On E-C Translation Strategies from the
Distinctions in Impersonal and Personal Subjects
Abstract: Whether a translator is aware of the fact that emphasis on impersonal and personal subjects in English and Chinese characterizes the two languages basically decides the quality of translation. Hence, a scientific analysis of the distinctions between impersonal and personal subjects is crucial. This paper mainly deals with the historical reasons for the distinctions, the comparison of impersonal and personal subjects, and English to Chinese translation strategies, for the sake of a better inspection of the different modes of thinking and recognition, and a better guidance to practical translation.
Key words:impersonal; personal; subject; translation
Contents
Abstract (English).............................................................................................................. (I)
1 Introduction (1)
2 Literature Review (1)
3 Historical Reasons for Emphasis on Impersonal Subject in English and on Personal Subject in Chinese (2)
4 Comparison of Distinctions Between Impersonal and Personal Subjects (5)
5 Translation Strategies for Translating English into Chinese (7)
5.1 Five Major Categories of Impersonal Subjects (7)
5.1.1 Sentences with Abstract or Inanimate Subjects (7)
5.1.2 Sentences with Impersonal Pronoun It (8)
5.1.3 Sentences with Passive V oice (9)
5.1.4 Sentences with There Be (9)
5.1.5 Sentences with Possessive Case (9)
5.2 E-C Translation Strategies (10)
5.2.1 Changing Object into Subject (10)
5.2.1.1 Subject + Predicate + Object + Object Complement (10)
5.2.1.2 Subject + Predicate + Preposition + Prepositional Object (11)
5.2.1.3 Subject + Predicate + Object (12)
5.2.1.4 Subject + Link Verb + Predicative + Prepositional Object (12)
5.2.2 Translating Sentences with Pronoun It Acting as Subject (12)
5.2.2.1 Preparatory It (12)
5.2.2.2 Unspecified It (13)
5.2.2.3 Emphatic It (13)
5.2.3 Translating Sentences with Passive V oice (13)
5.2.4 Translating Sentence Structure There Be (14)
5.2.5 Possessive Case + Noun/Gerund (14)
6 Conclusion (15)
References (15)
Abstract (Chinese) (17)
1 Introduction
Translation is a major vehicle for cross-cultural communication. Speaking of translation, impersonal and personal subjects are not supposed to be overlooked. Impersonal subject is frequently used in English, which presents objects or ideas objectively. On the contrary, Chinese tend to describe human beings and their actions or statements from their own perspectives when they want to show something, which is called personal expression. A better understanding of impersonal and personal subjects is of considerable significance in translation and transcultural communication.
It is no coincidence that impersonal subject is used in English and that personal subject is used in Chinese. Language, especially the features of linguistic construction, is influenced and determined by mode of thinking.
Still, mode of thinking bridges culture and language. On one hand, mode of thinking is closely related to culture, which is epitome of cultural and psychological features and restricts the generation of culture and psychology in turn. Different modes of thinking primarily cause different cultures. On the other hand, mode of thinking is intimately linked with language, which is the inmost mechanism of linguistic generation and development and accelerates the formation and development of thinking mode.
Therefore, it is accepted that, for the purpose of studying a language, studying the implicit culture that distinguishes the language comes first. To be precise, it equals to studying the thinking mode, which influences and restricts the formation, development and structural style of a given language, and implicit culture such as values, enjoys priority.
2 Literature Review
In the West, a great many scholars and professors have studied and are studying the relationship between thinking mode and linguistic construction. Wilhelm von Humboldt is one of them. He put forward that language is a kind of world view. Language is created from mankind’s experiences. And they confined themselves in their own language with the experiences. A linguistic fence is erected all around the nation. Only when the natives of the nation surmount the crib can they divorce themselves from the restriction of the barrier [1]. Sapir and Whorf carried on and developed Humboldt’s theo ry, and then brought forward the well-known Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Basically, they suggested that language is not just an expression and indication of thought, but also a mode which forms thought [2].
Wilhelm Wundt, a German psychologist, believed that the mental features of a certain nation can be a revelation of its vocabulary and grammar. In other words, thinking influences and determines the application of a language to a large extent, and different modes of thinking lead to the differences in linguistic construction [3], the same with Nida’s view that “Each language has its own genius”[4].
Domestically, Sun Xianan (2000) pointed out that a distinct ethnic brand is ironed on a nation’s history and habitats, with social evolution, geographical environme nt, natural conditions, economic life, and mental mechanism included, and that the brand, deeply engraved in language systems, turned into a typical characteristic of the national language [5]. Qian Mu, a master on studies of ancient Chinese culture, considered that Chinese culture centers on humanity and on life, which is teemed with cultural awareness and humanistic spirit. Chinese culture, by its nature, is subordinate to humanistic culture [6]. Wang Li stressed that subject is required in each sentence in grammars of Western languages. And it is an exception without a subject, which is called ellipsis. Conversely, it is a usual case that subject is omitted as long as the agent or doer is definitely obvious in Chinese grammar [7]. Without using personal subject, impersonal subject is often used in English to present something or an idea objectively, as Dr. Lian Shuneng stressed [8].
3 Historical Reasons for Emphasis on Impersonal Subject in English and on Personal Subject in Chinese
The thinking mode of a certain nation gradually formed under the constant influence of geography, philosophical background and cultural traditions. The natural geographical conditions of ancient Western countries and ancient China played an important role in the origin of the differences between Chinese and Western thinking modes.
As a typical agricultural society, China witnesses its development in a closed continental environment surrounded by unattainable mountains in the west and by insurmountable ocean in the east, with Chinese culture emanating from the vast country areas of the Yellow River basin and rooting in the countryside. The Chinese people live in the fertile land in central Cathay in a self-contained way, enjoying the preference of nature. People there believe in the favorable opportunity, geographical location and social condition. It is the relaxed and harmonious atmosphere that shapes a significant concept in ancient Chinese philosophy, namely, oneness between man and nature. Viewing the world
from this perspective, Chinese people deem animism that nothing in the world is lifeless and inanimate and that all the combination of colors, lights and patterns is continuously circulating life form which communicates with human beings. Thus, objects are learned as a whole and the world is regarded as a virtually inseparable organism and everything and all phenomena are interpreted from this viewpoint that yin and yang are the two opposing principles in nature, for instance, heaven and earth, sun and moon in the cosmos, male and female in the world. The production, change and development of everything accord with the effect of yin and yang.
Ideologically, the maintenance of national peace and the pursuit of harmonious community are cardinal points from Confucianism to Taoism. Meanwhile, the development of traditional culture that integrity is advocated while individualism is ignored, and that duties and responsibilities are thought to be essential while individual rights are considered to be trivial.
Philosophically, oneness between man and nature is the fundamental spirit in traditional Chinese philosophy dominated by Confucianism and Daoism, the gist of which is that the entire universe, including heaven, earth and mankind, is integrated and cannot be divided [9].
The five elements (mental, wood, water, fire, earth) of Chinese philosophy are distinct from the four elements (earth, water, fire, wind) in Greek and Indian cultures. The former one concentrates on its practical functions in daily life. That is why mental is included [10]. Thus, no matter it is Confucianism or Daoism, oneness between man and nature is the intellectual foundations of China. Yin and yang, the five elements and the Eight Diagrams, doctrine of mean, and oneness between man and nature all reflect the Chinese notion that mankind and nature are believed to be integrated and the interrelationship of human beings and the relationship of human and nature are seen as an organic integrity which is dynamically balanced. Moreover, an integrated world view implies an emphasis on instinctive recognition. In every respect, the thinking mode of Chinese is characterized by comprehensiveness, integrity, subjectivity, intuitiveness, dialectic, ambiguity, and it is spiritual, introverted, intuitive and subjective.
