自考英语语法

第一讲 主语
【语法讲解】
主语的位置通常在句首，一般不省略。它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是谓语动词所表示动作的发出者。例如：
1) The question is difficult.
2) She is difficult to understand.
3) 9483276105 is difficult to remember.
4) To understand his words is difficult.
5) Thinking in such a noise is difficult.
6) That they will leave ahead of time is difficult.
上述的六个例句分别说明了主语的位置、特点及能够担当主语的成分。可以担当主语的有名词（例如1）、代词（例如2）、数词（例如3）、动词不定式（例如4）、动名词（例如5）和主语从句（例如6）。
1．名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称:
名词分类 概念 例子
普通名词 某一类人、事物、某种物质
或抽象概念的名称 书book，音乐music，朋友friend
专有名词 特定的某个人、地方或机构
的名称 玛丽Mary, 巴黎Paris, 联合国United Nations
2．代词是用来指代的词。能用来做主语的人称代词有
单数 复数
我I 我们we
你 you 你们you
他 he 她she它 it 他们they
3．数词是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。
4．动词不定式为非谓语动词的一种形式，形式为动词不定式符号to加动词原形，即to do（do代表所有动词）。当动词不定式做主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，而用it做形式主语放在谓语动词的前面。例如上述例句4还可以改写为：It is difficult to understand his words.其中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to understand his words.
5．动名词为非谓语动词的另一种形式，形式为动词原形加词尾-ing构成，即doing （do代表所有动词）。某些结构中，也可以用it做形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语（即动名词放到句尾）。例如It is no use asking her advice.
6．主语从句指的是在句子中做主语的名词从句。按英语的习惯，有些句子可以把it放在句首做形式主语，而将真正的主语－主语从句放在句子的后面。例如It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.
【特别提示】
1） 祈使句的主语（you）经常省略；如：（You）Open the door, please.
2） 动名词，不定式和从句做主语时，谓语动词为单数。如上述例句中的4、5、6。
【强化练习】
判断下列各句的主语的位置及性质：

1) Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.
2) He is very strict.
3) What they want is money.
4) Even a child can do it.
5) It is kind of you to say you like it.
6) It is still a question whether she will join us.
7) 1000 miles is a long distance.
8) It is no use asking her advice.
9) The milk remains fresh f

or a week.
10) To take care of so many children is not an easy job.

【练习解析】
1) 主语是动名词短语Reading aloud；
2) 主语是代词He；
3) 主语是主语从句What they want；
4) 主语是名词a child；
5) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to say you like it；
6) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句whether she will join us；
7) 主语是数词1000 miles；
8) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词短语asking her advice；
9) 主语是名词The milk；
10) 主语是不定式To take care of so many children。
【巩固练习】（四）
以下各句选自《大学英语自学教程（上册）》，请大家按照上述讲解对主语进行判断和分析。
1) Most adults would disagree with this statement.
2) It is known that bones, muscles and nerves develop faster in baby girls.
3) To tell the difference between the two is not so easy.
4) For some of us, having a family simply means having children.
5) Successful language learners are learners with a purpose.
6) What is accepted as true is often relatively, and not absolutely, true.
7) They are the hardest substance found in nature.
8) 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467, 13, 63.
9) The movie was said to be very interesting.
10) It’s a great honor to be invited to your country.
11) For most adults learning a language is a very difficult task.
12) What to do next will be discussed at the next meeting.
13) Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory.
14) Look it up in the dictionary.
15) 12 is the number of months in the year.
16) The waiter understood that he didn’t want tea.
17) Advertising is only part of the total sales effort.
18) It is useful to know how these principle work.
19) The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance.
20) Success in life often starts with a job we like.

第一讲【巩固练习】答案
（四）
1) 主语是名词Most adults。
2) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that bones, muscles and nerves develop faster in baby girls.。
3) 主语是不定式To tell the difference between the two 。
4) 主语是动名词短语having a family 。
5) 主语是名词Successful language learners。
6) 主语是主语从句What is accepted as true 。
7) 主语是动词They。
8) 主语是数词4671363 。
9) 主语是名词The movie 。
10) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式 to be invited to your country.
11) 主语是动名词短语 learning a language 。
12) 主语是动词不定式短语Wha

t to do next 。
13) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory.
14) 祈使句，主语you被省略了。
15) 主语是数词12。
16) 主语是名词The waiter 。
17) 主语是动名词Advertising。
18) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语to know how these principle work.
19) 主语是名词短语The solutions to real problems 。
20) 主语是名词短语Success in life 。

第二讲 谓语（一）
时态 (Tense)
一、现在时
【语法讲解】
汉语里，动词没有时态的变化，而是使用时间副词或助词来表示不同的时间或事件的进程或状态。例如，
1）我每天步行上班。
2）妈妈正在看书。
3）他已经病了三天了。
4）小强从上课开始一直在说话。
而英语的时态主要体现在动词的变化上。所有的动作和状态从时间上看，都可以分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来，其中现在时间里的四个时态是理解过去、将来和过去将来时间里的时态的关键。


现在时（以动词do为例）
形式 主要用法
一般现在时 do (does)
1.经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态；2. 客观事实或普遍真理

现在进行时 am
is doing
are 现在正在进行的动作

现在完成时 have
done
has 1.过去开始并持续到现在；2.过去发生的动作但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响

现在完成进行时 have
been doing
has 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作（中间基本无停顿），并且很可能将继续进行下去
根据表中所述内容，上面列举的四个汉语的例句与相应的英语译文对比如下：
时态 汉语 英语
一般现在时 我每天步行上班。 I walk to work everyday.
现在进行时 妈妈正在看书。 My mother is reading.
现在完成时 他已经病了三天了。 He has been ill for 3 days.
现在完成进行时 他从上课开始一直在说话。 He has been talking since the beginning of the class.
【强化练习】
判断下列句子的时态
1) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
2) Mary is doing her homework.
3) My mother has been ill for three days.
4) I have been looking for you everywhere.
5) They are discussing how to sell the goods elsewhere.
6) My mother works at the same company as my father.
7) She has been waiting for her boss for almost an hour.
8) I have not seen her since 1991.
9) Japan lies to the east of China.
10) What are you doing?
【练习解析】
1) 一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数the sun，所以两

