本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文
学生姓名:
院（系）: 机电信息学院
专业班级:
指导教师 :
完成日期 : 2009年11月10日
要求
1、外文翻译是毕业设计（论文）的主要内容之一，必须学生独立完成。
2、外文翻译译文内容应与学生的专业或毕业设计（论文）内容相关，不得少于15000印刷符号。
3.外文翻译译文用A4纸打印。文章标题用3号宋体，章节标题用4号宋体，正文用小4号宋体，20磅行距；页边距上、下、左、右均为2.5cm，左侧装订，装订线0.5cm。按中文翻译在上，外文原文在下的顺序装订。
4、年月日等的填写，用阿拉伯数字书写，要符合《关于出版物上数字用法的试行规定》，如“2005年2月26日”。
5、所有签名必须手写，不得打印。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文
计算机
计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数值数据进行运算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
如果没有计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。在整个社会，不同型号和不同大小的计算机被用于存储和处理各种数据，从政府保密文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机无不是必要的工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。
外部硬件
从启动任一计算机系统的中心开始。你看到旁边一个像箱形的东西吗？这有一个电源开关和一或两个灯。这也应该有一个部分或很多部分用来插入磁盘。就是这样，它包含了计算机的所有重要部分。如果它是高高的立着的，那它就是一个塔形主机。如果是平放的，那它是一个桌面主机。询问你的父母让你看看电脑的背面，（永远不要未经允许就自己看电脑背后，因为在机箱背后有很多危险的电路！）。你会看到很多电线和电缆从主机连接到电脑的其他部分，例如监视器。
你的计算机主机应该有一个部分用来插入软盘或光盘。这些被称为软盘驱动器和CD - ROM。软盘驱动器是从一个非常薄的磁盘上读取信息，它的里边是一个平的、方的、塑料盒子。您既可以往磁盘上写入信息也可以保存它们。CD - ROM 是暂时的光盘-只读存储器。光盘是一种闪光的圆盘可以储存信息。CD - ROM 仅能从磁盘读取信息。许多新的计算机有一个CD - RW（RW表示复写）代替CD - ROM。CD - RW可让您将信息写入到磁盘中也可以从中读取。此外，一些新的计算机拥有一个DVD（数字视频磁盘）驱动器代替CD - ROM或CD - RW。DVD和CD看起来一样，但是它拥有更多的信息。你可以看电影，听音乐，或玩电脑游戏。你要知道一个重要的事情那就是：你可以在DVD播放器里播放CD，但你不能在CD播放器里播放DVD光盘！
Input Devices 输入设备和Output Devices 输出设备
这有几种从电脑获取或输入新信息的方式。最常见的两种方式是键盘和鼠标。键盘上有字符（字母、数字和标点符号）键和特殊命令键。按下键告诉计算机要做什么或要写什么。鼠标有一个特殊的球，你可以拿着鼠标在垫子上或桌子上左右移动，屏幕上光标也会左右移动。通过点击鼠标上的按钮，你就指挥计算机要做什么。其他类型的输入设备可以让你把图片输入到计算机中。扫描仪复制图片或文件到计算机中。这有几种类型的扫描仪和其中一些看起来非常不同，但大多数是一个玻璃面板和一个平盖。你可以让电脑与数码相机相连把照片输入到电脑中。
最常见的输出设备是一台监视器。它看起来像一台电视机，组合电脑屏幕
上的东西。显示器可以让你“看到”你和计算机正在一起做什么。扬声器是输出设备，可以让你听到计算机发出的声音。打印机是另一个计算机系统的常有的组成部分。你可以把在电脑屏幕上看到的东西打印到纸上。
内部硬件
计算机是由许多电子部件或零件构成。这些组件都各自有一个特殊的工作，他们共同工作，使你能进行计算机操作。一些组件是隐藏在计算机里的，你无法看到它们。其他部分你可以从外面看到它们。
Power It Up!插电源！
