商务英语翻译复习材料

20XX年复习资料大学复习资料专业：班级：科目老师：日期：定语从句的翻译1. A lot of things happened to the board of directors during his absence which he didnot know.2.I guessed that in the past he had acquired a good deal of experience in dealing withMiddle West businessmen who had to be cajoled into paying a fancy price for an old master’s painting.3.In the Third World, where two out of three people still live by farming, food shortageand malnutrition are common.4.Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzlingto a visitor.5.They saw the first glimmerings of the "new economic order" for which many Third Worldcountries have long been clamoring.6.Each day we make choices that affect our lives and sometimes the lives of others.7.While at a museum, one can frequently rent a small recording machine that will explainthe objects on display as you move through the museum.8.There are also great advantages that come from different kinds of cultures broughtby settlers from other lands.9.In fact, many Americans who could afford to hire a cook or driver do not employ them.10.The airplane is the first in the scale of increasing vehicle size that would appearto be adaptable to nuclear power.11.Einstein, who worked out the famous Theory of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in20XXXX21.12.As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forcedto cut our prices to the minimum.13. A country that wishes to become a member of WTO is to send in its application beforea working party is formed by WTO for examination of the specific conditions of thecountry.14.The trend of home working is surging in the field of finance where trading can bedone via the Internet.15.E-commerce is a challenging and dynamic area where change, growth and innovation arethe norm.补充练习：（无）。

