阅读技能训练
一般说来，快速阅读的理解率为70％，如果理解率在80％-100％之间，那么你应该继续提高读速，使理解降至70％；如果理解的正确率只有50％，那么就应该在保持原有速度的前提下，设法使理解正确率达到70％。虽然这个理解率不算高，但你的速度却超过了常人。如果在考试中稍稍降低一下速度，你的理解就会轻松地达到90％—100％的正确。对于初次练习快速阅读者，加快速度阅读很可能会导致理解率的降低，这是一个非常普遍的现象，初学者一般都会经历这个阶段，所以没有必要担心。出现这种情况时，不要急急忙忙去迁就理解而放弃已达到的高速，而应保持你已经达到的阅读速度，同时逐渐把注意力转向对文章内容的理解上。只要这样反复多练，速度和理解一定会有很大提高。
下面的技能可以帮助你尽快提高阅读速度：
一、避免出声阅读和哑声阅读
出声阅读和哑声阅读对于快速阅读来说是一个致命的弱点。它把阅读速度降低为讲话的速度。正常的语速约每分钟150个单词，而正常的读速几乎等于语速的两倍。出声阅读有时表现为只动嘴唇而不发音，有时表现为舌头和喉管运动。如果我们在阅读时把手指放在声带部位，不管我们是否发出声，都会感到声带的震动。这种发声现象称为“哑声阅读”。哑声阅读还有一种很难克服的表现，即在阅读时虽然没有任何身体的运动，但在意识中，读者是一个词一个词地发出声来，而且自己仿佛还听得到。实际上，获得文字所表达的意义并不一定要经过发音这个环节。快速阅读的做法是，直接从字形的认知中获取意义。
那么怎样克服阅读中的出声和哑声阅读现象呢?这里提出建议两点：
第一，阅读时在主观上应以弄清楚作者的思想为阅读目的，要不断地思考阅读材料：“这是什么意思?”“我不同意他的观点!”“这一点和另一点有什么联系？”读者应该积极地与作者交流，而不是简单地重复作者说过的话。
第二，应该极力快读，使阅读的速度超过出声阅读的速度，尽量不给后者留下任何时间。
下面5个句子每个只出现5秒钟，你需要在5秒钟内读完并回答后面的问题。
(1)
We communicate through symbols, both audible and visible, that stand for something we have experienced. (15 words)
1: What are the two kinds of symbols we communicate through?
2: What do the symbols stand for?
(2)
The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken. (15 words)
3: What are the two things that the sentence talks about?
4: What's the difference between them?
(3)
The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg..(17 words)
5: Which part of the body does the sentence talk about?
6: Where is it on a body?
(4)
The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil. (18 words)
7: What does the sentence talk about?
8: On what do the foods eaten in any country depend largely?
(5)
In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center. (18 words)
9: What is Elizabeth in this sentence?
10: Where is she located?
练习六将出现15秒，快速阅读并回答后面的问题。
The silicon chips are, of course, microprocessors, minute but highly sophisticated electronic circuits suited to an almost infinite variety of applications, from the humble pocket calculator to the control of entire automated factories and warehouses. (35 words)
11. What does the passage talk about?
A. silicon chips
B. silver chips
C. electronic devices
D. none of the above.
12. What is not referred to in the passage?
A. the humble pocket calculator
B. the control of entire automated factories and warehouses
C. the microprocessors
D. the silicon valley
二、避免返读现象
返读现象是指在阅读过程中重新阅读刚刚读过的单词或句子来进一步确定读过的内容。返读是阅读能力低的一种表现。一般来说，任何读者都会有返读现象，但有时返读是因为读者遇到了生词或较难理解的句子，他希望通过返读来研究生词和难句，并加深记忆，这种情况自然无可非议：但低劣的读者把返读变成一种习惯，返读的次数远远超过了正常的阅读需要。如果在阅读中经常有返读现象，就会限制阅读速度，干扰注意力，并且影响对文章的理解。因此要想达到快速阅读，必须尽可能地减少返读的次数。那么如何避免返渎现象呢?首先选取生词较少、内容浅易的材料，进行大量的简单、轻松的阅读练习；其次在阅读时注意提醒自己不要往回看，把注意力集中在思考文章内容上面。久而久之，返读的次数必然会减少。
下面的练习是专为克服返读现象而设计的，快速阅读这些文章，提醒自己直往前看，同时思考文章内容。
练习一只出现25秒，快速读完并回答后面的问题。
One morning my teen-age daughters encountered a stray dog in our neighborhood park. When they left, he followed. Concerned for his safety, they noted the owner's address on his license tag and took him to his home. Nobody answered the door, so they rang a neighbor's bell and asked when the dog's owners would return. "I'm not sure, but probably soon the neighbor replied. "They just went to the park." (71 words)
1. Where did the girls find the dog?
2. Where did they take the dog?
3. Where did the dog's owners go?
练习二只出现30秒，快速读完并回答后面的问题
Not long ago my actor brother had a small part as a mailman in a movie being filmed on a New York City street. Since the area had not been roped off, passers-by were free to roam through until the cameras started rolling. While my brother was waiting, a woman walked by and stopped to ask him directions to a certain street. He told her that he was not familiar with the area. As she walked away, he could hear her mutter, "No wonder we never get our mail."
(89 words)
4. What is the author's brother?
A. A mailman
B. A passer-by
C. A film maker
D. An actor
5. Why did the woman say, "No wonder we never get our mail"?
A. Because the mailman was not familiar with the area.
B. Because the mailman didn't tell her the way.
C. Because she thought the author's brother was a real mailman.
D. None of the above.
从上面的两篇练习你可以看出这是发生在生活中的一些小幽默。它们的语言简单易懂。而且饶有趣味，在你读它们的时候，是否还需要不时地回头看呢？接着读下面一篇感人的短文，用最短的时间结束阅读，相信你一定会急于看到结尾而顾不上总是往回看了。
练习三只出现5分钟，快速读完并回答后面的问题：
My Forever Valentine
The traditional holidays in our house when I was a child were spent timing elaborate meals around football games. My father tried to make pleasant chitchat and eat as much as he could during halftime. At Christmas he found time to have a cup or two of holiday cheer and don his holly-shaped bow tie. But he didn't truly shine until Valentine's Day.
I don't know whether it was because work at the office slowed during February or because the football season was over. But Valentine's Day was the time my father chose to show his love for the special people in his life. Over the years I fondly thought of him as my "Valentine Man."
My first recollection of the magic he could bring to Valentine's Day came when I was six. For several days I had been cutting out valentines for my classmates. Each of us was to decorate a "mailbox" and put it on our desk for others to give us cards. That box and its contents ushered in a succession of bittersweet memories of my entrance into a world of popularity contests marked by the number of cards received, the teasing about boyfriends/girlfriends and the tender care I gave to the card from the cutest boy in class.
That morning at the breakfast table I found a card and a gift--wrapped package at my chair. The card was signed "Love, Dad," and the gift was a ring with a small piece of red glass to represent my birthstone, a ruby. There is little difference between red glass and rubies to a child of six, and I remember wearing that ring with a pride that all the cards in the world could not surpass.
As I grew older, the gifts gave way to heart-shaped boxes filled with my favorite chocolates and always included a special card signed "Love, Dad." In those years my thank-yous became more of a perfunctory response. The cards seemed less important, and I took for granted the valentine that would always be there. Long past the days of having a "mailbox" on my desk, I had placed my hopes and dreams in receiving cards and gifts from " significant others ", and "Love, Dad" just didn't seem quite enough. If my father knew then that he had been replaced, he never let it show. If he sensed any disappointment over valentines that didn't arrive for me, he just tried that much harder to create a positive atmosphere, giving me an extra hug and doing what he could to make my day a little brighter. My mailbox eventually had a rural address, and the job of
and-delivering candy and cards was relegated to the U.S. Postal Service. Never in ten years was my father's package late－nor was it on the Valentine's Day eight years ago when I reached into the mailbox to find a card addressed to me in my mother's handwriting.
It was the kind of card that comes in an inexpensive assortment box sold by a child going door-to-door to try to earn money for a school project. It was the kind of card you used to get from a grandmother or an aging aunt or, in this case, a dying father. It was the kind of card that put a lump in your throat and tears in your eyes because you knew the person no longer was able to go out and buy a real valentine. It was a card that signaled this would be the last you would receive from him.
