From：P. Kotler , J . Bowen , J . Makens. Marketing for Hospitalityand Tourism ( Third Edition) [M] . Upper Saddle River ,NJ : Pren2 tice - Hall ,2002.
Marketing theory suggests that the premise is satisfied with customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, quality service from the customers on the quality of experience, so to develop a scientific and effective quality of service management strategy, to maintain quality and consistent service quality, as hotel companies to shape the core competitive service force the key.
The hotel service quality and customer perceived service quality constitute.
Hotels provide integrated accommodation, catering, recreational and business activities as one of the services, hotel services, quality of service they provide the features and characteristics combined. The reason why customer's hotel of choice sentiment in favor of because the hotel from the product characteristics to meet customer demand for a break or business interests, but also the characteristics of hotel services (Such as comfort and efficient) just to meet the customer service grades and grade requirements. Service products inseparability of production and consumption, determines the customers interaction with the staff to complete the hotel service features and characteristics (quality of service) experience: they are the appointed time and their related facilities within the room have a right to use the hotel at the same time feel service delivery service means, such as attitude, demeanor, work efficiency. The former is the result of the experience of hotel services, which is to obtain the results of the process of experience, the hotel service quality, including the results of quality and process quality in two parts. Customers measure of the quality of results are usually objective and manageable, because the rooms and other hardware facilities are visible, and its quality, the customer had been prior to use in accordance with national and industry standards are under control, while the process of the quality of hotel services is because it is In the hotel staff and customer interaction behavior and emotional interaction to generate, as measured by both subjective and complex, and therefore can not ignore the hotel service quality management of service process quality management.
And physical quality of the product a different formation mechanism, the hotel service staff and customers interact with a process related facilities, the hotel customers are facing is not "finished product", the hotel is not in production quality, but in the delivery and consumption generates. Hotel customers will be personally involved in the formation of the quality of service, and by comparing the expected service quality and body Inspection of service quality gap, the formation of the hotel's perceived quality of service. When the customer experience of the process and results of better quality than even more than expected level, the customer will be recognized service quality, and thus satisfactory performance, loyalty and repurchase. The quality of customer expectations of the hotel and hotel marketing, publicity, customer past experiences, word of mouth dissemination of mass And personal differences in such factors as the demand is closely related to the hotel manager by managing customer expectations should be to improve the perceived quality of service.
2 The hotel service quality causes of the problem analysis
Formation process from the hotel service quality point of view, the hotel quality hotel services, a series of internal decision-making and results of the activities: the management of customer expectations of cognitive resolved that the hotel will be the implementation of service standards; staff will be based on standards of service delivery to the customer service; Customer then according to their own perception of hotel service experience and outcome of the process of passing quality. The quality of the formation of links in one or more errors, it will lead to a decline in customer perceived service quality.
First of all, if the hotel is not an accurate understanding of customer expectations of service, such as hotel managers do not realize that customers are networked, intelligent devices and electronic management needs, the hotel management had failed to attach importance to the effective management of front-line service, or to reflect "Customer is to reduce the lobby check-in and checkout time" customer expectations, will reduce the customer's perceived service quality, leading hotel management to improve the quality of service to other efforts, "come to naught."
Secondly, if the hotel fails to address customer expectations of service quality
standards for a right, even if the hotel was full and the customer expectations are accurate, also make the quality of service, "poles apart." Such as hotel occupancy rates managers often are most concerned about quality management are not given the highest priority; or hotel service quality standards set bias-oriented rather than focus on customer-oriented operations will reduce the customer's expectations. Another example is to reduce the cost of the hotel from time to time to replace simple counter, the food and beverage refrigerator, hotel management, bureaucracy led to front-line service staff views of quality of service standards do not get enough attention and so on, will cause the decline in the quality hotel services.
Again, if the hotel management and poor supervision, the staff did not diligently enforce service quality standards, even if the quality standard of accuracy, the final quality of service would be "counterproductive." Example, ignore the service process management, quality management, lack of awareness of internal marketing to mislead the staff for the smiles and greetings as a task is completed; another example, human resources hotel source management is unable to periodic training of service staff awareness and skills to develop employee performance appraisal system and incentive policies, the lack of service quality evaluation indicators will result in lower quality hotel services.