Compared to the closed continental environment in China, Western culture can be classified as prosperousness-only and powerfulness-only extroverted business culture and
marine culture. The ancestors of British and American were Western nomads living in a roaring, turbulent, and harsh ocean-surrounded environment and tasting the vagaries of nature. The atmosphere endowed them with expansionary and adventurous characters, intense inclinations to conquer the nature, and strong desires to control and conquer others. Consequently, Western nations formed a distinctive thinking mode from China. In other words, the cosmos was divided into two different worlds where mankind and nature were divided and opposite, meanwhile, the same with material and spirit, society and nature, etc. Nature was placed entirely opposite to human beings, and was destined to be transformed. And people were born to learn about the nature, govern the nature and dominate the nature. Individual values represented the rational spirits during the process of exploring the truth. It is simple to come to the conclusion that Westerners focus on awareness, ration, evidence and logical analysis.
Throughout the development of Western intellectual history, individualism never fails to attract Westerners. It is known that government came into being because of the agreement of free civilians. Once freedom is deprived, the right-deprived mass is entitled to revolute to recapture their freedom since sovereignty is in the hands of people.
In the mainstream culture of Britain an America, analytic recognition shed light on how thinking mode affects the world, not on how to achieve a harmonious relationship between man and nature. The objective and meaning of life lie on learning about and governing the world. Mankind is the master of all things, capable of controlling and dominating the world. Nature is opposite to human beings and is supposed to be transformed and conquered. So it can be concluded that the thinking mode of British and Americans is characterized by individualism, objectivity, analysis, logic, conformation, accuracy, and it is material, extroverted, analytic, logical and objective.
To sum up, it is the different thinking modes that cause the impersonal and personal subjects in English and Chinese. The British and American thinking mode is dividedness between man and nature. Instead, the Chinese thinking mode is oneness between man and nature. Different modes of thinking give rise to the fact that Christian culture prevailing in English-speaking countries emphasizes rational and logical analysis and individualism that individual value can be independent of community value, while Confucian culture, a major part of traditional Chinese culture, lays particular emphasis on integrity and intuition in
thinking and cognition.
4 Comparison of Distinctions Between Impersonal and Personal Subjects
In English, impersonal subject is always used by native speakers who are inclined to narrate or describe something or an idea subjectively without using a personal subject. That is, the speaker and the listener, or the writer and the reader try to conceal themselves in order to make sure that they are irrelevant to the matter, although it may lead to an absence of people-to-people relationship.
G. Leech and J. Svartvik (1974:25) pointed out that “Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style, i.e. one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself or his readers, but avoids the pronouns I, you, we. Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives, sentences beginning with introductory it, and abstract nouns”[11]. To exemplify what is said above, a piece of library notice is given.
It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.
近来已注意到本馆存书惊人地减少，此事令人关切。现要求学生不要忘记借书还书规则，并考虑其他同学的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。[8] Textbooks on English writing always persuade their readers out of using impersonal subject which seems to be lack of personal reference and human touch, to be abstract and official even cold and inhuman. If the notice is written with personal subject, it will turn out to be more human and less official.
The number of books in the library has been going down. Please make sure you know the rule s for borrowing, and don’t forget that the library is for everyone’s convenience. So from now on, we’re going to enforce the rules strictly. You have been warned!
J. Perlmutter (1965:119) stressed that “When the writer and reader are out of the picture, writing lacks warmth and sincerity. To make writing human, you have to establish and maintain a people-people relationship”[12].
The following three pairs of sentences are given to make a comparison of impersonal and personal subjects.
①impersonal: It was noted that this office did not reply to the letter of July
twenty-two. Please be advised that apologies are hereby tendered.
personal: We sincerely apologize for not replying to your July twenty-two letter.
② impersonal: Applicants for these positions must file forms by August 1.
personal: Please apply by August 1.
③ impersonal: The enclosed form from the accounting department has been sent for your signature.
personal: Please sign the enclosed form.
Two versions of the paragraph below is given in order to figure out the differences between impersonal and personal subjects.
The camera was delighted to find the young Guinness popping into Great Expectations as the giddily genial Herbert Pocket. It embraced him, in Guinness’s grand postwar decade of Ealing Studios comedies The Man int the White Suit, and The Lavender Hill Mob. It saw him locate the suicidal pride of the colonel in The Bridge on the River Kwai: the superb performance in the movie won him an Oscar as best actor. The camera may even have captured an on-the-fly self portrait when the older Guinness sat, purring omniscient, for the role of George Smiley in the two’ 80s mini-series Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy and Smiley’s People.
译文1: 摄影机看着当时还年轻的吉尼斯在《远大前程》中饰演赫伯特·帕克特那无忧无虑和蔼可亲的模样，简直喜不自胜。对他在二战后头十年伊灵电影制片厂的喜剧片《白衣人》和《赖文德山暴民》中的出色表演，更是拍案叫绝。摄影机发现他在《桂河大桥》中将那位英国上校自杀性的矜持与傲慢刻画得准确贴切，在片中他精湛绝伦的表演为他赢得奥斯卡最佳男演员奖。摄影机甚至可能捕捉到年事已高的吉尼斯稍纵即逝的自画像，他当时在八十年代两部系列短剧《补锅匠、裁缝、大兵、间谍》和《施麦利的人》中饰演那无所不知、嘟嘟囔囔的施麦利。
译文2: 摄影机拍下了吉尼斯的演艺人生：年轻时，吉尼斯在《远大前程》中饰演赫伯特·帕克特。那是一副性情温和、无忧无虑的样子。二次大战结束后的十年间，伊灵电影制片厂拍摄了《白衣人》和《赖文德山暴民》两部喜剧片，吉尼斯在片中的表演令人叹为观止。其后，在《桂河大桥》一片中，吉尼斯将英国上校自杀前的那种矜持与傲慢刻画得入木三分，精湛的演技使他荣获奥斯卡最佳男演员。八十年代，吉尼斯年事已高，表演趋于本色。在《补锅匠、裁缝、大兵、间谍》和《施麦利的人》两部连续剧中，吉尼斯饰演无所不知、嘟嘟囔囔的施麦利。从施麦利的身上就能看到
吉尼斯本人的影子。[13]
The example is a introduction of Guinness, who was a famous British actor. He had vividly played a number of roles and had spent more than half of his lifespan before the camera that truthfully records his acting career. With the use of personification, it seems that the camera is alive and can see what happens to Guinness, such as the camera was delighted to find..., it embraced him..., It saw him locate..., the camera may even have captured... and the superb performance in the movie won him... Although these impersonal sentences are visually vivid, Chinese are not used to making a description in this way. So it is not wise to directly translate the sentences into Chinese without the awareness of changing impersonal subject into personal subject. Actually, farcical mistakes are made in version one because of the neglect of habitual use of subjects in Chinese, that is, inanimate nouns never collocate with animate verbs unless personification is intentionally used. As for this example, the topic of the paragraph is Guinness’ experiences, so personification is definitely unnecessary. And that is why version two is better.
5 Translation Strategies for Translating English into Chinese
5.1 Five Major Categories of Impersonal Subjects
Sentences with impersonal subjects in English can be generally classified into the following five categories.
5.1.1 Sentences with Abstract or Inanimate Subjects
Among many English sentences, abstract nouns or inanimate nouns act as subjects. Meanwhile, animate verbs, which represent human action or behaviors, serve as predicate. As a result, this kind of sentences possesses a sense of metaphor and personification. O. Jespersen (1951:236) suggested that “There can be no doubt that the poetic tendency to personify lifeless things or abstract notions, for instance to apostrophize death as if it were a living being, and the representation in plastic art of such notions, are largely due to the influence of languages with sex-gender, chiefly, of course, Latin”[14]. Despite the fact that abstract notions of lifeless things are described by using metaphor or personification, they always appear in rhetorical or relaxed writing styles, with fewer occurrences than those in English. The Chinese people’s absence of humor lead s them to pay attention to what somebody does, or what he is doing, what he has done, or what he did. Subject is often someone or a certain thing and predicate is a verb indicating actions or behaviors of human
beings.