每台计算机都需要一个电源，把家里的电转换成电流使它工作。当它被插入到墙壁，电流从电线流过到计算机的电源。当计算机打开，电源提供的电流流过电脑内的其他组成部分。
之所以给它起主板的名字，是因为它像其他所有电路板的母亲。在桌面主机下部或塔形主机的旁边可以发现，主板是最大的电路板同时有许多更小的板插入到它。它拥有电脑所有最重要的部分。在主板上，你会发现几个扩展卡。每个卡都有特殊的用途。声卡上的专有电路包含了操作电脑的声音。显卡处理图像显示在显示器上。另外还有其他的计算机部件，包括驱动器和端口扩展卡。
调制解调器是一个扩展部分，使计算机可以相互交谈。目前的调制解调器可以达到5.6万字每秒。
计算机的大脑是CPU或中央处理单元。就像大脑一样，它控制着信息，告诉计算机其他部分做什么。CPU的计算机类型决定了该计算机的处理信息速度。因为CPU通常产生很多热量，所以通常在它附近安装一个小风扇，使它冷却下来。
计算机中一个非常重要的组成部分是BIOS芯片。 BIOS代表基本输入输出系统。简单来说，打开计算机，BIOS芯片开始工作，分辨哪些部分已做和哪些部分要做。
RAM & ROM 随机存取存储器&只读存储器
你们有没有听过RAM和 ROM这些词？这两个词看起来非常相似，很容易被初学者混淆。然而，理解他们的意思，知道它们是干什么的，可以帮助你记住它们。
RAM代表随机存取存储器。RAM芯片会记住你告诉他什么甚至可以改变旧的记住新的信息。但是，当计算机关闭时，内存 RAM会你告诉它的一切。这就是为什么它如此重要，可以保存计算机上的工作内容，但是如果电脑突然关闭，RAM 将失去你所有的工作内容！
ROM代表只读存储器。ROM擅长存储，但不能改变它的内容。它拥有的信息是内置到它上的。ROM像是读一本图书馆的书，你可以读大量的信息，但你不能改变它（因为你永远不能在一本图书馆的书上写东西）。 RAM另一方面则更像是一个期刊，你可以在期刊上写信息。但是如果你改变了主意，您可以擦除和写入新的信息。
操作系统
在计算机科学中，操作系统（OS）是控制计算机的基本软件。它具有3个主要功能：协调与操作计算机硬件，如计算机存储器、打印机、磁盘、键盘、鼠标
和监视器；在各种存储介质上编排文件，如软盘、硬盘、光盘和磁带；以及处理硬件错误和数据丢失。
什么是操作系统？
在任何电脑中最重要的程序是操作系统。该操作系统是一个由许多小的程序控制CPU与其他硬件组件进行交流的大型程序。它对于不明白编程语言的人们使他们操作计算机更容易。换句话说，操作系统使人机友好。
操作系统类型
不同的电脑制造商使用不同的操作系统。苹果已经为它的Macintosh系列电脑安装了特定的操作系统。当IBM发布了自己的个人电脑在80年代初时，他们并没有得到它的版权，这使得许多其他公司生产的是与IBM相似的计算机;换句话说，他们使用与IBM的PC相同的操作系统。个人电脑有很多不同的操作系统，但最常见的是Windows，它是由一个名为Microsoft公司开发的。 Windows是类似于 Macintosh的操作系统，因为它也使用了鼠标和 GUI（图形用户界面），使用图形或图片，以帮助用户用计算机系统操作计算机。
计算机革命
Macintosh操作系统和以后的Windows操作系统安装在一大部的电脑上供人们使用。用户使用这两个操作系统的人机界面友好，更容易使没有学习过计算机的人使用这些好机器。当电脑变得如此容易操作且负担得起时其他的机器，例如打字机和工资计算器，很快就成为了过去的事。
编程语言
在计算机科学中，编程语言是用来编写可被计算机运行的一系列指令（计算机程序）的人工语言。与英语等自然语言相类似，编程语言具有词汇、语法和句法。然而，自然语言不适合计算机编程，因为它们能引起歧义，也就是说它们的词汇和语法结构可以用多种方式进行解释。用于计算编程的语言必须具有简单的逻辑结构，而且它们的语法、拼写和标点符号的规则必须精确。
编程语言在复杂性和通用程度上大相径庭。有些编程语言是为了处理特定类型的计算问题或为了用于特定型号的计算机系统而编写的。例如，FORTRAN和COBOL等编程语言是为解决某些普遍的编程问题类型而编写的——FORTRAN为了科学领域的应用，而COBOL为了商业领域的应用。尽管这些语言旨在处理特定类型的计算机问题，但是它们具有很高的可移植性，也就是说它们可以用来为多种类型的计算机编程。其他的语言，譬如机器语言，是为一种特定型号的计算机系统，甚至是一台特定的计算机，在某些研究领域使用而编写的。最常用的编程语言具有很高的可移植性，可以用于有效地解决不同类型的计算问题。像C、PASCAL 和BASIC这样的语言就属于这一范畴。
