Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Vol. 40, Nos. 11–12, 2004
COMPRESSORS, PUMPS, REFRIGERATION ENGINEERING UPDATING PISTON PUMPS FOR OIL
PRODUCTION
B. S. Zakharov,1 G. N. Sharikov,2
and E. G. Kormishin2
The three-plunger acid treatment pump SIN32 and the two-cylinder double-acting pump NPTs-32 with four working chambers (for cementing units) have been updated to control pump delivery. The fluid delivery diagrams for pumps of various designs are examined and the test results are reported.
In drilling and oil production, single-acting three-plunger (triplex) pumps or double-acting two-cylinder (duplex) pumps are used.
In injecting reagents (clay drilling mud, water, cement, acid, etc.) into wells, depending on the technology applied，it is required to inject the fluid in amounts ranging from the maximum to the minimum in a single operation. If the bed accepts the injected fluid well, it becomes necessary to maximize pump delivery for quick completion of the operation. If on the other hand, the bed does not accept the fluid well, it becomes necessary to reduce pump delivery so as to restrict the injection pressure to the safe limit. At present, because of wear of well (down-hole) equipment, the permissible injection
pressure is not higher than 10–15 MPa..
The delivery of a piston (reciprocating) or a plunger (displacement) type of pump can be controlled in the following ways:
? by installing several pumps with identical or different pumping capacities;
? by changing the drive rotation speed;
? by using cylinders (plungers) of the required size;
? by channeling a part of the fluid into a bypass; and
? by dismounting one or several valves.
The first version is used essentially in drilling. In oil production, generally all versions are used either individually or in some combination.
All pumping units designed for injection of various fluids (fluidal materials) for cementing, hydraulic formation fracturing, hydraulic sand-jet flushing of sand bridges, and other flushing operations in oil and gas wells are mounted on the chassis of motor vehicles (trucks), tractors, caterpillar (tracked) carriers, and specially made carriages.
The operating parameters of the pumps (delivery and injection pressure) depend on the power of the drive and maximum and minimum speed of the engine and the pump. The pump delivery can be changed by changing the number of pump strokes without stopping the engine with the help of a gearbox (by gear shifting) and with stopping of the engine by installing cylinders of the required size. Replacement of the cylinders takes a lot of time and is not always possible in a continuous echnological process. In the existing pumping plants, the delivery variation range is inadequate. At the minimum rotation speed and cylinder diameter, the delivery remains extremely high, and for injecting the fluid into the bed the pressure has to be raised above what is permissible.
Assigned by NGDU Zainskneft’, ékogermet carried out updating of two types of pumps, namely, SIN32 and NPTs-32.
In the three-plunger (triplex) acid treatment pump SIN32, for reducing the minimum delivery down to 1.0 m3/h,plungers having a diameter of 125 mm were replaced with plungers having a diameter of 55 mm. As a result, the theoretical pump delivery was reduced from 16 down to 3.3 m3/h. Further reduction of the pump delivery was achieved by reducing the rotation speed of the vehicle engine to the possible minimum (500–600 rpm).
Simultaneously with this, a new design of packing glands (sealing devices) of plungers of the UPN55 type was developed.It was based on Zakharov mechanical seal [1], which demonstrated high reliability and durability in sucker-rod (oil) pumps. The sealing units and the pistons with a diameter of 55 mm were made for the SIN32 pump by éLKAMneftemash in Perm. Its finishing and testing were done by ékogermet jointly with NGDU Zainskneft’.
The design of the UPN55-type plunger seal is shown in Fig. 1. The combined seal consists of the main threestage mechanical seal 4 and an elastic sealing
collar 2. Each stage of the mechanical seal consists of ten rings that are elastically pressed against each other and simultaneously against the plunger surface. The rings are pressed against the
plunger in pairs from the opposite sides. The next pair is turned relative to the preceding one by 90o. The rings are pressed in the axial direction by rubber rings of round cross section and in the radial direction, by rubber girdles with eccentric collars. The plunger 5 is made of steel 45 and is chromium-plated and the sealing rings are of bronze. Three
cartridges with mechanical seals were installed in the housing bore 3 with a clearance that helps self-centering of the seals relative to the plunger. The cartridges are pressed together by a round nut 1 through a bushing with the sealing collar 2. There are holes in the housing for injecting oil and draining out the overflow into the receiving (suction) line of the pump.