Inanimate subjects are adopted in English sentences with impersonal subjects to demonstrate abstract notions, psychological feelings, complex definitions, time and position, etc. On the other hand, animate verbs are employed in these sentences with impersonal subjects to present the actions or behaviors of individuals or a community, such as come, go, watch, see, borrow, lend, learn, study, love, hate, think, persist, stop, grasp, etc. For example,
① From the moment the tourist stepped into Hawaii, care and kindness surrounded them on every side.
一踏上夏威夷，游客们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。
②The year 1949 saw the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.
1949年，中华人民共和国成立了。
③Sunday started with a morning visit to the Westminster Cathedral, where the faithful followers went to pray.
星期天，虔诚的信徒一大早就去威斯敏斯特教堂祷告。
④Bitterness of her loss of the beloved tortures her.
她痛失爱人，心如刀绞。
⑤Cheerfulness deprived him of the power of speaking.
他高兴地说不出话来。
Differently, in Chinese, animate verbs generally collocate with personal subjects owing to the long-established habitual thinking that only individuals or a community are endowed with consciousness and will. The collocation of inanimate subject and animate verb in Chinese are usually known as metaphor or personification in Chinese. For example,
①南京目睹过六朝更迭。
Nanjing has witnessed six dynasties.
②月光很早以前就踏上了旅程。
The light from the moon started on its journey long ago.
5.1.2 Sentences with Impersonal Pronoun It
Impersonal pronoun it acts as subject. Pronoun it is comprehensively used as an expletive, besides the usage of substituting things or creatures excluding mankind.
These three kinds of use never occur in Chinese, and personal subject sentence,
subjectless sentence, subject-omitted sentence, imperative sentence and passive sentence with no grammatical marks are of frequent use.
Sentences with impersonal pronoun it will be discussed in details in the second part of E-C translation strategies.
5.1.3 Sentences with Passive Voice
The use of passive voice in English presents a fact or a viewpoint in an objective, indirect, and roundabout way without mentioning the doer or the agent. As G. Leach and J. Svartvik (1974:258) put, “The by-phrase containing the agent of a passive clause is only required in specific cases (in fact, about four out of five English passive clauses have no agent). The passive is especially associated with impersonal style (e.g. in scientific and official writing), where the question of who is the agent (i.e. who performs the action described by the verb) is unimportant and often irrelevant”[11]. For example,
A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this Bureau’s possession. It is noted that the letter was received two months ago, and after study, returned to your office. In view of the forgoing, it is regretted that your office has no record of its receipt. If the letter is found, it would be appreciated if this bureau was notified at once.
我们最近查找了卷宗，发现本局并无此信。可以肯定的是，我们于两个月前收到此信，经研究后，已寄还贵处。鉴于以上情况，贵处仍无收信的记录，我们感到遗憾。如果你们找到此信，请即通知本局，不胜感激。
5.1.4 Sentences with There Be
In English, the sentence structure there be and the sentences with the subject one have impersonal tendency, while in Chinese the subject is always comparatively specific or even omitted. For example,
① In the Middle Ages, there were tens of thousands knights who joined the Crusades.
在中世纪，成千上万的骑士加入了十字军。
②One must work hard before one can achieve success.
要想成功，得先吃苦。
5.1.5 Sentences with Possessive Case
The structure, possessive case followed by a noun or a gerund, can be seen in every article in English. Actually, after translating possessive case into nominative case, the word
with the new case will be the real subject in Chinese. For example,
①My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part.
我很幸运能够得到你，让我们永远不分离。
②Jordan’s adventurous experiences in exploring the South Pole have given him many eminent scientific achievements.
乔丹在南极探险的时候九死一生，但这也让他获得了令人瞩目的科研成果。
③The boy’s diligence and assiduity won his way for him.
那个男孩勤奋刻苦，很有人缘。
④Salina’s honest and good nature attracted many friends for her.
塞琳娜诚实善良，有很多朋友。
5.2 E-C Translation Strategies
Since impersonal and personal subjects distinguish English and Chinese, translating impersonal subject into personal subject is the best way.
Based on analysis and classification, the following five types of English sentences are suggested to translate into Chinese sentences with personal subjects.
5.2.1 Changing Object into Subject
The object of the source sentence changes into the object of the target sentence. There are four kinds of sentence structures which are classified based on different translation strategies according to different constituents.
5.2.1.1 Subject + Predicate + Object + Object Complement
Besides the fact that the object of the source sentence changes into the object of the target sentence, the subject of the source language changes into adverbial modifier in the meantime. For example,
①His smile serves him only for his dishonesty.
他只是用笑容来伪装欺骗。
②Arduous working will help you with a quicker promotion.
你努力工作就能很快升职。
Plus, sometimes a transition of sentence structure is needed, that is to say, the simple English sentence changes into complex Chinese sentence. Conjunctive words can be added to the sentence to make a clear illustration.
③My parents believe that heavy living expenses would have stopped them from
traveling.
父母认为，就算生活再苦，他们也应该出去走走。
④I once heard that George’s outrageous crime had ended him up in the prison where he would spend the rest of his life.
我听说，乔治因为罪恶滔天而锒铛入狱，他将在监狱度过余生。
⑤Caring for an unacquainted stranger made her take on herself to donate her bone marrow so as to cure the poor guy’s leucocythemia.
她为了一个素未谋面的陌生人捐献骨髓，就是为了治好他的白血病。
⑥Emily’ s eye-catching beauty enables her to obtain what she wants.
艾米丽很漂亮，她能得到任何她想要的。
⑦The instructor said an attentive examination of the papers will reveal the students what is different.
老师说，同学们只要仔细检查一下就能发现几篇论文的不同之处。
5.2.1.2 Subject + Predicate + Preposition + Prepositional Object
The object and the subject of the source sentence changes respectively into the subject and the object of the target sentence.
①The idea of making money never occurred to Mr. Gilbert, whereas Mrs. Gilbert thought nothing but money.
吉尔伯特先生的脑子里从没想过怎么去挣钱，而吉尔伯特夫人满脑子想的都是钱。
② A fantasy of marrying a prince charming flashes in the mind of Victoria.
维多利亚脑海闪过这样一个念头，她要嫁给心目中的白马王子。
③Happiness and health always accompany with Goodman.
古德曼总感到自己既幸福又健康。
When the subject of the original sentence derives from verb or is a noun with the sense of verb, the subject should be changed into predicate.
④ A giggle slipped from Susan at the news that she had been admitted by Harvard University.
苏珊听到自己被哈佛大学录取了，咯咯地笑着。
⑤Linda’s absence of the meeting suggested to her that the project may be postponed.
琳达未能参加会议，她觉得可能那个项目可能会推迟。
5.2.1.3 Subject + Predicate + Object
It is a good choice to exchange the subject and object of the original sentence during the process of translation. In some occasions, when the original subject is human organ, human should be translated into the subject of the target language, and the verb of the original language should be extended to collocate with the new subject.
①The meaning of life left her after her son’s death.
儿子死后，她觉得生命没有了意义。
② A flush lighted her face at the sight of her boyfriend.
她看见男朋友的时候，脸红了。
③The triumph of defeat the invaders delighted the whole nation.
全国人民沉浸在击退敌人的喜悦中。
5.2.1.4 Subject + Link Verb + Predicative + Prepositional Object
The prepositional object changes into the subject of the target language.
①Maria Carey is very popular with youngsters.
年轻人很喜欢玛利亚·凯莉。
②The road seemed wrong to John.
约翰觉得走错路了。
③Books has been food to him for all his life.
他一辈子都酷爱读书。
④Time is dealing with you so nice.
你一点儿也不显老。
5.2.2 Translating Sentences with Pronoun It Acting as Subject
5.2.2.1 Preparatory It
Preparatory it represents a clause that is not convenient to place in the required place of the sentence according to the ordinary rules and may result in ambiguity or obscurity. For example,
①It never occurred to her that Tom was a cheater.