语言类型
编程语言可划分为低级语言和高级语言。低级编程语言或机器语言，是编程语言中最基础的类型，能被计算机直接理解。机器语言的区别取决于制造商和计算机的型号。高级语言是在计算机能够理解和处理之前必须首先翻译成机器语言的编程语言。C、C++、PASCAL和FORTRAN都是高级语言的例子。汇编语言是中级语言，非常接近于机器语言，没有其他高级语言所表现出的语言复杂程度，但仍然得翻译成机器语言。
1、机器语言
在机器语言中，指令被写成计算机能够直接理解的被称之为比特的1和0的序列。机器语言中的一条指令通常告诉计算机4件事情：（1）到计算机主存储器（随机访问存储器）的哪个位置去找一或两个数字或者简单的数据段；（2）要执行的一个简单操作，例如将两个数字加起来；（3）将这个简单操作的结果存放在主存储器的什么位置；以及（4）到哪里找要执行的下一条指令。虽然所有的可执行程序最终都是以机器语言的形式被计算机读取，但是它们并非都是用机器语言编写的。直接用机器语言编程极端困难，因为指令是1和0的序列。机器语言中的一条典型的指令可能是10010 1100 1011，意思是将存储寄存器A的内容加到存储寄存器B的内容中。
2、高级语言
高级语言是利用人类语言中的词和句法的一套相对复杂的语句。它们比汇编语言和机器语言更类似于正常的人类语言，因此用来编写复杂的程序更容易。这些编程语言允许更快地开发更庞大和更复杂的程序。然而，在计算机能够理解之前，高级语言必须被称之为编译器的另外一种程序翻译成机器语言。因为这个原因，与用汇编语言编写的程序比较起来，用高级语言编写的程序可能运行的时间更长，占用的内存更多。
3、汇编语言
计算机编程人员使用汇编语言使机器语言程序编写起来更简单一些。在汇编语言中，每条语句大致对应一条机器语言指令。汇编语言的语句是借助易于记忆的命令编写的。在典型的汇编语言的语句中，把存储寄存器A的内容加到存储寄存器B的内容中这一命令，可以写成ADD B, A。汇编语言与机器语言具有某些共同特征。例如，对特定的比特进行操作，用汇编语言和机器语言都是可行的。当尽量减少程序的运行时间很重要时，程序员就使用汇编语言，因为从汇编语言到机器语言的翻译相对简单。当计算机的某个部分必须被直接控制时，如监视器上的单个点或者流向打印机的单个字符，这时也使用汇编语言。
高级语言的分类
高级语言通常分为面向过程的、函数式的、面向对象的或逻辑的语言。当今最常见的高级语言是面向过程的语言。在这种语言中，执行某个完整功能的一个或多个相关的语句块组成一个程序模块或过程，而且被给予诸如“过程A”的名称。如果在程序的其他地方需要同样的操作序列，可以使用一个简单的语句调回这个过程。实质上，一个过程就是一个小型程序。一个大程序可以通过将执行不同任务的过程组合在一起而构成。过程语言使程序变得比较短，而且更易于被计算机读取，但是要求程序员将每个过程都设计得足够通用，能用于不同的情况。
函数式语言像对待数学函数一样对待过程，并允许像处理程序中的任何其他数据一样处理它们。这就使程序构造在更高、更严密的水平上得以实现。函数式语言也允许变量——在程序运行过程中可以被用户指定和更改的数据符号——只被赋值一次。这样，通过减少对语句执行的确切顺序给予关注的必要性，就简化了编程，因为一个变量没有必要每次在一个程序语句中用到，都重新定义或重新赋值。函数式语言的许多观点已经成为许多现代过程语言的关键部分。
面向对象的语言是函数式语言的发展结果。在面向对象的语言中，用来编写程序的代码和程序处理的数据，组合成叫做对象的单元。对象进一步组合成类，而类则定义对象必须具有的属性。类的一个简单例子就是书这个类。这个类中的对象可能是小说和短篇小说。对象还有某些与其相关的功能，称为方法。计算机通过使用对象的某种方法来使用这个对象。方法对对象中的数据执行某个操作，
然后将值返回给计算机。对象的类也可更进一步组合成层，而在层中一个类的对象可继承另一个类的方法。面向对象的语言中所提供的这种结构，使面向对象的语言对于复杂的编程任务非常有用。
逻辑语言将逻辑用作其数学基础。一个逻辑程序由一系列的事实与“如果……则”规则组成，来具体说明一系列事实如何可以从其他实事中推断出来，例如：
如果X语句为真，则Y语句为假。
在这样一个程序的执行过程中，一条输入语句可以按照逻辑从程序中的其他语句推断出来。许多人工智能程序使用这种语言编写。