In contrast to the well-known elastic glands, the mechanical seal does not require periodic adjustments and ensures reliable operation of the assembly over a long period [2]. Use of the updated SIN32 pump having a UPN55 type of mechanical plunger seals confirmed that the proposed design operationally fit.
From August through December 2003, NGDU Zainskneft’ carried out s even bottom-hole treatments (BHT) of six wells using the updated SIN32 pump. Different types of technological operations were carried out in the wells: mud acid BHT, muriatic (hydrochloric) acid BHT, injection of the reagents SNPKh-9021, MIAPROM, and RMD, for which SIN32 and ATs-32 pumping units were generally used. If acid or any other reagent could not be forced through (injected) at 12–15 MPa pressure, a low-capacity unit was connected with the SIN32 pump. In that case, the injection pressure dropped by 2–4 MPa。Injection was completed at the third-gear speed of the engine.
The NGDU technologists believe that connecting a low-delivery unit with an SIN32 pump offers the following advantages:
? possibility for continuous injection of acids and reagents in case of low intake capacity of the bed and for prevention of opening up of the fractures (hydraulic fracturing) of the collector and excessive rise in flow string testing pressure;
? extended operating life of the flow string by virtue of pressure
stabilization during injection; and
? action of the acid throughout the perforation period and more complete reaction with the rock when the acid infiltrates the bed.
Since the maximally possible delivery of the SIN32 pump is reduced at least fivefold, NGDU Zainsk neft’ proposed to perform all BHTs by injecting acids into the bed with the aid of a low-capacity unit and all other operations, with a standard unit. In that case, however, it would be necessary to place in the well, instead of one, two units, which have to be handled，by two teams, i.e., it will entail additional manpower and costs. Moreover, a low-capacity unit is not always
fully utilized(does not operate to full capacity) and often stalls.
Thus, for a specific size of the cylinder it is necessary to reduce the pump delivery down to the minimum and, consequently,to broaden the range of control of the pump capacity toward its reduction while maintaining maximally possible delivery.
In multichamber pumps, this issue is resolved by shutting down (disengaging) one or several working chambers.
In duplex plunger pumps, disengaging one or two chambers will cause significantly uneven delivery, hydraulic shocks, disruption of the balance of loads on the drive, and failure of the pump.
In double-acting two-cylinder (duplex) pumps having four working chambers of the NPTs-32(9T) type, which are installed, for example, in ATs-32 cementing units, the delivery can be reduced by disengaging two rod chambers, which is achieved by removing two delivery (pressure) valves (Fig. 2).
The delivery of the NPTs-32 type of pump (duplex) having four chambers is
Q = 2(2F –?)Sn,
where F is the cross-sectional area of the cylinder with a diameter D c, dm2; ? is the cross-sectional area of the rod with a diameter d r, dm2; S is the stroke length, dm; and n is the number of double strokes per minute.
If the delivery (pressure) valves are removed from the rod chambers, the four-chamber pump turns into a two-chamber one with differentially acting cylinders. The delivery of such a pump Q1 = 2FSn.
If the valves from the front chambers are removed, the pump delivery can be determined by the equation Q2 = 2(F –?)Sn.
Reduction of delivery by disengaging the rear (rod) chambers depends on the factor k1 = (2 –?/F) and by disengaging the front chambers, on the factor k2 = [2 + ?/ (F –?)]. It can be readily seen that for reducing delivery the front chambers have to be disengaged. However, theory and practice show that disengagement of the rod chambers is more advisable.
Thus, in NPTs-32 type of pump having cylinders of 90, 100, 115, and 127 mm diameter and rods of 45 mm diameter the delivery can be reduced 1.75–1.87 times by removing the valves from the rod chambers. At low loads (pressure drop not more than 15 MPa and minimal delivery), the engine of the motor vehicle KrAZ-250 can run steadily at a rotation speed of 550 rpm. In the second gear with
minimum engine rotation speed, the delivery of a pump with a cylinder of 90 mm
diameter can be reduced down to 1.0 m3/h.
Unlike the SIN32 pump, the delivery of the NPTs-32 pump can be controlled during the technological operation and reducing or raising the delivery can change the pump output. Removal and installation of two valves do not take too long.