她从来都没有想到汤姆是个骗子。
②It is not what we thought that he will go to school on Sunday.
我们认为，他不会在星期天去上学的。
5.2.2.2 Unspecified It
Unspecified it represents a subject that is an indescribable phenomenon or an unspeakable condition.
①It is only fifteen minutes’ drive to the hospital.
只要开车十五分就能到医院。
② How is it with the dying patient.
那个奄奄一息的病人怎么样了？
5.2.2.3 Emphatic It
Acting as formal subject, emphatic it is used in emphatic sentence.
①It is in the mid night that her drunk husband went home noisily.
直到半夜，她的丈夫才回到家，烂醉如泥，又吵又闹。
②It is Confucius’ students who wrote the Analects of Confucius according to his speeches and lectures.
《论语》是由孔子的弟子根据他的教诲编纂而成的。
5.2.3 Translating Sentences with Passive Voice
The agentless passive voice is applied in bureaucratese, scientific documents, and news. Authors apply the depersonalization, a drowsy passive smokescreen, to avoid punishment for possible mistakes or errors. F. Crews (1974:86) incisively illustrated the fact, “Those who don’t want to accept responsibility for their actions or opinions have an intuitive fondness for the passive”[15].
①Wrongs must be rightened when they are discovered.
发现了错误，就一定要改正。
② A tree is known by its fruit, and a man is known by his deeds.
看树看果实，看人看行为。
③Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved.
必须调整高等院校的专业设置，改进教学方法。
④The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.
只要知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。
⑤Whenever two objects are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from one object to the other.
当两个物体在一起摩擦时，电子便从一个物体转到另一个物体。
5.2.4 Translating Sentence Structure There Be
When the sentence structure there be is translated into Chinese, a new proper subject has to be added according to the linguistic context. It is a usual case that the new subject is
a pronoun when there are only inanimate words in the sentence.
①There is nothing but joy in the village.
村民们充满了欢乐。
②I have to tell you that there must be something wrong between them.
我得告诉你，他们之间一定有问题。
③There were big-opened eyes and astonishing jaws all around us.
我们周围的人都瞪大了眼镜，张大着嘴。
④There was a minute of drumbeat-like heart.
大家因为紧张，心砰砰直跳。
⑤As a matter of fact, there is no other reason to be found for his failure in the final exam because of his laziness.
事实上，他找不到别的理由为自己辩解，他没有通过期末考试完全是因为他太懒了。
5.2.5 Possessive Case + Noun/Gerund
Possessive case followed by a noun or a gerund is frequently used in English. For a better understanding and comprehension, when this kind of sentences are translated into Chinese, it is a good choice to translate the possessive case of noun or pronoun into nominative case, and the noun into adjective or verb, or the gerund into its verb form.
①The People’s Liberation Army’ loyalty is to the People’s Republic of China.
中国人民解放军为中华人民共和国而效忠。
②Mr. Solis’ bribe ended himself up behind the bars.
索利斯先生因为行贿被关进了监狱。
③Johnson’s acid tongue taught him to believe that everyone was against him.
约翰逊为人尖酸刻薄，他觉得每个人都在挤兑他。
④His coming to the party delighted the host and hostess, but frustrated the other guests, for his criticisms were always captious and frivolous.
他参加聚会让东道主很高兴，但其他的客人可就不高兴了，因为他总是吹毛求疵，
心浮气躁。
6 Conclusion
It is dividedness between man and nature causes impersonalization in English, and it is oneness between man and nature that causes personalization in Chinese. Knowledge of the distinctions between impersonal and personal subject will benefit translators a lot. It is certain that the five E-C translation strategies are not rigid. A proper use of the strategies may well achieve unexpected effects.
Moreover, the use of impersonal and personal subjects is mere one aspect of the English and Chinese distinctions. Other aspects, such as synthetic and analytic, hypotactic and paratactic, static and dynamic, abstract and concrete, indirect and direct, passive and active, substitutive and repetitive, rigid and supple, complex and simplex and so forth, also differentiate English and Chinese, of which translators have to be attentively aware.
With rather more frequent international communication, cultures tend to interact and permeate with one another. Correspondingly, modes of thinking are progressively changing. Keeping pace with the times demands translators’ updating themselves on fashion and fads in linguistics and translation studies. Only in this way can the product of translators be faithful, expressive, and elegant.
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从物称与人称角度探讨英汉翻译策略
摘要：英语重物称，汉语重人称。译者能否意识到这一点，很大程度上决定了翻译质量的好坏。所以，对物称与人称差异的对比研究就显得尤为重要。本文主要就其历史原因进行分析探讨，对比物称与人称的差异，研究英译汉的翻译策略，以期更好地理解中西方思维模式与认知模式的不同，指导翻译实践。
关键词：物称；人称；主语；翻译