语言的结构与成分
编程语言使用特定类型的语句或指令，来给程序提供功能结构。程序中的一条语句是表达一个简单意思的基本句子，其目的是给计算机一条基本指令。语句对允许的数据类型、数据如何处理以及过程和函数的工作方式进行定义。程序员利用语句来操作编程语言的常见成分，如变量和宏（程序中的小型程序）。
数据声明语句给予称为变量的程序元素以名称和属性。变量在程序中可以赋予不同的值。变量可以具有的属性被称作类型，它们包括：变量中可能存储什么样的值，值中使用何种程度的数值精度，以及一个变量可以如何以有组织结构的方式——如以表或数组的形式——代表一组比较简单的值等等。在许多编程语言中，一种关键的数据类型是指示字。指示字变量本身没有值；相反，它们含有计算机可以用来查找某个其他变量的信息——也就是说，它们指向另一个变量。
表达式是语句的一段，描述要对一些程序变量执行的一系列运算，如X+Y/Z，其中X、Y和Z为变量，运算方法为加和除。赋值语句给一个变量赋予得自某个表达式的值，而条件语句则指定要被测试、然后用于选择接下来应该执行的其他语句的表达式。
过程与函数语句将某些代码块定义为以后可在程序中返回的进程或函数。这些语句也规定程序员可以选择的变量与参数种类，以及当一个表达式使用过程或函数时代码将返回的值的类型。许多编程语言也容许叫做宏的小型翻译程序。宏把使用程序员定义的语言结构编写的代码段翻译成编程语言可以理解的语句。历史
编程语言几乎可以追溯到20世纪40年代数字计算机发明之时。最早的汇编语言，随着商业计算机的推出，出现于20世纪50年代末。最早的过程语言是在20世纪50年代末到20世纪60年代初开发的：FORTRAN语言由约翰?巴克斯创造，然后由格雷斯?霍珀创造了COBOL语言。第一种函数式语言是LISP，由约翰?麦卡锡于20世纪50年代末编写。这3种语言今天仍在广泛使用，但经历过大量修改。
20世纪60年代末，出现了最早的面向对象的语言，如SIMULA语言。逻辑语言在20世纪70年代中期随着PROLOG语言的推出而变得广为人知；PROLOG语言是一种用于编写人工智能软件的语言。在20世纪70年代，过程语言继续发展，出现了ALGOL、BASIC、PASCAL、C和Ada等语言。SMALLTALK语言是一种具有高度影响力的面向对象的语言，它导致了面向对象的语言与过程语言在C++和更近期的JAVA语言中的结合。尽管纯粹的逻辑语言受欢迎的程度有所下降，但其变体以现代数据库所使用的关系语言——如结构化查询语言——的形式，变得至关重要。
程序
计算机程序是指导计算机执行某个功能或功能组合的一套指令。要使指令得到执行，计算机必须执行程序，也就是说，计算机要读取程序，然后按准确的顺序实施程序中编码的步骤，直至程序结束。一个程序可多次执行，而且每次用户输给计算机的选项和数据不同，就有可能得到不同的结果。程序可分为两大类：应用程序和操作系统。应用程序直接为用户执行某项功能，如字处理或玩游戏。操作系统管理计算机和与之相连的各种资源和设备，如随机访问存储器、硬盘驱动器、监视器、键盘、打印机和调制解调器，以便使其他程序可以使用它们。操作系统的例子包括：DOS、Windows 95、OS/2和UNIX。
计算机程序
程序是一个指令，告诉计算机如何执行特定的任务。例如，你最喜欢的电脑游戏就是一个程序。为了使你的计算机知道如何玩这个游戏，你（或你的父母）必须先安装游戏软件的程序，通常是一个光盘。安装程序意味着要复制该程序或是CD上的指令存储到你的计算机硬盘驱动器上。程序也可以从互联网下载，直接安装到你的硬盘驱动器。
许多程序（尤其是游戏）都非常大，会在你的硬盘驱动器里占用大量的存储空间。为了阻止这种情况发生，这些程序的设计是只复制了程序的一部分到您的计算机。其余部分则保留在软件里。如果程序不能在你的计算机上运行，除非你把磁盘插到磁盘驱动器上，以便RAM可以读取它的程序的其余部分。
其他程序完全安装在您的硬盘驱动器上，使他们可以在不运行光盘行也可以使用。这是很有益的的软件，目的在于帮助用户执行特定的任务，如键入一个字母或创建一个生日卡。
每当我们在计算机上工作时，程序为我们做了大量的工作。程序就是用计算机理解的语言指示计算机。试想一下一个不懂外语的人，却要写外国人的故事是多么困难！你可能会知道学习一门外语，可要花很多年的时间。但最简单的方法是：翻译。程序就像是这样的翻译，让人们在不用学习计算机语言的情况下使用计算机工作。
附件2：外文原文
computer
Computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions or a program, and then by computing numerical data, or other forms of information processing to implement the program.
If there is no development of computers, the modern high-tech world is not generated.In the whole society, different models and different sizes of computers are used to store and process various data, confidential documents from the government, banking transactions to private household accounts.The computer through the automation technology has opened up a new era in manufacturing, but they also enhance the performance of modern communication systems.In almost every field of research and application of technology, from building a model of the universe to produce tomorrow's weather report, computer-free is not the necessary tools and their application in itself has opened up new areas of people's speculation.Database services and computer network to make a variety of information sources available.The same advanced technology also made violation of personal privacy and commercial secrets https://www.doczj.com/doc/fb12217404.html,puter crime has become an integral part of modern technology, the cost is one of the many risks.
Outer Hardware
Lets start with the center of any computer system. Do you see something shaped like a box nearby? It will have a power switch and a light or two. It should also have a place or places to insert disks. This is the case that houses all of the important computer components. If it stands up tall, it is a tower case. If it sits flat, it is a desktop case. Ask your parents to let you look at the back of the computer (never do this without permission, because there is a lot of dangerous electricity back there!). You will see lots of cords and cables coming out of the back of the case and going to other computer parts like the monitor.