The card had a photograph of tulips on the outside, and on the inside my mother had printed "Happy Valentine's Day." Beneath it, scrawled in barely legible handwriting, was "Love, Dad."
His final card remains on my bulletin board today. It's a reminder of how special fathers can be and how important it has been to me over the years to know that I had a father who continued a tradition of love with a generosity of spirit, simple acts of understanding and an ability to express happiness over the people in his life.
Those things never die, nor does the memory of a man who never stopped being my valentine. (700 words)
6. Why were the children to decorate a "mailbox" and put it on their desks on Valentine's Day?
A. To receive letters from their teacher.
B. To receive cards from their classmates.
C. To receive cards from their boyfriends.
D. To receive letters from their girlfriends.
7. What did the author's father do every year on Valentine's Day to show his love for his child?
A. He took her to travel abroad every year.
B. He only gave her a special card signed with "Love, Dad" every year.
C. He gave her various gifts with a card signed with "Love, Dad" every year.
D. He did nothing.
8. Why did the author know her father was dying at the sight of the card
he had sent her?
A. Because the card was the kind that one buys from the child going
door-to-door selling cards, which means her father was too ill to go out and buy a card for her.
B. Because the card was not so good looking, which signaled that her father was not so good also.
C. Because the card was not signed with "Love, Dad" as usual.
D. Because the card was delivered late.
9. What does the passage want to tell us mainly?
A. It's good to give and receive cards on Valentine's Day.
B. The relationship between father and daughter became not so good as before when the author has grown up.
C. Fathers always love their children and children should cherish the fatherly love.
D. None of the above.
三、训练眼睛运动
在阅读过程中，眼睛的运动是跳跃式前进的，而不是像一般认为的那样扫过或略过字行。眼睛从一点移到另一点的时候，我们看不到任何东西。只有当眼睛固定或停顿时我们才能阅读。
据统计，普通大学生的眼睛每秒钟停顿四次。阅读水平较高者，每秒钟可达五次。对于普通读者而言，每一次停顿，其视幅(eye span)一般为1.1个单词，即每一次停顿可认出l.1个单词；优秀的读者，每次停顿的视幅约为2.7个单词。因此，理论上说普通读者的阅渎速度可达到每分钟264个单词，而优秀的读者可达到每分钟810个单词(此标准是对操本族语的读者而言的)。
但在实际的阅读中，由于各种因素如语言水平、文章难度、理解能力、词汇
量等的影响，一般读者达不到理论上的水平。但普通读者的阅读速度是一定能够通过自己的努力和有意识的训练而提高的。这里关于眼睛运动提高阅读速度方面有三点建议：一，扩大视幅。在目光盯住一个单词时，要注意用眼睛的余光延及中心词两边的单词：二，缩短停顿的时间，增多停顿的次数。三，当眼睛到达一行的末尾时，快速移到下一行的开始部分，这样也可以节约时间．提高速度。
下面的文章用来帮助你提高眼睛移动的速度，如果你能在规定的时间内读完并回答后面的问题，那么说明你的阅读速度正在迅速提高。
练习一将出现15秒，它是根据短语划分的段落，刚来训练快速移动你的眼睛。试着在眼睛停止一次时看完一个短语。眼睛快速地从上往下逐行移动，每行只停顿一次。阅读后回答后面的问题。
(1)
There is opportunity to
no better way try out
to test the fishing boat
fishing boats under the most
than under adverse weather
actual fishing conditions and
conditions the most rapid
Actual conditions and unexpected
provide the passenger movements
(39 words)
1: Question: According to the short passage, which is the best way to test fishing boats?
练习二将出现20秒，要求同练习一
(2)
The purpose of life insurance
life insurance by simply
is to prevent asking yourself
financial difficulty if your death
for someone else would put someone
in the event else in a tough
of your death financial position
With that in mind, If the answer
you can determine is yes,
if you need you need insurance.
(55 words)
2: Question: According to the short passage, how to determine whether you need life insurance or not?
练习三将出现25秒，要求同练习一
(3)
Anytime ask your
you're told primary care physician
that you for a recommendation,
need surgery or call
and it's the nearest
not an emergency, teaching hospital
it's a good idea or an accredited
to get a second hospital for
opinion from a recommendation.
a qualified specialist You can
in the appropriate also consult
field, the Directory
To find of Medical Specialists.
this specialist
(61 words)
3: What does the short passage suggest you to do when you're told that you need surgery and it's not an emergency?
A. To ask a friend of yours for a second opinion.
B. To ask a doctor of any kind for a second opinion.,
C. To ask a qualified specialist in the appropriate field for a second
field.
D. To ask a teacher for a second field.
4: Where can't you find a specialist, according to the above passage?
A. the nearest teaching hospital
B. the Directory of Medical Specialists
C. the medical school
D. an accredited hospital
练习四将出现30秒，要求同练习一
(4)
Actually, mild fever,
the common cold nasal congestion,
is not and coughing.
as simple Thus
as it seems, the thinking behind
It can "combination" products:
be caused they
by any of supposedly contain
200 different viruses, little something
and it can for the
bring misery different symptoms.
eight ways: One pill
sore throat, or capsule,
sneezing, the advertisers say+
runny nose, handles the
watery eyes, whole malady.
aches and pains A little like
one-stop shopping.
(75 words)
5: How many viruses can the common cold be caused?
A. 100
B. 200
C. 300
D. 400
6: Does the author agree with the advertisers that "one pill or capsule handles the whole malady"?
练习五只出现3分钟，快速读完并回答后面的问题
(5)
Sometime when you take a common drug, you may have a side effect. That is, the drug may cause some effect other than its intended one. When these side effects occur, they are called adverse reactions. Whenever you have an adverse reaction, you should stop taking the drug right away. Ask your pharmacist whether he can suggest a drug that will relieve the symptoms but that will not cause the adverse reaction. If an adverse reaction to a drug is serious, consult your doctor for advice at once. Drugs that are safe in the dosage stated on the label may be very dangerous in large doses. For example, aspirin is seldom thought of as dangerous, but there are many reports of accidental poisoning of young children who swallow too many for their young bodies to handle. In adults, excessive use of some pain-killing drugs may cause severe kidney damage. Some drugs for relief of stomach upsets, when taken in excess, can cause an upset in the body's secretion of enzymes, perhaps causing serious digestive problems. You should never use any over-the-counter drug on a regular, continued basis, or in large quantifies, except on your doctor's advice. You could be suffering from a serious illness that needs a doctor's care.
Each drug you take not only acts on the body but may also alter the effect of any other drug you are taking. Sometimes this can cause dangerous or even fatal reactions. For example, aspirin increases the blood-thinning effect of drugs given to patients with heart disease. Therefore, a patient who has been taking such a drug may risk hemorrhage if he uses aspirin whenever he gets a headache. Before using several drugs together you should ask your doctor and follow his advice. Your pharmacist can tell you whether certain drugs can safely be taken
together.
Alcohol may increase the effect of a drug. Sleeping pills and antihistamines are two types of drugs that combine with alcohol to produce drowsiness. When taking any drug, you should ask your doctor whether drinking alcohol could be dangerous in combination with the medicine. Experts believe there is a relationship between adult abuse of legitimate medicines and the drug culture that has swept our country. You can do your share to reduce the chances that your children will become part of the drug culture by treating all medicines with respect. Always let your children know that medicines and drugs should not be used carelessly. (409 words)
7: The author advises parents
A. To avoid taking drugs in front of children.
B. To teach their children about drugs.
C. To throw away old medicines.
D. To use drugs without telling their children.
8: When aspirin is used with heart medication, it can
A. Clot blood.
B. Thin blood.
C. Thicken blood.
D. Raise the blood pressure.
9: The author implies that alcohol
A. Can intensify the effects of a drug.
B. Can make a drug useless.
C. Can cause a person to turn to drugs.
D. Can produce drowsiness.
四、阅读意群
阅读是寻找意义的过程．因此阅读应以表达一个完整意思的词组为基本单位进行。例如下面的句子.