提升英语翻译效率的策略分析 摘要：英语翻译已成为英语教育的重要组成部分，在社会的教学中有着举足轻重的作用。本文利用英语的实用性和职业性充分的说明问题、体现问题。对教育现状及教育环境的影响进行了剖析，根据英语翻译效率的实际情况作出了策略分析，在英语翻译摸索阶段找到更适合的有效性策略，提高英语翻译的实际应用的能力。 关键词：英语翻译；问题；现状；策略 我国的英语教育已经拥有几年的时间了，在这教学之中难免受到一些外语教学环境的影响与制约，针对这样的问题，我们做了一下的策略分析。虽然现在我国教育现状不容乐观，但面对英语翻译的难度我们有了更大的挑战。随着我国经济与世界经济一体化的发展，英语知识与综合英语应用能力逐渐的与各个国家和地区之间进行了交流，这样能更好的增强英语的应用能力。 1 英语翻译现状 由于当前我国新形势下的逼近，国内国外经济的快速发展，英语翻译现状存在着以下的问题： 1.1翻译的体制不够完善 目前，我国英语翻译体系不够完善和科学，尤其是在
教学方面，英语翻译教学大纲的要求不是很完善，学院对这方面的人才培养也比较匮乏，在当今这个教育体制急速前进的社会，没有这些设施都是比较落后的。英语翻译教学材料没有提供翻译技巧、翻译程序等细致的描述与指导，以导致教学不能活学活用的现状，面临着严峻的教学体系。 1.2翻译意识没有提高 由于学生的英语普遍低下，再加上英语课程没有有趣的学习方法，比较刻板呆滞，导致学生感觉枯燥乏味，没有足够的耐心与信心，长期下来，学生逐渐放弃了英语。由于英语翻译意识不够高，导致英语翻译教学面临着较大的困难和障碍。所以英语翻译教学效果很难达到理想化。 1.3翻译的重视程度不够 目前，各类学校对英语翻译教学并不够全面的重视，一些院校英语翻译只作为选修课，并没有大规模的开课，从而加剧的英语翻译的下滑率，导致院校教学的英语翻译比较薄弱。除此之外，开展的业余英语翻译活动也很少以至于几乎为零，翻译类型的课后训练更是少之极少，所以就会变成翻译效果逐渐下降或消失。 1.4翻译的总和评价体系不合理 当前，我国的英语翻译使用的教学体系有两种形式，一是全国通用的英语四六级考试系统，二是国家通用的职场英语考试系统。国家会根据四六级考试来测试他们的英语水
英汉翻译技巧大全 定语从句: 定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。 Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around theworld to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place. 皮而森汇集了...生产出独特的千年历，这种千年历(它)能够... 定语的翻译要特别注意位子上的变化，即:如果是单词修饰名词就放在中心词的前面，这和汉语的词序是一样的;如果定语太长，定语就要放在中心词的后面，这时就要注意断句，重复先行词，例如: 1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在学英语的问题上，我和你有同样的问题。 2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不错。 3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 这的确是一个非常棘手的问题。 4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 别的知道这个秘密的人就是他的父母。 5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities
汉英新闻翻译策略 美国新闻学者约斯特认为: “新闻是已经发生或正在发生的事实的报道。”从中可以看出新闻的根本特点：新闻是对信息的报道, 新闻的时效性很强, 客观性是新闻的灵魂。 新闻一般包括标题、导语和正文三个部分。标题高度概况了整条新闻的主要内容, 被喻为“新闻的眼睛”, 是信息量最集中、最丰富的地方。新闻标题的功能包括五个方面: 把最精彩的内容揭示给读者, 用最短的文字阐明内容主旨, 以特殊方式表达报纸的倾向性, 凭借特殊强势吸引读者, 选择让人震撼的语句激励读者。导语简要交代整条新闻的人物、时间、地点、事件、原因等要素, 通常称为5W, 这些有时甚至用一句话表达。正文则体现前重后轻的做法, 先提供重要的信息, 再补充必要的背景报道, 所谓“倒金字塔”结构。 纽马克认为,采取何种翻译方法取决于三个因素：文本类型(type of text) 、读者身份(nature of thereadership) 和翻译目的(purpose of the translation) 。具体而言,译者可以打破新闻原文的形式上的束缚,在标题、词汇和句法结构上进行改写(rewriting) 。在出发语和目的语之间发生矛盾时,要优先考虑目的语的表达习惯。“好的翻译听起来不像是翻译”(奈达) ,而像译者用目的语写作的产物。交际翻译法的实质是意译、归化、适度再创造。 1．标题改写 新闻标题的功能是提炼内容、美化版面和吸引读者(郜书锴,2002) 。好的新闻标题常常具有简约、醒目、概括、风趣的特点(刘宓庆,1998 :82) 。标题翻译的好坏,直接影响着整篇新闻翻译的交际效果和读者的兴趣。纽马克认为:“Normally, as a translator, you are entitled to …change? the title of your text . ”(2001 : 156) 因此,除了极少数采用语义翻译外,译者都在标题翻译上下了很大功夫用交际翻译法处理。 标题翻译应积极地揭示新闻内容, 兼顾中英文标题的差异性和考虑读者的接受能力, 可采用以下三种策略: 其一, 如果标题含义明白、直接而且信息功能强烈, 译成目标语后读者不至于产生理解上的困难, 则可直译或基本直译, 例如: “Looking Back to Look Ahead——回首往昔展望未来”; “Olymp ics Begin in Style; Swimmer Takes 1st Gold——奥运会隆重开幕泳将夺首枚金牌”, 但中英文采用通栏标题或对仗式标题, 不完全一致。其二, 标题译成目标语能保留原文的重要信息和审美价值, 又不至于使读者产生理解上的困难。例如: “A V ow to Zip his Lips (夸张) ——誓要守口如瓶”; “So lar System Search from Space (头韵) ——从太空对太阳系进行探索”。“Zip”和“守口如瓶”并不对应, 但译文和原文对接受者的作用和接受者
摘要：21世纪国的旅游业得到了迅猛发展，在我成为了个旅游资源大国，这里起着至关重要的作用。英语和翻译的旅游特色的地位，并总结了一些旅游英语翻译方法。 现在，在世界各地使用英语的人口不断增加，英语成为全球化交流的语言，同时旅游业是巩固英语的重要作用，作为一个全球性的语言，旅游英语各年龄段的人越来越多。一个国家希望旅游业的全面发展，必须要有良好的品质，英语导游，以便它可以使旅游英语语言知识和旅游专业知识紧密联系起来，在更广泛的社会效益。 一、旅游英语的特点 1.1、旅游英语，包括一个丰富的语言和文化的内涵 文化是其中最重要的因素，如旅游业，通过当地文化旅游的人可以来的情绪。每一个游客，旅游业不仅是享受当地的景观和观光，更多的是当地的风土人情，独特的地域文化，以吸引和影响情绪。因此，除了在旅游英语的技术术语，也包括物质文化的语言，旅游英语，具有深厚的文化底蕴和文化浅。浅的英语词汇，发音和语法的一些基本要素的方式铺平道路，为文化内容和材料，文化底蕴深厚的文化，是一个旅游材料，旅游用品和欣赏的文化产品分析过程的理解。 1.2、旅游英语立体美，语言特点 在旅游过程中，旅游者在旅游活动的消费，其中大部分是旅游和文化消费。因此，为了促进旅游和文化消费和审美享受，是一个至关重要的因素，促进当地文化，旅游英语的基础上，提炼的审美元素，能够表达独特的文化内涵。勤劳勇敢的中国人民在祖国美丽富饶的地球在同一时间的发展和建设，我们也留下了许多文化古迹，独特的自己独特的风俗，工艺品和美食，此山水之美和历史文化通过一个独特的旅游文化的巧妙结合。旅游英语可作为以弘扬中国文化，吸引游客观光的重要媒介，使我国的文化传统发扬光大。 二、旅游英语翻译的 非常丰富的旅游资源，在中国，但在国际舞台上的旅游资源的知名度是非常小的，很多外国人只知道一些知名的城市，如北京，上海和中国其他旅游目的地，还不是很了解。因此，外商在中国旅游业的了解甚少，他们只是一些媒体的数据，文字或互联网访问适当的信息。过去两年，许多旅游城市和著名的旅游景点都发表在中文和英文的旅游信息和指导书，内容更详细介绍。然而，在英语翻译或缺乏相应的专业人员，太多的时间编制的随意性，大量的旅游信息，从学生的手或翻译公司。此外，许多我们的旅游景点，导游的英语水平还需要到可以改善这是1指南翻译中的大差异的口头翻译的时间编写的原始严重的原因，和甚至错误，特别是在饭店，酒店和街道的翻译更是漏洞百出。全面提高旅游英语翻译的水平，今天的旅游业发展的主要目标，然而，做到这一点，我们必须抓住旅游英语翻译。 旅游英语翻译 3.1增加的词汇和注释的法律的正确使用 文化差异在语言和信息传输必须是有一些障碍，特别是外国旅游者的数量，不熟悉的历史，文化和故事。因此，文化传播时，应尽量减少读者理解的翻译，文化上的障碍，从而能够实现的文化交流更理想的目标。要求读者和原来的读者是在不同文化背景的东西，原来的读者在翻译时表示，可能是相当陌生的读者。因此，在这个时候，原来的读者在翻译的过程中，多使用一些词汇，复杂的句子或条款进行补充和票据，从而有效地缩短了原来的读者和读者之间的文化差距。放大和注释的方法是为目的，以方便外国游客了解，更有利于他们对中国文化的理解。推出的“饺子”，例如，一定会与屈原的内容，如果译者在翻译过程中，而不是屈原任何介绍，只是简单地只会使游客无法了解雾水。因此，如果翻译告诉此时的游客，屈原是1：在著名的中国学者，政治家，谁三百年livedsome之前出生Christd在这个时候如此，游客将“饺子”离开了中国龙更深的印象端午节将了解更多。 3.2注重翻译的名字
