Climbing robots in natural terrain

Unit 4 Electronic Information (Robots)Part I EST ReadingReading 1Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1.How does a QB work?QB has a speaker, microphone, camera, and video screen. It connects to the internet over Wi-Fi. You control it from your computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. If you have a camera you can show live video of yourself, or you can show a still picture on bad hair days.2.Is driving a QB difficult? Is there a hand-held control device I can use with mycomputer to control the Anybot?It's pretty easy. You use the 4 arrow keys to make it turn, go forward or back. Its built-in guidance system takes care of the rest by avoiding furniture and people, and gliding straight through doorways. All the time you’re seeing real-time video from the robot’s head, so you know where you are. Most people get used to it in a few minutes.Not necessary, all you need is your keyboard.3.Is a Wi-Fi network in the home or business needed?Yes. You should have 802.11g access points for best results. You should use encryption –WPA2 is easiest. We find Meraki business-class access points work well and are affordable and easy to set up. They have long-range and outdoor models too.4.What kind of sensors does the Anybot have, and what is the resolution on the Anybotcamera?Two cameras, 3 microphones, lidar, a 3-axis gyroscope and encoders on the wheels. The main camera is 5 megapixels.5.How do you control or drive the Anybot?You should control or drive it through a web browser. You don't need any special equipment, but you’ll sound better with a headset.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-5): Brief introduction to the QBPara. 1: The appearance and advantages of the QB.Para. 2: The fields in which the QB will be applied.Para. 3: The composition of the QB.Para. 4: Useful designing makes the QB mobile and height-adjustable.Para. 5: The QB is designed for those who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places without sacrificing presence.Part 2 (Paras. 6-11): The test drive of the QBPara. 6: The objective and planned procedure of the test drive.Para. 7: The actual performance of the QB in completing the planned mission.Para. 8: The built-in lidar system and the camera enable the QB move smoothly.Para. 9: The Q B’s laser-pointer eye turned out to be useful when greeting people.Para. 10: A valuable lesson has been learned through the test drive: never drive outside the range of the Wi-Fi network.Para. 11: The QB slips down along the ramp when the Wi-Fi connection drops.2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1)What can a robot do in your daily life?They can move materials, parts, tools, or other specialized devices to perform a variety of tasks. Nowadays, they are also capable of attending meetings for you.2)What does a robot look like?Undoubtedly, different robots look differently. The QB just looks like a floor lamp mounted on a vacuum cleaner.3)Can a robot be remotely controlled? How?Yes, through a web browser.4)Have you ever heard of the QB?5)Have you seen any movies related to robots, do you believe that these robots will be createdand applied in the real life?6)Suppose that you were a businessman, how will you use it to bring customers in?7)Do you desire to have a QB of your own?3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the wordsyou’ve learned in the text.QB —Anybots, Inc.’s newly unveiled surrogate robot will be available to the public soon. Despite its $15,000 price tag and its not-so-handsome appearance: it looks like a floor lamp mounted on a vacuum cleaner, the company believes that its high-tech will appeal to a new generation of workers who’d like to be in contact without sacrificing ―presence‖. The QB has a speaker, microphone, camera, laser pointer, lidar system and video screen. It connects to the internet over Wi-Fi, thus can be navigated remotely by an operator via his computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. Although the operator cannot be there in person, if the operator has a camera he can show live video of himself, or he can show a still picture on bad hair days.Vocabulary and Structure1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.1)Collision avoidance, traditionally considered a high level planning problem, can beeffectively distributed between different levels of control, allowing real-time robot operations in a complex environment.2)It covers the higher level techniques of illumination, perspective projection, analyticalphotogrammetry, motion, image matching, consistent labeling, model matching, and knowledge-based vision systems.3)In 2006 Anybots unveiled a humanoid robot that walks like people do, without dependingon large feet for stability.4)An alternative is here put forward to counterbalance the present-day preoccupation withanthropomorphic series-actuated robot-arms.5)Criteria for avoiding undesirable robot-arm-configurations are touched upon, and certainaspects of the performance of in-parallel-actuated robot-arms are compared and contrasted with those of series-actuated arms.6)We have experimented with the planner using several computer-simulated robots,including rigid objects with 3 DOFs (in 2D work space) and 6 DOFs (in 3D work space) and manipulator arms with 8, 10, and 31 DOFs (in 2D and 3D work spaces).7)Robotics is concerned with the study of those machines that can replace human beings inthe execution of a task, as regards to both physical activity and decision making.8)In the course of centuries, human being have constantly attempted to seek substitutes thatwould be able to mimic their behavior in the various instances of interaction with the surrounding environment.9)By its usual meaning, the term automation interaction a technology aimed at replacinghuman being with machines in a manufacturing process, as regard not only the execution of physical operations but also the intelligent processing of information on the status of the process. (denotes)10) By virtue of its programmability, the industrial robot is a typical component ofprogrammable automated systems. Nonetheless, robots can be entrusted with tasks both in rigid automated systems and in flexible automated systems.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1)This is significant because it is not obvious that the theory can be extended to include anaccount of quantifier scope without an appeal to additional representational levels. A full account is clearly beyond the scope of the work, but this reviewer would have liked some reassurance that one is possible.2) A question that always arises when dealing with temporal information is the granularity ofthe values in the domain type.3)This paper shows how to compute linear and quadratic estimates to the variation of theloading margin with respect to any power system parameter or control.4)We have constructed an in vitro movement system in which purified single action filamentslabeled with fluorescent phalloidin are observed to move on myosin filaments fixed to a glass surface.5)It did not make sense for established companies to invest early in the disruptivetechnologies, because the margins tended to be much lower and the market was unproven.6)Although these studies and scores like them depend upon ecological correlations, it is notbecause their authors are interested in correlations between the properties of areas as such.7)They suggest that having an expressive face and indicating attention with movement both makea robot more compelling to interact with.8) A total of 56 adults with diabetes were randomized to receive diabetes education in person(control group) or via telemedicine (telemedicine group) and were followed prospectively.9)Since in many applications, enormous amounts of unlabeled data are available with littlecost, it is therefore natural to ask the question that in addition to human labeled data, whether one can also take advantage of the unlabeled data in order to improve the effectiveness of a of a machine-learned categorizer.10)If two bursts of equal priority contend with each other, then the tail segments of the originalburst are dropped.3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of sentences to make a complete sentence.1)Given that robots generally lack muscles, they can't rely on muscle memory (the trick thatallows our bodies to become familiar over time with movements such as walking orbreathing) to help them more easily complete repetitive tasks.2)For autonomous robots, this can be a bit of a problem, since they may have toaccommodate changing terrain in real time or risk getting stuck or losing their balance.3)One way around this is to create a robot that can process information from a variety ofsensors positioned near its ―legs‖ and identify different patterns as it moves, a team of researchers report Sunday in Nature Physics.4)Some scientists rely on small neural circuits called "central pattern generators" (CPG) tocreate walking robots that are aware of their surroundings.5)Some researchers are leading a project that has created a six-legged robot with one CPGthat can switch gaits depending upon the obstacles it encounters.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into the passive-voice ones.1) A novel twist is introduced on this traditional approach (by the new field of experimentalphilosophy).2)The search to understand peopl e’s ordinary intuitions is continued (by experimentalphilosophers).3)This is accomplished by using the methods of contemporary cognitive science —experimental studies, statistical analyses, cognitive models, and so forth.4)Just in the past year or so, this new approach has been being applied (by a number ofresearchers) to the study of intuitions about consciousness.5)How people think about the mind can be better understood by studying how people thinkabout three different types of abstract entities.Discourse Understanding1. G.2. F.3. E.4. D.5. C.Reading 2Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1. Do you have any idea about the Middle Ages? And the Dark Ages in human history?The Middle Ages (adjectival form: medieval) is a period of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and preceded the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classical, Medieval, and Modern. The term "Middle Ages" (medium aevum) was coined in the 15th century and reflects the view that this period was a deviation from the path of classical learning, a path supposedly reconnected by Renaissance scholarship.The concept of a Dark Age originated with the Italian scholar Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) in the 1330s, and was originally intended as a sweeping criticism of the character of Late Latin literature.Petrarch regarded the post-Roman centuries as "dark" compared to the light of classical antiquity. Later historians expanded the term to refer to the transitional period between Roman times and the High Middle Ages, including not only the lack of Latin literature, but also a lack of contemporary written history, general demographic decline, limited building activity and material cultural achievements in general. Popular culture has further expanded on the term as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness, extending its pejorative use and expanding its scope.2. How does the term Dark Ages relate to the Middle Ages?Dark Ages is a term referring to the perceived period of both cultural and economic deterioration as well as disruption that took place in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire.The word is derived from Latin saeculum obscurum (dark age), a phrase first recorded in 1602.The label employs traditional light-versus-darkness imagery to contrast the "darkness" of the period with earlier and later periods of "light". Originally, the term characterized the bulk of the Middle Ages as a period of intellectual darkness between the extinguishing of the light of Rome, and the Renaissance or rebirth from the 14th century onwards.This definition is still found in popular usage,but increased recognition of the accomplishments of the Middle Ages since the 19th century has led to the label being restricted in application. Today it is frequently applied only to the earlier part of the era, the Early Middle Ages. However, most modern scholars who study the era tend to avoid the term altogether for its negative connotations, finding it misleading and inaccurate for any part of the Middle Ages.3. What do you imagine a Digital Dark Age refer to?(Open)4. Are there any observations indicating that we are living in a digital dark age?Any one or two of the following observations will be acceptable.Enormous amounts of digital information are already lost forever. Digital history cannot be recreated by individuals and organizations cannot recreate a digital history because it was not archived or managed properly or it resides in formats that cannot be accessed because the information is on out-dated word-processor files, old database formats, or saved on readable media. Many large data-sets in governments and universities world-wide have been made obsolete by changing technologies (think punch cards and 12‖ floppy disks) and will either be lost or subject to expensive ―rescue‖ operations to save the information. Unsurprisingly, the Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information has identified in itsrecommendations, the development of ―effective fail-safe mechanisms to support the aggressive rescue of endangered digital information.