Finally, if the hotel's marketing, publicity and the actual provision of services to inconsistent service delivery process does not reflect the market, the promotion of communication quality of service standards, the hotel's service quality will "come to naught." Consider the hotel marketing department and service delivery due to lack of horizontal communication, the two sides went their own ways, such as foreign propaganda is only one day in advance you can book train tickets, but the real must be three days in advance, or the marketing department exaggerated, over-commitment, will cause the hotel services, features and characteristics of unable to meet target customer needs.
3 I mproving the quality of hotel service’ concept and strategy
Through the above-mentioned factors affecting the causes of hotel service quality analysis, combined with the characteristics of hotel business itself, you can
explore ways to solve the following three aspects of the idea of hotel service quality issues.
(A)Improving the quality of hotel services in the hotel business process to create a critical competitive advantage.
The hotel's competitive advantage comes from superior quality of service, but it must be clear what kind of factors determine the quality of competitive advantage, is the result of the quality of hotel services, or process quality? Customers, "lobby in three minutes to clear arrival formalities," said satisfied with the reasons for not "settle" this result, but "three minutes" embodied in efficiency. Similarly, Mr. Chang is out of the hotel door Tong soon as the door, "Mr. Zhang, please take care," pleasantly surprised because the doors boy memorize customer names to their work. Hotel service is person to person service, quality of results usually have been written in the hotel industry standards for the management, and service can not form the differences between hotel companies, high-quality process of the quality of service can only come from experience, process quality is to create core competence Hotel force the key. To this end, the hotel managers should do the following work: First, establish a "process quality (rather than the quality of results) is a hotel lifeline" of the business concept in order to hotel contact with various service sectors focus on objects, and further refine the quality standard system and service program system to ensure that front-line employees pay more attention to service standards process, but also indicators of these processes should be the employee performance appraisal and reward or punish an important basis.
Second, establish a "hotel employees are an important component of product" product concept, to urge the department of human resources management, staff recruitment gateway to good publicity "hotel service is not everyone can do well for all the work, hotel staff must have the quality of services and skills, "this concept, through the implementation of training programs to maximize employee service concept and service skills, so that customers perceived service from the well-trained staff from the heart of service.
Third, the establishment of external quality control mechanism, a "mystery
shopper research method" to improve the process of hotel service quality. That is, from an external investigator (such as hotel star ratings a member of industry veterans, etc.) to ordinary customer's identity, experience the surveyed hotels, in a real environment for consumption in the perspective of a professional perception hotel contact with customers every step, and to their consumption experiences, feelings, evaluation and other information in order to "customer experience report" under investigation in the form of feedback to the hotel. Compared to the internal quality check with the hotel, "mystery shopper" survey closer to the real level of hotel service quality to enable managers to accurately grasp the status of hotel service quality process, thus take appropriate corrective measures to be improved.
(B) Do a good job of marketing management is an important means of improve the quality of hotel services.
Hotel services production, transmission and consumption, synchronization, making the hotel front-line employees automatically become a part-time marketing staff, marketing department is no longer a hotel the only sector to communicate with customers. And physical product marketing management and quality management of each separate and distinct, the hotel most of the marketing efforts and quality of service with the formation of synchronized in time and space: to satisfy customer needs a certain extent dependent on hotel quality of service real-time front-line staff, the same line excellent quality of service staff will also help hotels to carry out an external marketing. Therefore, we can think from a marketing point of view to further narrow the gap between the idea of hotel service quality. Should be clear, the relationship between characteristics of the endogenous characteristics of the service, hotel marketing, not merely to seek new customers for the ultimate goal, the marketing department should also undertake and their customer relationship management functions. Marketing to attract the customer to the hotel, but whether these customers become regular customers, to a certain extent depends on the quality of service front-line employees. Therefore, marketing department should carry out customer satisfaction survey in due course to identify the reasons for customer dissatisfaction with the quality of hotel front-line staff to take corrective measures to
maximize the maintenance of hotels and customer relations.
Secondly, the hotel's marketing positioning ambiguity will cause marketing, advocacy, bias, and thus affect the hotel's grasp of the customer expectations and management. Hotels on the target market, the choice of the decision to develop service standards hotel orientation, if the marketing department in order to solve the short-term financial crisis easily change their position, it will reduce the target customer perceived service quality. Example, business hotels in order to reduce the vacancy rate and discounts to attract the general public trying to take tourists, so although we can not determine whether satisfaction with tourism consumers, but can be sure that the original expectations of business customers have been destroyed, they will be an opportunity to switch to competitors.