商务职场英语复习资料一、术语：Intellectual property rights 知识产权Electronically tagged 电子标签Global merchandise trade 全球商品贸易balance sheet 资产负债表Fixed asset 固定资产current assets 流动资产Forged currency 伪造货币spirality costs 螺旋式上升费用Financial expenditure 财政支出expense accounts 报销单Stock market 股票市场diversified portfolio 多元化投资组合[Put through the wringer 经历痛苦blue market 露天市场Ambush marketing 埋伏式营销guerrilla marketing 游击式营销Blitz marketing 闪电式营销viral marketing 病毒式营销Contract length 合同长度promotion prospects 提升机会Baby bond 小额贷款bear market 空头市场Bull market 牛市dead cat bounce 回光返照二、完形填空：1：'In (1)traditional economic theory, the term human resources referred simply to labor, one of the three factors of production. Nowadays, human resources (HR) is the people that staff and operate an organization as contrasted with its financial and (2)material resources. Human resources is also the organizational function dealing with people and issues related to people such as: hiring and (3)firing , compensation, training, performance, organizational development, health and safety, benefits, motivation, communication, etc. HR (4)managers are obliged and expected to carry out these activities in an effective, legal, fair, and consistent (5)fashion . The objective of human resources is to (6)maximize the return on investment from an organization’s human capital. HR management aims to improve individuals’productive contribution to an organization while simultaneously trying to achieve other societal and individual (7)objectives. Sometimes in large companies there is not a lot of direct (8)contact between top management and the majority of employees. The HR department plays a crucial liaison role between a company and it’s most precious (9)asset—its employees. Today, human resources is a vital part of a company. A company that does not attend to its human resources issues will not (10 prosper .2:(1)Advocates of capitalism consider economic freedom to be a basic (2)human liberty. However, (3)critics of the market system claim that it does not provide an equally high standard of (4)living for everyone. This is undeniably true. Under capitalism, there are (5)inequalities of wealth, though much less so than under other (6)system. To a large degree, success in a free market depends on individual (7)effort and ability, qualities that are distributed unevenly among human beings. The onlyway to achieve the goal of complete equality of wealth is by the use of some sort of (8)government force. The market economy has no (9)mechanisms of coercion available to it and it does not guarantee equal wealth for all. It tries to maintain liberty and (10)equality under law for all participants.3:Demand for a product is affected by a range of variables. Two key variables are the (1)price price of the product, and consumers’(2) income. According to (3) economic theory, there is normally an (4) inverse relationship between the price of a product and the quantity demanded of that product. As price (5) falls , the quantity demanded increases. There is also normally a (6)direct relationship between consumers’income and the quantity demanded at any given price; i.e. as consumers’income increases, demand (7) increase. The (8)demand for some products is very responsive to changes in price or in consumers’income. A certain (9)percentage change in price or income leads to a greater percentage change in the quantity demanded. (10)economists describe such products as having (11) elastic demand. The demand for some other products is much less responsive to changes in price or income. These products are said to have (12) inelastic demand.三、句子连接：1.If you want to take advantage of this offer, call right away!2.If you want people to remember your company, give it a catchy name.\3. If this plan can help to reduce our phone bills, then, yes, we’re interested.4. If you want to succeed in this career, you have to work really hard.5. If we make our calls at off-peak times, they cost less.6. If you use your credit card responsibly, you don’t run up a big debt.7. If you give people good service,they come back again.1. Brand names help customers identify the manufacturer of a product.2. A brand name ensures that we can distinguish one product from others./3. Brand names that are familiar to us can make us feel comfortable.4. The earliest types of brands helped to identify the maker of a product.5. Some of the best-known brands have become status symbols.1.pirated good often closely resemble the originals and so it is difficult to identify the fakes.2.Brand-name goods are fashionable but very expensive and consequently,these goods are copied and sold at a cheaper price.3.Since pirated goods are often much cheaper than the originals,consumers savemoney by buying the fake goods.4.Because famous brand-name goods are symbols of luxury and status,those are the ones that are most frequently copied.5.>6.Since for many women the handbag is an important accessory,there is a huge demand for affordable fake handbags.panies sometimes dump unassembled product components and this result in components being combined with inferior parts and sold as genuine articles.8.Due to the fact that many officials are not qualified to deal with counterfeiters,representatives from brands are called in when a fake is suspected.1. A counterfeit is an imitation made deliberately to falsely represent its content or its origins.2. Apart from forged currency or documents, counterfeits can also be clothes, software, pharmaceuticals, etc.3. In the USA, the FBI estimates that American companies lose up to $250 billion a year due to counterfeit goods.4. According to the European Commission, counterfeit goods cause 100,000 job losses in Europe each year.;5. Expensive or desirable brands have become popular among counterfeiters.6. The popularity of designer jeans such as Jordache in the late 1970s produced a flood of illegal copies.1. Inflation can be defined as a substantial and continuing overall increase in the general level of prices.2. One factor that can result in inflation is an increase in government taxes and fees.3. Average inflation in the USA has been steady at about 3% a year for the last thirty years.4. When interest rates go up and the cost of borrowing increases, the cost of runninga business increases and inflation can result.[5. Most people are able to cope with the average inflation rate of 3% as they get an annual increase in wages.1. P&H recovered slightly last year but then suffered a loss of $6 million.2. Omega’s acquisition of Eastern Energy boosted gas production.3. The market’s volatile behavior recently put shareholders through the wringer.4. Frood’s strong sales in all areas helped them turn in solid Q1 figures.5. The company offered free delivery and this created very high postal costs.）1. Financial institutions are companies that deal in money or money equivalents, such as stocks and bonds.2. The financial institution that most people know best is the commercial bank.3. A bank is an establishment in which individuals, businesses, government agencies, and even other banks deposit money.4. From these deposits the bank makes loans to individuals, businesses, government agencies, and other banks.5. The interest earned on these loans is a chief source of income for the bank.6. Deposits represent the largest source of commercial bank income—usually more than 80 percent.7. Checking accounts are the means by which most people and institutions pay their bills.:1. Corporate fraud is an undeniable fact of business life affecting businesses large and small.2. New technologies such as the Internet have increased the opportunities for fraud to be committed.3. Once suspected or discovered, investigating fraud is a specialist task requiring experience and technical skill.4. There is no doubt that fraud is best prevented,rather than dealt with after the fact.5. There is no completely foolproof method of preventing fraud,although there are a range of effective fraud prevention techniques.6. Special techniques are used to pro-actively test for fraud profiles.7. Other techniques are used to further investigate so that fraud incidents are satisfactorily resolved.四、作文1、求职信2、简历3、备忘录4、E-mail5、申请助学金6、投诉信7、恢复投诉信8、给家人或亲人写一封邮件。