‖There will be a demographic bulge of electronic materials coming into libraries and archives as the Baby Boom generation of authors and academics begin to wind down their careers and begin off-loading their materials to various libraries and archives. These materials will come to libraries on a wide-variety of storage devices, perhaps even in entire computer systems, and will probably have equally significant paper collections associated with them. To assist the archivist of 2015, we need to find methods for helping organize this information today.Information technologies are essentially obsolete every 18 months. This dynamic creates an unstable and retrieve unpredictable environment for the continuance of hardware and software over a long period of time and represents a greater challenge than the deterioration of the physical medium. Many technologies and devices disappear as the companies that provide them move on to new product lines, often without backwards compatibility and ability to handle older technologies, or the companies themselves disappear.There is a proliferation of document and media formats, each one potentially carrying their own hardware and software dependencies. Copying these formats from one storage device to another is simple. However, merely copying bits is not sufficient for preservation purposes: if the software for making sense of the bits (that is for retrieving, displaying, or printing) is not available, then the information will be, for all practical purposes, lost. Libraries will have to contend with this wide variety of digital formats. Many digital library collections will not have originated in digital form but come from materials that were digitized for particular purposes. Those digital resources which come to libraries from creators or other content providers will be wildly heterogeneous in their storage media, retrieval technologies and data formats. Libraries which seek out materials on the Internet will quickly discover the complexity of maintaining the integrity of links and dealing with dynamic documents that have multimedia contents, back-end script support, and embedded objects and programming.Financial resources available for libraries and archives continue to decrease and will likely do so for the near future. The argument for preserving digital information has not effectively made it into public policy. There is little enthusiasm for spending resources on preservation at the best of times and without a concerted effort to bring the issues into the public eye, the preservation of digital information will remain a cloistered issue. The importance of libraries has been diminished in the popular press as the pressures from industry encourage consumers to see libraries as anachronistic while the Internet and electronic products such as Microsoft Encarta are promoted as inevitable replacements. Until this situation changes, libraries and archives will continue to be asked to do more with less both in terms of providing traditional library services, as well as new digital library services: preservation will have to encompass both kinds of collections.Increasingly restrictive intellectual property and licensing regimes will ensure that many materials never make it into library collections for preservation. These will be corporate assets and will not be deposited into public collections without substantive financial and licensing arrangements that few libraries will be able to afford. From a positive perspective, this fact will allow libraries to essential ignore the preservation question for many kinds of key informationresources (examples will include newspapers, electronic serials, directories) as these may be preserved by their corporate owners. The flip-side of this argument is whether corporate owners will develop a public-spirited interest in providing this archival role for future generations and whether the resources will be accessible to the public.The archiving and preservation functions within a digital environment will become increasingly privatized as information continues to be commodified. Companies will be the place where the most valuable information is retained and preserved, and this will be done only suffice as there is a corporate recognition of the information as an asset. But companies have no binding commitment to making information available over a long-term. Those librarians that suggest legal deposit is the means for addressing this issue are not likely to be successful. As a full discussion of this topic is beyond the scope of this paper, let it suffice to state that libraries would have a very limited ability to cope with the volume and variety of digital resources that publishers could potentially dump on them. Still more problematic are the rights management and access control issues that content providers will require demands which strongly argue that legal deposit in a digital era will have limited effectiveness. Libraries will be the archive of last resort and will b e repositories of ephemera and ―public domain‖ information those materials considered as largely without commercial value.The Commission on Preservation and Access suggests that the first line of defense against the loss of valuable digital information rests with the creators, providers and owners of digital information. This fact is a critical one for preservation purposes as it strongly suggests that the role that librarians and archivists must play will be an increasingly public one. Preservation is a desktop issue, not merely an institutional one. The role of preservationists must be to interact with users and to address preservation and information management issues on their desktops, not the archivists desktop.Standards will not emerge to solve fundamental issues with respect to digital information. The challenge in preserving electronic information is not primarily a technological one, it is a sociological one. The dynamism of the market for information technologies and products ensures the fundamental instability of hardware and software primarily because product obsolescence is often key to corporate survival in a competitive capitalist democracy. Product differentiation manifests itself at the very level of the document standard. Proprietary systems provide commercial enterprises with profitable products whereas static (i.e. preservable) formats do not create a continuing need for upgrading which software and hardware companies depend upon. This situation conspires against standards that create a stable nexus of hardware, software, and administration.Libraries and archives will be required to continue their existing archival and preservation practices as the current paper publishing boom continues. Clearly, digital collections are not going to be a substitute for existing and future library collections and plans must be made to accommodate both. A significant concern of libraries and archives is that the financial resources necessary to address expensive IT upgrades, embark on data rescue operations, and undertake digital preservation will have detrimental impacts on other aspects of library and archival operations such as building collections and providing services for the public.Section C Post-reading TaskReading and Understanding1. Choose the best summary of the passage.C2. Complete the sentences based on the text.1) Within this hyperbolic environment of technology euphoria, there is a constant, albeitweaker, call among information professionals for a more sustained thinking about the impacts of the new technologies on society.2) Many large data-sets in governments and universities world-wide have been made obsoleteby changing technologies and will either be lost or subject to expensive ―rescue‖ opera tions to save the information.3) There is a proliferation of document and media formats, each one potentially carrying theirown hardware and software dependencies.4) Those digital resources which come to libraries from creators or other content providers willbe wildly heterogeneous in their storage media, retrieval technologies and data formats.5) Libraries which seek out materials on the Internet will quickly discover the complexity ofmaintaining the integrity of links and dealing with dynamic documents that have multimedia contents, back-end script support, and embedded objects and programming.6) Increasingly restrictive intellectual property and licensing regimes will ensure that manymaterials never make it into library collections for preservation.7) Companies will be the place where the most valuable information is retained and preserved,and this will be done only suffice as there is a corporate recognition of the information as an asset.8) Libraries and archives will be required to continue their existing archival and preservationpractices as the current paper publishing boom continues.Language in Use1.Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.1)The only way to resolve these questions conclusively would be to engage in seriousscientific inquiry—but even before studying the scientific literature, many people have pretty clear intuitions about what the answers are going to be.2) A person might just look at a computer and feel certain that it couldn’t possibly be feelingpleasure, pain or anything at all; that’s why we don’t mind throwing a broken computer in the trash.3)In the jargon of philosophy, these intuitions we have about whether a creature or thing iscapable of feelings or subjective experiences—such as the experience of seeing red or tasting a peach—are called ―intuitions about phenomenal consciousness.‖4)This approach was taken up in experimental work by Justin Sytsma, a graduate student,and experimental philosopher Edouard Machery at the University of Pittsburgh and in work by Larry (Bryce) Huebner, a graduate student at UNC-Chapel Hill, and all of the experiments arrived at the same basic answer.5)To test this hypothesis, we can look to other kinds of entities that might have mental statesbut do not have bodies that look anything like the bodies that human beings have.3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.1)众多技术权威声称因特网具有革命性，改变着一切；随着这种言论，我们这个时代的一般趋势似乎认为历史已经停滞不前。

The concept of a robotic dog,or machine dog,is a fascinating blend of technology and innovation that has captured the imagination of many.These machines are designed to mimic the movements and behaviors of real dogs,offering a unique combination of functionality and companionship.Design and FunctionalityMachine dogs are typically equipped with a range of sensors and actuators that allow them to navigate their environment,respond to commands,and perform various tasks. They may have cameras for vision,microphones for hearing,and touch sensors to detect physical interactions.The actuators,often in the form of motors,enable the machine dog to move its limbs and body parts,creating lifelike movements.Technological AdvancementsAdvancements in artificial intelligence and robotics have made it possible for machine dogs to learn from their experiences and adapt to different situations.They can be programmed to perform tasks such as carrying items,opening doors,or even providing companionship to humans.Some models are capable of autonomous navigation,avoiding obstacles,and recognizing and responding to human gestures.ApplicationsThe applications of machine dogs are vast and varied.They can be used in search and rescue missions,where their agility and ability to navigate difficult terrain can be invaluable.In the field of entertainment,machine dogs can provide interactive experiences for users,offering a glimpse into a future where robots are more integrated into daily life.Additionally,they can serve as educational tools,helping children learn about robotics and programming.Ethical ConsiderationsThe development and use of machine dogs also raise ethical questions.As these robots become more lifelike and capable,there is a potential for them to replace real animals in certain roles,which could have implications for animal welfare.Furthermore,the use of machine dogs in surveillance or security contexts raises privacy concerns.Future ProspectsLooking to the future,machine dogs are likely to become more sophisticated andversatile.Improvements in battery technology could extend their operational time,while advancements in AI could make them more intuitive and responsive.The potential for machine dogs to be used in healthcare,as therapy animals,or in assisting the elderly and disabled is also an exciting prospect.ConclusionIn conclusion,machine dogs represent a significant step forward in the field of robotics. They offer a glimpse into a future where technology and biology intersect,providing both practical assistance and emotional support.As with any technological advancement,it is important to consider the ethical implications and ensure that the development and use of machine dogs are guided by a respect for all living beings and a commitment to enhancing the quality of life for all.。