Finally, the hotel management also must implement the internal marketing ideas. If you want to enable the frontline service employee customer satisfaction, then must ask the hotel's background (including support staff and management) to enable the work of front-line staff satisfaction. Because the customer needs of quality hotel services among the employees are an integral part of the manager must not lose sight of the demand for staff management. Internal marketing is a way to employees as internal customers of the management philosophy should be a hotel marketing management and service quality management an important tool.
(C) By managing customer expectations to improve customer perceived service quality hotel
Customer service is expected to be offset by excessive feelings of their experience, to lower customer perceived quality. Discussed above are directed at how to improve the quality of customer experience started, here on an analysis to find ways to effectively manage customer expectations. As mentioned earlier, the customer is expected of the hotel services hotel information, past experience, word of mouth communication and customer needs and value function. "Hotel information" over the quality of risk management brought about by poor management resulting from the marketing, and customers, "past experience" and "word of mouth communication" two variables are based on the "have feelings", the customers would
soon have to experience the quality of at least not lower than their own or other people "have feelings" to the quality, which requires hotels to be persistent to maintain and improve the quality of service. Managers should recognize that narrowing the gap between the quality of service is by no means a planning, nor is it a sport, but the hotel must persevere, continuous improvement of the strategic work. "Customer demand" variable will affect customer expectations. In common, the current customers increasingly strong demand for Web-based technology, traditional hotel building and the need to strengthen information management, and use of modern high-tech operation of the process of transforming itself to meet customer needs and expectations. It is worth pointing out that modern technology and hotel management can also be combined to form new productive forces, it can not only bring our customers faster and more convenient, personalized service and a wealth of real-time information, but also the hotel into the information age to enable hotels to the use of hi-tech service innovation is possible, particularly in the hotel marketing, quality management, equipment, intelligent control and so on.
Another point of note is how to treat star hotel standards, which affect the customer expectations of "value" variable is closely related. The higher the hotel's star higher prices, customers are bound to hotel service quality expectations are high. If a three-star hotel with government departments, administrative intervention on the four-star rating, price increases, and customer service to the hotel is expected to also increase, but the original three-star level of service can not be on the four-star quality to satisfy customers expectations, the customer perceived quality will fall, thus lead to customer frustration and negative word of mouth will reduce the hotel occupancy rate, the hotel star to improve the short-term incremental revenues have been the inevitable follow-up to price-cutting promotions dilution, Hotels in the whole process not only more harm than good, but also paid the loss of corporate reputation and customer confidence in this heavy price.
Final should be emphasized that, while many hotels have achieved ISO9000 quality certification, it is the quality standard ISO9000 certification, the hotel emphasizes person to person, face to face contact with services. On the one hand,
employees are an important part of hotel products, and their behavior will enter the service quality evaluation system; the other hand, the hotel customers to buy is not the finished product, they will be personally involved in the formation of the quality of hotel services, hotel, after all, is not a simple result the product output, ISO9000 are not representative of all the hotel service quality management. Hotel managers must be clear: the quality of service in the whole management process, the hotel how to interpret the quality of service is not important, it is important how the quality of hotel service customers perceive.
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
英文翻译说明 1. 英文翻译文章输成word，5号新罗马（New Times Roman）字体，1.5倍行间距，将来方便打印和一起装订；英文中的图表要重新画，禁止截图。 2. 整篇论文1.5倍行间距，打印时，用B5纸，版面上空2.5cm，下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm（左装订）。 3. 论文翻译后的摘要用五号宋体，正文小四号宋体、英文和数字用新罗马（New Times Roman）12、参考文献的内容用五号字体。图和表头用五号字体加粗并居中，图和表中的内容用五号字体。论文翻译的作者用五号字体加粗。 论文大标题………小三号黑体、加黑、居中 第二层次的题序和标题………小四号黑体、加黑、居中 第三层次的题序和标题………小四号宋体、加黑、居中 正文……………………………小四号宋体、英文用新罗马12 页码……………………………小五号居中，页码两边不加修饰符 4. 论文中参考文献严格按照下述排版。 专著格式：序号.编著者.书名[M].出版地: 出版社, 年代, 起止页码 期刊论文格式：序号.作者.论文名称[J]. 期刊名称, 年度, 卷(期): 起止页码 学位论文格式：序号.作者.学位论文名称[D]. 发表地: 学位授予单位, 年度 例子: (1).胡千庭, 邹银辉, 文光才等. 瓦斯含量法预测突出危险新技术[J]. 煤炭学报, 2007.32(3): 276-280. (2). 胡千庭. 煤与瓦斯突出的力学作用机理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2007. (3). 程伟. 煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测及防治技术[M]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学出版社, 2003.