When such stimuli are applied to animals their pupils dilate．
在这个句子中，最小的单位是字母，但我们显然不能从字母开始寻找意义，因为字母只表示一个发音符号，它本身不包含任何意义。
字母构成了单词，如t和o。构成了to，而to只是一个介词，表示一个方向，如果单独看这个单词，我们得不到任何具体的意义。而当它和apply合用为apply to时，我们就可以知道这个短语的意思是“作用于，应用于”。同样，当一个实词如stimuli被单独看待时，我们知道它的意思是“刺激”，但只能是一个抽象的不确定的意义。反之，如果我们把stimuli同such放在一起来看就会知道它们指上面提到过的刺激。因此，我们应该把“apply to”和“such stimuli”分别作为一个意群来看待。
调查表明阅读速度慢的人在阅读时每次摄取的文字单位非常小，甚至以单个的词为阅读单位；而优秀的读者快速扫过成行的内容，每一眼都获取一个完整的意义单位。
下面的练习是专门针对培养阅读意群的习惯而设计的，阅读时力争一眼获取一个意群，并快速移动眼睛。
练习一将出现15秒，它是根据短语划分的段落，用来训练培养阅读意群的习惯。试着在眼睛停止一次时看完一个短语。眼睛快速地从上往下逐行移动，每行只停顿一次。读后回答后面的问题。
(1)
When you or fixates
phrase read it should see
it should feel a meaningful phrase.
like this. Phrase reading
Your eye should will improve
move and stop, Your comprehension
move and stop. and help you
Each time read faster.
your eyes stops,
(42 words)
1. What kind of movement does your eye do when reading something?
2. What's the advantage of phrase reading?
A. It can help you read faster and comprehend more.
B. It tells you more things.
C. It makes the passages more interesting.
D. You can see more phrases by using it.
练习二将出现35秒，要求同练习一
(2)
As a when you
used car shopper, see one.
your first You can
task is also check
to decide the National
what kind Automobile Dealers
of car Association Used Car Guide
is going and the
to fill Kelly Blue Book
your needs, for prices
Then of used cars.
shop around They'll give
until you you prices
have a to work with,
good feel but they' re
for the market value only guides.
of that car. Condition and mileage
This way will adjust
you'll know the price up
a bargain or down.
(91 words)
3: What's the first task of a used car shopper?
A. To shop around and try to find a good car.
B. To know the general prices for a used car.
C. To ask other people for advice.
D. To determine what kind of car he needs.
4: Which one in the following does not affect the price of a used car?
A. Condition.
B. Mileage.
C. Market value.
D. How many people have used the car.
练习三将出现40秒，要求同练习一
(3)
The best exercise is beneficial.
is the endurance type The exercise should be
cardiovascular activities vigorous enough
that make you to produce
breathe deeply, a temporary feeling
elevate your pulse, of fatigue.
And make you sweat, At this level
Dr. Kenneth Cooper, of intensity,
expert on fitness, it strengthens the heart lists the following and other muscles
as the best activities and increases circulation.
for physical fitness: Strenuous activity
running, swimming, should be scheduled
cycling, walking or striding, at least two
stationary running, to three times
handball, basketball, squash, a week
Any activity that elevates for at least
the heart's rate a half hour each time.
(106 words)
5: Which is the effect that you do not feel when you do the best exercise?
A. You breathe deeply.
B. You feel light-hearted.
C. Your pulse is elevated.
D. You sweat all over.
6: Strenuous activity should be schedule at least times a week for at least
each time.
A. two to three; a half hour
B. one to two; an hour and a half
C. two to three; an hour and a half
D. one to two; a half hour
练习四将出现30秒，要求同练习一
(4)
Violin, the smallest of different thicknesses
and highest-pitched are stretched across
of one of the most a bridge
important families standing on the box
of stringed in such a way
musical instruments, that the tension of the strings
to which can be adjusted
it gives its name. by means of
It consists revolving pegs,
Essentially to which
of a resonant box they are
of peculiar form, severally attached
over which at one end.
four strings
(75 words)
7: What is not on a violin?
A. a resonant box
B. a bridge standing on the box
C. four strings of different thicknesses
D. a key board
8: How can we adjust the tension of the strings?
A. by shortening the length of the strings
B. by revolving the pegs on the violin
C. by make the strings longer
D. by removing the strings' position
五、避免使用词典
避免使用词典是指在阅读文章的过程中，即使遇到生词，也不要停下来查词典。如果一碰到生词就查词典就会大大减慢阅读速度，而且不利于思路的连贯。当遇到生僻词汇时，我们可以通过生词本身的构造或者上下文来推测它的意义。
利用生词本身的构造，即构词法来判断词义是一个基本的方法：英语中的许多词都由若干不同的部分构成：词根、前缀、后缀。如果了解一个词的词根，一般说就可以推断出该词的意义。例如，reprocess，如果认识词根process，知道re是前缀，有“再，又”的意思，那么，这个词就不难猗测，是“再加工，再处理”的意思。但是使用这种方法的前提是读者必须预先知道词根和词缀的意义。因此，读者在平常阅读和学习当中，应该注意记忆一些词根和词缀。
另外一种方法就是利用生词和上下文的关系推测其意义。生词不是孤立的、封闭的，它所在的句子、段落都会提供出很多暗示和线索，其中最常见的有如下五种:
1．定义线索，即作者自己定义或解释一个生词，如：
A．Horology is the science of measuring time．
B．Folkways are informal customs regarding the correct way to
behave．
从上面的例子可以看出，划线的单词都有比较清楚、直接的定义或解释。这是上下文中最为明显的线索类型。
2．同义词或复述线索，即作者在同一个句子中使用另外一·个词，该词与生词具有基本相同的意义；或者，作者使用几个词来复述生词的意义。如：
A. Children often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they see on television．
B. Mr．Kelada was incredibly cocksure．It was this excessive self-confidence that made you want to prove him wrong whenever he gave an opinion．
从上面的句子中我们可以很容易得出emulate的意思与copy是差不多的，而copy the behavior意思是“模仿行为”，因此emulate即“模仿”。同样，cocksure也就是excessive self-confidence的意思，即“过分自信的，独断的”。
3．例释线索，即作者举出一些例子来解释或进一步说明生词的意思。如：A．There was a kind of detachment about the old man's behavior．It appeared as if he didn't care what you were saying to him，as if what you were saying were of no interest to him．
B．Orthopterans，such as crickets，grasshoppers，and cockroaches，thrive in damp conditions．
从上面句子可以看出,"It appeared as if he didn't care what you were saying to him，as if what you were saying were of no interest to him．"这句话是用来解释说明detachment的，因此我们不难得出detachment是“超然、独立、分离”的意思。而orthopteran包括crickets，grasshoppers和cockroaches等带翅的昆虫，因此也可以大致得出orthopteran的意思，从而不妨碍对整个句子的理解。在带有例释的句子中，通常会有一些单词或短语来表示举例，如"such as", "including"，“for example”，“to illustrate”，“for instance”等。
4．比较／对照线索，即有些句子中可能会包含与生词具有相反或近似意义的词，读者可以通过这些词来推测生词的意思。这种情况下，作者有时会使用像On the other hand，however，although，unlike，yet，but，like，while，despite 和even though等词，来提醒读者语气的变化和与前面表达相反的意义。如：
A. Like bright David，Richard was very intelligent．
B. During the concert the audience was quiet，but afterward the crowd became boisterous．
从上面句子中可以看出，intelligent和bright是同义词，有“聪明的”意思。而boisterous很明显与quiet“安静的”是反义词，因此boisterous应该是“吵闹的，喧哗的”意思。
5．经验线索或情境线索，即有些生词可以根据它们出现的情境去理解；也可以通过读者的经验或常识去推断生词的意思。如：
A．In spite Of the fact that the fisherman were wearing sou'westers，the storm was so heavy they were wet through．
B.AN east or north-east wind brings cold, dry weather to England，but a sou’wester usually brings rain.