用机器人救援的好处和坏处英语作文Title: The Pros and Cons of Using Robots for Rescue MissionsIntroductionIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in using robots for rescue missions. These robots are designed to work in dangerous and hard-to-reach areas where human rescuers may struggle to access. While the use of robots in rescue operations can offer several benefits, there are also potential drawbacks that need to be considered.Pros1. SafetyOne of the biggest advantages of using robots in rescue missions is the increased safety they provide for both rescuers and victims. Robots can be sent into hazardous environments, such as collapsed buildings or chemical spills, where it may be dangerous for human rescuers to go. By using robots, rescue teams can reduce the risk of injury or death to their members.2. EfficiencyRobots are able to cover large areas quickly and efficiently, which can help speed up the rescue process. They are alsoequipped with sensors and cameras that can provide real-time data to rescuers, helping them assess the situation and plan their operations more effectively. This can lead to faster response times and improved outcomes for those in need of rescue.3. VersatilityRobots come in a variety of shapes and sizes, each designed for specific tasks and environments. Some robots are capable of navigating rough terrain, while others can fly, dive underwater, or crawl into tight spaces. This versatility allows rescue teams to deploy the right robot for the job, increasing the chances of a successful rescue operation.Cons1. Limited capabilitiesWhile robots are versatile, they also have limitations in terms of their capabilities. Some robots may not be able to perform certain tasks that human rescuers can, such as providing emotional support or making complex decisions. This can hinder the rescue efforts and limit the effectiveness of using robots in certain situations.2. Technical issuesRobots rely on technology to function, which means they are susceptible to technical failures or malfunctions. If a robot malfunctions during a rescue mission, it could jeopardize the safety of both rescuers and victims. Additionally, robots may require constant maintenance and updates to ensure they are operating at peak performance, which can be time-consuming and costly.3. Ethical concernsThere are ethical considerations that need to be taken into account when using robots for rescue missions. For example, some people may feel uncomfortable with the idea of using robots to replace human rescuers, as it raises questions about the value of human life and the role of technology in society. Additionally, there may be concerns about privacy and surveillance when using robots with cameras and sensors in rescue operations.ConclusionIn conclusion, the use of robots in rescue missions offers several benefits, such as increased safety, efficiency, and versatility. However, there are also potential drawbacks, including limited capabilities, technical issues, and ethical concerns. It is important for rescue teams to carefully weigh thepros and cons of using robots before deploying them in real-life situations to ensure the best possible outcomes for those in need of rescue.。

Locomotion for difficult terrainFreyr HardarsonMechatronics Division, Department of Machine DesignRoyal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SwedenA Survey Study1997-04-011.0IntroductionMost of the earth’s land surface is inaccessible to regular vehicles so there is a need for mobile robots that can handle difficult terrain. Today’s robots are mostly designed for traveling over relatively smooth, level or inclined, surfaces. This survey will however discuss different locomotion systems for mobile robots used in difficult terrain. Only robots that use ground contact for propulsion are considered which means that robots travelling through air or water are not included.The terrain in question is either outdoor environments that are generally considered difficult for mobile robots, such as rough terrain, deserts and arctic areas, or indoor environments where staircases, doorsteps and tight corners can cause difficulties. These robots have applications including forestry, agriculture, (planetary) exploration, fire fighting, radioactive or poisonous areas, disaster or hazardous areas and construction sites. The aim of this survey is to give an overview of what locomotion systems are used and are feasible for mobile robots and give some examples of people that are currently doing research in the area.Although wheeled and tracked vehicles are by far the most used systems for locomotion, there are several others that have been used. The available locomotion systems can roughly be divided into wheeled, tracked, legged, articulated and hybrid, which is a combination of the former solutions. There are other means of traveling over difficult terrain which will not be discussed here, e.g. excavators use their manipulator to assist them in going over obstacles, up or down steep hills or make their own path. Belforte (1990) and Hirose (1991) discuss locomotion systems in general and give some examples of available robots.There are a lot of mobile robots available and it is impossible include them all in this survey but here it’s tried to give examples of robots that have been successful in travelling over difficult terrain. The report starts with a discussion on the difficult terrain in question and the choice of locomotion systems, followed by a brief discussion on several locomotion systems where some examples are given.2.0Difficult TerrainThe term difficult is not a very clear description of the terrain and there is no clear distinction between easy and difficult terrain. The degree of difficulty is also dependent on the properties of the vehicle itself, such as its size and locomotion system. Humans generally consider difficult terrain to be areas such as deserts, rocky areas, swamps and arctic areas but in the case of robots, indoor areas can be just as difficult as they are mostly designed for a walking biped. The degree of difficulty is therefore in the eye of the locomotor.1 of18Choice of Locomotion System2 of 18Locomotion for difficult terrainIn places where mobile robots are already in use, such as factories, the environment itself has been structured for the robot but there are still very few robots that have the ability to travel in unstructured and rough environments.2.1Terrain PropertiesThe difficulty of the terrain is dependent upon several properties•The geometric properties determine the form of thesurface, such as its roughness and inclination. This includes obstacles such as steps, holes and ditches.•Material properties include ground consistency,strength, friction, cohesion, moisture content, density,plasticity index etc. This affects e.g. the sinkage and slipping of the vehicle.•Temporal properties are time varying changes in theterrain. This can affect both the geometric and material properties of the terrain. E.g. a vehicle traveling over a river where the bottom changes under it due to a strong current or a vehicle that suffers unexpected accelera-tions from the surface underneath it e.g. robot travel-ling in a shaking train.2.2Vehicle Failures due to TerrainThere are several failures a vehicle can suffer due to the terrain. The typical failures a vehicle can encounter are•Clearance failures occur when some part of the vehiclechassis hits the ground.•Vibrations due to variations in the terrain can cause damage to cargo or equipment, and wear to the vehicle itself•Stability failure where too steep slopes or too high speed over rough terrain, can make the vehicle tip over.•Traction failures caused by loss of friction or sinkage,e.g. when traveling over ice or muddy soil.In order to avoid failures it is necessary in some way to classify the terrain according to a vehicles ability to travel over it. This is to help the driver (man or computer) to identify difficulties and determine an appropriate path for navigating over an uncertain terrain.3.0Choice of Locomotion SystemThe selection of a locomotion system is crucial for the performance of a mobile robot and whether it will be successful in its tasks. Some system analysis is needed to define its mission, capabilities, such as speed and stability,and the environment it is meant to travel over. The different alternatives should then be explored, as different types of locomotion systems have different properties,complexity and costs.3.1Terrain SpecificationAs examples of how the terrain can affect the decision, the following examples are given.•Tanks and snowmobiles are equipped with tracks asthey are generally best suited for soft or loose terrain like snow or sand, since they spread out the weight and have a large ground-contact which improves traction.•In the forest industry it has been found that wheeled vehicles, typically six or eight wheels, have better per-formance than tracked vehicles, as terrain is rugged.Experiments with a legged harvester have also been done, see Section 6.3.1 on page 9.•Robots are often used to travel on the seafloor for mon-itoring and other tasks. Mostly wheels or tracks have been used for these robots, but they often stir up parti-cles that block their cameras and thereby make the robot blind. Therefore legged robots have been sug-gested as an alternative as legs don’t stir up as much mud.3.2Mission StatementThe mission statement is the purpose of locomotion.According to Bekker (1969), it can be divided into its functional and operational characteristics as can be seen on figure 1. The functional characteristics determine whether the robot is supposed to be used for transportation or/and special purposes such as exploration, mining etc.The operational characteristics are e.g. mobility,environment and terrain variations, weight, costs etc.Wheeled LocomotionLocomotion for difficult terrain 3 of 18FIGURE 1.Elements of mission definition of a vehicle (simplified from Bekker (1969)])For a transporter, the weight and size of the cargo has to be described or estimated. The behavior of a transporter can change drastically depending on the amount of payload it’s carrying. For a special purpose vehicle, the work performed and the equipment used has to be considered,e.g. size, weight and use of equipment.The operational components are harder to analyze as the spatial and temporal factors are often interlinked, e.g. the speed is dependent upon the terrain. The constraints on the design are mostly caused by vehicle size, fault tolerance and cost. Another factor is allowed effect on the terrain,e.g. an exploration robot would not be allowed to damage a sensitive ecosystem.4.0Wheeled LocomotionWheeled locomotion is the most used locomotion system and probably the most studied and advanced. It is superior to any other locomotion system in providing a smooth and energy efficient ride over relatively even surfaces.The advantages of wheels are•smoothness and speed in relatively even terrain •the technology is well developed and simple•payload-weight-to-mechanism-weight ratio is favor-able as is their energy consumption.The disadvantages of wheels on uneven terrain are•they generally have trouble if an obstacle is higher thanthe radius of the wheels.•wheels follow ground contour which can give trouble i.e. if the ground has steps, holes or ditches.There are several methods of improving wheeled locomotion in difficult terrain. Multiple wheels improve traction and stability, suspension system and linkages keep ground contact and improve climbing ability over obstacles larger than the wheel radius.A lot of all-terrain vehicles have been designed for public,industrial and military purposes. Forest machines have a great need for mobility in difficult terrain, carrying large loads. Some of them have active suspension for the cockpit to make the ride easier for the driver. The Hummer jeep used by e.g. the U.S. Military, is a very versatile vehicle with all-terrain capabilities.4.1The Mars MicroroverSome of the most interesting wheeled robots that have been designed for rough terrain are probably the planetary rovers intended for exploration on the Moon and Mars.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California, USA, has designed a small planetary rover, see figure 2, that is carried by NASA’s Mars Pathfinder lander, expected to land on the planet Mars July 4th, 1997. There the microrover will be deployed and conduct several tests on the Mars surface. The mission is called the Microrover Flight Experiment (MFEX). The microrover weighs 11.5kg and has a normal height of 280 mm, length of 630 mm,width of 480 mm and ground-clearance of 130 mm. It has six independently actuated wheels, with wheel diameter 130 mm, where the four outer wheels are used for steering.This configuration enables it to turn in place. The wheels are connected to the body through a passive linkage system that kinematically adapts to the ground and allows it to negotiate obstacles twice the wheel diameter. More information can be found in Shirley & Matijevic (1995)and Stone (1993) and updates on its mission at [MFEX].Other planetary rovers are the Lunar Rover and the Nomad rover, built by Carnegie Mellon UniversityDefinition of vehicle missionFunctional componentsOperational componentsTransportationWork performedSpatial factors Temporal factors ConstraintsTracked Locomotion4 of 18Locomotion for difficult terrain[CMU] and Marsokhod, built by Babakin Centre, Russia,for Mars exploration (Lamboley et al (1995)).FIGURE 2.The microrover for the Microrover Flight Experiment built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory [MFEX].4.2The Quadru-Rhomb RoverThe Hirose & Yoneda Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, have designed four rovers for Mars and Lunar exploration. The Hien II, see figure 3, has four wheels arranged in a rhombic shape were the front wheel is equipped with a probe type front suspension with two degrees of freedom as a mechanism to provide adaptation to the terrain without using actuation (Hirose & Ootsukasa (1993),[H&Y]).FIGURE 3.The Hien II Mars rover, built by Hirose &Y oneda Lab, T okyo Institute of T echnology [H&Y].5.0Tracked LocomotionTracks are often considered the most versatile locomotion system and can handle relatively large obstacles and loose soil. Therefore they have been used predominantly in vehicles like tanks and excavators The advantages are•smooth locomotion on relatively smooth terrain •the technology is well understood and simple •superb traction on loose ground•can handle large hinders and small holes and ditches •good payload capacityThe disadvantages of tracks are•inefficiency due to friction in the tracks •slip friction when the vehicle must turn.