参考文献(Bibliography)格式和要求的具体说明 一、总体格式和要求 1.本科毕业论文的参考文献页应该单独起页。 2.参考文献的数量不得少于10项，必须要有外文条目。 3.参考文献一般应包括尾注的所有条目，另外还可以列入自己读过的、对论文写作影响较大但未引用的文献。 4.参考文献中如兼有多语种条目，则应分开排列，先外语后中文。外语条目按照文献条目首词字母排序，中 文条目按照文献开头的拼音排序；如文献开头的字母或拼音相同，依序参照其后的字母或拼音排序。 5.参考文献同一个条目内部不可中英文夹杂，一般应与文献使用的语种一致，要么用英文，要么用中文书写。 6.英文文献字体是Times New Roman，使用英文标点符号；汉语文献字体是宋体，采用中文标点符号。 7.参考文献须悬挂缩进，即每一条目的第二行开始缩进5字符。 8.参考文献按1.5倍行距排列，不同条目之间空一行。 9.英文条目各部分的首字母需要大写，文献中的实词和超过5个字母的介词也需要首字母大写。 二、作者部分的写法 1. 英文参考文献中作者部分的写法： 作者姓氏, 首名中名. 如不是为了区别重名的不同作者，中名可省略。 例如：Shatzkin, Leonard. In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. 首名、中名可用首字母加实心点缩略表示： Shatzkin, L.. In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. 如有多个作者，从第二个作者开始姓、名不颠倒，即：作者1姓氏, 首名中名, and 作者2首名中名姓氏：Shatzkin, L., Stephen Crane, and Michael Jackson. In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. 2．中文参考文献中作者部分的写法： 作者姓名，后接空格。 如：廖七一“庞德与胡适诗歌翻译的文化思考”，《外国语》2003（6），第54－59页。 多个作者：桂诗春、宁春岩《XXXXX》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1997。 编著：桂诗春、宁春岩主编《语言学方法论》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1997。 译著：尤金·奈达著，严久生译《语言文化与翻译》，呼和浩特：内蒙古大学出版社，1998。 3. 若著者为公司或机构时，直接将公司或机构作为作者： 英文文献： Sichuan International Studies University. In Cold Type: Overcoming the Book Crisis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. 中文文献： 中国对外翻译出版公司《诗词翻译的艺术》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1987。 三、英文参考文献的格式 1.专著
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
译文 学院：土建学院专业：土木工程学号：064&&&&&&&姓名：&&&&&& 指导教师： &&&&&&教授
江苏科技大学 2010年 03 月 28 日 均布荷载作用下挡土墙上的土压力 G. I. Shvetsov UDC 624.131.531.2 在前一篇文章中，我们确定了在只考虑填土自重的试验条件下，作用在挡土墙上的压力。这篇文章是第一篇文章的延续，致力于探索填土在外界均布荷载作用下，在挡土墙上产生的荷载问题，当在使用到先前得到的岩土平衡微分方程时，我们仅仅只改变边界条件，因为在这种情况下我们使用了与初始解决方案相同的原理。我们只提取那些与附加土压力有关的新成果，以及仅定义那些第一次出现的新符号。 在设计中，我们通常把作用在挡土墙上的土压力看作是呈三角形分布的，应力也被假设为是沿着墙体均匀连续分布的，但是实验结果并没有证实这一理论，试验表明表面