个动词rise和set的词尾都加上了-s；
2) 现在进行时，主语Mary是第三人称单数，所以be动词采用的是is；
3) 现在完成时，主语my mother是第三人称单数，所以助动词have采用的是has；
4) 现在完成进行时，主语为第一人称；
5) 现在进行时，主语they是复数，所以be动词采用的是are；
6) 一般现在时，主语my mother是第三人称单数，所以动词work的词尾加上了-s；
7) 现在完成进行时，主语she是第三人称单数，所以助动词have采用的是has；
8) 现在完成时，主语为第一人称；
9) 一般现在时，主语Japan是第三人称单数，所以动词lie的词尾加上了-s；
10) 现在进行时，主语为第二人称。
【巩固练习】（五）
1. 判断下列各句的时态：

1) We have been living here for 20 years already.
2) He is reading outside.
3) He has just come back.
4) Light travels faster than sound.
5) I have studied English since I was ten.
6) She studies very hard.
7) It’s been snowing.
8) The teacher is talking with his students.
9) We go there once a week.
10) We’ve been waiting for you.

2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空
1) I __ (look) for my book all the morning.
2) Tom __ (sing) well. He __ (sing) a song now.
3) I cannot go out because I __ (not, finish) my homework.
4) He can speak two foreign languages. Now he __ (learn) a third one.
5) He usually __ (drink) coffee but today he __ (drink) tea.
6) Mary __ (pass) all her examinations. Let’s have a party and celebrate it.
7) You __ (speak) too fast. I can not understand you.
8) He __ (sleep) since ten o’clock. It’s time for him to get up.
9) My daughter __(watch) TV every other day.
10) I __ (not, see) him for three years.
二、过去时
【语法讲解】
相对于现在时，过去时就是将事件发生的时间向过去推移。下面将现在时和过去时进行对比：
过去时（以do为例）
形式 用法
一般式 did （动词过去式） 过去某时发生的动作或状态
进行式 was
doing
were 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
完成式
had done（动词过去分词） 1.过去某个时间或某个动作之前
就已经完成的动作；2.过去某个
时间开始延续到过去另一个时间
的动作
完成
进行式 had been doing 过去某个时间以前开始并延续到
过去这个时间的动作
【特别提醒】
动词过去式和过去分词的规则变化为在动词后面直接加-ed，而不规则变化则需要特殊记忆。
【强化练习】
判断下列句子中黑体字部分的时态
1) He said that he had written her a letter.
2) He lived in

London when he was young.
3) The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before somebody answered it.
4) I was doing my homework when he called me.
5) I went to school at six.
6) He often came to help me at that time.
7) Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year.
8) When I saw her, she was working at the computer.
9) We were surprised at what she had done.
10) I waited until he had finished his work.
【强化练习】
判断下列句子中黑体字部分的时态
1) He said that he had written her a letter.
2) He lived in London when he was young.
3) The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before somebody answered it.
4) I was doing my homework when he called me.
5) I went to school at six.
6) He often came to help me at that time.
7) Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year.
8) When I saw her, she was working at the computer.
9) We were surprised at what she had done.
10) I waited until he had finished his work.
【练习解析】
1) 过去完成时，had written表明在said这个过去的动作之前就已经结束的动作；
2) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；
3) 过去完成进行时，表明过去开始并延续到somebody answered it这个时间的动作；
4) 过去进行时，表明在he called me这一时刻正在发生的动作；
5) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；
6) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；
7) 过去完成进行时，表明过去开始并延续到he decided 这个时间的动作；
8) 过去进行时，表明在I saw her这一时刻正在发生的动作；
9) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；
10) 过去完成时，had finished表明在waited这个过去的动作之前就已经结束的动作。
【巩固练习】（六）
1. 判断下列各句的时态：
1) We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
2) I was writing a paper in the library at 3 yesterday afternoon.
3) The train had left before we got to the station.
4) He was here just now.
5) She bought the bike two years ago.
6) The old man had been ill for a long time before he died in 1983.
7) I saw him yesterday.
8) It had been raining before you came back.
9) We were having a meeting when he came in.
10) By the end of 1993, this factory had produced 200000 cars.
2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空
1) When I came, the students __ (do) their homework.
2) The teacher was very angry when he __ (see) what the boys __ (do).
3) When I arrived, the class __ (begin).
4) When the teacher came to the classroom, they __ (do) their homework for an hour.
5) I __

(share) a flat with him when we __ (be) students twenty years ago.
6) She __ (not, pass) the exam yesterday because she __ (not, prepare) her lessons well.
7) You __ (seem) very busy when I __ (see) you last night.
8) I __ (find) the ring as I __ (dig) the garden.
9) By the time Tom left school, he __ (learn) English and French.
10) He said that he __ (work) at it for half an hour.
三、将来时
【语法讲解】
相对于现在时，将来时就是将事件发生的时间向将来推移。下面将现在时和将来时进行对比：
将来时（以do为例）
形式 用法
一般式 shall
will work 将来发生的动作或情况
进行式 Shall be working
will 将来某一时刻正在进行的动作
完成式 Shall have worked
will 将来某个时间或某个动作之前
就已经完成的动作
【特别提醒】
1） 在美国英语中不论是第几人称，将来时都可以用“will +动词原形”。
2） 由于将来完成进行时很少使用，这里将不作介绍。
3） 一般将来时除了有will (shall)的构成形式之外，还有：
A. am (is, are) going to +动词原形，表最近打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情。
B. am (is, are) about to +动词原形，表示即将发生的动作。
C. am (is, are) to +动词原形，表必须或计划要进行的动作。
【强化练习】
判断下列句子的时态
1) We won’t be free tonight.
2) This time next week she will be working in that company.
3) I’ll have done all the work by the time you are back this evening.
4) They will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
5) We shall be having a business talk with Mr. Brown in a minute.
6) The birds will have moved to the south before winter comes.
7) He is going to meet Mary at the airport.
8) The train will arrive soon.
9) I’ll be waiting for you at school after supper.
10) We hope it will have stopped raining before we set off for the picnic.
【练习解析】