•not especially gentle with the ground they travel over,e.g. when turning in place •not adaptive to the ground•vehicles with one pair of belts suffer from impacts when e.g. climbing over large boulders or when they start going down steep slopes To compensate for small adaptability, vehicles have been designed with two pairs of tracks which also gives smoother ride.5.1PebblePebble is a small tracked robot sold by IS Robotics as a research rover for difficult terrain, both indoor and outdoor, see figure 4. The Mobile Robotics Group at MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory has been using Pebble for research on autonomous planetary exploration, see also Section 6.3.3 on page 10. Pebble is sold with forward and rear bump sensors and an inner-mounted ring of IR proximity sensors. Options of radio communication, sonar positioning and a camera with video transmitter are available. More information can be found at [ISR] and [MIT].Legged LocomotionLocomotion for difficult terrain 5 of 18FIGURE 4.Pebble, a small tracked mobile robot by IS Robotics Ltd. [ISR].5.2TAQT-CarrierThe Terrain Adaptive Quadru-Track (TAQT) carrier robot and it’s predecessor Helios 2, see figure 5, were built at the Hirose & Yoneda Laboratory at The Tokyo Institute of Technology. They employ two pairs of tracks that are pivoted to the body at the middle of the track. This gives better adaptability to the ground and smoother locomotion in difficult terrain. The upper body can be adjusted to keep the center of gravity in the middle and thereby improving the stability of the robot while keeping the cargo in a horizontal position. The total weight of Helios II is 90 kg;and the length, width and height are 1m x 0.6m x 1m respectively.The TAQT Carrier is designed for transporting materials at construction sites etc., and is commercially available. It uses two electrical actuators for each track and a coupled drive for allowing power of both motors to be used for propulsion and swinging of the track. The total weight is 310 kg (including a 70 kg battery pack), the load capacity is 100 kg and the length, width and height are 1.3m x 0.86m x 0.97m respectively. The design and control of the TAQT Carrier is described in Hirose et al (1990) and more information is available at [H&Y].FIGURE 5.The Terrain Adaptive Quadru-T rack carrier Helios 2 by the Hirose & Y oneda Lab at The Tokyo Institute of T echnology [H&Y].6.0Legged LocomotionResearch on legged vehicles has been going on for over a hundred years. The reason for this persistence is that only half of the earth’s land area is accessible to wheeled and tracked vehicles while legged animals can be found almost anywhere. One of the main reason for using legged locomotion is stated by Raibert (1986) as follows.“One reason legs provide better mobility in rough terrain than do wheels or tracks is that they can use isolated footholds that optimize support and traction, whereas a wheel requires a continuous path of support. As a consequence, the mobility of a legged system is generally limited by the best footholds in the reachable terrain and a wheel is limited by the worst terrain.”Advantages of legged locomotion are•adaptive to uneven terrain •use isolated footholds •provide active suspension•environmental effects of legged vehicles are less than wheeled or tracked vehiclesThe disadvantages are•artificial walking mechanisms are so far heavy due tolarge number of actuatorsLegged Locomotion6 of 18Locomotion for difficult terrain•control of walking is very complex and so far walkingvehicles are rather slow•bad payload-weight-to-mechanism-weight ratio com-pared to wheeled or tracked vehicles •suffers an impact with each stepA lot of research has been put into legged machines and several successful applications are available but most of them have never been outside a laboratory. Most them don’t have on-board computing or energy supply which is therefore provided by a tether.6.1General on Legged LocomotionThis chapter aims to give an brief introduction to the basics of legged locomotion with a special emphasize on the mechanical construction. There are a lot of terms used that need explanation for those not familiar with the field.The main difference between walking machines and wheeled or tracked machines is that their ground contact is not continuous, instead they use isolated footholds by coordinated repositioning of their legs, or what is called gait, as will be explained in section 6.1.4 .Many designers use biological inspiration in their mechanical design, both in the configuration of legs and in the design of the legs themselves. This leads often to simplification of the actual biological systems as they have a larger degree of complexity than is possible or even necessary to simulate mechanically.Walking machines are classified depending on the number of legs used. The most common are•Octapods that have eight legs similar to spiders andcrabs.•Hexapods that have six legs similar to most insects.•Quadrupeds that have four legs similar to most mam-mals and marsupials.•Bipeds that have two legs similar to humans, kanga-roos and birds.6.1.1Leg ConfigurationLeg configuration decides how the legs are situated on the body. This affects the stability of the robot and the work space of the legs. There are two main types of leg configurations, that are based on biological counterparts.The main difference is in the way the legs swing with respect to the body.The first type is similar to cats, humans and birds, where the legs swing around a horizontal axis. Legs are in line,facing in the same direction and support the weight of the body by placing the feet under the body, near the vertical projection of the body’s center of mass on the ground.Examples can been seen on figure 10, figure 17 and figure 22 for different number of legs.The second type is more similar to insects where the legs swing around a more vertical axis. It has a sprawled stance where the legs stretch out from the body and the support is not provided directly under the body, far from center of gravity which make them very stable. This configuration is more common for multilimbed robots such as quadrupeds and hexapods. Examples of a robots with sprawled leg configuration can be seen on figure 11 and figure 12.M o s t c o n fi g u r a t i o n s h ave t h e l eg s d i s t r i bu t e d symmetrically about an axis in the direction of motion.But in some cases they can be multi-symmetric e.g.figure 13 shows a robot using a sprawled configuration that is symmetric about two axis.Many other clever leg configurations have been tried that don’t have as clear biological coupling. Some examples are given here below.•Frame walkersThe body is made of two frame that can slide relative to each other, each frame having a set of legs attached to. The number of legs in each set must be at least three to provide static stability. The forward motion is pro-duced by that the legs of one frame provide support while the other legs are lifted and then the frame is slid in the forward direction where the legs are lowered again. A frame walker is described in section 6.2.1 and can seen on figure 8 (Wettergreen et al (1993)).•Circulating walkersThe legs, typically six, are arranged in two stackswhere the legs in each stack rotate about the same ver-tical stack axis. The two stacks are connect by an arched body. When positioning a new leg, one of the rear legs is lifted and rotated through the body to the front. A circular walker is discussed in section 6.2.2and can be seen on figure 9 (Bares & Whittaker (1993)).Legged LocomotionLocomotion for difficult terrain 7 of 18•Weaving walkersAre very similar to the circular walkers but the legs are able to rotate them under, over or between the other legs, depending on which leg is being moved, instead of rotating the legs through the body (Bares & Whit-taker (1993)).•Platonic beastsAn example of a more unusual type are the platonic beasts that have a body made of a spherically symmet-ric polyhedron with a limb attached to each of it vertex.This gives the possibility of using a rolling gait in addi-tion to the more normal gaits. The limbs, that are not used for support, can be used as manipulators (Pai et al (1994)).6.1.2Leg DesignAll animals have articulated legs, i.e. they are composed of linkages and joints. Articulated robot legs typically have two to four actuated degrees of freedom, three being the most common as it allows it to position its foot at any place in space. The main problem in leg design is to actuate joints that are out on the leg e.g.a knee joint. The placement of a actuator out on the leg is generally not reasonable as the weight of the leg should be kept to minimum and to reduce its moment of inertia. As the weight and moment of inertia increase, a bigger motor is needed to lift the whole leg which again adds to the weight that the leg has to carry. To avoid this many designers use a system of cables and pulleys, light-weight linear actuators or linkages e.g. a pantograph (Hirose et al (1991b),Berkemeier & Desai (1996), Mennitto et al (1995)).A pantograph is simple way to have a leg with a knee, that reduces the weight of the leg itself as the actuators can be situated close to the body. Shigeo Hirose introduced the gravity decoupled pantograph (Hirose (1984)) where two linear actuators are decoupled to do vertical and horizontal work which translates the foot in a horizontal or vertical direction depending on which actuator is used. An example of a robot using a pantograph leg can be seen on figure 13 and explained in Hirose (1984) and its further discussed in section 6.4.1 .Another solutions is to get rid of knee by using prismatic (telescopic) legs. The shortening of a prismatic leg can be seen as equivalent to the bending of a knee of a articulated leg.Most robot designer try to minimize the oscillation of the body to make the ride as smooth as possible. However animals allow their body oscillate during walking as it gives the opportunity to store energy as will be explained below. According to Alexander (1990), there are four alternative patterns of movement for legs as shown on figure 6. For a smooth body motion the legs have to shorten, either by bending or using prismatic legs, during ground contact, as shown in figure 6(A). In this case, both the telescopic leg and the hip actuator have to do negative work, i.e. do work against the motion of the body, which wastes energy. By using a slider, as shown in figure 6(B),this problem can be avoided. This can be accomplished e.g. by using a gravity decoupled pantograph, as discussed above, that can be almost as energy efficient as using wheels. If the body is allowed to oscillate, as most animals do, the kinetic energy can be stored. In the case of figure 6(C), the leg is stiff (fixed length) and behaves as an inverted pendulum. Kinetic energy is stored as potential energy which decelerates and re-accelerates the body. In the case of figure 6(D) the leg is springy and acts similar to a pogo stick. Kinetic and potential energy is stored as strain energy in the spring which is released again when the leg starts to lengthen.FIGURE 6.Alternative patterns of movement for the legs of robots. The arrows indicate the direction of the reaction force. (A) is a telescopic leg, (B)is a sliding leg, (C) is a stiff leg and (D) is a springy leg (Alexander (1990)).6.1.3StabilityThe motion of legged robots can be divided into statically and dynamically stable. Static stability means that theABCD123123123123Legged Locomotion8 of 18Locomotion for difficult terrainrobot is stable at all times during its gait cycle, i.e. one gait cycle is when all the legs have been repositioned. Dynamic stability means that the robot is only stable when it is moving. The term quasi-dynamic is used for robots with alternating static and dynamic stability phases during their gait cycle.For robots with point feet, static stability demands that the robot has at least three legs on the ground at all times and the robot’s centre of gravity is inside the support polygon,i.e. the convex polygon formed by the feet supporting the robot. This is explained on figure 7. On the left side, four legs provide support and the center of mass is located inside the support polygon so the robot is statically stable.On the right side the bottom left leg has been lifted,putting the center of mass outside the support polygon which generates a tipping moment.Dynamic stability demands active actuation to maintain balance, similar to riding a bicycle. This makes greater demand on the control system, but the advantage being that dynamic motion is faster than static motion.FIGURE 7.Support polygon for a hexapod, statically stable and unstable cases. The center of mass is the slightly larger circle, marked with ‘X’. The smaller circles are the feet and are filled if they support the robot.A way of avoiding stability failure is to equip the robot with feet to provide extra support. In fact most biped robot use this solution as can be seen on figure 20.6.1.4GaitsA gait is the coordinated movement of the legs to produce walking. An animal can have several different gaits at its disposal depending on the speed it wants to travel and the number of legs it uses. The fewer legs, the less variety ofgaits. In principal, an animal can use gaits of another animal with fewer legs (Full (1993)).Bipeds have walking, with alternative single support and double support. Walking can be either statically or dynamically stable, depending on the speed. Dynamically stable gaits are running, with alternating flight and single support as humans and ostriches or hopping, with alternating flight and double support as kangaroos.A quadruped can have a more variety of gaits due to the greater number of legs. Walking is statically stable gait where one leg is moved at the time and the body shifted to keep the center of mass inside the support polygon. There are a variety of dynamic gaits like trotting, bounding and pacing. Trotting is when diagonal pairs of legs move together and bounding when fore or aft legs move together. these are used by animals like horses, dogs and cats. Pacing is when pair of legs on the same side move together and is used camels and elephants.A hexapod has a wide variety of gaits, both statically and dynamically stable. The statically stable gaits go from the slow wave-gait, where one leg at the time is lifted and moved forward at the time, to