的附加应力随墙的高度变化并不均匀，而是从回填土顶部的最大值开始一直减小到其底部的最小值。因而，在M.C.瓦尔跟实验图的纵坐标的最大值超出理论计算值近两倍，最小值达到理论计算值的0.65倍，因为土压力的增加主要是在墙的上部，由此所得出的作用点比计算所得出的要高很多。 F.M.shikhiev 的理论里包含了关于挡土墙均布荷载作用下的二维应力折减问题，但是， 附加应力的分布对挡土墙受超荷载作用的效果问题的影响，并没有经过合适的理论研究。 虽然，不同研究人员所做的无数次试验已经确定，侧壁的扭曲效应更大，随着表面的粗糙程度而变大，随挡土墙的宽度和高度之比。在这篇文章里，我们将尽可能的填补这方面的空白。 在边界条件0q 0,y x ==的基础上，我们可以确定试验中作用在有侧向限制的填土上没有超荷的垂直应力。如果一个外附加应力作用在楔块表面上的强度为x σ，则在这种情况下，我们可以从已知条件得出，当y=0时，x q = x σ，既可以得出方程 ()()1 1 1/2/k x x w w h y h A q f m h A λσξ+-=+ （1） 其中 ，荷载分配的不均匀系数A 1和土的深度有关： ()() 111/1/k k A y h y h -= --- （2） 方程一是通用的，因为对于任意一种荷载分布x σ它都可以计算出任意土层中某一点的应力，因此便足以表明应力在X 轴方向的分布规律。当0=x σ时，方程便简化成相应的没有附加应力的形式，并且，当0=w f 而且0>x σ时，它反映了在考虑了附加应力条件时的二维问题，即： 11k x x h y q A h γσ?? =+- ??? （3） 满布在滑动楔上的均布荷载对我们已经知道的设计系数k ，n,和ξw 的值并没有影响，所以，计算作用在挡土墙上的正应力，切应力和总应力的表达式如下：
中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告
英文翻译 英语原文： . Introducing Classes The only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we've seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language. Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we'll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We'll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes. To use a class we need to know three things: What is its name? Where is it defined? What operations does it support? For our bookstore problem, we'll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h. The Sales_item Class The purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides. As we've seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren't picky about header file names, but IDEs sometimes are. We'll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h. Operations on Sales_item Objects
文献综述 题目：酒店服务业的发展专业班级：市场营销3班 学号： 07090313 姓名：孙涛
摘要：随着我国经济的不断发展和时市场需求的不断变化，经济型饭店已经成为饭店业发展的热点领域。那么我们该如何发展经济型饭店，就成了迫切需要研究解决的问题。我们必须探讨它的理论实质和发展途径，发现其经营的客观规律，为理论创造和实践运营提供理论指导，这对我国经济型饭店的发展乃至整个旅游业的发展都有着重要意义。笔者在阅读相关研究资料的基础上，对经济型饭店的界定、问题、对策及战略这几个方面分析、说明，最后提出了自己的见解。 关键词：经济型饭店;问题；策略；集团化 引言 我国发展旅游业的最初目的是赢得外汇收入，因此，入境旅游是早期旅游业经营的主要内容。作为旅游业三大支柱产业之一的饭店业，为了适应国外游客的需求也必然优先发展高档饭店。随着我国社会经济的发展，国内旅游逐渐发展壮大、国际大众化旅游逐渐成熟。但是目前，我国在满足大众化旅游需求的市场供给方面却存在着巨大断层：质好价高的高星级饭店和质次价低的社会旅馆数量大，而干净、安全、价格适中的饭店少。饭店业的发展急需改变以高档饭店为主的局面，逐步形成高、中、低全面发展的行业结构。 随着我国加入WTO,以及2008年北京奥运会和2010年上海世博会 的相继召开，我国旅游业的发展舞台将更为广阔，饭店需求量十分巨