英语广告的翻译特点及策略分析 姓名：xxx 学号：xxxxxxxxx 专业：xxxx 学校：xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 摘要：随着经济全球化的进一步加快，英语广告越来越多的融入到我们的生活，与我们的日常生活有着越来越密切的联系。英语广告用词简洁，隽永，却有着丰富的含义，让人意味深刻。随着人们紧跟时代潮流，英文广告已经越来越普遍的应用到各类广告中。如何使英语广告更易被普通大众所接受所理解，这正是本文提出的研究重点，了解英语广告翻译特点，以及对翻译策略的分析。 一、研究目的：（背景与意义、国内外研究现状与发展趋势） 在经济日益全球化的今天，国际经济的进一步发展带动了广告业的腾飞，英语广告翻译日益成为翻译学研究的重要组成部分，广告翻译的发展对国际贸易的发展不言而喻。广告是商战中的有力的武器，广告英语是一种专门用途的英语，他与普通英语有着较大的差别，本文结合大量的实例，从广告英语的语法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三方面分析了广告英语的特点，并浅析了其翻译策略。英语广告翻译作为翻译学的一个新的领域，引起了众多的翻译工作者和研究人员的注意，发展仍然不够成熟和完善，这篇论文正是针对这一系列的问题提出了英语广告的特点和英语广告的翻译策略等重要意义的课题。从而为英语广告的翻译
提供了有效的途径，为众多的翻译工作人员提供了重要的借鉴，同时也推动广告业及广告翻译事业的长足发展。 二、国内外研究现状与发展趋势： 在国际商品贸易发达的今天，广告也日益具有国际性。从一种语言到另一种语言，广告的翻译既要保留原文的精华，又要符合消费者的心理。与其他翻译不同的是，上述目的要在对一个广告语的翻译中实现，这就需要运用语言，营销以及美学方面的综合知识。在翻译的过程中应根据广告的特点，选用适当的表达方法，使译文在表达出原文全部信息的基础上，充分体现原文风格和表现形式，再现原文风貌。 三、动机及意义： 目前，英语广告的翻译比英语文学的翻译起步晚，发展不成熟，随着国际品牌打入国内，英语广告的翻译成为翻译领域的重要课题。目前国内外的学者已经对英语广告的翻译有了广泛的研究，《文学及语言巨献》杂志中多次刊登了中国的诸多学者关于广告英语翻译策略的文章，并且通过大量的鲜活的例子对具体的翻译方法做出了说明，虽然英语广告翻译的研究已经在国内外取得了显著的成绩，但在国内市场上，有的商家谋利心切且翻译人员也只是粗制滥造，使的众多品牌广告的翻译不够准确有的甚至偏离产品原本别具匠心的宣传口号，实际上是不利于商业和广告翻译事业的发展。因此了解英语广告的特点，提出并发展英语广告的翻译策略是迫在眉睫。 四、主要内容：（要解决的问题，主要思路）
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/f212511217.html, 浅析英汉互译中的翻译策略 作者：力一轩 来源：《大观》2015年第04期 摘要：本文主要分析“父亲节前夕，中国网民热议爸爸打孩子”译文，举例分析了归化、直译与意译策略的使用，主要着重于由于文化不同和语言差异而导致的表达不同。通过分析，指出归化、直译与意译在翻译中的重要性。 关键字：文化冲突；语言差异；归化；直译；意译 本文选自《华尔街时报》，题目为“父亲节前夕，中国网民热议爸爸打孩子”，译文发表于《华尔街时报》中文版。这篇文章就中西方爸爸的教育方式进行对比，然后发表评论。原文中，作者引用了一些中国博主回忆自己童年被爸爸打的评论。热议中，有网友认为中国式爸爸打孩子不利于孩子健康成长，也有人认为这是一种严苛的爱。 认真对比原文与译文之后，本论文将从文化层面和语言层面，举例分析译文。文化层面上，分析归化策略的使用；语言层面上，分析直译与意译的使用。强调归化、直译与意译策略在翻译中的重要性。 一、归化 所谓“归化”，通常是指译者在翻译时采用一种透明而流畅的译文，从而使得原语文本对于读者的陌生感降至最低。（杨文峰，2010）译者运用归化策略能给读者带来一种亲切感。译文中的一大优势就是运用了归化策略。 （1）原文：To beat is to care，to scold is to love. 译文：打是亲，骂是爱。 分析：译者没有直接去解释原文，而是运用了一句众所周知的中国谚语“打是亲，骂是爱”，这样能够使读者产生共鸣。 （2）原文：A girl said her father beat her only because he was worried when she returned home late.Another wrote her father would buy her delicacies to eat the day after beating her，and apply ointment to her bruises.At the time I was thinking，why not just not beat me in the first place？ She says.“I don’t know where he is now，but if it were possible，I would actually like him to beat me again. 译文：一个女孩说：“小的时候有一天晚回家，爸爸刚找到我什么也没说，打了我一巴掌。就那一次。另一个女孩写道：”从小到大父亲最疼我，小时候不听话也打过我不少次，但
最新时政新闻（两会）英汉词汇翻译 1.新思想 new thought 2.新常态 new normal 3.新增长目标 new growth target 4.新反腐模式 New anti-corruption model 5.民生 people's livelihood 6.扶贫 poverty alleviation 7.国防 national defense 8.改革开放40周年 40 years of reform and opening up 9.中国梦 the Chinese Dream 10.人类命运共同体 a community with shared future for humanity 11.五位一体economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress 12.四个全面 the four-pronged comprehensive strategy 13.一带一路 the Belt and Road Initiative 14.文化自信 cultural confidence 15.获得感 sense of benefit 16.成就感 sense of achievement 17.城市群 city cluster 18.低碳城市 low-carbon cities 19.智能制造 intelligent manufacturing 20.中国制造2025 Made in China 2025 21.工匠精神 craftsmanship spirit 22.中国天眼：500米口 径球面射电望远镜 （FAST） China's Eye of Heaven: The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) 23.国产航母 domestically built aircraft carrier 24.国产客机 homemade passenger jet 25.数字家庭 digital homes 26.数字经济 digital economy 27.人工智能 artificial intelligence 28.第五代移动通信 5G mobile communications 29.自媒体 We-Media 30.自贸试验区 pilot free trade zones 31.医疗改革 medical reform 32.国内生产总值 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 33.居民消费价格 Consumer Price Index (CPI) 34.税收减免 tax reduction and exemption 35.去产能 reducing excess capacity
旅游英语的特点及翻译策略_外语翻译旅游英语的特点及翻译策略_外语翻译外语翻译 随着我国涉外旅游业的发展,旅游英语变得越来越重要,它是不同文化背景下与游客之间的一种纽带和交流桥梁,通过这种纽带和桥梁,让游客能真正了解一个有着丰富文化和历史内涵的中国,所以它的语言是独特的。本文阐述了旅游英语的语言特点,并在此基础上,分析了旅游英语翻译的翻译策略及方法,对旅游英语的研究及旅游管理的进一步完善提供参考。 目前,我国已经开始从旅游大国发展到了旅游强国,具备了各层次的旅游管理、教学性人才,旅游英语方面的培养也受到了很大的重视。很多高等院校已开设旅游英语、旅游管理专业,旨在培养更多的旅游综合性人才。 旅游英语的发展是我国旅游业日益发展的重要因素。本文研究旅游英语的语言特点及翻译策略,旨在更多地诠释旅游英语,并为旅游管理中英语方面的问题提供参考意见,使旅游性管理人员了解旅游英语翻译的应对策略,进而使我国旅游业能更好地发展。 一、旅游英语的特点 (一)旅游英语的风格特点 1.形象生动:旅游是一个过程,是满足人们旅游需要的一个过程。在涉外旅游接待的过程中,旅游服务人员要用形象生动的语言对旅游者在旅游过程中的所见所闻进行翻译。而旅游服务人员的这些生动的、活泼的翻译,能够给旅游者带来听觉上的享受,给旅游者的旅游活动留下完美的旅游经历。 2. 简明扼要:在很多的旅游宣传资料中,很多的旅游介绍却并不能把旅游信息准确地介绍出去,让游客看的不清不楚。而旅游英语翻译的目的,在于把本民族的语言完整准确地介绍出去,让人能准确地了解。
(二)旅游英语的语言特点 语言都是为不同目的服务的,在不同场合使用不同的语言。旅游英语具有语言包含信息量大、语言的直接性、能唤起情感欲望的特点。当旅游者开始某一新地方的旅游时,需要这一地点的各种信息。 (三)旅游英语的修辞特点 旅游英语是经过润色的优美语言。它具有旅游者在旅游活动中的消费,很大程度是进行一种文化产品的消费。要促成这种文化的消费,语言的沟通与美感是关键。美的语言形式往往能使人们记忆深刻、所了解的文化或事物产生良好反应与记忆。形象生动的语言往往与修辞紧密相连。修辞的使用能够提供形象生动、具有吸引力的描写。旅游英语通过使用修辞方法为人们提供了更有趣、更具吸引力的旅游材料。 (四)旅游英语的文化特点 文化是旅游的灵魂,旅游是文化的感悟。旅游英语是不同文化背景下与游客之间的一种纽带和交流桥梁,通过旅游英语这个跨文化交际的媒介,让游客能真正了解一个有着丰富文化和历史内涵的中国。中国有诸多的文化古迹、独特的风土人情和精湛的手工艺品。自然的上水景观和历史人文景观相结合形成了中国独特的旅游文化特点。我们要利用旅游英语弘扬民族精神,发扬中国文化。 二、旅游英语的翻译策略 (一)避免出现书写、拼写、语法、标点等方面的错误 在我国各地的旅游宣传资料或景点手册上,此类错误的翻译频繁可见。例如,在深圳某景区的英文宣传资料上,把本来是“Eletrni aterials”却写成了“Eletrn ateria ls”。此外,在上海的有关宣传中,把上海的英文翻译写成Shang Hai,其实由于上海是地名,应该写成Shanghai。虽然这都是一些小的错误,但是却能体现我们的英语翻译水平。所以对于此类问题,一定要注意。