Your computer case probably has a place to insert floppy disks or CDs. These are called the floppy disk drive and the CD-ROM. The floppy disk drive reads information from a very thin disk that is inside a flat, square plastic case. You can also write information to these disks and 'save' it. CD-ROM is short for Compact Disk - Read Only Memory. A compact disk is a shiny, circular disk that stores information. A CD-ROM can only read information from the disk. Many new computers have a CD-RW (RW stands for ReWrite) instead of a CD-ROM. CD-RW allows you to write information to the disk as well as read from it. Also, some new computers have a DVD (Digital Video Disk) drive instead of a CD-ROM or CD-RW. A DVD looks just like a CD, but it holds much more information. You can watch movies, listen to music, or play computer games from DVDs. One important thing to know is that you can
play CDs in a DVD player, but you cannot play DVDs in a CD player!
Input Devices and Output Devices
There are several ways to get new information or input into a computer. The two most common ways are the keyboard and the mouse. The keyboard has keys for characters (letters, numbers and punctuation marks) and special commands. Pressing the keys tells the computer what to do or what to write. The mouse has a special ball that allows you to roll it around on a pad or desk and move the cursor around on screen. By clicking on the buttons on the mouse, you give the computer directions on what to do. Other types of input devices allow you to put images into the computer. A scanner copies a picture or document into the computer. There are several types of scanners and some look very different, but most look like a flat tray with a glass pane and a lid to cover it. You can input photographs into a computer with a digital camera.
The most common output device is a monitor. It looks a lot a like a TV and houses the computer screen. The monitor allows you to 'see' what you and the computer are doing together. Speakers are output devices that allow you to hear sound from your computer.A printer is another common part of a computer system. It takes what you see on the computer screen and prints it on paper.
Hardware on the Inside
Computers are made of many electronic components or parts. These components each have a special job and they all work together to make your computer operate. Some components are hidden inside the computer, where you can't see them. Others can be seen partly from the outside.
Power It Up!
Every computer needs a power supply, to take electricity from your house and convert it into a current that works for your computer. When it is plugged into the wall, electricity travels from the electrical wires in your house into the computer's power supply. When your computer is turned on, the power supply allows the converted electricity to travel to other components inside the computer.
The motherboard gets its name because it is like a mother to all of the other circuit boards. Found at the bottom of a desktop case or the side of a tower case, the motherboard is the largest circuit board and has many smaller boards plugged into it. It holds all of the most important parts of the computer.On the motherboard, you will find several expansion cards. Each of these cards has a special purpose. The sound card contains special circuits for operating the computer's sound. The video card handles graphics that are displayed on the monitor. There are also expansion cards for other computer components including the drives and ports.
The modem is an expansion card that allows computers to talk to each other.Current modems can run up to 56,000 bits per second.
The brain of a computer is the CPU or Central Processing Unit. Like a brain, it controls information and tells other parts what to do. The type of CPU in a computer also determines how fast that computer can operate. A CPU generates lots of heat, so there is usually a small fan nearby to cool it down.
A very important computer component is the BIOS chip. BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System. In very simple terms, the BIOS chip wakes up the computer when you turn it on and reminds it what parts it has and what they do.
RAM & ROM
Have you ever heard the terms RAM and ROM? These two terms sound very similar and can easily be confused by beginners. However, understanding what they mean and what they do can help you to remember.
RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM chips will remember what you tell them and can even change to remember new information. But, when the computer is turned off, RAM forgets everything you told it. This is why it is so important to save your work on a computer - if the computer gets turned off, RAM will lose all of your work!
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. ROM is good at remembering, but cannot change it's mind. It holds information that is built into it. ROM is like reading a library book - lots of information is there, but you can't change it (because you never write in a library book). RAM, on the other hand, is more like a journal - you can write information into the journal. But if you change your mind, you can erase and write in new information.
Operating Systems
In computer science, the operating system (OS) is to control the computer's basic software.It has three main functions: coordination and operation of computer hardware, such as computer memory, printer, disk, keyboard, mouse and monitor; in a variety of storage media presentation documents, such as a floppy disk, hard disk, CD-ROM and tape; and processing hardware errorand data loss.
What is an Operating System?