大，其中经济型饭店的需求增加最快。经济型饭店的良好发展势头受到了业内人士的关注，越来越多的饭店转向了经济型饭店，也获得了较好的效益。从1997年中国第一个真正意义上的经济型连锁饭店品牌诞生至今，已经形成了三大阵营。第一大阵营：全国性的经济型饭店品牌，例如如家、锦江之星；第二大阵营：一些区域性的经济型饭店品牌,例如上海的莫泰168、广州7日饭店连锁、南京的金一村等；第三大阵营：国际饭店管理集团，例如法国雅高的宜必思和美国速8。相对的近十年来，关于经济型饭店的研究也越来越多，其中讨论和研究最多的是经济型饭店发展存在的问题、对策和前景这几个方面。 一、我国经济型饭店的产业界定 目前，经济型饭店并没有一个确切的界定。根据史密斯旅行研究定义，经济型饭店指的是保持低廉价格，针对20%低端市场的价格敏感消费者的饭店。 在《WTO现代饭店及餐饮业管理百科全书》中，经济型饭店的定义是：经济型饭店一般为廉价饭店，该饭店通常只经营客房。饭店本身没有餐饮管理设施或仅有十分有限的餐饮服务，价格低廉。欧美饭店业发达地区在划分饭店类型时较为普遍的一种方法是将饭店划分为，豪华型/高档饭店、中档饭店和经济型饭店。一般而言，经济型饭店提供的是相对于中高档饭店的全套服务的有限服务。一些经济型饭店只提供早餐，只有一个餐厅甚至没有餐厅；浴室分享；不配备公共休息室、夜总会、美容美发室、健身房、商场等设施，只向客人提供满足其住宿要求的基本的服务。
大学毕业论文英文翻译 中文译文 计算机网络 每个一个世纪都有一种主导地位的技术。18世纪伴随着工业革命的到来的是大型机械系统的时代；19世纪是蒸汽机的时代，而20世纪的发展历程中，关键的技术是信息收集、处理和分发。在其他的发展方面，我们还可以看到：遍布全球的电话网络的建立起来了，无线电广播和电视的出现了，计算机工业诞生了，并且以超乎想象的速度在成长；另外通信卫星也发射上天了。 技术的快速发展的一个直接结果是，这些领域正在快速地融合，信息收集、传输、存储和处理之间的差别正在迅速地消失。对于具有数百个办公室的大型组织来说，尽管这些办公室分布在广阔的地理区域中，但未来期望的情景是，工作人员只要单击一下按钮，就可以查看最远处分部的状态。随着信息收集、处理和分发能力的不断提高，我们对于更加复杂的信息处理技术的需求也增长得更快。 与其他的工业(比如汽车和航空运输业)相比，计算机工业还是非常年轻，尽管如此，计算机技术却在很短的时间内有了惊人的进展。在计算机诞生之初的20年间，计算机系统是高度集中化的，通常位于一个很大的房间中。该房间通常配有玻璃墙，参观的人透过玻璃墙可以欣赏到里边伟大的电子奇迹。中等规模的公司或者大学可能会有一台或者两台计算机，而大型的研究机构最多也就几十台计算机。要在20年内生产出大量同样功能但是体积比邮票还小的计算机，在当时的人们看来纯属科学幻想。 计算机和通信的结合对于计算机系统的组织方式产生了深远的影响。把一台大型的计算机放在一个单独的房间中，然后用户带着他们的处理任务去房间里上机，这种"计算机中心"的概念现在已经完全过时了。由一台计算机来处理整个组织中所有的计算需求，这种老式的模型已经被新的模型所取代，在新的模型下，由大量独立的，但相互连接起来的计算机来共同完成计算任务。这些系统称为计算机网络(computer networks)。如何设计这些网络，并且将这些网络组织起来，这就是本书的主题。 在本书中，我们将使用术语"计算机网络"来表示通过同一种技术相互连接起来的一组自主计算机的集合。如果两台计算机能够交换信息，则称
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式 英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规。 一、文中夹注格式 英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。 （一）引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). 2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规不需使用括号夹注，如： In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献 （1）引用容在一页，如： Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988：11). （2）引用容在多页上，如： Newmark (1988：39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).