Let us see how the uniformity of pump delivery will change upon removal of the valves.
It is well known that the instantaneous output of a single-cylinder single-acting pump is
q = Fr sin = 0.5FS sin
where r is the radius of the crank and is the crankshaft-turning angle.
The ratio of the maximum instantaneous delivery to the average delivery of the pump is called coefficient of delivery nonuniformity: = Q max/Q av.
The average delivery of a four-chamber pump in one turn of the crank Q av = 2(2F –?)S/2·3.14.
The maximum instantaneous delivery of a pump having four chambers and cranks turning at a 90° angle (Fig. 3a)Q max = FS sin45° = 0.7FS. For the NPTs-32 type of duplex pump (D c = 90–127 mm and d r = 45 mm), = 1.25–1.17.
After this, as the delivery (pressure) valves are removed from the rod chambers, the average delivery of a two-chamber differential
(differentially-acting) pump (Fig. 3b) Q av = 2FS/2·3.14 = FS/ 3.14.
For such pumps, the maximum instantaneous delivery
Q max = (F –?)S sin45° = 0.7(F –?)S; = 1.65–1.91.
For all other types of delivery variation on account of removal of valves (in succession, all front pressure valves or crosswise, one of the front chambers and another of the rod chambers in another cylinder), the coefficient will be much higher. In general, in differential pumps, to reduce the nonuniformity
in the pump delivery, the rod diameter is so chosen that its cross-sectional area is half that of the cylinder, i.e., ? = 0.5F. In that case, the delivery nonuniformity coefficient will be the lowest for two-cylinder differential pumps: = 0.7·0.5FS·3.14 /FS = 1.099.
For each cylinder, in order to get the coefficient = 1.099, it will be necessary to make a rod of a fixed diameter (63,70, 80, and 90 mm, respectively). But then, if the pump operates with all the valves, there will be a substantial increase in delivery nonuniformity and decrease in pump delivery. If the NPTs-32 pump is required to operate in two modes, it is perhaps advisable to make a rod of 55 mm diameter (for cylinders of 90 and 100 mm diameter) and of 70 mm diameter (for cylinders of 115 and 127 mm diameter). In that case, the delivery nonuniformity coefficient will be identical for both modes of pump operation: = 1.35–1.38. The theoretical pump delivery on account of increase in the diameter of the rod in a duplex-type pump will decrease roughly by 10%.
Let us see how the delivery nonuniformity will change if the pressure (delivery) valves are removed from the front chambers (Fig. 3c). The delivery, as was noticed earlier, will decrease more than twofold.
The average delivery of a series-produced NPTs-32 pump operating with two rod-chambers is
Q av = 2(F –?)S/2·3.14 = (0.75–0.87)FS/ 3.14.
The maximum instantaneous pump delivery (forward stroke) is
Q max = FS sin45° = 0.7FS.
The minimum instantaneous delivery (back stroke) is
Q min = FS sin45° = 0.7FS = 0.7(0.25–0.125)FS.
The delivery nonuniformity coefficient is
= (Q max + Q min)/Q av = 3.87–3.45.
If the rod diameter of such a differential pump is increased, the delivery
nonuniformity will increase further and,therefore, it will be necessary to remove valves only from the rod chambers.
In series-produced NPTs-32 type of pumps having four working chambers, the nonuniformity of the fluid flow in the delivery (pressure) and suction (intake) lines will be identical and will depend on the rod diameter. The smaller the crosssectional area of the rod, the greater will the fluid flow uniformity be.
In the suction (intake) line of a differential pump, the flow nonuniformity increases considerably because only two chambers operate and the cranks of the crankshaft are turned by not 180°, as is usual for single-acting two-cylinder (duplex) pumps, but by 90°.
The delivery nonuniformity coefficient in this case will be = Q max/Q av = 2.199.
Suction conditions of differential pumps, just as of all other types of piston pumps, can be improved by installing air suction surge chambers in the suction line and placing the fluid tanks above the pumping unit.
An NPTs-32 type of differential pump was tested in field conditions in two modes: with two front working chambers (the delivery valves were removed from the rod chambers) and with two rear rod chambers (the delivery valves were removed from the front chambers). During the tests, the delivery Q and the pressure p were measured at various rates. Cylinders with a diameter of 115 mm and rods with a diameter of 45 mm were installed in the pump. The test results are reported in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
The tests of the differential pump were performed in two wells. In one well (Table 1), the residual pressure was 10 MPa and in the other (Table 2), 5 MPa.