The most important program on any computer is the Operating System or OS. The OS is a large program made up of many smaller programs that control how the CPU communicates with other hardware components. It also makes computers easier to operate by people who don't understand programming languages. In other words, operating systems make computers user friendly.
Types of Operating Systems
Different computer manufacturers use different operating systems. Apple has specific operating systems for its line of Macintosh computers. When IBM released their Personal Computer or PC back in the early 1980's, they did not get a copyright on it, which allowed many other companies to build similar computers that were IBM-compatible; in other words, they used the same operating system as the IBM PC. There are different operating systems available for PCs, but the most common is Windows, which was developed by a company named Microsoft. Windows is similar to the Macintosh operating system, because it also uses a mouse and a GUI (Graphical User Interface) that uses graphics or pictures to help the user navigate within the computer system.
The Computer Revolution
The introduction of the Macintosh OS and the later introduction of Windows played a large part in making computers accessible to so many people. The user-friendly interfaces of both operating systems made it easier for people with no computer training to learn to use these amazing machines. Other machines, such as typewriters and payroll calculators quickly became a thing of the past, as computers became so easy to use and so affordable.
Programming Language
In computer science, programming language that can be used to write the computer is running a series of instructions (computer program) the artificial language.And English is similar to other natural language, programming language with vocabulary, grammar and syntax.However, natural language not suitable for computer programming, because they can cause ambiguity, that is their vocabulary and grammar structure can be interpreted in several https://www.doczj.com/doc/fb12217404.html,ed to calculate the programming language must have a simple logical structure, and their grammar, spelling and punctuation rules must be precise.
Programming language and general degree of complexity quite different.Some of the programming language in order to address certain types of computational problems or to use a specific type of computer systems prepared.For example, FORTRAN, and COBOL and other programming language to solve common programming problems of some type of written - FORTRAN for scientific field of applications, and COBOL for business applications.Although these language aimed at addressing the specific types of computer problems, but they are highly portable, meaning that they can be used for many types of computer programming.Other languages, such as machine language, is a particular type of computer system, or even a specific computer, in certain fields of study, prepared for use.The most commonly used programming languages are highly portable, can be used to effectively address the different types of computational problems.Such as C, PASCAL, and BASIC language such as belong to this category.
Language Type
Programming language can be divided into low-level language and high-level language.Low-level programming language or machine language, is the most basic programming language type, which can be a direct understanding of the computer.The difference between machine language depending on the manufacturer and model of your computer.High-level language is before the computer can understand and deal must first be translated into machine language programming languages.C, C + +, PASCAL, and FORTRAN are examples of high-level language.Assembly language is a mid-level language, very close to machine language, there is no other high-level language shown by the language of complexity, but still have to be translated into machine language.
1. Machine Language
In the machine language, the directive was written in a computer can directly understand is called bit-sequence of 1 and 0.In a machine language instruction is usually to tell the computer four things: (1) to the computer main memory (random
access memory) in which location to find one or two numbers, or simple data segment;
(2) to perform a simple operation, for example, two figures are added together; (3) the results of this simple operation of what is stored in main memory location; and (4) to where to find the next instruction to execute.Although all of the executable programs are based on the final form of the machine language of the computer to read, but they are not all written in machine language to use.The direct use of machine language programming extremely difficult because the instruction is 1 and 0 sequences.In a typical machine language instruction may be 1001011001011, meaning that will store the contents of register A, register B added to the contents of storage.
2. High-level Language
High-level language is to use human language in the words and syntax of a relatively complex statements.They are more than assembly language and machine language is more similar to normal human language, so used to write complex programs easier.These programming languages allow faster development of more large and more complex procedures.However, the computer can understand before the high-level language compiler must be referred to another program translated into machine language.For this reason, and using a program written in assembly language compared with the high-level language programs written in running time may be longer, take up more memory.