the tripod gait. The wave-gait starts by moving one leg e.g. one of a the rear legs,next the middle leg on the same side is moved and finally the front leg. It then starts again at the other rear leg and moves forward at that side. As the speed increases it will try to have more legs in the air at the same time until it reaches the tripod gait where the front and rear legs of one side and the middle leg of the opposite side provide support. Hexapods can also run dynamically by using gaits similar to quadrupeds and bipeds, or hopping gaits (Full (1993)).6.2Dante II and AmblerThe Field Robotics Center at Carnegie Mellon University developed Dante II and Ambler walking robots for extreme terrain. Their design and gaits are different from the robots in later sections.6.2.1Dante IIDante is a tethered teleoperated robot. In July 1994 it descended down the crater of the volcano Mt. Spurr,Alaska, to analyze high temperature gasses from the crater floor. The experiment was successful in most aspectsexcept for that it tipped over on its way back up the crater.Statically stable Statically unstableLegged LocomotionLocomotion for difficult terrain 9 of 18Dante’s body had two frames, each of which had four legs attached. The frames were separated by a track, along which the frames could slide relative to each other. The robot walks by alternatively lifting the legs of one frame while keeping the legs of the other frame on the ground and then slide the frame forward and lower the legs again.A tether was attached to the upper frame to help support its weight in steep slopes and supply energy and communications.Dante II had dimensions length, height and width of 2.4 m x 3 m x 3.6 m respectively and weighed 770 kg. It had a maximum speed of 1 m/min and power consumption in full motion was 1500 W.FIGURE 8.Dante II by the Field Robotics Center at Carnegie Mellon University, on rim of the crater of Mt. Spurr [CMU]More information on Dante II and its mission can be found at [CMU] and a description on its predecessor Dante, who in the year 1992 tried to climb down Mt. Erebus in Antarctica but failed, can be found in Wettergreen et al (1993).6.2.2AmblerAmbler is a fully operable, self-contained, autonomous robot that employs a circulating gait. The legs are orthogonal and the actuators produce cylindrical coordinates to the foot placement. Ambler’s six legs are arranged in two stacks where three legs rotate about thesame stack axis. The two stacks are connect by an arched body as can be seen on figure 9. When positioning a new leg, one of the rear legs is lifted and rotated through the body to the front.Ambler has dimensions length 3.5 m x height 4-6 m x width 4.5 m, weighs 2050 kg and has a payload capacity of 1000 kg. It has a maximum speed of 0.3 m/s. Its 18degrees of freedom are driven by permanent magnet DC motors, powered by batteries and a propane generator. It’s power consumption is 1900 W. The Ambler is described in Bares & Whittaker (1993).FIGURE 9.Ambler by the Field Robotics Center at Carnegie Mellon University [CMU]6.3HexapodsSix legged robots are the most common type of legged robots. They have advantage of static stability and redundancy compared to robots with fewer legs but are in general slower.6.3.1Plustech OyThe company Plustech Oy, in Finland, has been developing a walking forest machine for harvesting trees.This is one of few walking machines that have been designed for industrial applications and is fully functional.The harvester has dimensions length 3.5 m x height 3 m x width 2 m and weighs 3500 kg. It has a maximum speed of 1 m/s. Its 18 degrees of freedom are driven by hydraulics and is powered by a diesel engine.。

设计机器人的英语作文英文回答：As technology advances rapidly, the realm of robotics has captured the imagination of scientists, engineers, and laypeople alike. The prospect of creating machines that can perform tasks autonomously, facilitate our lives, and even explore uncharted territories holds immense promise and potential.The design of robots is a complex and interdisciplinary endeavor, encompassing fields such as mechanical engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, and materials science. Central to this process is the identification and definition of the robot's purpose and functionality. Whether it is intended for industrial automation, healthcare, military applications, or space exploration, the robot's design must be tailored to meet specific requirements and constraints.One of the key considerations in robot design is the selection of appropriate materials. These materials must possess the necessary strength, durability, and lightweight properties to withstand the rigors of the robot's intended environment and tasks. The use of advanced materials, such as carbon fiber composites and shape memory alloys, is becoming increasingly common in robotics due to their exceptional performance characteristics.The design of robot locomotion systems is another critical aspect. Depending on the intended application, robots can be equipped with a variety of mobility mechanisms, including wheels, legs, tracks, or even wings. The choice of locomotion system is influenced by factors such as the terrain, speed requirements, and payload capacity.Equally important is the development of intelligent control systems for robots. These systems enable robots to perceive their surroundings, make decisions, and execute actions autonomously. Advances in artificial intelligence,machine learning, and sensor technology have significantly enhanced the capabilities of robot control systems, allowing robots to perform complex tasks with increasing levels of autonomy.中文回答：随着技术的快速发展，机器人领域吸引了科学家、工程师和普通人的想象力。

第20 卷 第1期 苏州市职业大学学报 V ol.20,No.1 2009年3月 Journal of Suzhou V ocational University Mar. , 2009一种新型的攀爬蛇形机器人孙 洪（苏州市职业大学 电子信息工程系，江苏 苏州 215104）摘 要：针对蛇形机器人最常采用的三种关节连接方式:平行连接、正交连接和万向节连接,通过典型实例进行了工作空间的分析和比较,提出了一种具有万向节功能的P -R(pitch -roll)模块.该模块结构简单、便于控制,所组成的蛇形机器人理论上可以实现各种三维攀爬动作.最后通过研制的新型攀爬蛇形机器人样机,验证了P -R模块的可实现和灵活性．关键词：蛇形机器人；平行连接；正交连接；万向节连接；P -R模块；工作空间中图分类号：TP242 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1008-5475(2009)01-0027-05A New Style Climbing Snakelike RobotSUN Hong(Department of Electronic Information Engineering, Suzhou Vocational University, Suzhou 215104, China)Abstract: Three most dominant joints' links, namely parallel link, orthogonal link and universal jointlink, of snakelike robot were presented by typical models. Based on examples, their operating spaceswere analyzed and compared. Then a new functional module for joints' combination, named Pitch -Roll, was presented. This module has the function of universal joint, but is simpler to implementand easier to control. A snakelike robot based on this link module can theoretically perform all typesof maneuvers in 3D spaces. Finally, the prototype of a new type snakelike robot based on the P -Rmodule was produced, which further verified the agility of P -R module.Key words: snakelike robot; parallel link; orthogonal link; universal joint link; P -R module;operating space收稿日期：2008-11-26；修回日期：2009-01-16作者简介：孙 洪(1972-),女,山东济南人,讲师,博士,主要从事工业机器人和仿生机器人研究.蛇形机器人是仿生机器人研究中很活跃的一支,从1972年日本东京大学的Hirose 教授研制出第一台样机至今,相继有数十台蛇形机器人样机问世.这些样机能实现在平面上蜿蜒爬行、侧滑、翻滚等二维运动,在爬行中抬头或爬台阶、翻越较低障碍等三维运动,而对于更为复杂的如爬树等三维运动则甚为少见.本文将通过典型实例对几种样机的连接方式进行分析比较,提出一种新的连接方式,并基于该连接方式研制蛇形机器人样机,以期能够开发出结构简单、便于控制、具有多种运动模式的、能爬树的攀爬型蛇形机器人,它可实现空中侦察、管外壁检测、电杆高空线路维修等功能,其应用前景十分广阔.1 常见蛇形机器人关节连接方式蛇形机器人是一种无固定基座、多关节、多自由度的链式柔性机器人,它由多个相同或相似的单元模块连接组成,其运动模式和工作空间决定于各单元模块间的连接方式.综合考察各种样机,蛇形机器!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!DŽc* !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!DŽd*ZYXZYXZYXZYXP RHEF I4 结 论本文采用P-R 模块所研制成功的一种新型的具有攀爬功能的蛇形机器人,能实现灵活的三维运动.当前大部分采用平行连接或正交连接的蛇形机器人甚至一端固定的柔性机器人或机械臂,均可通过简单的改造,变成P-R 模块连接方式,从而大大提升其灵活性和工作空间.参考文献：[1] ENDO G, TOGAWA K, HIROSE S. Study on self -contained and terrain adaptive active cord mechanism[J]. IEEEInternational Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 1999, 3: 1399-1405.[2] 周旭升,潘献飞,谭红力,等. 一种蛇形机器人的研制[J].机器人,2002,24(7):684-687.[3] 黄 恒,颜国正,丁国清,等. 一类蛇形机器人系统的运动学分析[J].高技术通讯,2002,6(3):90-94.[4] MAKOTO M, SHIGEO H. Three -dimensional serpentine motion and lateral rolling by active cord mechanism ACM -R3 [J].Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE/RSJ Intl, 2002, 1: 829-834.[5] BERNHARD K, KARL L P. GMD -Snake2: a snake -like robot driven by wheels and a method for motion control [J].Proc. of the Internet Content Rating Association, 1999: 3014-3019.[6] AOKI T, OHNO H, HIROSE S. Study on pneumatic mobile robot: design of SSR -II using bridle bellows mechanism [J].Proceedings of the 41st SICE Annual Conference , 2002, 3(5/7): 1492-1496.[7] NILSSON M. Why snake robots need torsion -free joints and how to design them [J]. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEEInternational Conference on Robotics and Automation, 1998, 1: 412-417.(责任编辑：尚 丽))b* !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)c* !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)d*偠㒧2009年第1期 孙 洪：一种新型的攀爬蛇形机器人。

写一个英语短文介绍未来的机器人作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Robotic Future: Man's Newest Best FriendAs I sit here typing away at my computer, I can't help but wonder what the world will be like in a few decades. Looking around my bedroom, I'm surrounded by technology that would have seemed like science fiction just a generation ago. My phone is a powerful computer connected to a vast network of information. My gaming system renders lifelike 3D worlds with hyper-realistic graphics. Even my sneakers have built-in chips to track my steps and workout routine.Technology is progressing at an astounding rate. But one area that has really captured my imagination lately is robotics. I've read a lot about the latest advancements in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotic engineering. The possibilities truly seem limitless. I think robots are going to completely transform our lives in the coming years in some amazing ways.First off, I'm really excited about the potential for robots to take over a lot of the dirty, dangerous, and dull jobs that humans currently have to do. Robots could work in mines, handle toxic materials, and perform other hazardous tasks to keep people out of harm's way. Their superhuman strength and endurance would allow them to tirelessly carry out grueling physical labor like construction, farming, and manufacturing without ever getting tired or injured.At the same time, robots could tackle monotonous and repetitive tasks that are mind-numbingly boring for humans. Imagine never having to bag groceries, flip burgers, perform inventory counts, or data entry again. Robots could efficiently crunch numbers, inspect products, stock shelves, and complete other tedious but essential tasks with ease. This would free up humans to focus on more creative, meaningful, and mentally stimulating work.Of course, some people are worried that robots will start taking over human jobs and put millions out of work. And while I understand that fear, I'm hopeful that new types of jobs will be created in the process. After all, somebody has to design, program, build, operate, and maintain all these new robots.There could be whole new industries and career paths centering around robotics and AI that we can't even fathom yet.What really excites me though, is the potential for robots to make our lives significantly easier and more convenient on a daily basis. We're already starting to see robotic vacuums that can clean our homes automatically. Soon, we may have robot chefs, baristas, gardeners, and handymen to handle our chores and mundane tasks around the house. Imagine coming home from a long day and having a robot cook you a delicious, customized meal. Or waking up to a fresh pot of coffee brewed just the way you like it by your robo-barista. How amazing would it be to have an android valet handle your laundry, dishes, yardwork, and any other household odd jobs and errands?And that's just scratching the surface. Eventually, we could have robotics nurses, caregivers, tutors, and companions to help take care of our children, teach them, keep them company, and look after our elderly loved ones. These robots could provide 24/7 care and attention in ways that overworked human professionals simply can't. Robotic personal assistants may be able to run all our errands, pay our bills, make appointments, and answer our emails while we focus on more important matters.Some people worry that having robots perform all these human tasks is a bad thing that will make us lazy, isolated, and overly dependent on machines. I can definitely see that perspective, but I actually think it could be incredibly freeing. If robots could cook, clean, and complete all our chores and busy work, we'd have so much more free time to spend with friends, pursue hobbies, exercise, travel, and really embrace life. Robots could reduce our daily grind and toil, allowing us to focus on what really matters: experiencing new things, being creative, learning, growing as individuals, and spending quality time with others.Of course, I'm not suggesting that robots would completely replace human interaction. I'm an outgoing, social person, and I never want to lose that vital human connection and all the richness of dealing with other people face-to-face. But I do think robots could handle a lot of the background tasks in our lives, giving us much more leisure time and opportunity to be our best selves.At the end of the day, I see robotics as the path toward less drudgery and more luxury for humanity. Sophisticated robots and AIs could become the obedient servants of the future – not enslavers, but highly capable helpers and companions to makeour lives infinitely easier. They could take care of our every need, from manual labor to domestic duties to personal assistance. Robots may allow humans to embrace life in new, uninhibited ways and focus more on pursuing happiness, knowledge, experiences, and human flourishing.Of course, a robotics-driven future would require us to set boundaries, instill the proper values and ethics, and ensure robots remain safe, controlled tools to serve us. We'd have to be vigilant against potential misuse and errors. Issues around privacy, security, and the moral implications would have to be carefully considered every step of the way. Perhaps someday, too much automation could start to feel dystopian and dehumanizing if taken to an extreme.But for now, the positives of robotics and AI seem to vastly outweigh the negatives in my opinion. I'm extremely excited to see robots become an integral part of our society and daily lives. In the decades ahead, I can't wait to see how innovators develop robots with ever-increasing capabilities to aid humanity. I have a feeling these machines may just become our new best friends and indispensable partners for a brighter future of enhanced living, productivity, and quality of life.