2012年考博考试英语翻译策略 无论是英汉翻译，还是汉英翻译，就翻译的过程而言，只有两个：一是对原文的理解，二是用译文来表达。 汉英翻译三步策略之一：定主语 1．翻译的单位 在翻译中，最小的翻译单位是什么？是篇章吗？是段落吗？是句子吗？是单词吗？甚至是音节吗？这是一个翻译理论家长期以来争论不休的一个话题。现在大多数翻译家、翻译理论家和翻译实践家都趋向于以篇章或者是整个问题为基本的翻译单位。但是，对于初学翻译的人来说，或者那些根本没有掌握翻译的人，要去应付一个翻译考试的时候，笔者认为，句子可能是最好的翻译单位。 什么是句子？或者具体说来，在汉英翻译中，要把汉语翻译成英语，究竟什么是英语的句子？ 柯林斯词典对英语句子的定义是这样的：A sentence is a group of words which，when they are written down，begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop，question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.具体说来，英语的句子可以这样来定义：一个句子就是一组词，在书面语中，每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写，句末用句号、问号或者感叹号；大多数句子有主语和谓语。 根据英语句子的定义，我们可以清楚的知道，英语的句子中，大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译，只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语，就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。而英语本身语法非常严谨，逻辑非常严密的特点，所以，在汉英翻译中，主语的确定和谓语的选择就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键，也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。 2．确定汉语原文的主语为英语译文的主语 1）把汉语原文中的主语直接翻译成英语充当译文的主语，这是一种最简单、最可靠的对应方法，也是我们做汉英翻译“定主语”的时候首先应该考虑的方法。如： 例1．当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。（中国
商务英语翻译技巧 摘要 商务英语(Business English)是一种含有商务理论和实用商务的理论。在经济信息日益发达的现代社会，随着国际贸易的发展，商务英语翻译的作用越来越明显。本文，大致分为五个部分对商务英语翻译技巧进行分析。文章第一部分概括了商务英语以及商务英语翻译；第二部分分别从商务英语的文体特征、语言特点对其进行分析；之后三个部分分别介绍了翻译的方法和翻译的原则。最后进行总结。得出商务英语的翻译机巧和方法。 关键字：商务英语；翻译技巧；特点；文体特征 前言 商务英语是以国际间的商务往来为基础的语言交流，商务英语包括的范围比较广，例如：金融方面的英语、贸易英语、还有一些专业的英语等。这也说明了商务英语所涉及的范围比较广泛，涉及各行各业，这也就决定了从事商务英语翻译的人不仅仅需要有扎实的英语基本功，还有对其他方面的英语进行了解，这样一来才能使交易双方能够更好地沟通，完成交易。 现如今，整个世界融为了一个整体，各个国家之间的贸易往来逐渐丰富，目前在国际间最通用的就是英语。商务英语要求翻译者更加的精确、对等，因为商务英语中会涉及到很多文件、条款等信息，所以必须要精确。只有这样才能达到双方活动的顺利进行。尤其在我国，中西方文化差异较大，更应该注意这方面的问题。一字之差就容易铸成大错。所以，做好商务英语的翻译工作尤为重要。本文针对这一问题展开讨论，分析了商务英语的翻译技巧。 商务英语及商务英语翻译的概括 商务英语涉及范围很广,包括的种类也十分多。大部分跟国际商务活动有关的例如：国际贸易、会计、金融等方面所用到的英语都属于商务英语的范围。它涉及的领域主要包括对外贸易、招商引资、国际旅游、海外投资以及国际运输等方面。除了领域广泛之外,它还包括许多专业的英语例如：广告英语、法律英语、应用文英语、包装英语等。因此，伴随着国际贸易的范围不断的扩大，越来越多的人，开始加入到翻译的这一事业之中。 对商务英语的翻译,在很长时间以来备受关注,商务英语翻译工作也是一项十分复杂的工作,由于其用途的广泛性和特殊要性,就决定了商务英语的翻译工作不能仅仅局限于传统的翻译中务词汇和具有较好的商务语法基础,这些是一个翻译者应该具备的原则和技巧,不能仅仅依靠“信、达、雅”的翻译要求来完成商务英语的翻译工作,必须依照商务文件的愿意,把它翻译的既能清楚的表达意义,又能够符合商务双方的语言习惯。在翻译的过程中一定要从实际情况出发,做到具体问题具体分析。 商务英语的特点 2.1 商务英语的文体特征 2.1.1 思维具有逻辑性，朴实无华 正式体英语的从句层次复杂，句子长度通常高于非正式英语。长句分词、独立主格结构的频繁使用是书面语体的典型特征，它们适合于表达多层次的复杂的逻辑关系，可以充分完整地表达相互关联的意义，这种效果是短句无法达到的。由于商务函电常要表示某些条款相互成立、互为条件，或对某些一连串的具有因果关系的事件进行叙述，因此，这种语体就非常适合这种要求。例如： The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party A’s plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the complet ion of Party A’s plant
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1. 词义的选择 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 ［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message? (你要不要留个话儿?)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1 According to the new s chool of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 ［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。 ［注释］：许多人把scale译为"范围"，和文章的语篇意思和句子的确切含义大相径庭。
英语电影字幕翻译策略 研究 集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#
英语电影字幕翻译策略研究 【摘要】影视翻译者们几乎把“整个世界”搬到中国观众眼前，将世界范围内的优秀影片引进中国。中国广大的电影观众对新鲜事物有着饱满的热情，与此同时，培养一种健康向上的审美心态、获取一种愉悦的审美感受是十分重要的。随着电影业的繁荣发展，电影字幕翻译也被提升到一个较高的位置。 【关键词】英语电影字幕翻译策略 一、前言 我国着名学者钱绍昌曾明确地指出：“译制片受众（观众）的数量远远超过翻译文学作品受众的数量，但与之相反，翻译界对影视翻译的重视却远不如文学翻译”。总的来说，我国的影视翻译研究起步较晚，还没有形成相应的理论体系。 二、“信、达、雅”翻译标准新用 严复在《天演论》卷首的《译例言》中首次提出对中国乃至世界翻译产生重大贡献的“信、达、雅”翻译标准。很多人认为严复所提出的“雅”破坏了“信”和“达”，从字面上来看，的确如此，因为仅仅为追求译文本身的古雅而脱离原文，这样的做法本身极具挑战和危险性，但是从积极乐观的一面来讲，严复的翻译标准极其重视润饰，这是值得我们肯定和关注的，这为后来的翻译美学研究奠定了理论
基础，启发大家在越来越重视美感的时代用一种行之有效的方式追求译文美感。严复的“信、达、雅”翻译标准之所以多年来没有被翻译界抛弃，是因为这简明扼要的三个字把翻译的精髓总结得淋漓尽致，尽管时代赋予了翻译新的意义，但是对严复翻译标准的运用仍然是必不可少的。尤其是在电影字幕翻译中的运用，由于受到电影故事背景、情节、文化内涵以及观影环境等因素的影响，翻译标准必须被赋予全新的内容和要求。 三、“意境说”在字幕翻译中的运用 翻译在中国有着悠久的历史，着名的翻译大家严复、鲁迅、瞿秋白等前辈将翻译提升到了文学艺术的高度。而中国文学艺术着意追求超越客观形象的神韵意味，将自然形象当做表现内在神情气韵的媒介，因而形象刻画并不是中国文学艺术所追求的终极目标（第29页，《中西比较诗学》）。在这样的背景下，“意境说”在英语电影字幕翻译中就会有很大的运用空间，就可以从形式文采美的角度对字幕译文进行深度润饰，使观众通过颇具美感的字幕译文领略电影本身的魅力，进入精彩纷呈的电影世界。 1.偏重于主观的主客观统一。任何文学艺术都是主观与客观的统一，而我们所谓意境，就是意与境浑，主观与客观的统一，（第31页，《中西比较诗学》）而非仅仅局限于主观论断。在英语电影字幕翻译中，要注意主观的意
BEC商务英语翻译技巧 为了让大家更好的准备商务英语BEC考试，给大家整理商务英语翻译技巧,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 商务英语翻译技巧 商务英语的文体特征 1. 思维具有逻辑性，朴实无华 正式体英语的从句层次复杂，句子长度通常高于非正式英语。长句分词、独立主格结构的频繁使用是书面语体的典型特征，它们适合于表达多层次的复杂的逻辑关系，可以充分完整地表达相互关联的意义，这种效果是短句无法达到的。由于商务函电常要表示某些条款相互成立、互为条件，或对某些一连串的具有因果关系的事件进行叙述，因此，这种语体就非常适合这种要求。 例如：The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party A’s plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the complete ion o f Party A’s plant including the completion of inner part of the plant when the plant be in the condition that trial run for air conditioning mechanism is possible.