It is evident from Table 1 that the measured deliveries are in accord with the calculated with due regard for the volumetric efficiency. The average volumetric efficiency of the pump operating at the second-gear speed is 0.77 and at the thirdgear
speed, 0.65. With increase of the rotation speed, the volumetric efficiency decreases and pressure fluctuations rise from 5 to 30%. In spite of high delivery
nonuniformity coefficient ( = 1.86), the pump functioned satisfactorily.
It follows from Table 2 that the measured deliveries are not always in accord with the calculated. This is so because of wide pressure fluctuations (from 70 to 550 %) in the delivery (pressure) line. Accurate measurement of the rotation speed of an engine at such pressure fluctuations is practically impossible.
Thus, it is proved both theoretically and by measurements that a duplex type of pump can be converted to a differential one only by removing the delivery (pressure) valves from the rod chamber. In this regard, in order to reduce the delivery nonuniformity of an NPTs-32 type of pump, it is necessary that the rod diameter be 55 or 70 mm, depending on the diameter of the cylinder.
Based on the studies made and the operational data obtained, the following steps may be recommended for improving the series-produced NPTs-32 pump: ? to make pump with rod of two diameters, namely, 55 and 70 mm;
? to design valve system with option for disengaging it automatically or manually without disassembling the pump [3]; and
? to design piston and rod systems having mechanical sea ls. REFERENCES
1. B. S. Zakharov, Piston and Plunger Pumps for Oil Production [in Russian], OAO VNIIOéNG, Moscow (2002),
p. 52.
2. N. G. Ibragimov, G. N. Sharikov, E. G. Kormishin, and B. S. Zakharov, Application for Invention No. 2003125236.
Mechanical Seal of Plunger Pump [in Russian], 2003.
3. N. G. Ibragimov, G. N. Sharikov, E. G. Kormishin, V. S. Isakov, and B. S. Zakharov, Application for Useable Model
No. 2004119790. Two-Cylinder Piston Pump [in Russian].
译文
化工和石油工程卷40第11刊 C12，2004
压缩机，泵，制冷工程最新式的活塞泵专用油产品
B. S. Zakharov,G. N. Sharikov,和EG Kormishin2
SIN32酸处理泵的三缸柱塞泵和两缸双作用泵的工作NPTs-32与四室(对影响固井优质率的单位)已经被更新,以便控制泵流量。用于各种流体输送泵的设计图进行检查和测试结果的报告。
在钻井和石油生产中，单作用三柱塞（三缸）泵或双作用两缸（双面）泵的使用。在注射试剂(粘土钻井泥浆、水、水泥、酸等)到油井里,凭借自身的技术应用型￡?则需注入流体总量从最高到最低限度在一次操作步骤里面。假如机架注入流畅的流体，有必要最大限度的对泵的排量的操作快速完成。如果在另一方面，机架未能接受良好的流体，有必要以减少泵排量，以限制注射压力，控制在安全范围内。目前，由于井（井下）设备的磨损，其允许注射
的压力不高于10到15兆帕..
一个活塞（往复式）或柱塞（位移）类型的泵可控制在以下几个方面：
?通过安装几组具有相同或不同能力的泵获得不同的泵输送能力;
?通过改变驱动旋转转速;
?通过改变泵要求的要求的气缸（活塞）的尺寸；
?通过引导到一部分流体到一个旁路，
?用一个或几个拆装阀。
第一个版本主要用于钻井。在石油生产中，一般都使用单独或在某些组合的版本。
所有的抽油机设计各种液体注射fluidal)对影响固井优质率的材料所有抽油机组注入各种流体（流体材料）泥浆，水力压裂，液压砂喷射冲洗，及其他石油和天然气井的作业是安装在汽车（卡车）机箱，拖拉机，卡特彼勒（跟踪）载流子，和特制的车厢。
泵的（流量和注射压力）的操作参数取决于驱动器和发动机和泵最高和最小高动力。该泵流量的改变可以通过齿轮变速器（通过齿轮位移）在不停止发动机的情况下改变其泵的冲程，并在发动机停止时可通过安装所需气缸尺寸调节排量。对柱塞更换需要花费很多时间，柱塞的更换往往具有不可连续性。在现有的泵机装置，流量的变化范围是不够规范的。以最低转速和最小气缸直径、排量仍非常高，并注入底座流体的压力将高于可允许的范围。
图1.UPN55-type密封相结合的SIN32柱塞泵
由NGDU Zainskneft ，kogermet进行了两种类型的泵的更新，即SIN32和NPTs-32.