从上面两个句子可以看出，sou'wester在英语中有两个意思：一是指—种防水的衣服，而且很可能又厚又重，因为渔民们在风暴里穿着这种衣服：二是，很明显，指一种从西南方向吹来的风。在推测第二种意思时，我们还需要知道，‘SOU'’指“南面的，南方的”。
尽管运用上下文线索推测生词的意思非常有用，但必须指出这种方法也有一定的局限。第一，用这种方法得到的生词意思通常都是比较模糊、一般性的，不是非常精确的含义。第二，用这种方法不—定每次都能得出生词的意思。有的时候，我们无法从上下文中得出生词意义，在这种情况下，读者需要运用其他的技巧来判断词的意思。
下面的练习是为训练你从上下文中推断词义的能力而设计的，阅读短文并回答问题：
(l)
The Jews have a recorded history beginning over 4,000 years ago. This history, and some of the traditions and teachings which developed during this period, have had a profound effect upon modem civilization. The Jews gave the world the Old Testament and they were the first monotheistic people in the world. Biblical laws of moral and ethical conduct have become the basis of legal systems everywhere. It is interesting to note that the Jews are the only civilization which survived in its original form from ancient to modem times; all other civilizations of antiquity have long since disappeared.
1. What does the word "monotheistic" mean in the passage?
A. the practice of having more than one wife
B. quality or state of being cruel
C. belief in the Trinity
D. belief that there is only one deity
2. "antiquity" means
A. finished or refinished in antique style
B. relics of ancient times, great age
C. a chronological record of significant events
D. laws of moral and ethical conduct
(2)
I was amused with the desultory, haphazard kind of life we led: here today and gone tomorrow, sometimes reveling in ale-houses, sometimes feasting under hedges in green fields. When audiences were crowded and business profitable, we fared well; when otherwise, we fared scantily and consoled ourselves with anticipations of the next day's success.
3. What does the word "desultory" mean?
A. lacking in definite plan, regularity or purpose
B. improper; immodest
C. secret; private
D. mental disturbance marked by confusion and speech disorder
4: Which of the following best explains the word "scantily"?
A. in great comfort
B. astonishingly
C. without much food or necessities
D. frightened
下面短文将出现15秒，快速阅读并回答后面问题。
(3)
Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial.
初中英语课外阅读指导研究 英语课外阅读是提升初中生英语水平的严重途径，但因为受到传统教学模式和应试教育的影响，初中英语教师普遍认为教学的重点是课堂教学，例外水准的忽略了英语课外阅读的严重性，没有要求学生展开课外阅读，更没有对学生的英语课外阅读实行有用的指导。为了满足新课标对初中英语教学的要求，提升学生的英语水平和阅读水平，初中英语教师应该充分利用合作学习这个教学方法，组织学生展开大量英语课外阅读活动，在阅读过程中培养学生自主阅读的水平和习惯，提升学生的英语综合水平。 1.小组合作学习背景下初中英语课外阅读现状 1.1学生课外阅读时间少当前，初中生学习任务比较烦琐，经常忙于完成各科教师布置的作业，很少有时间去阅读课外的英语文章，无法达到英语新课标的词汇量要求。此外，还有很多初中生没有养成在课外阅读英语文章的习惯，这主要是因为英语本身有一定的难度，学生在学习的过程中就已经感觉力不从心，课外就更不会主动再去碰英语。 1.2教师没有实行有用的指导在初中英语课堂中，很多英语教师为了提升升学率，经常把英语阅读课上成语法知识、句子结构分析课，英语文章的美感被破坏，不利于激发学生学习英语的兴趣。有的初中英语教师理解到了英语课外阅读的严重性，要求学生实行课外阅读，但在布置课外阅读作业和组织课外阅读活动时，教师仅仅笼统地要求学生阅读，没有利用小组合作学习的方法给学生分配详尽的阅读任务，这样的英语课外阅读效率和质量都不高。 2.小组合作背景下初中英语课外阅读的有用指导 2.1利用小组合作指导学生自主选择课外阅读材料适合的资料是课外阅读胜利的关键，所以，教师要根据学生的实际情况和教学目标，引导学生学会自主选择阅读资料，激发学生课外阅读的兴趣。首先，初中英语教师应该根据“组内异质，组间同质”的分组原则把学生分成例外的小组，并确保小组成员在英语水平方面有一定的互补性，在兴趣爱好方面有一定的相似性，让小组成员之间能够互相协助。其次，初中英语教师要提出相对应的要求，让学生根据自己小组的实际情况自主选择、搜集一些篇幅适中、有阅读价值的阅读材料。最后，教
初中英语阅读理解常见题型及答题技巧 从近几年的中考阅读理解情况看，短文体裁多样，题材各异，文章涉及科学知识、社会文化、政治历史、人文环境和日常生活等方面，充分体现其时代性、实用性。短文难度逐年加大。常见题型有主旨题、细节题、推断题、猜测词义题和正误判断题。 做阅读理解练习应先看问题，弄清考点。在阅读短文之前，快速浏览问题，以便在阅读短文时做到心中有数，快速、准确地捕捉所要信息。先易后难。做题时不必拘泥于书中所呈现的语篇顺序，应遵循先易后难的原则。如可先做细节题再做推断题，因为细节题大多能直接从文中找到答案，而推断题则需对短文进行深层理解，再作判断。 （一）主旨题 主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。做此类题时，应通读全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主题句的意义。短文往往围绕主题句展开，主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。 （二）细节题 细节题是用来进一步表达主题，体现中心思想的，往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时，应快速捕捉信息，可能是一些事例、数字等，阅读时要有针对性。 （三）推断题 推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。做此类题时，应根据短文中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。 （四）猜测词义题 猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下，推断词义的题目中所出现的单词，大多数是学生未曾见过的生词，学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义，然后将这个释义代入文中，检查是否贴切，仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。 （五）正误判断题 正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节，给出一个句子，判断其正误。这类题比较直接，难度相对较小。做此类题时，应先看题，后带着“问题”快速阅读短文，寻找所需要的信息。初中英语阅读理解题已成为评估学生英语水平的重要测试题型，在中考英语试卷中所占比重较大。阅读理解题主要是考查学生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括细节理解能力、词义判断能力、归纳概括能力及逻辑推理能力等。大致来说，阅读理解题主要针对如下方面：（1）个别词语或句子；（2）某一细节或情节；（3）主题；（4）背景知识；（5）结论或结局；（6）内涵隐意或寓意等。下面本人就根据阅读理解题的题型特点，来谈一些答题技巧。 一、直接理解题 这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。此类题目的出题形式很多，例如：