商务英语口译材料
商务英语口译是一项重要的能力，在商业交流中起着至关重要的作用。

下面是
一些商务英语口译材料，希望能够对您的口译能力有所帮助。

首先，商务英语口译需要具备良好的专业知识和词汇积累。

在商务交流中，涉
及到各种行业的专业术语，因此口译人员需要对相关行业有一定的了解，并且需要不断积累相关词汇，以便在口译过程中能够准确地表达意思。

其次，商务英语口译需要具备良好的语言表达能力。

口译人员需要能够准确、
流利地表达对方的意思，同时还要能够准确理解对方的表达，并将其翻译成自己的语言。

这就需要口译人员具备良好的口头表达能力和听力能力。

另外，商务英语口译需要具备良好的跨文化交流能力。

在商务交流中，往往涉
及到不同文化背景的交流，口译人员需要能够理解并尊重对方的文化习惯，同时还要能够准确地传达自己的意思，避免因文化差异而导致的误解。

最后，商务英语口译需要具备良好的应变能力。

在商务交流中，往往会出现各
种突发情况，口译人员需要能够迅速应对，并做出准确的翻译，确保交流顺利进行。

总之，商务英语口译是一项综合能力的体现，需要口译人员具备良好的专业知识、语言表达能力、跨文化交流能力和应变能力。

希望以上材料能够对您在商务英语口译方面有所帮助，祝您在商务交流中取得成功！。

商务英语复习资料题型：①阅读理解5-6篇40% ②翻译（中→英）5个*5’=25%③画图题15% ④作文：要顶格写20%一．翻译1．我们希望公司能使我们更高效的经营业务，同时也为客户带来便利。

我们也希望你们能继续向我们订购，订单直接交本公司或分公司均可。

We hope that by it we can handle our business more efficiently for the convenience of our customers. We also hope that you will continue to place orders with us direct or through our new branch.2．随函寄上本公司商品目录一册，供参考，但愿你们从中能找到所需要的东西。

Enclosed for your reference is a copy of our catalogue ,in which you may find something you need.3．如果在你方市场完成了年销售，这份独家代理协议原本可以于到期日延长一年。

Should the annual turnover have been realized in your market, the sole agent agreement would have been extended for another year upon its expiration.4．前几天，你地的一家通讯公司前来与我们洽谈业务，他们意外地告诉我们你们是有名的摩托车制造商。

We were approached by a telecom provider in your district the other day and from them we happened to know that you are a well-known motorbike manufacturer.5．由于我方已在支付方式方面做出了让步，因此，难以再顺从你方的要求，把价格降至你方所说水平。

商务英语第一次翻译练习题商务英语翻译练习是一项重要的学习活动，它可以帮助学习者提高语言技能，同时熟悉商务环境下的专业术语和表达方式。

以下是一份商务英语翻译练习题，旨在提高学生的翻译能力。

商务英语翻译练习题一、词汇翻译1. 合同 (Contract)2. 报价 (Quotation)3. 交货 (Delivery)4. 销售合同 (Sales Agreement)5. 信用证 (Letter of Credit)二、句子翻译1. 我们收到了贵公司的报价单，并对其内容进行了仔细的审查。

(Translate to English)2. 根据我们的市场研究，这种产品有很大的销售潜力。

(Translateto English)3. 请提供贵公司的详细地址和联系方式。

(Translate to English)4. 我们希望与贵公司建立长期的业务关系。

(Translate to English)5. 我们公司提供多种付款方式，以满足客户的需求。

(Translate to English)三、段落翻译1. 尊敬的客户，我们很高兴通知您，您的订单已成功下单。

我们将尽快安排发货，并确保货物按时到达。

如果有任何问题，请随时联系我们的客服团队。

(Translate to English)2. Dear Customer, we are pleased to inform you that your order has been successfully placed. We will arrange for the shipment as soon as possible and ensure that the goods arrive on time. Should you have any issues, please feel free to contact our customer service team. (Translate to Chinese)四、商务信函翻译1. 翻译以下商务信函的开头和结尾部分：尊敬的先生/女士，我们对贵公司的产品非常感兴趣，并希望建立业务关系。