在三柱塞（三缸）酸处理泵SIN32排量减少到最低1.0流量立方米/小时，柱塞直径125毫米，替换为活塞直径55毫米。以至于，泵理论输送率从16下降到3.3立方米/小时泵的流量进一步减少，通过减少发动机转速到可能的最低速度（500 到600每分钟转速）。
同时，随着这一点，一种有关于填函料（密封装置）新的设计得到发展。正是以扎哈罗夫的机械密封[1]为基础，这展示了高可靠性和耐久性抽油杆（油）泵。密封装置和一个55毫米直径的活塞为 SIN32泵| LKAMneftemash而做最终的完成和测试测试由kogermet和NGDU Zainskneft完成。
该UPN55型柱塞密封设计如图1所示联合后的阀座主要由threestage机械密封4和弹
性密封轴环2组成。机械密封的每个阶段都包括十个弹性环，同时对柱塞表面施加压力。密封环挤压在
柱塞的两个对侧面。接下来的一对相对于原来的转一个90度。环是压在圆截面橡胶圈轴向和径向方向，通过橡胶环束缚轴偏心。柱塞5是由45号钢，是镀铬和密封环镀铜组成的。三组
机械密封盒安装在箱体钻孔部位3，以利于泵的自动定心。使用这个方案被压在一起的一个圆螺母1通过套管与密封圈2结合。有孔的外壳注入了石油终止啦泵输出端的溢流。
相较于著名的弹性汽封，机械密封不需定期调整，这确保了程序长期可靠的运行[2]。使用最新的SIN32机械柱塞泵证实，拟议的设计密封UPN55类型在操作上是了可行的。
从八月到2003年12月NGDU Zainskneft完成了7井底的六口井的处理（BHT）使用的最新SIN32泵。不同类型的操作技术，进行了井：泥酸甲苯，盐酸（盐酸）酸甲苯，试剂的SNPKh - 9021注射，MIAPROM和RMD，为此SIN32和ATS - 32抽油机被普遍使用。如果酸或任何其他试剂无法通过（注入）在12-15 MPa的压力下，低容量的装置将与SIN32泵相连接。在这种情况下，注射压力下降2-4兆帕? 注射操作在发动机的第三档速度完成。
图2.液压原理图的一部分:a）两缸泵和四个工作腔(双);
b)与differentially-acting圆柱体,1)前面(头)工作室(横截面积F);2)后方(杆)室(横截面积
F-?);3)压力(交货)阀;4)吸(摄入)阀门;(5)杆截面?)。
The NGDU技术专家认为，连接带有低配送单位的SIN32泵将提供下列优点：
软件工程专业BIOS资料外文翻译文献 What is the Basic Input Output System (BIOS)? BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input Output System. It is the program that stores configuration details about your computer hardware and enables your computer to boot up. Every time your computer is switched on the BIOS loads configuration data into main memory, performs a routine diagnostic test on your hardware, then loads the operating system. The BIOS resides in a ROM (Read-Only memory) chip, which is mounted on the motherboard, usually in a socket so it is removable. To the right is an example of what a BIOS chip may look like in your motherboard. This is a PLCC 32 pin type BIOS chip. It is a very common type. Every computer has BIOS. There are many types but the most common type of BIOS 's come from: AMI, Award and Phoenix. Motherboard manufacturers buy or lease the BIOS source code from these companies. The BIOS tells the operating system in your computer how to boot up, where to load everything, what to load, what memory and CPU are present and much more. A good comparison to further understand the
红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos
etc. characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand. Keywords: Infrared dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Red outside transceiver 1 Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Application Fundamentals Android applications are written in the Java programming language. The compiled Java code — along with any data and resource files required by the application — is bundled by the aapt tool into an Android package, an archive file marked by an .apk suffix. This file is the vehicle for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices; it's the file users download to their devices. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application. In many ways, each Android application lives in its own world: 1. By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the application's code needs to be executed, and shuts down the process when it's no longer needed and system resources are required by other applications. 2. Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so application code runs in isolation from the code of all other applications. 3. By default, each application is assigned a unique Linux user ID. Permissions are set so that the application's files are visible only to that user and only to the application itself — although there are ways to export them to other applications as well. It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same user ID, in which case they will be able to see each other's files. To conserve system resources, applications with the same ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process, sharing the same
用于多跳认知无线电网络的分布式网络编码控制信道 Alfred Asterjadhi等著 1 前言 大多数电磁频谱由政府机构长期指定给公司或机构专门用于区域或国家地区。由于这种资源的静态分配，许可频谱的许多部分在许多时间和/或位置未使用或未被充分利用。另一方面，几种最近的无线技术在诸如IEEE802.11，蓝牙，Zigbee之类的非许可频段中运行，并且在一定程度上对WiMAX进行操作;这些技术已经看到这样的成功和扩散，他们正在访问的频谱- 主要是2.4 GHz ISM频段- 已经过度拥挤。为了为这些现有技术提供更多的频谱资源，并且允许替代和创新技术的潜在开发，最近已经提出允许被许可的设备（称为次要用户）访问那些许可的频谱资源，主要用户未被使用或零星地使用。这种方法通常被称为动态频谱接入（DSA），无线电设备发现和机会性利用未使用或未充分利用的频谱带的能力通常称为认知无线电（CR）技术。 DSA和CR最近都引起了无线通信和网络界的极大关注。通常设想两种主要应用。第一个是认知无线接入（CW A），根据该认知接入点，认知接入点负责识别未使用的许可频谱，并使用它来提供对次用户的接入。第二个应用是我们在这个技术中研究的应用，它是认知自组织网络（CAN），也就是使用 用于二级用户本身之间通信的无许可频谱，用于诸如点对点内容分发，环境监控，安全性等目的，灾难恢复情景通信，军事通信等等。 设计CAN系统比CW A有更多困难，主要有两个原因。第一是识别未使用的频谱。在CW A中，接入点的作用是连接到互联网，因此可以使用简单的策略来推断频谱可用性，例如查询频谱调节器在其地理位置的频谱可用性或直接与主用户协商频谱可用性或一些中间频谱经纪人另一方面，在CAN中，与频谱调节器或主要用户的缺乏直接通信需要二级用户能够使用检测技术自己识别未使用的频谱。第二个困难是辅助用户协调媒体访问目的。在CW A中存在接入点和通常所有二级用户直接与之通信（即，网络是单跳）的事实使得直接使用集中式媒体接入控制（MAC）解决方案，如时分多址（TDMA）或正交频分多址（OFDMA）。相反，预计CAN将跨越多跳，缺少集中控制器;而对于传统的单通道多跳自组织网络而言，这个问题的几个解决方案是已知的，因为假设我们处理允许设备访问的具有成
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
文献翻译 基于 Web 的分析系统 院（系）名称信息工程学院专业名称软件工程
英文译文 基于Web 的分析系统 马克斯科特，约翰琳 1 摘要 在使用分析型数据库时，分析人员将数据归入公用组，并尝试确定条件变化时产生的结果。例如，提高产品价格会增加单位利润，但可能会减少销量????ù会产生较高还是较低的总利润？或者，联邦贴现率的下降会如何影响房地产贷款的收益？为了帮助分析人员根据历史趋势做出有根据的预测，Microsoft 在SQL Server 2000 中提供了分析服务，在SQL Server 7.0 中提供了OLAP 服务。这些服务都提供OLAP 功能，能够将存储在SQL Server（或任何其他OLE DB 兼容的数据源）上的数据处理成多维数据结构，称为多维数据集。多维数据集简化了趋势分析和建立实体间交互方式联系的过程。例如，房地产投资者采用现金流模型来区分一组具有共同特征（如：地产类型、地理位置和利率范围）的贷款，并预测各种事件的影响。如果贷款提前偿还或者借款人违约，后果将会如何？此类不可预测的事件会如何影响贷款所担保的债券的收益。 从包含几百笔贷款的清单中选择并区分具有分析特征的贷款是需要相当技巧的。分析服务和OLAP 服务有助于在各组贷款间建立联系，以便分析人员能够建立贷款假设模型。为了帮助客户的房地产分析人员预测商业抵押证券的业绩，我们的开发小组需要设计一个以各种方式（如：利率、到期期限或地产位置）来简化贷款分类的系统。其界面应易于学习和使用。而且，所开发的系统需要在Internet 上进行安全的部署。为了满足这些要求，开发小组选择了分析服务。 2 在Web上部署Office 在选定了后端技术后，开发小组开始制订实现前端界面的计划。多数金融分析人员使用Microsoft Excel，他们对其界面比较熟悉，感觉也很舒服。Excel 包括数据透视表服务，能够允许分析人员连接到分析服务数据库。Excel 的拖放界面提供了对多维数据
5G无线通信网络中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