1) 一般将来时；
2) 将来进行时，表明将来某个时间正在发生的动作；
3) 将来完成时，表明到将来某时间将要完成的动作；
4) 一般将来时；
5) 将来进行时，表明将来某个时间正在发生的动作；
6) 将来完成时，表明到将来某时间将要完成的动作；
7) 一般将来时；
8) 一般将来时；
9) 将来进行时，表明将来某个时间正在发生的动作；
10) 将来完成时，表明到将来某时间将要完成的动作。

【巩固练习】（七）
1. 判断下列各句的时态：
1) He will come and help you.
2) By this time next year, I shall have lived here for 20 years.
3) I’ll be back a

t 7:30 this evening.
4) By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach.
5) Hurry up! Or she will have left before we get there.
6) It’s going to rain.
7) The lecture is about to begin.
8) Hurry up! The guests will be arriving at any minute.
9) We are to put up a new school by the river.
10) By the end of this term, the students will have learned 2000 English words.
2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空
1) I __ (believe) it when I see it.
2) By six this evening, my parents __ (return) from their work.
3) You’d better go back now. Your mother __ (wonder) where you are.
4) I’m sure that you __ (go) with me.
5) The film __ (start) by the time we get there.
6) I’ve reminded you once; I __ (not, do) it again.
7) This shop __ (close) down by next week.
8) When you arrive, I __ (pick) fruit.
9) In a few days’ time, we __ (fly) over the Pacific.
10) By the end of this month, they __ (complete) the road construction.
四、过去将来时
【语法讲解】
过去将来时主要用来表示过去某一时间内将要发生的动作或存在的状态，可以看成时一般过去时和一般将来时的合并。过去将来时（以do为例）的形式如下：
1） would (should) do
2） was (were) going to do
3） was (were) about to do
4） was (were) to do
【强化练习】
将下列句子译成汉语
1) He told me that he would see me off at the station.
2) I asked her where she would spend her holiday.
3) They were going to have a meeting.
4) I was about to go out when a friend of mine dropped in.
5) They were to visit the White House that afternoon.
【练习解析】
1） 他告诉我他要到车站给我送行。
2） 我问她将在什么地方度假。
3） 他们当时正要开会。
4） 我刚要出去，这时我的一个朋友来了。
5） 他们计划那天下午参观白宫。
【巩固练习】（八）
用所给动词的适当时态填空
1) Who __ (invent) the world’s first computer?
2) Language teachers often __ (offer) advice to language learners.
3) Go out and get some fresh air! You __ (sit) there reading all morning.
4) The waiter soon __(bring) him a cup of tea but the Englishman shook his head.
5) Since his father died three years ago, he __ (not, pay) any taxes.
6) Mary told me that she __ (see) you before.
7) When I entered the lab, she __ (make) an experiment.
8) My father went to Shenzhen in 1988 and he __ (work) there ever since.
9) “What are you doing now?” “I __(prepare) my lessons for the final exam.”
10) What __ (happen) here? There is blood on the floor.

第二讲【巩固练习】（五）答案
1. 判断下列各句的时态：

1)现在完成进行

时；
2)现在进行时；
3)现在完成时；
4)一般现在时；
5)现在完成时；
6)一般现在时；
7)现在完成进行时；
8)现在进行时；
9)一般现在时；
10)现在完成进行时。

2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空

1) have been looking；
2) sings / is singing；
3) have not finished；
4) is learning；
5) drinks / is drinking；
6) has passed；
7) have spoken；
8) has been sleeping；
9) watches；
10) have not seen。

【巩固练习】（六）
1. 判断下列各句的时态：

1)过去完成进行时；
2)过去进行时；
3)过去完成时；
4)一般过去时；
5)一般过去时；
6)过去完成时；
7)一般过去时；
8)过去完成进行时；
9)过去进行时；
10)过去完成时。

2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空

1) were doing；
2) saw / had done；
3) had begun；
4) had been doing；
5) shared / were；
6) did not pass / had not prepared；
7) seemed / saw；
8) found / was digging；
9) had learned；
10) had been working。

【巩固练习】（七）
1. 判断下列各句的时态：

1)一般将来时；
2)将来完成时；
3)一般将来时；
4)将来进行时；
5)将来完成时；
6)一般将来时；
7)一般将来时；
8)将来进行时；
9)一般将来时
10)将来完成时。

2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空

1) will believe；
2) will have returned；
3) is wondering；
4) will go；
5) will have started；
6) will not do；
7) will have closed；
8) will be picking；
9) will be flying；
10) will have completed。

【巩固练习】（八）
用所给动词的适当时态填空

1) invented；
2) offer；
3) have been sitting；
4) brought；
5) has not paid；
6) had seen；
7) was making；
8) has been working；
9) am preparing；
10) has happened。