国际商务英语复习资料国际商务英语复习资料在当今全球化的时代，国际商务英语的重要性日益凸显。

无论是从事国际贸易、跨国公司工作，还是希望扩大自己的职业发展空间，掌握国际商务英语都是必不可少的。

为了帮助大家更好地复习和掌握国际商务英语知识，本文将提供一些复习资料和方法。

一、商务词汇商务词汇是国际商务英语的基础，掌握一定的商务词汇是进行商务交流的前提。

在复习过程中，可以通过背单词、阅读商务文章等方式来积累商务词汇。

此外，还可以使用商务英语词汇书籍、在线词汇工具等辅助工具来巩固记忆。

二、商务写作商务写作是国际商务英语的重要组成部分。

在商务写作中，要注意使用正式、准确的语言表达自己的观点和意见。

在复习过程中，可以通过模仿商务邮件、商务报告等文档来提升自己的商务写作能力。

同时，也可以阅读商务英语写作指南，学习商务写作的常用句型和表达方式。

三、商务口语商务口语是进行商务交流的重要方式。

在商务口语中，要注意语速、语调、表达清晰等方面。

在复习过程中，可以通过与他人进行商务对话、模拟商务谈判等方式来提升自己的商务口语能力。

同时，也可以参考商务英语口语教材，学习商务口语的常用表达和场景对话。

四、跨文化交际国际商务英语不仅仅是语言的学习，还包括了跨文化交际的能力。

在国际商务交流中，不同的文化背景和价值观会对商务活动产生影响。

在复习过程中，可以通过学习不同国家的商务礼仪、文化差异等来提升自己的跨文化交际能力。

同时，也可以参加国际商务交流活动，与外国商务人士进行交流，亲身感受跨文化交际的挑战和机遇。

五、实践应用复习国际商务英语不仅仅是理论的学习，更重要的是能够将所学知识应用到实践中。

在复习过程中，可以通过参加商务英语角、进行商务模拟演练等方式来锻炼自己的实践应用能力。

同时，也可以参与国际商务项目、实习等机会，将所学知识运用到实际工作中，提升自己的实际操作能力。

总结起来，国际商务英语的复习资料包括商务词汇、商务写作、商务口语、跨文化交际等方面。

李明《商务英语翻译（英译汉）》笔记及翻译示例汇总（关于商务英语）【圣才出品】第1单元关于商务英语1.1 复习笔记“商务”的内涵。

商务，即商业实务，即商业活动中的一切事务，包括商业交际、商品营销、酒店服务、旅游服务、商业广告、商业谈判、商业宣传、招牌和商标命名等。

商业，即以买卖为手段从而促进商品流通的经济行业，其中的商品包括有形物品，无形商品及无形服务（黎运汉，2005：2）。

一、商务英语的界定1. 商务英语，即商业主体在国际商务活动中，为实现商业目的而使用的一种英语变体。

这种英语变体的语言特征和文体风格的独特性使它从普通英语（General English）中独立出来，称之为商务英语（Business English）。

从学术角度则称之为商务用途英语（English for Business Purposes）。

2. 商务英语属于英语的一种社会功能变体，是专门用途英语（English for Specific Purposes）中的一个分支，是英语在国际商务活动领域中的具体应用。

商务英语是一种蕴涵各种商务活动内容、为从事国际商务活动的人们所认同和接受、适合国际商务活动交际需要的一种英语变体。

它有着较强的实用性、较强的专业性和明确的目的性。

它包括语言知识、交际技能、专业知识、管理技能和文化意识等核心内容（向嫣红，2000：21）。

3. 在包括技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资、对外劳务承包与合同、国际金融、涉外保险、国际旅游、海外投资、国际运输、商业广告等在内的各种商务活动中所使用的英语，即称之为商务英语。