翻译： 5G无线通信网络的蜂窝结构和关键技术 摘要 第四代无线通信系统已经或者即将在许多国家部署。然而，随着无线移动设备和服务的激增，仍然有一些挑战尤其是4G所不能容纳的，例如像频谱危机和高能量消耗。无线系统设计师们面临着满足新型无线应用对高数据速率和机动性要求的持续性增长的需求，因此他们已经开始研究被期望于2020年后就能部署的第五代无线系统。在这篇文章里面，我们提出一个有内门和外门情景之分的潜在的蜂窝结构，并且讨论了多种可行性关于5G无线通信系统的技术，比如大量的MIMO技术，节能通信，认知的广播网络和可见光通信。面临潜在技术的未知挑战也被讨论了。 介绍 信息通信技术（ICT）创新合理的使用对世界经济的提高变得越来越重要。无线通信网络在全球ICT战略中也许是最挑剔的元素，并且支撑着很多其他的行业，它是世界上成长最快最有活力的行业之一。欧洲移动天文台（EMO）报道2010年移动通信业总计税收1740亿欧元,从而超过了航空航天业和制药业。无线技术的发展大大提高了人们在商业运作和社交功能方面通信和生活的能力无线移动通信的显著成就表现在技术创新的快速步伐。从1991年二代移动通信系统(2G)的初次登场到2001年三代系统（3G）的首次起飞，无线移动网络已经实现了从一个纯粹的技术系统到一个能承载大量多媒体内容网络的转变。4G无线系统被设计出来用来满足IMT-A技术使用IP面向所有服务的需求。在4G系统中，先进的无线接口被用于正交频分复用技术（OFDM），多输入多输出系统（MIMO）和链路自适应技术。4G无线网络可支持数据速率可达1Gb/s的低流度，比如流动局域无线访问，还有速率高达100M/s的高流速，例如像移动访问。LTE系统和它的延伸系统LTE-A，作为实用的4G系统已经在全球于最近期或不久的将来部署。 然而，每年仍然有戏剧性增长数量的用户支持移动宽频带系统。越来越多的
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
附录 Software Engineering-A PRACTITIONER’S APPROACH Written by Roger S. Pressman, Ph.D. （P.340-P.343） 13.3DESIGN PRINCIPLES Software design is both a process and a model. The design process is a sequence ofsteps that enable the designer to describe all aspects of the software to be built. It is important to note, however, that the design process is not simply a cookbook. Creative skill, past experience, a sense of what makes “good” software, and an overallcommitment to quality are critical success factors for a competent design. The design model is the equivalent of an architect’s plans for a house. It begins by representing the totality of the thing to be built (e.g., a three-dimensional renderingof the house) and slowly refines the thing to provide guidance for constructing eachdetail (e.g., the plumbing layout). Similarly, the design model that is created for softwareprovides a variety of different views of the computer software. Basic design principles enable the software engineer to navigate the design process.Davis suggests a setof principles for software design, which have beenadapted and extended in the following list: ? The design process should not suffer from “tunnel vision.” A gooddesigner should consider alternative approaches, judging each based on therequirements of the the resources available to do the job, and thedesign concepts presented in Section ? The design should be traceable to the analysis model. Because a singleelement of the design model often traces to multiple requirements, it is necessaryto have a means for tracking how requirements have been satisfied bythe design model. ? The design should not reinvent the wheel. Systems are constructed usinga set of design patterns, many of which have likely been encountered before.These patterns should always be chosen as an alternative to reinvention.Time is short and resources are limited! Design time should be invested inrepresenting truly new ideas and integrating those patterns that already exist. ? The design should “minimize the intellectual distance” between the software and the problem as it exists in the real world.That is, the structure of the software design should (whenever possible)mimic the structure of the problem domain.