语文现代文阅读能力训练一：基础辨识能力 参考答案 （一） 1海底“黑烟囱”2．逻辑顺序 3记叙、描写、说明 4比喻 5列数字、举例子、摹状貌、作比较等 （二） 1．老太太 2．明线是杉田卖菜，暗线是老太太生活日益穷困 3．交代故事发生的环境，为人物的塑造、情节的发展作好铺垫 4．“她清瘦……女人”，老太太年老体衰，变得贫穷、孤独，过着无依无靠的生活 5．好，因为“纽扣”既是文章情节发展的线索，又是小说人物命运的写照．以“纽扣”为题简要、含蓄。 （三） 1学问与智慧是相辅为用，缺一不可的 2．事实论据 3．比喻论证、对比论证 4．主运用比喻的修辞手法，使文章的论证生动形象 5．指出学问与智慧的区别，具体分析学问与智慧的关系，总结论点。 （四） 1．指心灵与他人隔膜而变得冷漠、世故。（答案不惟一，意思相近即可） 2．①——⑨⑩；第一层：叙述家人教育孩子的两件事，第二层：发表自己的感慨 3．记叙、议论；对比中外教育观念的差别，为后文作铺垫 4．在竞争中既要争做强者、力争胜利，又要对失败者、弱小者充满同情，可以举学习、生活中的例子进行分析 5．“父亲”：轻视体力劳动者，看不起下层人民；“妻子”：认为天真、善良是要吃亏的；“我”：愿孩子有一颗善良的心。（意思对即可） 6．答案不惟一，言之成理即可。
语文现代文阅读能力训练二：基本分析能力训练参考答案 （一） 1．导语部分，标题和导语都是对消息核心事实的概括，只不过导语比标题更具体详细。 2．主体部分为第②段；分两层：①②③④⑤ 3．③、④ 4．介绍三峡工程的重大意义；是消息的结语部分。 （二） 1．冰雹的形成，冰雹的分类，冰雹的预报 2．分两层；第①段为一层。总说降水的两种形态；第②③④为一层，具体解说冰雹的形成、分类以及如何预报。 3．不能颠倒，这三段依次说明冰雹的形成、分类以及预报，符合人们对事物的认识过程，顺序合理。 4．表格略 5．只要所写句子能起到承上启下的作用即可例如：冰雹的危害很大，预报冰雹就很重要 （三） 1．①②段是故事的开端，写兄弟俩偷羊受到村民的惩罚；③④⑤段是故事的发展，写其中一个兄弟尽心弥补自己所犯的错误。⑥⑦⑧段是故事的高潮和结局，写老人成了人们心中的圣徒 2．高潮在文章的最后，老人弥补了自己所犯的错误，成了人们心中的圣徒 3．所有的村民经过老人的身旁，都会停下脚步与老人说上几句话，表达他们的敬意；小孩子也会停止玩耍，给老人一个温暖的拥抱 4．这一生，他似乎是为了他人而活 5．老人是一个知错能改的人 6．人难免会犯错误，关键在于要用自己的行动来改正错误，弥补过失。（意思对即可） （四） 1．①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩ 2．文章主体部分采用并列结构，从不同角度对中心论点展开论述，且每一层都用“我现在就付诸行动”开头，构成排比 3．一切的一切毫无意义——除非我们付诸行动 4．文段以议论为主，其中不乏哲理深刻的句子，可以选择自己感受最深的语句来回答 5．这是一个自由表述题，可从语言优美、哲理深刻、结构清晰等角度选一个进行赏析。
初中英语课外阅读： （一）农夫和苹果树 A poor farmer had a friend who was famous for the wonderful apple he grew. One day, his friend gave the farmer a young apple tree and told him to take it home and plant it. The farmer was pleased with the gift, but when he got home he did not know where to plant it. He was afraid that if he planted the tree near the road, strangers would steal the fruit. If he planted the tree in one of his field, his neighbors would come at night and steal some of the apples. If he planted the tree near his house, his children would take the fruit. Finally he planted the tree in his wood where no one could see it. But without sunlight and good soil, the tree soon died. Later the friend asked the farmer why he had planted the tree in such a poor place."What's the difference?" the farmer said angrily. "If I had planted the tree near the road, strangers would have stolen the fruit. If I had planted the tree in one of my field, my neighbors would have come at night and stolen some of the apples. If I had planted it near my house, my own children would have taken the fruit." "Yes," said the friend, "but at least someone could have enjoyed the fruit. Now you not only have robbed everyone of the fruit, but also you have destroyed a good apple tree!" （二）阅读理解趣味故事题 Several years ago, a television reporter was talking to three of the most important people in America. One was a very rich banker, another owned one of the largest companies in the world, and the third owned many buildings in the center of New York. The reporter was talking to them about being important. “How do we know if someone is really important?” the reporter asked the banker. The banker thought for a few moments and then said, “I think anybody who is invited to the White House to meet the P resident of the United States is really important.” The reporter then turned to the owner of the very large company. “Do you agree with that?” she asked. The man shook his head, “No. I think the President invites a lot of people to the White House. You?d o nly be important if while you were visiting the President, there was a telephone call from the president of another country, and the President of the US said he was too busy to answer it.”The reporter turned to the third man. “Do you think so?” “No, I don?t.” he said. “I don?t think that makes the visitor important. That makes the President important.” “Then what would make the visitor important?” the reporter and the other two men asked.“Oh, I think if the visitor to the White House was talking to the Pr esident and the phone rang, and