4. 商务英语发源于普通英语，因此完全具有普通英语的语言学特征。

同时，商务英语又是商务专业知识和英语语言的紧密结合，因而商务英语本身又具有独特性。

商务英语如同法律英语和医学英语一样，也属于功能性语言的范畴。

二、商务英语的特点作为一种功能性语言变体，商务英语有以下特点：1. 商务英语的词汇、语法以及内容等各个方面均有较强的专业性。

branch office entrance feeregular pricespecial pricewarrantyhead officeexpiry date 有效期限；终止日期 wrapping 包装纸，包装材料compensate for 赔偿 net profit 净利，纯利 Trademark 商标 Patent 专利 Intellectual Property Rights 知识产权 certificate 证书，证明 infringement 侵权 patent right 专利权 Patent Office 专利局 patent certificate 专利证书 exclusive right 专有权，专营权利 breakage 破碎险 invoice 发票 invoice value 发票金额 economy class 经济舱 business class 商务舱 departure time 起飞时间 arrival time 到达时间boarding card 登机牌 return ticket 往返票 Customs Declaration Card 海关申报卡 overcome the jet leg 倒时差 get down to business 开始谈正事 warehouse 仓库 stock 库存 delivery 递送，交货 conveyor belt 传送带 press release 新闻稿 cost-effective 节约成本的 prime-time 黄金时段 short clips 宣传短片 product launch show 产品发布会 market share 市场份额 business advertising 商业广告 target audi9. refreshment 茶点 ence 目标对象 take the minutes 作会议记录 gift voucher 礼券 free trial 免费试用 tie-in promotion 搭售 raffle sales 抽奖销售 outstanding debt 未偿债务 economic outlook 经济前景purchasing power 购买力profit margin 利润率分公司 入场费 正常价格 特价 （质量）保证 总公司enquiry （或inquiry ）询价，询盘；询问 enquiry note 询价单sample 样品 sample cuttings 剪样 sample book 样品本 quotation n.行市；报价 catalogue 商品目录 illustrated catalogu 带有插图或照片的目录 brochure /pamphlet 商品小册子 indicative price 参考价格 export n ・ 出口；出口货 export v< 出口 exporter n.出口商 exportation n. 出口 order n.订单，订购；所订货物（后面一 般接介词foi •，间或接of ） duplicateorder 重复订单 fresh order 新订单initial order 首批订货 outstanding/pending order 未完成订单 trialorder 试购订单 order v> 订购specific enquiry 具体询盘，详细询盘 general enquiry一般询盘 offer... on FOBbasis 按 FOB 价格报盘discount n.折扣，贴现trade discount 同行折扣，商业折扣discount v.贴现；打折扣 make Shipment 装运，发货 book shipping space 订舱位 shipping advice 装船通知 shippinginstructions 装船须知 cover insurance 投保 consign v.运送；寄售 consignor 发货人 consignee 收货人 contract 合同Sales Confirmation 销售确认书 counter offer n./v.还盘，还价 close the deal = come to terms 成交，达成 交易 packing n ・包装 packing charges 包装费用 packinginstructions 包装要求，包装须知 export packing 出口 包装 inner packing 内包装 outer packing 外包装 shipping marks 装运标志，陵头 improper packing 包装不当 container 集装箱 shipping instructions 装运须知 multimodal transportation 多式联运 payment 支付，付款 payment in advance 预付货款 shipping documents 装船单据 D/P= Documents against Payment 付款交单 D/A= Documents against Acceptance 承兑 交单credit status 信用状况 deposit 存款；保证金 balance 余额 collection 托收 honor a draft 兑付汇票 installment 分期支付的款项 issue an L/C 开立信用证 documentary draft 跟单汇票 clean draft 光票 cover insurance 投保 average 海损 premium 保险费 underwrite 承保 underwriter 承保人 breakage 破碎险 invoice 发票 invoice value 发票金额China Import and Export CommodityInspection Bureau 中国进出口产品检验局 Certificate of Origin 原产地证明Inspection Certificate of Quality 质量检验证书Settle a claim 理赔Register a claim 索赔Insurance claim 保险索赔Inferior quality 质量较差Registered trademark 注册商标Intellectual Property Rights 知识产权Copyright 版权Patent specification 专利说明Sales Contract 销售合同Contractor订约人，承包人Abide by the contract 遵守合同Expiration of contract 合同期满Gross weight 毛重Net weight 净重Insurance policy 保险单Insurance premium 保险费Underwriter 保险商Open account赊账交易Payment on delivery 货到付款Letter of credit 信用证Commercial invoice 商业发票Payment by installation 分期付款Inner packing 内包装Outer packing 外包装Shipping advice 装船通知Bill of lading 提单Port of shipment 装运港Port of destination 目的港Partial shipment 分批装运Bargain the price 讨价还价Cut the price削减价格Favorable price 优惠价格Wholesale price 批发价格Retail price零售价格Commission 折扣Main products主要产品Terms and conditions 条款条件Consumer products 消费品European main ports 欧洲主要港口Paragraph 1Trade fair provides a place for sellers to display their goods and make them known to buyers. It is a very common means for sellers to promote their goods and for buyers to choose goods from the vast variety on offer. It's a marketplace filled with qualified buyers, joint venture partners, distributor and partners 一all in one place. It offers many advantages, such as obtaining sales leads and competitor intelligence, and learning more about industry developments and trends・ It also offers companies some chances to capture their share of the global market. 8商品交易会是为卖方提供一个展示他们商品的场所，让买方了解它们，对于卖方来说，这是促销它们商品的普遍方式。