篇2The Robotic Era: Our Mechanical Companions of the FutureAs I gaze into the not-so-distant future, I can't help but feel a sense of awe and excitement at the prospect of living in a world where robots are an integral part of our daily lives. These technological marvels, once confined to the realms of science fiction, are rapidly becoming a reality, and their potential impact on society is nothing short of revolutionary.Imagine a world where robots are our constant companions, assisting us in every aspect of our lives. From household chores to complex industrial tasks, these mechanical helpers will be there to lighten our load and make our lives more efficient and convenient. Picture a scenario where a robotic assistant wakes you up in the morning, prepares your favorite breakfast, and even helps you get ready for the day. It may sound like a scene from a futuristic movie, but this could very well be the norm in the years to come.One of the most promising areas of robotic development is in healthcare. Advanced medical robots will be capable of performing intricate surgeries with unparalleled precision, minimizing human error and improving patient outcomes. Rehabilitation robots will assist in physical therapy, aiding in the recovery process and improving the quality of life for countlessindividuals. Imagine a future where robotic nurses provide round-the-clock care, monitoring vital signs and administering medication with unwavering accuracy.In the realm of education, robots will revolutionize the way we learn. Interactive robotic tutors will be able to adapt to each student's unique learning style, providing personalized instruction and engaging them in ways that traditional teaching methods cannot. Virtual reality simulations will allow students to immerse themselves in historical events, explore distant galaxies, or even conduct scientific experiments without the constraints of physical limitations.But the impact of robots will extend far beyond our personal lives. They will play a crucial role in addressing global challenges such as climate change, food scarcity, and energy production. Robotic farmers will tend to vast fields, optimizing crop yields and minimizing waste, ensuring a sustainable food supply for a growing population. Robotic explorers will venture into the depths of the oceans and the vastness of space, unlocking secrets and paving the way for new scientific discoveries.Of course, with such profound advancements come ethical considerations. As robots become more advanced and autonomous, we must address questions of accountability,privacy, and the potential impact on employment. Safeguards must be put in place to ensure that these machines remain tools for human benefit, rather than posing a threat to our well-being or freedom.It is also crucial to consider the social implications of living in a world where robots are ubiquitous. Will we become overly reliant on these machines, losing touch with our own capabilities and fostering a sense of detachment from the natural world? Or will robots enhance our human experience, freeing us from mundane tasks and allowing us to focus on creative pursuits and personal growth?Despite these challenges, I remain optimistic about the potential of robotics to shape a better future for humanity. The possibilities are endless, and we are only limited by the boundaries of our imagination. As we stand on the cusp of this robotic revolution, it is up to us to embrace these technological advancements while ensuring that they are developed and implemented in a responsible and ethical manner.Imagine a world where robots work tirelessly in factories, freeing humans from dangerous and monotonous labor. Envision a future where robotic Search and Rescue teams can navigate treacherous terrain and disaster zones, saving countlesslives. Picture a reality where robotic explorers traverse the depths of the oceans, uncovering long-forgotten shipwrecks and unlocking the secrets of the deep.The potential applications of robotics are as diverse as they are exciting. From agriculture to space exploration, from construction to environmental conservation, robots will play a pivotal role in shaping our future. They will be our partners, our helpers, and our tools for achieving greatness.However, as with any transformative technology, the rise of robotics will undoubtedly bring about societal challenges that we must address. The displacement of human workers in certain industries is a valid concern, and we must work towards creating new opportunities and retraining programs to ensure a smooth transition. Additionally, the ethical implications of granting robots increasing autonomy and decision-making capabilities cannot be overlooked. We must establish robust legal frameworks and guidelines to ensure that these machines remain under human control and align with our values and principles.Despite these challenges, I firmly believe that the benefits of robotics far outweigh the potential risks. These technological marvels have the power to alleviate human suffering, enhanceour capabilities, and unlock new frontiers of knowledge and exploration. By embracing robotics while carefully navigating the ethical and societal implications, we can usher in a future where humans and machines coexist in harmony, each complementing the other's strengths and working towards a better tomorrow.As I contemplate the robotic era that lies ahead, I am filled with a sense of wonder and optimism. These mechanical companions will not only make our lives easier but also push the boundaries of what we thought possible. They will be our partners in scientific discovery, our allies in overcoming global challenges, and our guides as we venture into the great unknown.So, let us embrace the future with open arms, ready to welcome our robotic counterparts into our lives. For in doing so, we embark on a journey of unprecedented potential, where the limits of human ingenuity and robotic capabilities intertwine, paving the way for a world of endless possibilities.篇3The Future of Robotics: Machines That Will Change Our WorldAs I sit here pondering what to write about for my English class essay, I can't help but look around at all the advanced technology that surrounds us nowadays. From the smartphone in my hand to the self-driving cars crawling along the roads outside, it's amazing to see how quickly our world has evolved with the rapid pace of technological progress. But if you think today's tech is mind-blowing, just wait until you see what the future has in store for us when it comes to robotics and artificial intelligence.Robots are no longer just the stuff of science fiction movies - they are very much a reality that is increasingly becoming integrated into our everyday lives. While basic robots have been used in manufacturing plants for decades to assist with repetitive tasks, we are now on the cusp of an exciting new era of advanced robotics that will revolutionize industries of all kinds. The robots of the future will be smarter, more capable, and more humanlike than ever before.One area where future robots will truly shine is in the field of healthcare. Imagine having a personal care robot assistant to help elderly or disabled individuals with daily tasks like getting dressed, cooking meals, or remembering to take medications. These incredibly lifelike androids could provide vitalcompanionship and make aging in place a more viable option. Robots could also lend a hand to doctors by handling minor procedures, monitoring patients, and even providing therapy or rehab. The possibilities are endless for how this amazing technology could improve human health and wellbeing.Our smart robotic friends won't just be contained to homes and hospitals though. Cities and towns of the future could have fleets of diligent worker robots maintaining parks, repairing roads, putting out fires, and ensuring our public spaces are clean and safe. Construction sites may ditch human labor in favor of precise robot builders that can effortlessly piece together skyscrapers, bridges, and homes in a fraction of the time. Manufacturing and logistics could be fully automated with robots assembling products and handling shipping with ultimate efficiency. There's virtually no industry that won't be impacted by the rise of robotics.Even our militaries could undergo a robotic transformation. Unmanned combat drones are already used for aerial surveillance and strikes, but future soldiers may workhand-in-hand with sophisticated robots boasting advanced sensors, insane strength and reflexes, and the ability to function in extremely dangerous environments. Of course, the ethicaldebates surrounding killer robots rage on, but there's no denying the potential combat advantages they could provide when designed with proper safeguards.In our everyday lives, we may one day share our homes and cities with robots that take on the role of personal assistants, security guards, teachers, receptionists and more. Some of these humanoid robots may become our friends, coworkers and even romantic partners if estimates of a coming AI singularity prove accurate. It's hard to even imagine just how integrated into society these intelligent machines could become in the coming decades.But before we all get too worked up, it's important to recognize that robotic technology is a double-edged sword that needs to be developed and regulated extremely carefully. While the potential benefits to healthcare, safety, efficiency and quality of life are remarkable, we also have to consider the risks of cyber attacks, technological singularity, and perhaps most alarmingly, the dramatic impact on human employment that could exacerbate economic and social inequalities.Already there are worrying projections that millions of trucking, manufacturing, and service jobs could evaporate and be handled by robots within the next few decades. Without aproper strategy to mitigate this seismic shift in workforce demands, we could see unprecedented levels of unemployment, poverty, and social instability in the not-so-distant future. There are also valid concerns that the centralization of robotic technologies and AI systems in the hands of major tech corporations and governments could concentrate an excessive amount of power and influence.So as impressive and exciting as the future of robotics is shaping up to be, it's a future we need to approach with great thoughtfulness and wisdom as a society. We can't let ourselves get carried away by the amazing gadgets without grappling with the very real ethical, economic and social ramifications. Perhaps regulation, a robot tax, and universal basic income could help ensure a proper balance and buffer the transition. Or maybe we'll need to establish new constitutional amendments and an enforceable framework for AI rights and robotic laws. However we choose to move forward, we must be proactive and pragmatic in our approach.At the end of the day, I am optimistic that the impending robotic revolution will be a great leap forward for humanity when properly implemented. These incredible machines could help solve some of our world's biggest problems by taking overour most dangerous jobs, accelerating scientific and technological progress, and allowing us to focus more time on loftier pursuits that truly let our creative and imaginative talents shine. When used prudently and under strict oversight, robots could very well usher in a new age of superhuman productivity and prosperity for all.The key will be to strike the right balance of allowing robotics and AI to flourish in service of mankind, while not allowing these technologies to supersede our fundamental human rights, dominance and free will. If we can pull that off as an advanced civilization, I have no doubt that our warm yet powerful robotic companions will become indispensable partners in our shared journey of exploration and growth across this universe of ours. The future of robotics is filled with unknown challenges but also infinite possibilities. It's up to our generation to be responsible stewards and ensure these machines remain steadfastly dedicated to the enrichment of humanity. I for one can't wait to witness this amazing frontier unfold.。