小学语文阅读经典训练 1、露珠 我喜欢露珠，我赞美它。 夏日的清晨，我来到野外散步。在万道霞光中，一个美妙的，崭新的世界便（显现呈现出现）在我的眼前。看！那无边的绿叶上，闪动着无数颗晶莹的露珠，一颗、两颗、十颗、白颗……啊！像夜空中璀璨的繁星，像碧波上撒满了宝石，乂像千白万闪光的眼睛。啊！露珠！这就是极普通乂为人们所喜爱的露珠。 露珠的身体很小，生命也很短暂，但它却是不平凡的。当夜幕笼罩的时候它像慈母用乳汁（教育哺育培育）儿女一样地滋润着禾苗每、“I黎明到来的时候它乂最早睁开那不知疲倦的眼睛它白天隐身于空气中，夜晚无声地辛勤工作。它不像暴雨那样挟带风雷闪电以（夸耀显耀炫耀）它的威力，更不像冰雹那样对一切（残酷残忍残暴）无情。它把短暂的一生，献给树木、庄稼…… 而对它们却无所苛求。它多么像辛勤的园丁，培育着祖国的花朵，多么像我们敬爱的老师，伏在桌边灯下夜以继日地匸作，把全部心血洒在我们的心田…… 我爱露珠，它比珍珠更珍贵，比宝石更晶莹，比群星更璀璨。我赞美它。露珠精神将永远在我心头闪动。 1、联系上下文，在文中括号处选择恰X的词语，依次写在横线上。 2、把文章第三自然段中没有标点的地方加上标点。 3、联系上下文理解字义。 （1）它白天隐身于空气中。于：______________________________ （2）乂为人们所喜爱。为:___________________________________ 4、“露珠精神将永远在我心头闪动”中“露珠精神”是指 2、这是一个迷人的海滨的夏夜。 夕阳西下，天空燃烧着一片橘红色的晚霞。大海也被霞光染成了红色，它比天空的景色更壮观。当一排排波浪涌起的时候，那映照在浪峰上的霞光，乂红乂亮，闪烁着，滚动着，使人赞叹。 夜幕降临，天空的霞光渐渐淡下去了，深红的颜色变成了浅红，当一切光都消失了的时候，那高而远的天空中便出现了夜明星。它是那么大，那么亮，放射着令人注目的光辉，活像一盏挂在高空的明灯. 夜色加浓，各处的灯火，也陆续亮了起来，尤其是山坡上那一片片灯光，它们从半空中倒映在乌蓝的海面上，像一串流动的珍珠. 我踏着软绵绵的沙滩，望着这夏夜的景色，心里有说不出的愉快和兴奋。 1、这篇短文是按顺序耳的，表示顺用的词是：______________________ .___________ 、_ 2、第四自然段打的景物是________________ . ______ 3、找岀文中的两个比喻句，抄在下面的横线上。 3、美丽的晚霞
中考现代文阅读练习 一、阅读《天上梯田听古歌》，完成1～3题。(共9分) 天上梯田听古歌 张永权 ①南疆春早。当北国还是一片千里冰封时，这里早已是一个孕育生命的季节。红河两岸，哈尼山寨，层层梯田，一片繁忙，正是插秧的好时节。 ②天不亮，哈尼妇女就起来煮好红鸡蛋、红米饭和腊肉，背到梯田边，让全家享用。男人们把秧苖打捆挑到要栽插的田间，女人们一排排下到田里栽秧。一梯梯良田，被翠绿的秧苗绣成碧玉般的天梯，一梯一梯地向着蓝天伸去。梯田接地连天，天在水田里，人在彩云中，好一幅美好和谐的田园农耕图。 ③这里就是称雄天下、有大山雕塑美誉的世界文化遗产元阳哈尼梯田核心区。三千多级的梯田，从山脚伸进云天，气象万千，雄奇磅礴。梯田在一年四季形成不同的景观：冬天清水滢滢，波光闪烁；春夏翡翠绿梯，耀眼悦目；秋日辉煌灿烂，气势非凡。一千个梯田，就有一千个太阳；一万个梯田，就装着一万片奇幻的云彩。 ④哈尼人，只要一说话，就会唱歌，说红河两岸人人都是歌唱家绝非夸张。此时那些栽秧的女人唱起歌来，歌声此起彼伏，四山回应，有的高亢嘹亮，有的低回优美。外人听不懂歌词，但美好的旋律也会让人陶醉。合唱、独唱、对唱，女人们一边栽秧，一边唱歌，让梯田成了神奇的赛歌台，把希望的秧苖插在歌声里。 ⑤人群中有个姑娘，她放声一唱，四周便一片寂静。这时，只有她那山泉般清纯的声音，流淌在秧田之中，流淌在天上人间。陪同的哈尼族诗人朋友告诉我，她唱的是一首哈尼族四季生产调中表现栽秧生活的古歌。诗人译出的歌词大意，也充满诗意：冬天是春天的母亲，冬天老了，春天就长大了。春天飞来白鹇(xi án)鸟，白鹇鸟把红米的种子撒在梯田上，秧姑娘就出生了。今天长大的秧姑娘要出嫁，红河两岸的木棉花举起玛瑙酒杯来祝贺，秧姑娘要在梯田安个新家……这古歌的歌词浪漫、奇特又很原生态，这是真正的诗。他还告诉我，这个栽秧女可是见过大世面的。自从2013年6月哈尼梯田申遗成功，进入世界文化遗产名录后，哈尼梯田和哈尼古歌就闻名世界了。2015年5月，她和哈尼古歌艺术团到意大利米兰世博会演出半年之久，惊艳海外。像她这样唱哈尼古歌的农民，生在哈尼山寨，哈尼梯田和他们生生相伴，不离不弃，相依为命，正如他们在古歌中唱的：“没有哈尼族的天上梯田，就没有哈尼人的今天。” ⑥昨晚在山上的哈尼小镇看哈尼古歌艺术团的演出后，我们和一位年逾古稀的古歌传承人交流，还听他唱了一段原始的古歌。老人满头银发，脸上刀刻样的皱纹流着人世沧桑。说到要唱古歌，老人就兴奋了，朋友说他身上的每个毛孔都
现代文阅读能力训练方案一：基础辨识能力 学生姓名：时间：年月日【常见考点】 基础辨识能力指的是在现代文阅读中对各文体基础知识的识别能力。具体来说，指能辨识各种文体，能判别各文体的组成要素，能分辨各文体中的表达方式，能指出各文体的结构或顺序，能判断文中的各种修辞手法，等等。 在中考阅读题中，考查“基础辨识能力”的考点主要有： 1．指出记叙文中记叙的人称、顺序、线索和要素等。 2．辨识说明文的说明对象、说明顺序和说明方法等。 3．判别议论文的论点、论据和论证方法。 4．分辨小说的主要人物、情节和环境等。 5．识别特殊体裁（如新闻）的结构。 6．辨别文中的记叙、说明、议论、描写、抒情等表达方式。 7．判断文中的各种修辞手法。 【答题点拨】 解答基础辨识题首先要夯实基础，熟练掌握各种文体的基本知识，然后在阅读训练中掌握答题的技巧。 比如，辨识说明文的说明顺序就是一个难点，我们可以总结出一些规律： 1．看说明的内容。一般来说，说明事物的形态、结构，多用空间顺序；说明事物的发展变化多用时间顺序；其他则多用逻辑顺序。 2．看说明的对象。说明某事物多用时间、空间顺序，说明事理则多用逻辑顺序。 3．看标志词、过渡词。如果文段有表时间、空间的词语，则多为时间、空间顺序；如果文段有“为什么、首先、所以”等推理性的词语，则多为逻辑顺序。辨识议论文的论点是议论文阅读的关键，答题时先要看文题，以得到启发和指引；再看文段，确定提出观点的段落；最后抓住概括性的句子即可。小说的阅读重点是对主要人物的辨识，判断的依据不应该是描写人物的笔墨有多少，而应该看小说的主题、作者的意图靠谁来表达。 【单项训练】 （一）海底“黑烟囱” ①1979年，美国的“阿尔文”号载人深潜器在东太平洋海底熔岩上，发现的350摄氏度的含矿热液以每秒几米的速度喷出。矿液刚喷出时为澄清溶液，与周围海水混合后，很快产生沉淀变为“黑烟”，形成
初中英语课外阅读计划制定的指导策略 发表时间：2016-02-25T14:16:27.483Z 来源：《中学课程辅导.教学研究》2015年10月下供稿作者：卢爱娇 [导读] 制订相应的课外阅读计划是学习策略的一种，它的应用能更有效地帮助学生进行英语学习。 摘要：学习策略是第二语言习得研究的一个重要方面。制订相应的课外阅读计划是学习策略的一种，它的应用能更有效地帮助学生进行英语学习。本文就当前初中学生普遍存在的英语课外阅读随意性和盲目性的现象着手，探讨如何在中学英语课外阅读中运用制订计划的策略，从而提高学生自主学习的能力和持续学习的能力。 关键词：英语课外阅读；计划制定；指导策略；自主学习；阅读能力 一、导语 英语课外阅读，作为课堂教学的延伸和补充，在没有英语真实语言环境的情况下，已经成为学生感受语言、运用语言的重要手段之一。课外阅读涉及的知识面较广、文化背景知识较多，能够给学生提供多层次、大密度、跨时空的知识。中学生精力充沛，思维活跃，兴趣广泛，感情丰富，求知欲强，正处于学习的最佳时期；但他们意志薄弱，易受外界影响，学习上往往只凭一时的兴趣和好恶，忽冷忽热，一曝十寒。中学生的这种年龄特征和心理特征往往不利于他们的英语课外阅读能力的提高。目前中学的英语课外阅读现状不容乐观，课外阅读普遍存在着随意性和盲目性，从而导致学生阅读速度慢、理解能力弱的现象。要想培养学生具备良好的英语课外阅读习惯，制定一个科学有效的英语课外阅读计划是很有必要的。 二、现状分析 英语课外阅读是一个长期的积累过程，学生需要根据课程进度和自己的学习情况制定切实可行的周密计划，从而明确学习任务，确立学习目标。但事实上学生们有没有认识到制定计划的必要性并且根据自己的实际情况真正地制定一个适合自己的课外阅读计划呢？ 笔者所在学校所进行的一项调查表明，受调查的735名学生中，仅有115人制订课外阅读计划，约占总人数的15.6%。也就是说，约84.4%的学生并无制订课外阅读读书计划的习惯。这说明绝大多数中学生在进行英语课外阅读时存在随意性和盲目性，缺乏切实可行的周密计划的指导，因而导致学生在英语课外阅读上存在着不少问题。 其一，学生被动阅读。课外阅读的主要目的在于培养和提高学生的阅读能力。通过大量的语言、文化信息输入，让学生潜移默化地获取新知识，提高认知水平，不断增强分析问题和解决问题的能力。很多学生对于课外阅读的目的缺乏正确的认识，之所以进行阅读仅因为教师或家长有要求，从而被动消极地进行阅读；其次，对于阅读目标的不明确也导致学生课外阅读的盲目和被动。 其二，所选材料不当。很多学生在进行课外阅读的材料的选择时，由于缺乏指导或指导不当，导致所选材料偏难或过于简单，达不到课外阅读的预期效果；有的课外阅读材料的选择过于功利化和单一化，英语阅读训练局限于做几道阅读理解题，学生有阅读焦虑心理体验，不能引起学生的阅读兴趣，无法从阅读中获得乐趣。 其三，阅读时间偏短。据调查，学生平时作业多，忙于完成教师布置的作业，根本没时间进行课外阅读。即便有进行课外阅读的学生每天所花时间也非常短，连十分钟都不到，也就是说，每天在十分钟内仅能快速浏览一篇小短文，根本没有花时间来进行更深一步的理解消化和积累生词及做笔记。这样的阅读犹如过眼云烟，不利于学生对于词汇量的积累及扩大，也不利于语言理解能力的培养和提高，无法从整体上把握文章的脉络、归纳文章的主旨大意、揣摩作者意图和感受到作者的心声，从而限制了学生这种创造性的思维能力和美学欣赏能力的自我培养。 其四，缺乏规划性和系统性。学生在英语课外阅读方面缺乏长远规划和方向，任务不明，目标不清。一些学生在课外阅读的坚持上做得很不到位，三天打鱼，两天晒网。 三、应对措施 首先，强调制定课外阅读计划的重要性。