第三讲 谓语（二）
语态 (Voice)
【语法讲解】
一、 形式
汉语里， 我们会听到类似这样的句子：
1）“我打他了。”
2）“他被我打了。”
这两个句子表达的是同样的内容，但第一句强调的是“是我打的他”，而第二句强调的是“是他挨打了”。两个句子的侧重点有所不同。第一句“我”是主语，谓语“打”这个动作是“我”发出的，所以第一句在语法上叫做“主动语态”；第二句“他”是主语，“他”是“打”这个动作的承受者，所以第二句在语法上叫做“被动语态”。与之相对应的英语译文是：
1）I beat him.
2) He was beaten by me.
汉语里的被动语态是通过“被”字体现的，而英语中，被动语态是通过 “be+及物动词的过去分词”的这一形式体现出来的。以动词do为例，常用的被动语态的各种时态的形式如下：
现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时
一般 is (am, are) done was (were) done will (shall) b

e done would (should) be done
进行 is (am, are) being done was (were) being done _____ _____
完成 have (has) been done had been done _____ _____
【特别提醒】
1） 被动语态中，助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。
2） 能够在被动语态中使用的动词必须是“及物动词”，因为只有及物动词才有宾语，才能将其宾语转换为被动语态句中的主语。
3） 在被动语态句中，通常不用指出动作的执行者。如果有必要指出，则在句末用介词by＋代表动作执行者的名词或代词来表示。
【强化练习】
判断下列被动语态句的时态
1) Cars are seen everywhere in cities.
2) The work was finally finished.
3) Mary will be invited to dinner tonight.
4) The window has been broken.
5) The classroom is being cleaned by the students.
6) The house had been repaired before he came back.
7) He said that no water would be brought to the river if there was no rain.
8) The program was being broadcasted when he cooked.
【练习解析】
判断被动语态句的时态主要以助动词be的变化为依据。因此：

1句中are说明本句是一般现在时；
2句中was说明本句是一般过去时；
3句中will be说明本句是一般将来时；
4句中has been说明本句是现在完成时；
5句中is being说明本句是现在进行时；
6句中had been说明本句是过去完成时；
7句中would be说明本句是过去将来时；
8句中was being说明本句是过去进行时。

二、 主动语态向被动语态的转换
主动语态向被动语态的转换可以分为三步：
1） 确定句子的主、谓、宾；
2） 确定句子的时态；
3） 将主动语态句中的宾语转换为被动语态句中的主语，并要求被动语态句中的助动词be在人称和数上与之保持一致。被动语态句的时态与原句一致，原句的谓语动词要变为过去分词放在助动词be之后。
例如：
People keep all the books in good order in the library.
1) 句子的主语是people，谓语是keep，宾语是all the books;
2) 句子的时态是一般现在时；
3) 将主动语态句的宾语all the books用作被动语态句的主语，助动词be变为一般现在时are，将keep变为过去分词kept。动作执行者people在被动语态句中可以省略。
所以，这句话的被动语态的形式为：
All the books are kept in good order in the library.
再例如：
The police asked each of them about the accident.
1） 句子的主语是the police，谓语是asked，宾语是each of them;
2） 句子的时态是一般过去时；
3） 将主动语态句的宾语each of them用作被动语态句的主语，助动词be变为一般过去时was，ask的过去分词是asked。

动作的执行者the police可以放在句末，通过介词短语by the police来表示。
所以，这句话的被动语态的形式为：
Each of them was asked about the accident by the police.
【特别提醒】
1） 含有情态动词的被动语态的结构构成是：情态动词＋be＋及物动词的过去分词。例如：
Bad things sometimes can be turned into good things.
2） 短语动词（即动词＋介词或副词等）应作为一个整体看待，变为被动语态时不能丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词等。例如：
The children have been taken good care of by the nurse.
3） 主动语态中若是有双宾语，变被动语态结构时，只将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语不变。例如：
I gave him a watch.
在这个句子中有两个宾语，him（间接宾语）和a watch（直接宾语）。可以选择间接宾语him作被动语态中的主语，则这句话的被动语态为：He was given a watch by me. 或者选择直接宾语a watch作被动语态中的主语，则这句话的被动语态为：A watch was given to him.
注意：当直接宾语用作被动语态的主语时，后面保留的间接宾语前有时要加一个介词to。
【强化练习】
将下列句子改为被动语态

1) Someone had cleaned the window.
2) We use the room only on special occasions.
3) They were starting a new system.
4) You must finish the homework before 9.
5) Somebody has already told him to come.

【练习解析】
1) 句子的主语是someone，谓语是had cleaned，宾语是the window；句子的时态是过去完成时；将主动语态句的宾语the window用作被动语态句的主语，助动词be变为过去完成时had been，clean的过去分词为cleaned，动作执行者someone在被动语态句中可以省略。
所以，这句话的被动语态的形式为：The window had been cleaned.
2) 句子的主语是we，谓语是use，宾语是the room;句子的时态是一般现在时；将主动语态句的宾语the room用作被动语态句的主语，助动词be变为一般现在时is，use的过去分词为used，动作执行者we在被动语态句中可以省略。
所以，这句话的被动语态的形式为：The room is only used on special occasions.
3) 句子的主语是they，谓语是were starting，宾语是a new system;句子的时态是过去进行时；将主动语态句的宾语a new system用作被动语态句的主语，助动词be变为过去进行时was being，start的过去分词为started，动作执行者they在被动语态句中可以省略。
所以，这句话的被动语态的形式为：A new system was being started.
4) 句子的主语是you，谓语是must finish，宾语是the homework;句子中由于出现了情态助动词must，所以不考虑其时态；将主动语态句的宾语the homework用作被动语态句的主语，助动词be

在情态动词must后仍为原形be，finish的过去分词为finished，动作执行者you在被动语态句中可以省略。
所以，这句话的被动语态的形式为：The homework must be finished before 9.
5) 句子的主语是somebody，谓语是has already told，宾语是him;句子的时态是现在完成时；将主动语态句的宾语him用作被动语态句的主语，助动词be变为现在完成时has been，tell的过去分词为told，动作执行者somebody在被动语态句中可以省略。
所以，这句话的被动语态的形式为：He has already been told to come.
三、 被动语态的用法
被动语态常用于以下情况:
1） 我们不知道谁是动作的执行者。例如：
His car was stolen last week.一个星期前他的汽车被盗了。
2） 我们认为没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者。例如：
TV ads are usually repeated over and over again. 电视广告通常一遍又一遍地重复播放。
如果需要指出被动语态句中动作的执行者，则用介词by＋代表动作执行者的名词或代词。例如：
The window has been cleaned by Mary.
【巩固练习】（九）
1．将下列句子改为被动语态，并根据情况保留或去掉动作的执行者

1) They will say nothing more about this matter.
2) They have made some flowers of silk.
3) He wrote a poem.
4) The students are planting some trees and flowers.
5) They are to open up a new business next week.
6) Children couldn’t have done all this damage.
7) All of us will see him off at the airport.
8) They feed the tigers at the zoo three times a day.
9) You must hand in your homework before five.
10) People say that she is a good teacher.