科技和传统文化主题月融合英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1Technology and Culture Coming TogetherHi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm in 5th grade. Today I want to tell you all about how awesome it is when new technologies get mixed up with ancient cultures and traditions. It's like a cool futuristic force meets wise old ways, and they join powers to make something really special!Let me give you some examples of what I mean. In my family, we have this ancient tradition of making elaborately patterned silk robes for festivals and ceremonies. The designs have all kinds of meaningful symbols woven into them, representing good luck, prosperity, long life and other fortunate things. For centuries, these robes have been made by hand on huge wooden looms, with the designs slowly and carefully tied into the fabric thread by thread. It takes forever!Well, a few years ago, my grandma learned about this new computer technology where you can upload designs into a software program and then program an automated loom toweave the patterns way faster than doing it by hand. At first she was pretty skeptical – those old traditions are really important to her. But eventually she decided to try out the computer loom for one robe design.It was amazing! The computer could weave the intricate pattern in just a couple hours, where it would have taken grandma many months to make the same thing on the handloom. And the result looked perfect, like it had been made completely by hand in the ancient way. My mind was blown by how the new computer automation could recreate those ancient artistic weaving methods so accurately and efficiently.Since then, my grandma has embraced the computer loom and now uses it for most new robes she makes, while still doing select important ceremonial pieces by hand. She says this technology has allowed her to fill many more orders and make our family weaving business much more profitable, while still preserving the beauty of the ancient designs and traditions. The computer loom is the ideal blend of new and old!Another awesome example is what's happening with traditional Chinese medicine. This system of healthcare goes back over 2,000 years and relies on using natural herbs, plants, roots, minerals and animal products to treat all kinds of diseasesand promote wellness of the body and mind. It also has all these theories about maintaining balanced energies and yin/yang principles.Anyway, for basically all of history, the preparation of the medicines was done manually by trained herbalists who would carefully select, dry, crush, combine and cook the various natural ingredients according to the specific formulas laid out in the ancient texts. My friend's grandpa is one of these herbalists and he spent decades mastering the traditional methods.But recently, he started working with some modern biotech companies who are able to scientifically analyze all the molecular compounds in the traditional medicines and identify which specific elements are giving the therapeutic effects. With this data, they can manufacture optimized and highly consistent dosages of the key medicinal compounds through mass biotechnology production methods.My friend says it's crazy - his grandpa now works in a huge modern factory with robots, automation and quality control just like for regular pharmaceutical medicine. But the medicines they are producing are directly derived from those ancient natural remedies! And the best part is the biotechnology methods allowthem to filter out some of the less desirable components like toxins so the modern medicines are even safer.At the same time, the biotech companies have to collaborate closely with the traditional practitioners who understand the ancient knowledge of how all the ingredients are meant to combine for maximum effectiveness in treating the whole body system. It's the perfect marriage of old remedies with new科技!There are other examples in areas like cuisine, architecture, art and more where ancestral cultural elements are being infused with modern capabilities in really fascinating ways. Like this new restaurant I went to that serves traditional multi-course Chinese banquet meals...but the entire dinner is prepared by automated gourmet cooking machines that perfectly recreate the flavors and presentations based on machine programming of ancient recipes. Or how about those new eco-homes that take inspiration from centuries-old natural building methods but execute them using modern lightweight materials and 3D printed components? So cool!To me, this blending of cultural heritage with contemporary innovation is one of the most exciting frontiers. It allows us to carry forward the meaningful traditions, knowledge and aesthetics from throughout human history while also takingadvantage of all the amazing technological tools we have access to in our modern age. Both the old and new aspects are enriched and strengthened through these harmonious fusions.I think knowledge and human progress is additive - we shouldn't just leave the past behind but incorporate its value and enlightenment into advancing onto future possibilities. Just like a person, civilizations should embrace their roots and background as the foundation for all their future growth. The old doesn't have to be abandoned for the new, but integrated and elevated in new paradigms.Plus, it's just really fun and fascinating to experience these amazing intersections of cultural realms across vast stretches of time and space. Maybe 200 years from now, kids will be writing essays about the ingenious hybridizations between traditions from my era and the wild new technological terrain of their age. I can't wait to see what kinds of futuristic-ancestral fusions are still to come! The potential is unlimited when we bring the beacons of our history into an inventive new age of exploration.Okay, I've rambled on enough for now. Those are just some of my thoughts on why I absolutely love seeing the bridges being built between our long-standing cultural heritages and the modern technological marvels all around us. Ancient knowledgeand new capabilities, coming together in perfect harmony. What an awesome time to be alive experiencing these special blends! Let me know if you have any other great examples to share.篇2Technology is Awesome, but My Culture is Cool Too!Hi, my name is Emma and I'm 10 years old. I love technology—who doesn't these days? I have a tablet that I play games on, and I'm always begging my parents for the latest new thing, like that cool new VR headset all my friends have. Technology is just so awesome and fun!But you know what else is awesome? My cultural traditions! I'm Chinese American, and my family has all these amazing traditions and customs that have been passed down for like, a bazillion years. And you better believe I think they're just as cool as any video game or gadget.Let me tell you about some of the awesome Chinese traditions my family follows. One of my favorites is the Chinese New Year. We have this huge feast with all my extended family, and we eat lots of yummy foods like dumplings and noodles. The adults give me and my cousins little red envelopes with money inside - so cool! We also get new clothes to wear to celebrate thenew year fresh. And we set off tons of firecrackers and fireworks. It's like our own light and sound show!Another tradition I love is the Mid-Autumn Festival. We eat these really delicious mooncakes and carry lanterns around our neighborhood, kind of like Halloween but without the costumes. And the lanterns are so pretty, some of them look like real works of art! One year, my grandma helped me make a lantern that looked like my favorite cartoon character. I was so proud to carry it in the parade.Speaking of art, there are lots of beautiful Chinese arts and crafts that have been around for ages. My grandma is amazing at Chinese brush painting. She paints these gorgeous landscapes and flowers and animals on scrolls of paper or silk using just a bamboo brush and ink. I've tried it and it's crazy hard! My little brother is really into origami, the Japanese art of paper folding. But origami actually started in China like a billion years ago before spreading to Japan. He's getting so good, he can make the most intricate paper sculptures just by folding paper a certain way. It's mind-blowing!I could go on and on about Chinese traditions and how great they are. But here's the thing - I don't think it has to be an either/or situation between technology and tradition. Sure, I'mobsessed with my tablet and all the latest tech. But I'm also really proud of my cultural heritage and happy my family keeps up those awesome traditions.In fact, I think technology can actually help preserve and spread traditional cultures in really cool ways! Like, my grandma's brush paintings? She now displays and even sells them online through her website and social media. My little brother has found tons of origami tutorials and inspiration on YouTube from grand masters halfway across the world. And these days, we video call our relatives in China during holidays so we can all celebrate together no matter where we are.Technology doesn't have to overrun or replace tradition - it can go hand-in-hand with it. Cultures have been mixing and evolving for ages. Just look at holidays like Thanksgiving or Christmas that blend traditions from all over. My family embraces both cutting-edge technology AND our deep-rooted Chinese heritage. That's what I think is so awesome.In my classroom, we've been learning about world cultures and how to appreciate diversity. I think fusing cultural traditions with new technology is a great way to keep those traditions alive and strong, while also moving forward. It's the best of both worlds! Whether it's holidays, arts and crafts, music, food - youname it - we can use technology to honor and enrich our cultural roots on a global scale.At the end of the day, I'm just a kid who loves her tablet and her family's traditional Chinese celebrations. And I don't think those two things have to clash at all. In fact, I think technology and tradition can work together in really amazing, modern ways. That's my philosophy: cherish your cultural traditions while also embracing new technologies to make them even cooler. That's the key to keeping the past alive while still innovating for the future. I'm all about using the latest tech to celebrate my centuries-old heritage. Now if you'll excuse me, I've got to go video chat with my grandma in Beijing for her birthday!篇3The Awesome Mix of Hi-Tech and HeritageHiya! My name is Jamie and I'm going to tell you all about something super cool - how amazing technology is blending with awesome ancient traditions nowadays. It's like a cool remix, taking the best beats from the past and mixing them up with fresh new sounds from the future. Let me break it down for you!First up, let's talk about something almost everyone loves - video games! You know all those epic games you play on yourconsoles, PCs or mobile devices? Well, many of them are inspired by folklore and legends from long ago. Games like Ghost of Tsushima, Assassin's Creed, and Even God of War draw heavily from myths, arts and cultures that are centuries old.In Ghost of Tsushima, you play as a samurai warrior defending his homeland from Mongol invaders way back in the 1200s. The game looks stunning, with beautiful landscapes inspired by traditional Japanese art and architecture. All the sword fighting and armor is based on how real samurai used to battle. Talk about awesome!Assassin's Creed takes you on adventures across different eras like Ancient Greece, Renaissance Italy and Revolutionary America. In each period, the gameplay faithfully recreates the cities, clothes and weapons from that time. By blending cutting-edge graphics with real historical settings, you get to experience the past in the most immersive way possible!Another realm where hi-tech meets heritage is museums. These days, many museums are using augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to breathe new life into ancient artifacts. With AR, you can point your smartphone at an old pottery piece or sculpture, and it will show 3D holograms explaining the meaning behind the art and how it was made.Some museums even offer VR headsets that let you take a guided tour and watch recreations of how people lived in the past. You could wander through an ancient Greek villa, join a Medieval knights' feast or attend an Egyptian pharaoh's coronation! It's like having a super high-tech time machine to travel through history.Speaking of time travel, let's talk about an invention that's transforming how we learn about the past - 3D printing! Archaeologists are now 3D scanning fragile artifacts and ruins, creating digital models that can be 3D printed. This way, schools and museums worldwide can have physical replicas for students and visitors to interact with, without damaging the priceless originals.Imagine being able to hold a 3D printed replica of King Tutankhamun's burial mask, examine a dinosaur fossil cast, or study ancient tools up close. You get to experience these amazing historical treasures with your own hands. That's the true magic of combining old and new!Tech is also helping preserve ancient languages at risk of being forgotten. Using smart devices and apps, indigenous communities are recording words, phrases and songs spoken by their elders. This creates digital libraries to revive fadinglanguages and pass them to new generations. It ensures these unique voices from the past have a future!Art is another field where programmers are fusing tech and tradition in brilliant ways. Cutting-edge software can now analyze and study the brush techniques of old masters like Van Gogh or Rembrandt. Artists can use this data to program robots to paint just like the legendary painters from centuries ago!Imagine AI robotic arms painting a brand new masterpiece, but using the same iconic style and brush strokes as a famous Impressionist or Renaissance genius. You get inspired new artwork that looks like it was manifested from the past itself. Mind-blowing, right?Even fashion is getting a heritage remix thanks to innovations like computerized knitting machines and 3D printed clothing. Designers can now scan patterns from rare, ancient fabrics and meticulously recreate them down to the last zigzag or embroidered flower. The latest streetwear could feature designs inspired by delicate 16th century Italian lace or vibrant Aztec textiles.So you see, from video game worlds to museum exhibitions to artistic masterpieces, awesome new technology is giving ancient traditions an electrifying reboot for a whole newgeneration to embrace. It's the best of the past and future, remixed into amazing new experiences.Who knows what other incredible fusions of hi-tech and heritage are coming next? Maybe one day you'll take a language class taught by a hologram teacher from ancient Rome or Greece. Or tour the ancient pyramids while wearing AR glasses that reanimate the entire site as it was 4,000 years ago! The possibilities are endless when you blend the old and the new.The ancient world has so many wonders to share, and thanks to modern technology, we have incredible new ways to experience it all. It's like getting a front row seat to explore the mind-blowing cultures and artifacts of the past. With this rad remix of heritage and hi-tech, getting an awesome immersive history lesson has never been so fun! See you in the past/future!