BusinessEnglish复习资料整理Unit 17 Futures and derivatives期货和衍生品Futures 期货-contracts to buy or sell a commodity , currency or financial asset at a future date, at a price fixed at the time of making the contract.Opti ons 期权——con tracts giving the right, but not the obligati on to biy or sell ?…Commodities 货物一raw materials or primary products(初级产品)(metals, cereal< 谷物> coffee. etc)Derivatives 衍生---a general name for all financial instruments (金融工具) whose price depends on the movement of another price.Hedging 套期保值一making contracts to buy or sell a commodity or financial asset at a pre-arranged price in the future as a protection or “insurance”against price changes.Speculation 投机买卖一buying securities or other assets in the hope of making a capital gainby selling them at a higher price(or selling them in the hope of buying them back at a lower price). Swaps 掉期互换Unit 18 Market structure and competition 市场结构和竞争The market leader (with the biggest market share)The market challenger (the second-biggest company in the industry)The market followers1.Market share : a company'ssales expressed as a percentage of the total market2.Promotion : short-term tactics designed to stimulate stronger sales of a product3.Monopoly : the situation in which there is only one seller ofa product/doc/7a7115228.html,petitor : companies offering similar goods or services to the same set of customers5.Slogan: a short and easily memorized phrase used in advertising6.Market segmentation : the division of a market into submarkets according to the needs or buying habitsof different groups of potential customers7.Market niche : a small and specific market segment8.Differential advantage : a factor which makes you superior to competitors in a certain respect9.Turn over : a businesss tot'al sales revenue10.Recession: a period during which an economy is working below its potentialBarriers to entry 进入壁垒Natural monopoly 自然垄断Economies of scale 经济规模Dominant-firm oligopoly 公司寡头垄断example: Mainframe computersMonopolistic competition 垄断竞争example: Confectionery (chocolate bars)Monopoly 垄断example: Rail transportMonopsony 买方垄断example: arms and weapons systems Oligopoly 寡头垄断example: cars (automobiles)Perfect competition 完全竞争example: wheatUnit 19 Takeovers, mergers, and buyouts 接管，兼并，收购Acquisition : the purchase of one firm by anotherM&A ： 1.Horizontal 2. Vertical: a. forward b. backwardTo innovate (innovation) 创新: designing new products andbringing them to the marketTo diversity (diversification) 多样化：to expend into new fieldsTo merger (a merger) 合并：to unite, combine, amalgamate, integrate or join togetherA raid 通过购买股票收购：buying another company 's shares on the stock exchange, hoping to persuade enough other shareholders to sell to take control of the company.To takeover bid 收购： a public offer to a company 's shareholds to buy their shares, at particularprice during a particular period, so as to acquire a company.Horizontal integration 横向整合：to merge with or take over other firms producing the same type of goods or services. 像可乐收购百事Vertical integration 纵向整合：joining with firms in other stages of the production of sale of a product 宝钢收购澳洲铁矿Backward integration Forward integration 购买生产环节Synergy 协同效应：向后一体化： a merger with or the acquisition of one 'ssuppliers 向前一体化： a merger with or the acquisition of one 'smarketing outletscombined production that is greater than the sum of the separate partsUnit 20 Efficiency and employment大学生就业难问题——从经济方面讲1.Macroeconomic environment(the several unemployment situation —e.g. the financial crisis)2.Enrollment -expansion of Chinese universities3.Dual labor market theory (the first/ second labor market )4.Economic structure being irrational5.Unbalanced regional economic developmentUnit 21 Business ethicsDefinition of Business Ethics:The principles and standards that determine acceptable conduct in business organizations. 能够决定商业组织哪些是能被接受的行为的原则和标准The acceptability of behavior in business is determined by Customers, Competitors, Governmentregulators, Interest groups, and the public, as well as each individual ' s personal moralprinciples and values.Why study business ethic? (不确定考不考)Reports of unethical behavior are on the rise.Society 's evaluation of right or wrong affects its ability to achieve its business goals.a response to FSGO and stakeholder demands for ethics initiatives. Individual ethics is not enough.Help identify ethical issues to key stakeholders.1．