中英文翻译 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 通用移动通信系统的回顾 1.1 UMTS网络架构 欧洲/日本的3G标准，被称为UMTS。 UMTS是一个在IMT-2000保护伞下的ITU-T 批准的许多标准之一。随着美国的CDMA2000标准的发展，它是目前占主导地位的标准，特别是运营商将cdmaOne部署为他们的2G技术。在写这本书时，日本是在3G 网络部署方面最先进的。三名现任运营商已经实施了三个不同的技术：J - PHONE 使用UMTS，KDDI拥有CDMA2000网络，最大的运营商NTT DoCoMo正在使用品牌的FOMA（自由多媒体接入）系统。 FOMA是基于原来的UMTS协议，而且更加的协调和标准化。 UMTS标准被定义为一个通过通用分组无线系统（GPRS）和全球演进的增强数据
技术（EDGE）从第二代GSM标准到UNTS的迁移，如图。这是一个广泛应用的基本原理，因为自2003年4月起，全球有超过847万GSM用户，占全球的移动用户数字的68％。重点是在保持尽可能多的GSM网络与新系统的操作。 我们现在在第三代（3G）的发展道路上，其中网络将支持所有类型的流量：语音，视频和数据，我们应该看到一个最终的爆炸在移动设备上的可用服务。此驱动技术是IP协议。现在，许多移动运营商在简称为2.5G的位置，伴随GPRS的部署，即将IP骨干网引入到移动核心网。在下图中，图2显示了一个在GPRS网络中的关键部件的概述，以及它是如何适应现有的GSM基础设施。 SGSN和GGSN之间的接口被称为Gn接口和使用GPRS隧道协议（GTP的，稍后讨论）。引进这种基础设施的首要原因是提供连接到外部分组网络如，Internet或企业Intranet。这使IP协议作为SGSN和GGSN之间的运输工具应用到网络。这使得数据服务，如移动设备上的电子邮件或浏览网页，用户被起诉基于数据流量，而不是时间连接基础上的数据量。3G网络和服务交付的主要标准是通用移动通信系统，或UMTS。首次部署的UMTS是发行'99架构，在下面的图3所示。 在这个网络中，主要的变化是在无线接入网络（RAN的）CDMA空中接口技术的引进，和在传输部分异步传输模式作为一种传输方式。这些变化已经引入，主要是为了支持在同一网络上的语音，视频和数据服务的运输。核心网络保持相对不变，主要是软件升级。然而，随着目前无线网络控制器使用IP与3G的GPRS业务支持节点进行通信，IP协议进一步应用到网络。 未来的进化步骤是第4版架构，如图4。在这里，GSM的核心被以语音IP技术为基础的IP网络基础设施取代。 海安的发展分为两个独立部分：媒体网关（MGW）和MSC服务器（MSS）的。这基本上是打破外连接的作用和连接控制。一个MSS可以处理多个MGW，使网络更具有扩展性。 因为现在有一些在3G网络的IP云，合并这些到一个IP或IP/ ATM骨干网是很有意义的（它很可能会提供两种选择运营商）。这使IP权利拓展到整个网络，一直到BTS(基站收发信台)。这被称为全IP网络，或推出五架构，如图五所示。在HLR/ VLR/VLR/EIR被推广和称为HLR的子系统（HSS）。 现在传统的电信交换的最后残余被删除，留下完全基于IP协议的网络运营，并
Original Article Impact of crack width on bond: confined and unconfine d rebar David https://www.doczj.com/doc/fa5010529.html,w1, Denglei Tang2, Thoma s K. C.Molyneaux3 and Rebecca Gravina3 (1)School of the Built Environment, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK (2)VicRoads, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (3)School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia David W. Law Email: https://www.doczj.com/doc/fa5010529.html,w@https://www.doczj.com/doc/fa5010529.html, Received: 14January2010Accepted: 14Decemb er2010Published online: 23December2010 Abstract This paper reports the results of a research project comp aring the effect of surface crack width and degree of corrosi on on the bond strength of confined and unconfined deforme d 12 and 16mm mild steel reinforcing bars. The corrosion was induced by chloride contamination of the concrete and