第14章美国早期爵士乐
14.1 复习笔记
I. Jazz music
1. The reasons for its popularity
2. Characteristics
II. Early New Orleans jazz
1. Early jazz music
2. Blues
III. Jazz in Chicago and New York in the 1920s
1. Two styles
2. The musicians
IV. The piano
1. The history
2. Ragtime music
3. “Stride” piano
V. Boogie Woogie
1. The development
2. Characteristics
I. Jazz music（爵士乐）
1. The reasons for its popularity（受欢迎的原因）
(1) Jazz, as a uniquely American contribution to the arts, was initially performed and
appreciated by African-Americans.
(2) It gained acceptance in all classes because it appealed to the young and
rebellious, and it became modified and softened for more sensitive “ears”.
(1) 爵士乐是美国对世界艺术的独特贡献，起源于黑人音乐。
(2) 爵士乐赢得了社会各阶层的认同，这是因为它首先吸引了有反叛精神的年轻人，也因为
这种音乐已被修改，并使其听起来更为温和，以满足那些“挑剔”的听众的要求。
2. Characteristics（特点）
(1) The emphasis on free invention and the development of individual ways of
playing instruments appealed to themes in American culture.
(2) All the great jazz musicians are characterized by individual sound and style. (1) 爵士乐强调即兴自由发挥并发掘独具匠心的演奏方式，对美国文化的主旋律构成了极大
的吸引力。
(2) 所有的爵士乐大师都有其独特的演唱与演奏风格。
II. Early New Orleans jazz（新奥尔良爵士乐）
1. Early jazz music（早期爵士乐）
(1) The origin（起源）
Early jazz music first appeared in New Orleans at the end of the 19th century. It was a blend of folk music, work chants, spirituals, marches, and European classical music.
19世纪末，爵士乐诞生于美国南部城市新奥尔良。爵士乐集民歌、劳动号子、黑人圣歌、进行曲以及欧洲古典音乐于一身。
(2) Characteristics（特点）
It was identified by an ensemble of musicians improvising their notes in changing chords around a specific melodic line, and by its polyrhythmic structure, a contribution from the drumming of West Africa brought by black slaves.
早期爵士乐的一大特点是：一组爵士乐师使用“集体即兴法”，围绕某一集体旋律使用不同和弦即兴演奏出不同的音调；另一特点是具有复合节奏的结构，这主要是借鉴了由黑奴从西非带到美国的击鼓演奏法。
(3) Instruments（乐器）
①The “front line” of the ensemble included a cornet (or trumpet) , a clarinet,
and a trombone.
②Percussion instruments, behind the front line, included drums, the banjo,
guitars, etc.
◆Drums established the beat, did the timing, and contributed to the
“texture” of the ensemble.
◆From the drumming of the famous drummer “Baby” Dodds, one can hear
the melody.
①乐队的前排乐器主要包括：小号、单簧管以及长号。
②打击乐部分处于后排，主要包括：鼓、班卓琴、吉它等。
◆击鼓用于确定节拍、起讫时间以及乐曲的结构。
◆人们仅从贝比·多兹击鼓的节奏中就可以听出一段爵士乐曲的主旋律。
(4) The types of music（音乐类型）
Jazz bands not only played dance music, marches and ragtime music, but also played “cakewalks”, a type of strutting dance, and blues.
爵士乐队不仅演奏舞曲、进行曲、拉格泰姆音乐，还演奏“蛋糕步”舞曲（模仿嘲弄上流社会白人的摇摆舞）以及布鲁斯。
2. Blues（布鲁斯）
(1) The origin（起源）
①Blues is a type of slow, sad music from the city of New Orleans.
②Blues is derived from a blend of field chantey and spiritual—a form of hymn
singing prevalent in African-American Christian churches.
③The tradition of the vocal ballad, usually accompanied by a guitar, contributed
to the blues.
①布鲁斯起源于美国南部城市新奥尔良，是一种缓慢悲伤的音乐形式。
②布鲁斯集田间劳动号子以及黑人圣歌于一身，是一种盛行于美国黑人基督教教堂的圣
歌。
③传统的民谣演唱方式—通常是在吉他的伴奏下，也为布鲁斯的产生作出过贡献。
(2) Characteristics（特点）
①The music has a peculiar, poignant sadness.
②The lyrics of many blues pieces are sardonic, filled with wry, self-deprecating
humor.
①布鲁斯音乐表现出一种特殊而尖锐的悲伤。
②许多布鲁斯乐曲的歌词具有讥讽意味，充满讽刺与自我贬低的幽默。
III. Jazz in Chicago and New York in the 1920s（20年代芝加哥与纽约爵士乐）
1. Two styles（两种音乐风格）
(1) Jazz developed into the 1920s with two different styles, the Chicago style and the New York style.
(2) In the early 1920s, Chicago emerged as the creative center for jazz.
①In Chicago, jazz was played at a faster tempo than was usually the case with
New Orleans style jazz.
②This was the beginning of the arranged musical piece as distinct from
ensemble improvisation.
(3) New York had its musicians especially in the African-American district called Harlem.
(1) 20世纪20年代，芝加哥与纽约分别产生了新的爵士乐风格。
(2) 20世纪20年代早期，芝加哥成为爵士乐的创作中心。
①芝加哥爵士乐采用了更为激烈的摇摆节奏，而不像新奥尔良爵士乐那样节奏松弛而缓
慢。
②不同于集体即兴法，芝加哥爵士乐标志着乐谱演奏的开始。
(3) 纽约的爵士音乐家主要是黑人，他们大多数集中在哈莱姆。
2. The musicians（音乐家）
(1) Louis Armstrong（路易·阿姆斯特朗）
①Born in New Orleans in 1901, Louis Armstrong learned to play the cornet in his
early teens.
②After an apprenticeship in several bands in New Orleans, he acquired the
nickname “Satchelmouth”.
③He joined Joe Oliv er’s orchestra in Chicago, where he set the style identified
with Chicago.
④In 1924, he left for New York to play with Fletcher Henderson’s orchestra and
participate in small groups to record music.
⑤He organized the “Hot Five”and the “Hot Seven” and made a series of
recordings which represented the origin of the Chicago style of jazz, and reflected the Roaring Twenties life in Chicago.
⑥In 1926, he recorded his famous “scat singing”, vocalizing nonsense
syllables in tune with the music.
⑦Armstrong’s career as a jazz musician continued well into t he 1930s and the
1940s. He is remembered as America’s foremost jazz musician.
①路易·阿姆斯特朗于1901年出生于新奥尔良，从少年时代就开始学习演奏小号。
②他曾加入过一些新奥尔良的爵士乐队，因演奏小号技法高超，人送绰号“书包嘴”。
③后来阿姆斯特朗加入乔·奥利弗的乐队，并逐渐确立了芝加哥风格的爵士乐。