长江大学工程技术学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 外 文 题 目 Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems 译 文 题 目 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的 交互式仿真程序 系 部 化学工程系 专 业 班 级 化工60801 学 生 姓 名 李泽辉 指 导 教 师 张 铭 辅 导 教 师 张 铭 完 成 日 期 2012.4.15 顶层配置在管路等，要求设备，所有设要求，对调整使案，编是指机确保机组中资料试
外文翻译 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的交互式仿真程序 Henryk Josiński, Adam ?witoński, Karol J?drasiak 著；李泽辉 译 摘要：本文介绍了多段机械系统设计原则，代表的是一个模型的一部分的设计系统，然后扩展 形成的几个部分和模型算法的分类与整合的过程，以及简化步骤的过程叫多段系统。本文还介绍了设计过程的二维多段机械系统的数字模型，和使用Matlab 的软件包来实现仿真。本文还讨论测试运行了一个实验，以及几种算法的计算，实现了每个单一步骤的整合。 1 简介 科学家创造了物理模型和数学模型来表示人类在运动中的各种形式。数学模型 使创建数字模型和进行计算机仿真成为可能。模型试验，可以使人们不必真正的实 验就可以虚拟的进行力和力矩的分解。 本文研究的目的是建立一个简单的多段运动模型，以增加模型的连续性和如何 避免不连续为原则。这是创建一个人类运动模型系统的冰山一角。其使用matlab 程 序包创建的数字模型，可以仿真人类运动。 文献中关于这一主题的内容很广泛。运动的模式和力矩的分解在这些文献中都 有涉猎。动态的平面人体运动模型，提出了解决了迭代矩阵的方法。还值得一提的 是这类项目的参考书目，布鲁贝克等人提出了一个模型——人腿模型，这个以人的 物理运动为基础的平面模型仿真了人腿——一个单一的扭簧和冲击碰撞模型。人腿 模型虽然简单，但是它展示人类的步态在水平地面上的运动特征。布鲁贝克等人还 介绍，在人腿模型的双足行走的基础上，从生物力学的角度而言，符合人体步行的 特征。这个模型具有一个躯干，双腿膝盖和脚踝。它能够合理的表现出人多样的步 态风格。一个仿真人类运动的数学模型反应出了人的部分运动状态。 图1. 力的分解 2 力的分解
当今世界竞争是人才的竞争，高素质的人力资本是酒店业得以健康持续稳定发展的根本保证。随着酒店从业人员素质，思想观念及自我发展意识和民主观念的不断增强，酒店这一以人为本的服务行业在人力资源管理中暴露出员工积极性低服务意识低人员流失率升高等方面的题。因此本文从现状分析、物质激励、精神激励、以及激励体系的建立四个方面又结合了星级酒店人力资源管理的实际情况对现代酒店管理中的激励机制做了初步的研究。另外还提出一些开发酒店人力资本，提高酒店人力资本水平的策略及措施。 第1章酒店业的现状分析 酒店业的竞争，归根结底是人才的竞争。管理的核心问题，是人的问题。在酒店管理中运用人力资源管理获得竞争优势的案例越来越多。 案例：报纸杂志不断刊登文章报道服务业的不良状况，一线员工错误不断、 态度恶劣简直是置顾客于不顾。缺少技术熟练的员工，面对高人员的流失率，深受其苦的服务业必须向那些与顾客接触的企业注入新的生命力。分析研究表明：当一个人被高度激励时，他会努力工作主动向顾客提供尽可能好的服务；而没有被激励时，他会尽可能的节省精力。现代管理者的首要任务就是要点燃员工内心的工作热情之火，以此驱动员工在工作中展现的出色，从而实现组织所期望的最佳绩效。在企业中出色的领导者已经认识到这点，只有以人为本”的企业管理， 才能在如今激烈的竞争中生存、发展、兴旺。管理是一门艺术，员工激励是艺术中的艺术，员工是企业的灵魂。设计有效的员工激励机制，才能提高员工的积极性。使其才能在不同的企业文化不同的组织结构和不同的企业环境中发挥其最大」的潜能，从而实现组织的期望目标。首先姑且让我把激励方法分为三类：物质激励、精神激励和激励机制的设计，通过对这三类的分析和了解，才能让我们理解激励机制的作用和意义，从而才能为企业建立有效激励体系。下面我们把激励的方法分为两类：物质激励和精神激励；通过对这些激励方法的了解和认识，才能让我们意识到激励机制的作用。 第2章物质激励物质激励是指通过物质刺激的方法鼓励职工工作。 它的主要表现形式有正激励，如发工资、奖金、津贴、福利等；负激励如罚款等。物质需要是人类的第一需要，是人们从事一切社会活动的基本动因，所以，物质激励是激励的主要模式，也是目前我国企业内部使用的非常普遍的一种激励模式。 2.1正激励法 奖励是指饭店组织对员工的良好行为举止或工作表现给予的积极肯定与表彰。奖励作为员工激励的一种手段，目的在于促使受奖励的员工将他们的模范行为加以保持和发扬，并成为全体员工的表率，为奋员工队伍的士气起到积极的推动作用。 运用好这一手段还要注意以下几点：（一）奖励要及时，且奖励方法要不断创新。 （二）注意对其他员工的心理疏导化。不断定下新的目标，淡化过去着眼未来，树立正