教师要帮助学生认识到制定完整的、长远的课外阅读计划是有必要的，学生要在每学期根据课程进度和自己的学习情况制定切实可行的周密计划。计划可分长期计划(初中阶段)和短期计划(每一学期为一阶段)。一个有效的阅读过程应包括建立阅读目标、根据目标调整阅读速度和策略，评价阅读材料、补救理解失误、评估理解水平等。只有当学生对所学语言的特点和规律有了一定的认识，了解自己语言学习的能力，才能制定符合自己情况的学习目标，随时监控学习中遇到的困难，最终找出克服困难的方法。这样，学生可以明确学习任务，确立学习目标，从而更加有效地完成课外阅读，并对自己阅读能力的提高进行预设和自我检查。 其次，在制定英语课外阅读计划时，教师要发挥帮助和指导的作用。首先要对与学习任务相关的学习情境进行具体的分析与思考，如：英语阅读材料的选取(难度适中，多样化，多种形式，趣味性)，学习时间的安排(固定时间和长短适中)，学习环境和学习目标的确定，自己的学习特点等，这是制定计划的基础。在完成了分析学习情境的任务之后，可制定出学习计划，包括确定学习的步骤，安排学习时间，列出可供选择使用的学习策略，如：在英语阅读前的计划制定中可运用不同的学习策略，以帮助更好地完成学习目标。 许多学生执行计划时往往有始无终，这主要是没有遵守学习中由易到难、循序渐进的原则，所定计划目标过高，超过了自身生理负荷所容许的范围，尽管花费了一定的时间和精力，而预定的学习目标却未达到，这种挫折会影响他们的学习兴趣、动机、信心、情感、意志等动力要素，产生学习的心理障碍。所以，制定计划时教师必须帮助学生正确认识自我，制定的计划一定要符合自己的实际情况，在完成计划的过程中体验到“跳一跳，摘桃子”的成就感，学生的英语课外阅读能力在“自我计划→自我调节→自我评价→再次自我计划→再次自我调节→再次自我评价”中呈螺旋上升，从而增强学习英语的自信心。 最后，计划制定后，教师要在阅读进程中进行督促和检查，从而鼓励和协助学生顺利实施阅读计划并进行阶段性的自我评价。 1.教师也可以设计阅读效果检测单，对学生的英语课外阅读前的准备和阅读后的效果评价提供指导，使他们自觉地调整方法和阅读策略； 2.定期了解学生的阅读进展，课上通过讲故事、课本剧表演、讨论、回答问题等形式了解学生的阅读情况和对阅读内容的理解程度。 通过上述检查，学生表现突出者，教师要及时进行肯定和表扬，让学生有阅读的成就感，体会到成功的乐趣。 四、结束语 从七年级开始就指导学生有效地制订英语课外阅读计划，进行由浅入深、循序渐进的课外阅读，一方面可以拓展学生的知识面，扩大单词量，提高语言的综合运用能力，另一方面有助于增强学生的语感。只有足够量的积累，对语言的应用和感悟能力才能有质的飞跃，课
最新中考英语阅读理解经典例题 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．根据短文内容出选择正确答案。 A A farmer had a brother in town who was a gardener, and his brother had a garden full of the finest fruit trees. So his skill and his beautiful trees were famous everywhere. One day the farmer went into the town to visit his brother, and was surprised at the trees that grew quite well. "Look, my brother," said the gardener. "I will give you an apple tree, the best from my garden, and you, and your children, and your children's children will enjoy it." Then the gardener called his workmen and ordered them to take up the tree and carry it to his brother's farm. They did so, and the next morning the farmer began to wonder where he should plant it. "If I plant it on the hill," he said to himself, "the wind might catch it and shake down the delicious fruit before it is ripe. If I plant it close to the road, passersby will see it and take away the apples--but if I plant it too near the door of my house, my children may pick the fruit." So, after he had thought the matter over, he planted the tree behind his barn （谷仓）. Time passed, but the tree had no fruit the first year, nor the second-then the farmer called his brother. When the gardener came, the farmer said angrily, "You have cheated me, and given me a useless tree instead of a fruitful one. This is the third year and still it brings out nothing but leaves! " The gardener laughed and said, "See where the tree was planted, it has no sun or warmth. How could you expect flowers and fruit?" （1）From the passage, we can see the farmer planted the apple tree A. behind his barn B. on the hill C. close to the road D. near his house （2）The underlined word "ripe" means "__________" in Chinese. A. 挂果 B. 成熟 C. 开花 D. 成长 （3）What is NOT mentioned in the fifth paragraph? A. What happened to the apple tree. B. Why the farmer got angry with his brother. C. What kind of man the farmer was. D. Why the farmer called his brother. （4）Which of the following is NOT true? A. The farmer's brother had a garden full of the finest fruit trees. B. The gardener gave his brother the best apple tree from his garden. C. No flowers, fruit or leaves were on the apple tree. D. The farmer thought his brother gave him a useless tree. （5）What do you know from the end of the story?
公兴初中英语阅读计划 一、指导思想： 为全面贯彻落实英语课程标准的精神，认真实施市，县有关加强中小学英语和英语课外阅读指导意见，有效组织和指导中学生进行英语课外阅读，扎实提高学生的英语语言能力和素养，提示学生的人文素质，促进学生全面，和谐，可持续发展，为终身学习和未来生活奠定厚实的基础。 二．具体目标： 1．激发学生广泛的阅读兴趣，使学生喜欢阅读，感受阅读的乐趣。 2．扩展学生的阅读面，增加阅读量，使学生多读书。读好书，读整本书。 3．引导学生注意积累，注重阅读感受和体验，培养语感。 4．增加学生阅读理解和分析鉴赏能力。 三．基本要求： 1．精心选择课外阅读内容。 按照上级指定阅读书目和课外阅读书目 2．明确课外阅读的基本了量。 七年级全学年累计不少于8万词，八年级不少于12万词，九年级不少于16万词。即七年级每周阅读量2000词以上，八年级3000词以上，九年级4000以上。 3．充分扩大课外阅读面。
4．切实提高课外阅读的质量。 对阅读内容做到： 1．能根据上下文和构词法推断理解生词的含义； 2．能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系； 3．能找出文章的主题，理解故事的情节； 4．能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料； 5．能根据不同阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息； 6．能利用工具进行学习。 四．方法措施： 1．帮助学生掌握阅读技巧，如何进行阅读和导读，以高效的方法获取有效的关键信息。 2．帮助学生掌握预测信息，揣摩作者情感意图的方法。 3．帮助学生掌握阅读各类体裁的文章的技能。 4．安排专题阅读活动，每周安排1节课为阅读专项课，做到目标明确，任务具体，措施有效。节假日再安排具体的阅读任务。 5．举办丰富多彩的英语阅读活动和竞赛。 阜宁县公兴初中英语教研组 2012年9月1日