2. 用所给动词的正确形式填空
1) English __ (speak) in many countries.
2) Information in short-term memory __ (can, not, keep) very long.
3) After that, one of the lights __ (turn off) and the rat had to wait for a short time.
4) Just a few years ago, tomatoes __ (believe) to have magical powers, making people who ate them fall in love.
5) It is said new copies of the book __ (print) now.
6) The old house __ (pull) down next month.
7) In the old days, the children __ (take care of) by the mother because she did not work outside the house.
8) Needless to say, the second list of words __ (can, remember) more easily than the first one.
9) She __ (send) to another village when I got there.
10) The teacher said that we __ (give) another chance some time next month if we failed in the exam.
第三讲【巩固练习】（九）答案
1．将下列句子改为被动语态

1) Nothing more will be said about this matter.
2) Some flowers of silk have been made by them.
3) A poem was written by him.
4) Some trees and flowers are being plant

ed by the students.
5) A new business is to be opened up next week.
6) All this damage couldn’t have been done by children.
7) He will be seen off at the airport by all of us.
8) The tigers at the zoo are fed three times a day (by them).
9) Your homework must be handed in before five (by you).
10) It is said that she is a good teacher. (That she is a good teacher is said by them.)

2. 用所给动词的正确形式填空

1) is spoken
2) cannot be kept
3) was turned off
4) were believed
5) are being printed
6) will be pulled
7) were taken care of
8) can be remembered
9) had been sent
10) would be given




第四讲 谓语（三）主谓一致
【语法讲解】
“一致”指句子成分之间要在人称、数、性等方面保持的协调关系。在英语中最主要的一致关系是主语和谓语动词之间的数的一致。
1. 基本原则：
在现代英语中主谓一致基本遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。三个原则中，以语法一致为主，意义一致次之，就近一致再次之。
1.1语法一致原则指的是一般情况下，主语和谓语动词要在语法上取得一致，即主语为单数形式，动词也采取单数形式；主语为复数形式，动词也采取复数形式，这种一致关系叫做语法一致。例如：
Tom is a good student. 汤姆是一个好学生。（一般现在时中主语为第三人称单数时，be动词采用is的形式）
Tom and Mary are good friends. （一般现在时中主语为第三人称复数时，be动词采用are的形式）
英语中遵循语法一致原则的具体情况包括：
1） 动词不定式、动名词、从句做主语时，谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：
Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。（主语为动名词talking）
To make a plan for our future is important. 为我们的将来制定计划很重要。（主语为不定式短语to make a plan for our future）
When they will move to Beijing has not been decided yet.他们什么时候搬到北京去还没有决定。（主语为主语从句when they will move to Beijing）
2） a portion of, a series of, a kind of 等词语修饰主语时， of后面既可以接单数名词，也可以接复数名词，但谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：
A kind of special tools is needed. 需要一种特殊的工具。
A series of white arrows has been painted on the road. 马路上画有一连串白色箭头。
A portion of land has been cultivated. 已经耕种了一部分土地。
【特别提醒】a variety of, a number of ＋ 名词复数作主语时，谓语动词采用复数形式。
A variety of ways have been tried in solving the problem. 为了解决这一问题已经尝试了很多种方法。
A large number of people work in that company.很多人在那家公司工

作。
3） everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, each, one of, either, neither, every用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：
Someone has brought the book here.有人把书带到这儿来。
If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back in a minute.如果有人打电话，告诉他我马上回来。
One of the students is absent today. 有一个学生今天没来。
Nobody feels interested in the proposal. 没人对这个提议感兴趣。
I invited both of them but neither has come yet. 我邀请了他们两个人，但现在一个也没到。
The two guests have arrived and either is welcome.两个客人都到了，而且都受欢迎。
【特别提醒】none的用法相当于名词，指不可数名词时，后面的谓语动词用单数形式；指可数名词复数时，后面的谓语动词可以用单数形式也可以用复数形式。
None of the money is yours. 钱都不是你的。（money是不可数名词，所以谓语动词be采用的是is）
None of his friends comes / come to see him. 没有朋友来看他。（friends是可数名词复数，所以谓语动词come可以用come，也可以用comes）
4) both, few, many, several等代词用作主语或修饰可数名词复数的主语时，谓语动词采用复数形式。例如：
Both her fingers are broken.她的两个手指都断了。
Few of my friends were there .我的朋友几乎没有人在那里。
Many people have caught flu. 很多人得了流感。
Several students are absent today. 今天几个学生没来。
【特别提醒】some作代词用时，意思为“一些, 若干, 有些, 某些”，其后的谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
Some think so. 有些人这样想。
Some of the books are quite interesting. 这些书中有些是很有趣的。
some作形容词用时，意思为“某一不知名的”时，其后加名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。意思为“一些”时，其后加可数名词时，谓语动词用复数；其后加不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
Some man has called.某人打过电话。（Some的意思是“某一不知名的”）
Some people are interested in skating. 有些人对滑冰感兴趣。（Some的意思是“一些”，people为可数名词）
Some water has been wasted. 有些水被浪费了。（Some的意思是“一些”，water为不可数名词）
1.2意义一致原则指根据主语的意义而不是形式上是单数还是复数来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
英语中遵循意义一致原则的情况包括：
1） 表示“距离、时间、重量、面积和金额”等复数名词，通常用动词的单数形式来对应。习惯上，在这些复数名词前面有数词修饰。即：数词+复数名词＋单数动词例如：
Five hundred dollars a month is n