Charities （慈善）: institutions or organizations that provide help for people in need 2． Legitimacy （合法，合理 n..）: acceptability, according to law or public opinion.3． Perfect competition : the situation when there are a large number of sellers and buyers, freedom toenter and leave markets, a complete flow of information, and so on.4．Welfare : a condition of general well-being （and government spending designed to achieve this ）5． Threatening : menacing, endangering6． Vitality : liveliness, health, energy, strength7． Free enterprise : an economic system in which anyone can attempt to raise capital, form a business, andoffer goods or services.8．Conforming （一致性）: complying with or following （rules,etc.） 9． Ombodied : expressed, given a material form 10．Proponents （拥护者）: supporters, people who argue in favor of somethingUnit 22 The role of governmentP129.130 的文章大概看下 1. costly : expensive2. disposed of : spent, used or consumed3. on our behalf （利用）: done for us4. a physician : a medical doctor5. ailments （小病）: （non-serious ） illnesses6. to resort to force: to use violence7. to coerce （强迫）: to compel people to do something against their will 8. a mortician （殡仪业务）: someone who arranges funerals 9. a plumber: someone who fixes water pipes 10. a host of: a large number of市场失灵 --》 Correcting market failureexternalities （外部经济效果）:如空气污染，污水排放public goods monopolies ：需要政府干预 merit and demerit goods unit 23 Central banking, money and taxationValue added tax ：增值税income tax ：所得税capital transfer tax ：资产转移税 capital gains tax: 资产所得税 wealth tax: 财产税 direct tax: 直接税 indirect tax: 间接税The functions of taxation ：1. to raise revenue to finance government expenditure2. can be designed to dissuade people1. depreciation （贬值） : reducing the value of a fixed asset, by charging in against profitsprogressive tax: 累进税 regressive tax: 递减税 sales tax: 营业税fiscal policy: 财政政策tax avoidance: 逃税tax evasion: 漏税tax heave n :逃税天堂2.disincentive （挫折）: something which discourages an action3.regressive （回归的）: an adjective describing a tax that is proportionally higher for people withless money4.consumption （消费）: spending money to buy things, rather tahn saving it5.self-employed （自我创业）: working for yourself, being your own boss6.national insurance （国家保险）: a tax on incomes that pays for sickness benefit, unemploymentbenefit, and old-age pensions7.perks （福利）: non-financial benefits or advantages of a job8.tax-shelters: a way to delay the payment of tax to a later time9.tax-deductible （减税）: an adjective describing expenditures than can be taken away from taxabeincome or profit10.tax-heavens : a country offering very low tax rates to foreign businessesunit 24 Exchange ratesGovernment Economic Goals:1.Economic Growth2.Full Employment3.Price Stability4.Balance of International BudgetRMB appreciation ：（参考A+ 答案，自己可另外发挥）Positive ：1．RMB revaluation could mean the advancement of the Chinese economy in the world economy Status. 2．Appreciation of the RMB help export sectors a significant impact on foreign trade enterprises. 3．To attract foreign investment has declined and there will be more domestic enterprises to go abroad to invest and build factories.4．Conditional lower the cost of imported products.5．The domestic residents abroad reduce the cost of travel and study abroad.（teacher:1.to improve people 's purchasing power2.good for import industries3.to perfect the economic system4.to solve the inflation ）Negative1．By the impact of RMB appreciation, China's economic growth will slow.2．Affect our business and the comprehensive competitiveness of many industries.3．Not conducive to China's foreign trade enterprises exports.4．Unemployment will increase.5．The financial risk will increase.6．The inflationary pressures.7. The in crease in the loss of creditors.