这是某英文合同文体中的一个句子。这个诗歌并列句，句中主语是work，and连接两个谓语(shall be commenced和shall be completed)。 2.表述简单清楚 商务英语是商务活动的工具，通过阅读文献可以发现：商务英语常用简洁、易懂、规范、正式的词。 这一特点是由国际商务交际的性质决定的，因为国际商务交际非常讲究效益、效率，使用常用的词语便于交易双方的理解和接受;修饰语少，内容上直截了当。偏僻的词汇可能会增加双方沟通障碍，因而不受欢迎。 商务英语的词汇选择讲究精炼、严谨，很少使用口语化的、非正式的、生僻、不规范的词或行话。 了解口语词语和书卷词语在文体风格上的差异有助于实现语言交际的适合性和得体性 3. 模糊性的句法，善用祈使句 商务英语要求准确完整、清楚简洁，但模糊语言的适当使用，能起到积极的效果。语言的模糊性不仅仅体现在词义层面，还应是具体商务活动中句法所表达意义的模糊性。
Cultural Default Reflected in Proverb T ranslation between English and Chinese and the Compensation Strategies Absrtact:Proverbs are the accumulation of human’s experience and wisdom. Different proverbs transmit different cultural information. If those cultural elements are not taken into consideration in the process of translation, cultural misunderstanding or cultural loss would arise. To deal with the cultural default in Chinese and English proverb translation, the author puts forward some compensation strategies. Key Words: Proverb Translation; Cultural Default; Compensation Strategy I. Introduction Proverbs are the crystals of human intelligence and experience. They do not only reflect human civilization but also enrich human life and make language more colorful. They are culturally influenced, thus bringing up difficulties in translation. As different nations have different cultures, whose uniqueness inevitably bring certain communication barriers between different countries and regions. Those differences may sometimes be culturally-specific, which means that what belongs to one culture may be vacant in another culture. This usually results in cultural vacuum, or in other words, cultural default. The translation between Chinese and English proverbs is affected greatly by the cultural elements of Chinese and English-speaking countries. Therefore, it is of great importance to find some compensation strategies to deal with the cultural default during the process of translation. Cultural default, if well handled, can improve the effectiveness of translation and enhance the communication. II. Cultural Default in Proverb Translation 1. Definition and Current Studies of Cultural Default Cultural default is a common phenomenon in communication, either in written texts or in colloquial form, and it has been attracting the attention of many scholars in recent years. Wang Dongfeng (2000: 234) defines it as “absence of relevant cultural background knowledge shared by the author and his intended
浅论旅游英语翻译及其策略 摘要：在旅游英语的翻译中，我们不仅要掌握其特征还要充分考虑不同文化的 交际规则，避免不必要的文化冲突。本文从旅游英语的语言特点，存在的问题及 策略这三个方面进行阐述。 关键词：旅游英语；翻译；策略 随着信息、交通的长足发展，国家间交流的日益密切，各国的旅游业都有着 极大的发展。英语作为普遍使用的全球语言，其对旅游业的影响举足轻重，旅游 英语的应用更是承载着东西文化交流的使命。 一、旅游英语的语言特点 （一）行业术语。 旅游英语会使用大量的有关旅游行业方面的英语单词或者习惯用语，可以称 为旅游英语术语。例如，乘坐飞机时携带的物品称为hand or carry-on luggage. （二）礼节特征。 在旅游英语中，通常使用祈使动词“请”来向倾听者表现说话者的尊重和礼貌，或者使用情态动词，如“能”、“可以”、“将”等，也经常使用疑问句。例如：Waitress： May I take you order? Tourist： Yes， please. （三）文化特征。 文化需要通过语言传播[1]。旅游英语的文化特点在介绍中国旅游景点的材料 中体现得特别明显。当前，很多国外游客到我国旅游的目的就是为了体验中国文化。我国旅游机构抽样调查显示， 26%的外国游客来中国旅游的目的是欣赏历史 古迹， 56%的游客是为了体验异域文化中的生活方式和风土人情。 二、旅游英语翻译常见问题及相应解决 （一）对原文及其所在语言文化背景理解不够。 导游知识涉及整个文化层面，其中又以物质、行为、制度及精神四大层面形 式的中国传统文化为主，包含中国古代思想、宗教、建筑、饮食等具体方面，因 此中国文化有着悠久而博大的丰硕内涵，相应地正确的旅游翻译的难度也是较高的。如佛教当中的“弥勒佛”，在翻译时往往会误译，更有甚者将弥勒直接音译为“Mile”，结果使得外国人是云里雾里，不知其所云，而事实上弥勒在英文当中有 直接相对应的词“Matriya”，该词又出自梵文“Maitreya”，是故译者在翻译过程中 倘若对原文理解不够[2]。 （二）翻译与目标语言习惯格格不入。 在饮食方面，如菜肴名称“霸王别姬”在最初的翻译过程当中材料的过程当中，译者直接套用电影《霸王别姬》的英文译名“Farewell My Concubine”，外国人对于该种翻译是很难理解的，而在中国人的观念当中，“霸王别姬”的故事是家喻户晓，指西楚霸王项羽在英雄末路时与宠妾虞姬之间的别离，相信译者对此应该是非常 了解的，但是外国人一般都不了解项羽和虞姬为何许人物，如果翻译成英文用“Farewell My Concubine”，殊不知该译法的意思是“别了，我的小老婆”，对此可用“莫名奇妙”一词来形容读者感受，即使读者明白项羽和虞姬为何许人物，但是确 又不明白项羽和虞姬与该菜肴当中的原料“鳖”与“鸡”之间的联系，是故现在普遍 能接受的菜肴“霸王别姬”翻译为“Steamed Turtle and Chicken”，该翻译是遵循菜肴 翻译原则当中的“烹调方法＋主料＋with＋辅料”直译方法，虽然该翻译忠实于原文，但是菜肴原本名称的魅力却大打折扣[3]。