ot much.一个月五百美元是不多的。
Thirty minutes is enough for you.三十分钟对你来说已经够了。
2） 作主语用的名词或代词有由including, as well as, together with, in addition to, accompanied by等连接的短语时，谓语动词须和该名词或代词的人称和数一致。例如：
Tom, as well as friends, loves the game. 汤姆和他的朋友都喜欢这个游戏。（Tom是单数，谓语动词与之保持一致）
The students, together with the teacher, have come back. 学生们和老师已经回来了。（The students是复数，谓语动词与之保持一致）
3） and连接两个名词作主语时，如果这两个名词指的时同一物体的不同部分，或者两个名词指的就是同一个人或物，谓语动词则使用单数形式。例如：
Bread and butter is my favorite breakfast. 面包和黄油是我最喜欢的早餐。(bread and butter虽是早餐中的不同内容，但把它们看成是一种食品)
The owner and editor of the newspaper is a friend of mine. 该报纸的发行人兼总编辑是我的一个朋友。（The owner and editor指的是同一个人）
4） many a, more than one 所修饰的名词做主语时，谓语动词采用单数形式，但是意义是复数。例如：
Many a student has realized this. 很多学生都已经意识到了。
More than one student is absent today. 很多学生今天都没来。
5） the+形容词泛指一类人或物时，谓语动词用复数。例如：
The rich are not necessarily happier than the poor. 富人不一定比穷人更快乐（the rich指的是“富人”这一类人）
6) 集体名词做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义。如果集体名词为无生命的名词，则谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：
Jewelry is no longer a mark of wealth.珠宝不再是财富的标志。
New machinery is arriving tomorrow.机器明天就要到了。
如果集体名词为有生命的名词，people, police, cattle等后面的动词只采用复数形式；而其它的集体名词，当作为一个不可分割的整体来看时，谓语动词用单数形式；当强调个体活动和特性时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
The police have arrived in time. 警方及时赶到。
All of the people here are the couple’s friends.在场的所有人都是这对夫妇的朋友。
The audience have all returned to their seats. 观众们都已回到自己的座位。（audience是一个集体名词，在这里强调的是每个观众，所以谓语动词用复数形式）
The audience is asked to remain seated during the break. 在中间休息的时候也要求观众留在自己的座位上。（audience是一个集体名词，在这里强调的是观众整体，所以谓语动词用单数形式）
1.3就近原则指谓语动词的单复数形式和最近的主语保持一致。就近原则适用于由not only … but also, either…or…, ne

ither…nor…，或 or连接的主语。
例如：
Either she or I am going to fetch some chalk. 不是她就是我去拿些粉笔。（I与谓语动词最近，所以谓语动词同I保持一致）
Neither the students not the teacher knows anything about it. 学生们和老师都不知道这件事。（the teacher与谓语动词最近，所以谓语动词同the teacher保持一致）
【特别提醒】由both…and…连接的主语应该用复数，不属于就近原则。例如：
Both the students and the teacher have heard of the news. 学生和老师都听说了这个消息。
2. 其他语法现象中涉及的主谓一致
2.1 定语从句
当定语从句所修饰的名词在定语从句中做主语时，从句中谓语动词的单复数变化取决于该名词的单复数。例如：
The man who is standing there is my neighbor. 站在那儿的人是我的邻居。（定语从句修饰的词为man，man在定语从句中作主语。man是单数，所以定语从句中的be动词用is。）
Those who are rude to others will not be respected. 不尊重别人的人不会被别人尊重。（定语从句修饰的词为those，those在定语从句中作主语。those是复数，所以定语从句中的be动词用are。）
2.2 倒装句
倒装句中的主语在谓语动词之后，因此找准主语是决定谓语动词单复数的关键。例如：
On the bridge are three pretty girls. 站在桥上的是三个漂亮的小姑娘。（girls是句子的主语）
Seldom have I seen her so unhappy. 我从来没见过她如此不高兴。（I是句子的主语）
【强化练习】
1． 请选择括号中正确的动词形式。
1） One of the following statements (is, are) true?
2） The house, together with the garden, (is, are) for sale.
3） Our team (is, are) playing well in the first half.
4） Beside the bed (is, are) two armchairs.
5） Neither he nor his sisters (is, are) in favor of the idea.
6） The family (is, are) of two opinions as to the traveling plan.
7） Being rich overnight (is, are) too good to be true.
8） The disabled (is, are) a group of people who (is, are ) in need of help.
9） 500 meters (is, are) a long distance for a three-year-old boy to walk.
10） The poor (is, are) going to buy anything beyond necessities.
【练习解析】
1) is 根据语法一致原则，谓语动词的数与主语one的数保持一致。
2) is 谓语动词与the house保持一致。
3) is our team是集体名词，在这里被当作一个整体来看，谓语用单数。
4) are 倒装句，主语是two armchairs。
5) are 就近原则，his sisters 与谓语动词最近。
6) are family是集体名词，在这里强调家庭中的每个成员，谓语用复数。
7) is 动名词做主语