初中英语阅读理解常见题型及答题技巧从近几年的中考阅读理解情况看，短文体裁多样，题材各异，文章涉及科学知识、社会文化、政治历史、人文环境和日常生活等方面，充分体现其时代性、实用性。短文难度逐年加大。常见题型有主旨题、细节题、推断题、猜测词义题和正误判断题。 做阅读理解练习应先看问题，弄清考点。在阅读短文之前，快速浏览问题，以便在阅读短文时做到心中有数，快速、准确地捕捉所要信息。先易后难。做题时不必拘泥于书中所呈现的语篇顺序，应遵循先易后难的原则。如可先做细节题再做推断题，因为细节题大多能直接从文中找到答案，而推断题则需对短文进行深层理解，再作判断。 （一）主旨题 主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。做此类题时，应通读全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主题句的意义。短文往往围绕主题句展开，主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。 （二）细节题 细节题是用来进一步表达主题，体现中心思想的，往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时，应快速捕捉信息，可能是一些事例、数字等，阅读时要有针对性。 （三）推断题 推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。做此类题时，应根据短文中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以
分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。 （四）猜测词义题 猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下，推断词义的题目中所出现的单词，大多数是学生未曾见过的生词，学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义，然后将这个释义代入文中，检查是否贴切，仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。 （五）正误判断题 正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节，给出一个句子，判断其正误。这类题比较直接，难度相对较小。做此类题时，应先看题，后带着“问题”快速阅读短文，寻找所需要的信息。 初中英语阅读理解题已成为评估学生英语水平的重要测试题型，在中考英语试卷中所占比重较大。阅读理解题主要是考查学生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括细节理解能力、词义判断能力、归纳概括能力及逻辑推理能力等。大致来说，阅读理解题主要针对如下方面：（1）个别词语或句子；（2）某一细节或情节；（3）主题；（4）背景知识；（5）结论或结局；（6）内涵隐意或寓意等。下面本人就根据阅读理解题的题型特点，来谈一些答题技巧。 一、直接理解题 这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。此类题目的出题形式
部编统编版三年级语文上册阅读能力训练题含答案（一）《读唐诗》 床前的月光,窗外的雪。高飞的白鹭,浮水的鹅 唐诗里有画,唐诗里有歌。唐诗像清泉,流进我心窝。相思的红豆,吴山的雪。边塞的战士,回乡的客。唐诗里有乐,唐诗里有苦。唐诗像祖先,在向我诉说 练一练 1.选择加点字的正确读音并打“√”。 白鹭(lù/rù)边塞(sài/sāi)清泉(qīn/qīng)祖先(zhǔ/zǔ) 心窝(wuō/wō)诉说(sù/shù) 2.根据小诗内容的提示填空。 (1)“床前的月光”让我想起李白《静夜思》中的一句诗：（）,疑是地上霜。 (2)“浮水的鹅”让我想起骆宾王《咏鹅》中的诗句：（），红掌拨清波。 (3)“相思的红豆”让我想起王维的《相思》：红豆生南国，（）。 (4)“回乡的客”让我想起贺知章《回乡偶书》中的（）,笑问客从何处来。3.请默写一首你最喜欢的唐诗。 （二）《今天风真大》 今天风真大啊!路旁的树木被风吹得摇摇摆摆,不时地发出鸣呜的声音。大街上尘土飞扬,枯黄的落叶、碎纸,被风卷上天空,在灰暗的天空中飞扬。 行人几乎都闭着嘴,眯着眼,不少人用围巾把头包起来。顶风骑车的人,就像自行车运动员比赛一样,弓着身,双脚吃力地向前二步一步地蹬着。顺风骑车的人缩着头,两脚搭在车蹬上,毫不费力地飞向前去。 我走进学校来到教室里,看见窗台上、桌子上、椅子上全是尘土。
练一练 1、“顶”的意思有:（） ①人体或物体最高最上的部分; ②用头或脚撞击; ③对面迎着。 “顶风骑车”中“顶”的意思是(填序号)。 2、根据短文内容,找出表示动作的词语并填在下面的括号里。 （）嘴（）眼（）身 （）头（）车 3、从短文中摘录表示风大的词语。 4、短文围绕“”这句话，通过对、和三个地方的描写，写出了风大。 5、学习文中划线句的写法，通过描写一个人的样子、动作，写出“天冷”。 （三）《妈妈的笑》记忆中,妈妈的笑最亲切,最温柔。 当我取得满意的成绩踏进家门时,妈妈的笑容里透着欣慰和勉励;而当我考砸了垂头丧气羞见父母时,妈妈则将深切的理解和鼓舞融进笑意。 是的,妈妈的笑伴随了我多少年,从一个懵懂无知的幼童,到成熟自主的青年,其间饱含着妈妈的辛劳。我试着抹平妈妈额前的皱纹,但那岁月煎熬的印迹,怎能抹平呢? 年迈的妈妈不再有青丝拂肩,衰老的妈妈不再有烂漫的笑脸。然而,我常常感到,世间最美丽的,仍是妈妈的一瞥,或者一个微笑那是所有的温存、所有的慈爱和所有的关怀...... 练一练 1、给下面加粗红色的字注音并解释词语 懵懂()： 一瞥()： 2.从文中找出下列词语的反义词。
现代文阅读练习 (一)阅读《写给母亲》 写给母亲 算一算，再有20天，我妈去世就三周年了。 三年里，我一直有个奇怪的想法，就是觉得我妈没有死，而且还觉得我妈自己也不以为她就死了。我妈跟我在西安生活了14年，大病后医生认定她的各个器官已在衰竭，我才送她回棣花老家维持治疗。每日在老家挂上液体．她也清楚每一瓶液体完了，儿女们会换上另一瓶液体的，所以便放心地闭了眼躺着。到了第三天的晚上，她闭着的眼再没有睁开，但她肯定没有意识到从此再不醒来．因为她躺下时还让我妹把给她擦脸的毛巾洗一洗，梳子放在了枕边．系在裤带上的钥匙没有解，也没有交代任何后事啊。 三年以前我每打喷嚏，总要说一句：这是谁想我呀？我妈爱说笑，就接茬说：谁想哩，妈想哩！这三年里，我的喷嚏尤其多，喷嚏一打，便想到我妈了，认定是我妈还在牵挂我哩。我更是觉得我妈还在，尤其我一个人静静地待在家里，这种感觉就十分强烈。我常在写作时，突然能听到我妈在叫我，叫得很真切，一听到叫声我便习惯性地朝右边扭过头去。从前我妈坐在右边那个房间的床头上，我一伏案写作，她就不再走动，也不出声，却要一眼一眼看着我，看得时间久了，她要叫我一声，然后说：世上的字你能写完吗，出去转转嘛。现在，每听到我妈叫我，我就放下笔走进那个房间，心想我妈从棣花来西安了？当然房间里什么也没有，我却要立上半天，自言自语我妈是来了又出门去街上给我买我爱吃的青辣子和萝卜了，或许，她在逗我，故意藏到挂在墙上的她那张照片里，我便给照片前的香炉里上香，要说上一句：我不累。 整整三年了，我给别人写过十多篇文章，却始终没给我妈写过一个字，因为所有的母亲，儿女们都认为是伟大又善良，我不愿意重复这些词语。我妈是一位普通的妇女，缠过脚，没有文化，户籍还在乡下，但我妈对于我是那样的重要。已经很长时间了，虽然再不为她的病而提心吊胆了，可我出远门，再没有人哆哆唆唆地叮咛这叮咛那，我有了好吃的好喝的，也不知道该送给谁去。 在西安的家里，我妈住过的那个房间，一切摆设还原模原样，我一次又一次难受着又跟自己说，我妈没有死，她是住回乡下老家了。今年的夏天太湿太热，每晚被湿热闹醒，恍惚里还想着该给我妈的房间换个新空调了，待清醒过
小学三年级课外阅读能力及提高训练 （一）秋天的雨 秋天的雨，是一把钥匙。它带着清凉和温柔，轻轻地，轻轻地，趁你没留意， 把秋天的大门打开了。 秋天的雨，有一盒五彩缤纷的颜料。你看，它把黄色给了银杏树，黄黄的叶 子像一把把小扇子，扇哪扇哪，扇走了夏天的炎热。它把红色给了枫树，红红的 枫叶像一枚枚邮票，飘哇飘哇，邮来了秋天的凉爽。金黄色是给田野的，看，田 野像金色的海洋。橙红色是给果树的，橘子、柿子你挤我碰，争着要人们去摘呢！ 菊花仙子得到的颜色就更多了，紫红的、淡黄的、雪白的……美丽的菊花在秋雨 里频频点头。 秋天的雨，藏着非常好闻的气味。梨香香的，菠萝甜甜的，还有苹果、橘子， 好多好多香甜的气味，都躲在小雨滴里呢！小朋友的脚，常被那香味 住。 秋天的雨，吹起了金色的小喇叭，它告诉大家，冬天快要来了。小喜鹊衔来 树枝造房子，小松鼠找来松果当粮食，小青蛙在加紧挖洞，准备舒舒服服地睡大觉。松柏穿上厚厚的、油亮亮的衣裳，杨树、柳树的叶子飘到树脚下。它们都在 准备过冬了。 秋天的雨，带给大地的是一曲丰收的歌，带给小朋友的是一首欢乐的歌。 练习： 1．填上合适的词语。（可以不是文章中的） （）的雨滴（）的雨滴 （）的歌（）的歌 （）的气味（）的气味 2．结合课文内容写出“五彩缤纷”一词的意思：（）。与它相近的词语 是（）。 3．“小朋友的脚，常被香味勾住”中的“勾住”是什么意思？ 4. 《秋天的雨》这篇课文从哪几个方面描写秋天的雨？ 5.文章第二段，是围绕那句话来写的？ 6．秋天的雨还可能是什么，请发挥想象写一段话。 _____________________________________