当十分重要的角色，电源给系统的电路提供持续、稳定的 能量，使得系统或者机器能够正常地工作。电源的好坏直接影响了系统能否正常工作。随着电源的应用和 需求越来越广泛，人们对于电源的要求也越来越高。人们对电源的效率、体积、重量、稳定性和可靠性等 方面都有了更高的要求。 开关电源正是以其效率高、体积小、重量轻、稳定性高、零负载消耗低等多方面的优势逐步取代了效 率低、又笨又重的线性电源。现在社会上出现的需要应用开关电源的仪器、机器越来越多;利用开关电源作为驱动电源的产品也层出不穷，例如LED驱动开关电源的需求量越来越多。而现代电力电子技术的发展， 特别是大功率器件IGBT和MOSFET、各类电源芯片的迅速发展，将开关电源的工作频率提高到相当高的水平，使得开关电源的转换效率不断提高。人们对于转换效率的不断要求也促使开关电源的开发技术将越来 越高。 开关电源的主要电路是由输入电磁干扰滤波器(EMI)、整流滤波电路、功率变换电路、PWM控制器电路、输出整流滤波电路组成。辅助电路有输入过欠压保护电路、输出过欠压保护电路、输出过流保护电路、输 出短路保护电路等部分构成。 开关带能源的工作原理： 首先是将交流输入电源经整流滤波成脉动直流;然后通过高频PWM(脉冲宽度调制)信号控制开关管，将那个直流加到开关变压器初级上;接着开关变压器次级感应出高频电压，经整流滤波供给负载;最后，输出 部分通过一定的电路反馈给控制电路，控制PWM占空比，以达到稳定输出的目的。 常见的开关电源的分类方法有下列几种： 1.按激励方式的不同可以划分为他激式和自激式。他激式开关电源电路中专设激励信号振荡器;自激式开关功率管兼作振荡管。该形式的开关电源电路结构简单, 元器件少, 可以做成低成本的开关电源。 2.按调制方式的不同可以划分为脉宽调制型、频率调整型和混合调整型。脉宽调制型保持振荡频率保 持不变, 通过调节脉冲宽度来改变输出电压的大小;频率调整型保持占空比保持不变(脉冲宽度保持不变) , 通过改变振荡频率来改变输出电压大小;混合调整型是脉冲宽度和振荡频率均可进行调节的开关电源。 3.按开关管电流的工作方式的不同可以划分为开关型和谐振型。开关型用开关晶体管把直流变成高频 标准方波, 其电路形式类似于他激式;谐振型用开关晶体管与LC谐振回路将直流变成标准正弦波, 其电路 形式类似于自激式开关电源。 4.按开关晶体管的类型的不同可以划分为晶体管型和可控硅型。晶体管型采用晶体管(包括场效应管) 作为开关功率管;可控硅型采用可控硅作为开关功率管。这种电路的特点是直接输入交流电压, 不需要一次整流部分。
power supply cookbook Marty Brown 1．The Role of the Power Supply within the System and Design Program The power supply assumes a very unique role within a typical system. In many respects, it is the mother of the system. It gives the system life by providing consistent and repeatable power to its circuits. It defends the system against the harsh world outside the confines of the enclosure and protects its wards by not letting them do harm to themselves. If the supply experiences a failure within itself, it must fail gracefully and not allow the failure to reach the system. Alas, mothers are taken for granted, and their important functions are not appreciated. The power system is routinely left until late in the design program for two main reasons. First, nobody wants to touch it because everybody wants to design more exciting circuits and rarely do engineers have a background in power systems. Secondly, bench supplies provide all the necessary power during the system debugging stage and it is not until the product is at the integration stage that one says “Oops, we forgot to design the power supply!” All too frequently,the designer assigned to the power supply has very little experience in power supply design and has very little time to learn before the product is scheduled to enter production. This type of situation can lead to the “millstone effect” which in simple terms means “You designed it, you fix it ( forever).” No wonder no one wants to touch it and, when asked, disavows any knowledge of having ever designed a power supply. 1.1 Getting Started. This Journey Starts with the First Question In order to produce a good design, many questions must be asked prior to the beginning of the design process. The earlier they are asked the better off you are. These questions also avoid many problems later in the design program due to lack of communication and forethought. The basic questions to be asked include the following. From the marketing department