，谓语用单数。
8) are, are the +形容词泛指一类人，谓语用复数。在定语从句中，谓语动词与做主语的people的数一致。
9) is 500 meters是距离作主语，谓语动词用单数。
10) are the+形容词作主语，指一类人，谓语动词用复数。
2． 用动词的正确形式填空。
1） Either the doctor or the nurses ____ (see) her last letter; it can’t be lost.
2） That he left home ____ (make) everyone upset.
3） Whether they want to go or not ____ (remain) a problem.
4） The police ____ (be) busy scattering the crowd.
5） Love and affection ____ (be) the only theme he is interested in.
6） He is one of the lucky guys who _____ (escape) this cruel treatment.
7） A series of books _____ (publish) on this well-established topic.
8） The producer and main character of the film _____ (live) here.
9） Following this letter, there ____ (come) another three letters from the same address.
10） Many a boy ____ (love) basketball in America.
【练习解析】
1) have seen 就近原则
2) makes 从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。
3) remains 从句做主语，谓语动词用单数。
4) are police为使用复数形式的谓语动词的集体名词。
5) is love and affection都是主题theme中的一部分。
6) have escaped 定语从句的主语是它所修饰限制的复数名词guys。
7) has been published 根据语法一致原则，a series of 引导的主语，谓语用单数。
8) lives The producer and main character指的是同一个人。（注意：两个名词前只有一个冠词）
9) have come/ came 倒装句，主语为another three letters.
10) Loves many a形式上为单数，因此谓语动词用单数。但many a 意思上为复数。
【巩固练习】（十）
1. 请选择括号中正确的动词单复数形式。
1） In theory, every person (has, have) access to education.
2） It (is, are) modern technology that leads us to success.
3） He holds very odd beliefs that (is, are) hard to understand.
4） (Is, Are) everything going well in your office?
5） There (come, comes) the bus.
6） Some of the books (is, are) very well written, but none of them (is, are) suitable for our purpose.
7） So in effect the government (has, have) lowered their working efficiency.
8） Banking staff (is, are) to be given more training to help them deal with armed robbers.
9） Consideration for other people (is, are) what he lacks all his life.
10） Do you have any books that (deal, deals) with rail travel in France?
2. 用动词的正确形

式填空。
1) Her lawyer and lifelong friend ____ (be) going to help her.
2) Everyone ____(talk) at the top of his voice now.
3) The poor in this country ______ (decide) to move away.
4) Neither my mother nor I _____ (be) going to sign this contract.
5) To follow what the teacher is saying _____ (seem) a big challenge to the little boy.
6) People of this kind _____ (become) rare and rare in this materialized world.
7) The operation will be on tomorrow, even though its chances of success _____ (be) low.
8) This new discovery, in addition to other findings, _____ (be) able to put him to jail.
9) As ____ (know) to all, water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
10) More than one person _____ (express) his or her disapproval on this new plan up to now.

第四讲 【巩固练习】（十）答案
1. 请选择括号中正确的动词单复数形式。

1) has
2) is
3) are
4) Is
5) comes
6) are, is
7) have
8) are
9) is
10) deal

2. 用动词的正确形式填空。

1) is
2) is talking
3) decide / have decided
4) am
5) seems
6) are becoming
7) are
8) will be
9) is known
10) has expressed
第五讲 宾语 (Object)
一、宾语的位置和定义
【语法讲解】
在英语中，宾语有两个位置：1）主动句中的及物动词之后，表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者；2）介词之后。
1. 及物动词
动词是表示动作或状态的词。根据动词的意义和作用可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词有完全的词义，并能独立作谓语。实义动词还可根据其是否需要宾语分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词后面只有加宾语意义才能完整，而不及物动词本身意义完整，后面不需跟宾语。例如：
1）He has finished his homework. 他已经做完作业了。（名词homework和物主代词his构成的名词短语作及物动词finish的宾语）
2）He can run fast. 他能跑得很快。（run在本句中是不及物动词，不能接宾语；fast是副词，在本句中作状语）
系动词作谓语时，后面接的是表语。情态动词在句中不能单独作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语（例如上面例句2）中的can就是情态动词，它和run一起构成本句的谓语）；助动词在句中也不能单独作谓语，常和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态语气等动词形式，以及用于否定和疑问等结构中（例如上面例句1）中的has就是助动词，它和finish一起构成本句的谓语，表示现在完成时）。
2. 介词
介词又叫前置词，放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面，而这些名词、代词或相当于名词的词叫做介词宾语。介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语。例如：
We haven’t seen her for

a long time. 我们好长时间没有看到她了。（名词time和不定冠词a及形容词long构成的名词短语作介词for的宾语）
二、宾语的构成
【语法讲解】
英语中，可作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、动名词和名词性从句等。
【特别提醒】
1） 不定式只能作及物动词的宾语，不能用作介词宾语；
2） 一些及物动词后可接双宾语（两个宾语），即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指的是受动词的动作影响的人或物。间接宾语通常指的是接受直接宾语的人。例如：
I give her a book. 我给了她一本书。（本句及物动词give后的两个宾语中，book是直接宾语，因为book是被“给”的事物，直接受give“给”这个动作的影响；her是间接宾语，因为her是接受“book”这个间接宾语的人）
1. 名词作宾语
1） We love our motherland. 我们爱我们的祖国。（名词短语our motherland作及物动词love的宾语）
2） The child came into the room. 小孩走进房间。（名词短语the room作介词into的宾语）
3） She covered her face with her hands. 她用双手蒙住脸。（名词短语her face作及物动词cover的宾语，名词短语her hands作介词with的宾语）
4） Mary sent Jane a letter. 玛丽给珍寄了一封信。（谓语动词sent有两个宾语，名词Jane是间接宾语，名词短语a letter是直接宾语）
2. 代词作宾语
1） We didn’t see her. 我们没看见她。（代词her作及物动词see的宾语）
2） They get along well with us. 他们和我们相处的很好。（代词us作介词with的宾语）
【特别提醒】
人称代词作宾语时一定要使用宾格，即me（我）you（你）him（他）her（她）it（它）us（我们）you（你们）them（他们）。
3. 数词作宾语
1） Give me four please. 请给我四个。（谓语动词give有两个宾语，代词me是间接宾语，数词four是直接宾语）
2） I lived in Beijing in 1986. 我1986年住在北京。（名词Beijing和数词1986分别作两个介词in的宾语）
4. 动名词作宾语
动名词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成，例如reading。动名词在句中的作用类似于名词。
1）I enjoy playing cards. 我喜欢打扑克牌。（动名词playing和名词cards构成的动名词短语作及物动词enjoy的宾语）
2) They look forward to seeing her. 他们盼望见到她。（动名词seeing和代词her构成的动名词短语作介词to的宾语）
5. 名词性从句作宾语
1) He wants to tell us what he thinks. 他想告诉我们他所想的事。（及物动词tell有两个宾语，代词us是间接宾语，名词性从句what he thinks是直接宾语）
2) There is disagreement about when we shall leave. 在关于我们几点走的问题上有分歧。（名词性从句when w