(teacher: 1.make aga inst the export2. make aga inst the in troduct ion of foreig n capita3. China is the greatest national debt holder of U.S..RMBappreciation will decrease 20% )Unit 25 the business cycleDefin iti onThe bus in ess cycle is the upward and dow nward moveme nt of econo mic activity that occurs around the growth trend.Expansions/con tract ions in economy StagesThe peak is the top of the bus in ess cycle. A boom is a very high peak, represe nting a big jump in output.The downturn is the phenomenon of economic activity starting to fall from a peak. A recession is a decline in output that persists for more than two consecutive quarters inayear.A depressi on is a large recessi on.A trough is the bottom of the recessi on or depressi on.An expansion is an upturn that lasts at least two consecutive quarters of a year.Internal theoriesStages ' order —redictableStage len gth/stre ngth - un predictableExter nal TheoriesUnit 26 Keynesianism and monetarism( 货币主义)external Influences匚urrent StateThe Business CycleMeeds:Objectives,Success Critei iaBenefits:Review^ Evaluate.MeasurePlanning:Strategic. Financial dnd Business PlansPeakTro ug h一亘no遛o莎竈Supply : the willingness and ability to offer goods or services for sale.Dema nd: the willi ngn ess and ability of con sumers to purchase goods and services.Market forces: supply and dema ndEquilibrium 平衡:A state of bala nee, for example whe n supply meets dema nd.Fiscal policy: gover nment or cen tral bank measures concerning the rate of growth of the money supply (the amount of money in circulation)Mon etary policy: gover nment measures concerning taxati on, public expe nditure, and so onUnit 27 the international trade1.visible: trade in goods2.in visible: trade in services (ba nking, in sura nee, tourism, and so on)3.direct excha nge of goods, without the use of money4.the differe nee betwee n what a country receives and pays for its exports and imports of goods5.the differe nee betwee n a country 'total earnings fromexports and its total expe nditure on imports6.the (impossible) situati on in which a country is completely self-sufficie nt and has no foreig n trade7.surplus (顺差): a positive bala nee of trade or payme nts8.deficit (逆差): a negative balanee of trade or payments9.sell ing goods abroad at (or below) cost price10.protectionism: imposing trade barriers in order to restrict imports11. tariff: taxes charged on imports12. quota: quantitative limits on the import of particular products or commoditiesUn it 28 econo mic and ecologyEco-economics 生态经济学Recycling Economics 循环经济Green Economics 绿色经济The Low Carbon Economy 低炭经济How Do We Create a Low Carbon Economy? Suggesti ons to Promote Low Carbon Economy1. Promote awareness about impact of climate change.2. Use Ren ewable sources of en ergy3. Use CNG based public tran sport system4. Metro rail and car shari ng practices.5. Enhance role of n uclear and hydropower6. Afforestati on and land restoratio n.7. Adopt En ergy efficie ncy labeli ng system8. Use Biogas and solar devices.9. Boost en ergy related R & DUn it 29 In formati on tech no logy and electro nic commerce What is E-commerce ?The most successful compa nies embrace the In ternet as a mecha nism for tran sform ing their compa nies and for cha nging everyth ing about the way they do bus in ess.O Sus tnes s t Q busines s supp o rt 」Ltetrari (fcusin&ss 姐」? MEM □ (Mcdi ating and Monil aring E ? Secvif e c ofttracts (ICC)心Bolcro (de 匚tronic dacumentsupporf)HO Markets-1Automot ive in du stiy < c cilk ctivc tuying)^Retail warld-'Insuianc e private ext hang 巳 cf virtual products*"Unit 30 Entrepreneurs and venture capitalVenture capital: is a subset of private equity, made for the launch, early development or expansion of a business.ECAPPLICATIONS1. Supply cha in man ageme nt2. Home shopp ing3. Remote banking4. On-li ne marketi ng and advertising5. Dista nt lear ning6. Procureme nt and purchas ingGive some example of EC: B-C :RetailInternet bookshop CDNowShopp ing malls Auctio nsCollective buyingFinanceESI (stock market)Electro nic1. Market opportunity : The possibility of providing a new product or service to satisfyparticular needs.2. High net worth individuals : People with a lot of money at their disposal.3.Risk averse: Adjective describing investors who do mot want to take risks with their money.4.Listed: Adjective describing companies whose shares are traded on the stock exchange.5.Fee: Money paid to professional people for a job of work done.6.Equity : Another word for stocks or shares: a company 's capital7.Running costs : The day-to-day expenses of operating a business.8.Market penetration : The attempt to increase or maximize sales, and get a large number ofcustomers.9.Non- executive directors : Directors, who do not work full time for a company, but adviseit about strategic issues.。