篇4Technology and Old Traditions - A Kid's ViewWow, technology these days is so cool! I love playing games on tablets and watching videos online. At the same time, I really enjoy the old traditions my family follows too. At first, I thought technology and old traditions don't really mix. But then I realized they can actually work together in some pretty awesome ways!Let me give you some examples of how I blend modern tech with ancient customs. One of my favorite holidays is the Chinese New Year. It's this amazing festival with fireworks, yummy foods, red envelopes with money, and the whole family getting together. My grandparents always tell us the ancient stories and legends behind the traditions.This year, I helped make a fun video showing how we prepare for and celebrate Chinese New Year. I filmed my mom cooking dumplings using a recipe that's been passed down for generations. I captured the making of the sticky rice cakes that we steam in lotus leaves. And of course, I got plenty of footage of my little篇5Technology and Traditional Culture: A Perfect BlendHi there! My name is Timmy and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you about how awesome it is when we blend modern technology with our ancient cultures and traditions. It's like peanut butter and jelly - two amazing things that just go so well together!In my family, we have a lot of cool traditions from our ancestors. One of my favorites is the Dragon Boat Festival. Everyyear, we get together with our extended family, decorate a big dragon boat, and race it on the river. It's so much fun paddling that long boat and trying to beat the other teams. After the race, we have a huge picnic with delicious foods like zongzi (those yummy sticky rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves). We've been doing this festival for centuries to honor our river traditions.But you know what makes the Dragon Boat Festival even more awesome nowadays? Technology! These days, instead of having to paddle the boats ourselves, some teams use motorized dragon boats with engines to go faster. They look just like the ancient wooden ones, but they have modern motors that make them speed across the water. How cool is that?My uncle is really into drones and he brings his fancy camera drone to record video of the whole festival from high up in the sky. He uses special editing software on his computer to stitch all the video clips together into an amazing montage that we can share online and watch for years. Modern tech lets us capture and relive our traditions in such vivid detail.At the big picnic feast, my grandma doesn't have to spend all day slaving over a hot stove. Instead, she just puts all the ingredients into an automatic rice cooker and a crock pot andlets the machines do all the work. The food still tastes just as delicious as the ancient recipes, but it's way easier to make now thanks to kitchen tech. I even helped program her new smart oven last year - it has cooking instructions for all her traditional dishes preloaded so she just presses a button and it cooks everything perfectly.Speaking of programming, every year at Chinese New Year our whole community comes together for a huge celebration. We put on this incredible show with music, dancing dragons, firecrackers, and amazing acrobats. Well, a few years ago some high school kids decided to add robotics and coding to the performance. Now we have animated dancing robot lions and dragons that move around and do tricks while dancers perform alongside them in perfect sync! The robots are programmed with ancient traditional dance moves but they're controlled by modern computer code. It's just so unbelievably awesome.For one of the acts, the robots form a cool dynamic backdrop that changes colors and patterns while acrobats do flips and tricks on stage in front of it. The backdrops are programmed to react to the music and dancers with different lighting animations. The audience gets a multimedia experience blending thousands of years of cultural heritage withcutting-edge tech like projection mapping and motion capture sensors. It's like being part of a real-life videogame cutscene come to life!My parents even got me a sweet AI calligraphy set for my birthday last year. You use a smart pen to write Chinese characters, and it analyzes your strokes and technique. Then it projects an animation showing you how to improve while also explaining the deep cultural meaning behind each character. The AI tutor makes learning about my ancestral language and artform so much more fun and interactive. I feel like I'm living inside an ancient Chinese painting that comes alive with vibrant animations.That's just scratching the surface - there are so many other amazing ways we blend technology with cultural traditions these days. Smart monuments teach you all about historic sites with holograms and augmented reality exhibits. Online museums let you virtually tour ancient artifacts from all over the world right on your tablet or computer. Livestreams broadcast ceremonies and events to a global audience in real time.My favorite though is this one totally epic virtual reality experience. You use a VR headset and motion controllers to step into a simulation of life hundreds of years ago. As your VR avatar,you can wander through ancient cities, attend virtual festivals, explore great wonders, and even see first-hand what it was like living in different eras of history. They crafted the virtual worlds using extensive research into cultural records and artifacts so every tiny detail is authentic. With VR, we can interactively experience our ancestors' lives and cultures in a way that just wasn't possible before.Technology helps us honor and preserve treasured traditions from the past while also allowing us to evolve those traditions into new modern forms. It opens up so many creative opportunities for sharing, celebrating, and passing down our rich cultural heritages to future generations in amazing ways our ancestors could have never dreamed. Really, the fusion of technological innovation and venerable tradition is an unstoppable winning combination - the best of both worlds!So in the words of my smart calligraphy AI tutor, let us "united embrace the harmony of ancestral wisdom and futuristic advancement." By blending the old and the new, we keep the heartbeats of humanity's stories pulsing while always progressing towards an even brighter tomorrow. Now doesn't that just make you want to grab the nearest robot and do a traditional dragon dance? Maybe I'll go program one right now!。

Space Exploration: An Exciting Journey at theScience MuseumIn the heart of the city, the Science Museum was abuzz with excitement and anticipation. The annual Space Club event had finally arrived, drawing a crowd of curious minds eager to embark on a journey through the vastness of space. Children and adults alike gathered under the vaulted ceilings of the museum, their eyes fixed on the stage, where a series of presentations and interactive demonstrations awaited them.The event kicked off with a captivating talk by a renowned astronaut, who shared his experiences of floating in zero gravity, gazing at the Earth from the window of the International Space Station, and the thrill of space exploration. His stories were filled with adventure and inspiration, making the audience feel as if they were right there, floating alongside him in the infinite blackness of space.Following the astronaut's talk, the audience was treated to a series of interactive demonstrations that showcased the latest advancements in space technology.Robots designed to explore Mars were put through their paces, displaying their ability to navigate complex terrain and collect data. Virtual reality headsets allowed people to experience the sensation of flying through the solar system, while 3D printers created models of planets and spacecrafts.The highlight of the event was the simulation of a space mission, where participants were divided into teams and given the challenge of landing a spacecraft on adistant planet. This hands-on activity was not just fun but also educational, teaching participants about the complexities of space travel and the importance of teamwork and communication in achieving a common goal.As the day drew to a close, the Space Club event left everyone with a sense of wonder and amazement. Thechildren's faces were lit up with excitement, and the adults were left feeling refreshed and inspired. The Science Museum had once again proven to be a haven for learning and exploration, where the boundaries of knowledge and imagination were constantly being pushed.The Space Club event was not just an exhibition or a show; it was an experience that transcended the ordinary.It was a chance for people to step out of their daily routines, to dream big, and to believe that anything was possible. It was a reminder that space exploration was not just a pursuit for scientists and engineers; it was a journey that everyone could take, a journey that was filled with infinite possibilities and unending adventure.**航天探索：科技馆的激动人心之旅**在城市中心，科技馆内热闹非凡，充满了期待。

关于机器人的英语作文初二英文回答：The rapid development of robotics in recent years has sparked a surge of interest in the potential applications of these intelligent machines. Robots are increasingly being employed in various sectors, from manufacturing and healthcare to space exploration and military operations. Their versatility and ability to perform repetitive tasks with precision and efficiency have made them invaluable assets in modern society.One of the most significant contributions of robotslies in the field of industrial automation. Robots have revolutionized manufacturing processes by automating repetitive and often hazardous tasks, resulting in increased productivity and reduced production costs. For instance, robotic welding systems can operate 24/7 without breaks or fatigue, ensuring consistent weld quality and minimizing downtime. Similarly, in the automotive industry,robots are extensively used for assembly line operations, such as painting, welding, and part handling, enhancing both efficiency and product quality.In healthcare, robots are playing an increasingly vital role in providing assistance to medical professionals and improving patient outcomes. Surgical robots, equipped with advanced imaging systems and precise manipulators, enable surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater accuracy and less invasiveness. These robots can reach areas that are difficult for human hands to access, resulting in reduced trauma, faster recovery times, and improved patient comfort. Moreover, rehabilitation robots are being developed to assist patients with physical therapy, providing personalized exercise programs based on individual needs.Robots are also making significant contributions to space exploration. Rovers, such as NASA's Curiosity and Perseverance, have traversed the surface of Mars,collecting data and capturing images that provide valuable insights into the planet's geological history and potentialfor life. Underwater robots, like the remotely operated vehicles used for deep-sea exploration, extend the reach of human divers, allowing scientists to study the depths of the ocean and document its diverse ecosystems.In the military arena, robots are increasingly deployed in hazardous situations, such as bomb disposal and reconnaissance missions. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, provide vital surveillance and intelligence gathering capabilities, enabling military commanders to make informed decisions on the battlefield. Ground-based robots, equipped with sensors and weapons, can navigate complex terrain and engage enemy forces without risking human lives.However, the increasing use of robots raises ethical and societal concerns that need to be carefully considered. One concern is the potential displacement of human workers by robots in various industries. As robots become more sophisticated and capable, they may take over tasks that are currently performed by humans, leading to job losses and economic dislocation. It is essential to address theseconcerns through thoughtful policymaking and workforce retraining programs.Another ethical issue associated with robots is autonomy. As robots become more intelligent and autonomous, they may reach a point where they can make decisions independent of human control. This raises questions about accountability and responsibility if a robot causes harm or makes unethical choices. It is crucial to develop clear guidelines and regulations for the design and deployment of autonomous robots to ensure their safe and responsible use.Overall, the potential benefits of robotics are immense. Robots have the ability to transform industries, improve healthcare, advance scientific exploration, and enhance security. However, it is important to proceed with caution and address the ethical and societal concerns associatedwith their use. By carefully navigating these challenges,we can harness the power of robotics for the betterment of society.中文回答：近年来，机器人的快速发展引发了人们对其潜在应用的极大兴趣。