e shall leave作介词about的宾语。）
6. 不定式作宾语
动词不定式的形式为动词不定式符号to加动词原形，例如to read。有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语，常见的有want（想要），like（喜欢），hope（希望），try（努力），start（开始），begin（开始），decide（决定），learn（学习），agree（同意），refuse（拒绝），fail（未能）等。
1) He wants to have a good sleep. 他想睡个好觉。（动词不定式短语to have a good sleep作及物动词want的宾语）
2) We failed to finish the job in time. 我们没能及时完成工作。（动词不定式短语to finish the job in time作及物动词fail的宾语）
【特别提醒】
当动词不定式作宾语时，如果动词不定式后面还有形容词作不定式的宾语补足语，那么为了保证句子的平衡，通常将动词不定式放在形容词之后，而用一个形式宾语it放在形容词之前。例如：
1） They find it hard to learn English well. 他们发现学好英语很难。（在本句中it是形式宾语，形容词hard是宾语补足语。本句真正的宾语是动词不定式短语to learn English well）
2） The students thought it easy to pass the exam. 学生们认为考试及格很容易。（在本句中it是形式宾语，形容词easy是宾语补足语。本句真正的宾语是动词不定式短语to pass the exam）
【强化练习】
判断下列各句的宾语及性质：
1) I plan to climb mountain tomorrow.
2) We know that a parrot can’t really talk.
3) Do you like playing chess?
4) She asked the teacher why some words were hard to remember.
5) She hated to move again.
6) Now you can understand why I am angry.
7) Man’s dream of flying in space has come true.
8) Insurance reminds us that we live in an unsafe world.
9) I remember seeing her once somewhere.
10) She left without saying goodbye to us.
【练习解析】
1) 本句谓语动词plan的宾语为动词不定式短语to climb mountain tomorrow；而在动词不定式短语中名词mountain是及物动词climb的宾语。
2) 本句谓语动词know的宾语为从句that a parrot can’t really talk。
3) 本句谓语动词like的宾语为动名词短语playing chess。
4) 本句谓语动词ask的宾语为双宾语，名词短语the teacher是间接宾语，从句why some words were hard to remember是直接宾语。
5) 本句谓语动词hate的宾语为动词不定式短语to move again。
6) 本句谓语动词understand的宾语为从句why I am angry。
7) 本句中，动名词短语flying in space是介词of的宾语，它与of构成介词短语作名词dream的后置定语。另外，在动名词短语中，名词space是介词in的宾语。
8) 本句谓语动词remind的宾语为双宾语，代词us

是间接宾语，从句that we live in an unsafe world是直接宾语。在宾语从句中，名词短语an unsafe world是介词in的宾语。
9) 本句谓语动词remember的宾语为动名词短语seeing her once somewhere；动名词短语中，代词her是及物动词see的宾语。
10) 本句中，动名词短语saying goodbye to us是介词without的宾语；而动名词短语中，goodbye是动词say的宾语，代词us是介词to的宾语。
【巩固练习】（十一）
判断下列各句的宾语及性质：

1) We should listen to our parents.
2) I believe that you are telling the truth.
3) They began studying computer last week.
4) Tell me whether you like it or not.
5) Please give me one.
6) We have learnt to ride the bike.
7) She only laughed at what we said.
8) He promised to come.
9) They got excited on hearing the good news.
10) They would not be able to live without him.


第五讲【巩固练习】（十一）答案
判断下列各句的宾语及性质：
1) 本句中名词短语our parents 是介词to的宾语。
2) 本句谓语动词believe的宾语为从句that you are telling the truth；另外，在宾语从句中，truth是及物动词tell的宾语。
3) 本句谓语动词began的宾语为动名词短语studying computer last week；另外，在动名词短语中，computer是及物动词study的宾语。
4) 本句谓语动词tell的宾语为双宾语，代词me是间接宾语，从句whether you like it or not是直接宾语。另外，在宾语从句中，it是及物动词like的宾语。
5) 本句谓语动词give的宾语为双宾语，代词me是间接宾语，数词one是直接宾语。
6) 本句谓语动词learn的宾语为动词不定式to ride the bike；在动词不定式中，名词短语the bike是及物动词ride的宾语。
7) 本句中，从句what we said是介词at的宾语。
8) 本句谓语动词promise的宾语为动词不定式to come。
9) 本句中，动名词短语hearing the good news是介词on的宾语；动名词短语中，名词短语the good news是及物动词hear的宾语。
10) 本句中，代词him是介词without的宾语。

第六讲 宾语补足语 (Object Complement)
一、宾语补足语的意义和作用
【语法讲解】
英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要在宾语之后加上宾语补足语对宾语进行补充说明，才能使句子的意义完整，构成主－动－宾－补这一句型。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。在复合宾语中，宾语与它的补足语之间存在着逻辑上（即意义上）的主谓关系。
二、宾语补足语的构成
【语法讲解】
可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。这样的及物动词有相当的数量，常见的有：appoin