3. Assembly Language
Computer programmers use assembly language to machine language program to write simpler.In the assembly language, and each statement corresponds roughly to a machine-language instructions.Assembly language statement is with easy-to-remember commands prepared.In a typical assembly language statement to store the contents of register A, added to the contents of storage register B, the order can be written ADD B, A.Assembly language and machine language has certain common characteristics.For example, a particular bit to operate, using assembly language and machine language is feasible.When the procedure to minimize the running time is very important, the programmer on the use of assembly language, because assembly language into machine language translation is relatively simple.When the computer to be a part of the direct control, such as when a single point, or monitor the flow of the printer's individual characters, then also used in assembly language.
The Classification Of High-level Language
High-level language is usually divided into process-oriented, functional, object-oriented or logic of language.Today's most common high-level language is a process-oriented language.In this language, the implementation of a full-featured one or more of the associated block the formation of a program module or process, but also be given, such as "process A" name.If the rest of the program requires the same sequence of actions, you can use a simple statement to back this process.In essence, a process that is a small program.A large program can perform different tasks by the process together constitute.The process of language so that programs become more shorter and more easily read by computers, but it requires programmers to each process is designed to be generic enough, can be used for different situations.
Functional languages treat the same treatment as the process of mathematical functions, and allows processing program, like any other data, like dealing with them.This makes program structure at a higher and more rigorous level possible.Functional language also allows for a variable - in the program is running can be specified by the user and change the data symbols - only be assigned once.In this way, by reducing the sentence to give attention to the implementation of the exact order of the necessity of simplifying the programming, because each time a variable is not necessary to use a program statement, have to re-define or re-assignment.Functional languages many of the views of many modern process has become a key part of the language.
Object-oriented language is the result of the development of functional languages.Object oriented languages, used to write program code and procedures of data, combined into units called objects.Further combined into an object class, while the class is defined properties of an object must have.A simple example is the class book of this class.The object of this class might be novels and short stories.There are also certain objects and their related functions, called methods.The computer by using the object in some way to use this object.Methods of data object perform an action, then the value returned to the computer.The object's class can also be further combined into layers, and in the layer object of a class inherit another class.Object-oriented languages provided in this structure, so that object-oriented programming language for complex tasks very useful.
Logic languages will be used as its mathematical basis for logic.A logic program consists of a series of facts and "if ... then ..." rules of composition, to specify how the set of facts can be inferred from other facts, such as:
Statement is true if X, then Y statement is false.
In such a program execution process, an input statement can follow the logic of the other statements from the program inferred.Many AI programs using this language. Language Structure And Composition
Programming language to use specific types of statements or instructions, to provide functionality to the program structure.Program statement is an expression of the basic meaning of a simple sentence, its purpose is to give the computer a basic instruction.Statement on the allowed data types, data, how to deal with, as well as work procedures and functions defined.Programmers to use programming language statements to manipulate the common elements, such as variables, and macros (small programs in the process).
The data declaration statement given to the procedure known as a variable element to the name and attributes.Variable in the program can be assigned a different value.Variable can be called with the attribute types, which include: a variable may be stored in what kind of value, the value of the use of the extent of numerical precision, as well as how a variable can be structured way - as in the table or arrayin the form of - on behalf of a group of relatively simple values, etc..In many programming languages, a key data type is instruction word.Pointers to the variable itself has no value; On the contrary, they contain a computer can be used to find information on some other variables - that is, they point to another variable.
Expression is a statement, describing a number of procedural variables to the implementation of a series of operations, such as X + Y / Z, where X, Y, and Z for variables, methods of calculation for the additive addition.Assignment to a variable derived from an expression given the value of the conditional statement is designated to be tested, and then used to select the next statement should be implemented in other expressions.
Process and function statements for certain code block is defined as the process to return later in the process or function.These statements also provides the programmer can select the variable and parameter types, and when to use an expression procedure or function code will return the value type.Many programming languages also allow a small translation program called macros.The use of programmer-defined macro language structure code segment written in programming languages can be translated into understandable statements.
History
Programming languages can be traced back almost 40 years the 20th century when the invention of digital computers.The first assembly language, with the introduction of commercial computer, appeared in the late 20th century, 50.The process language is the first in the 20th century, the late 50s to early 20th century, 60 developed: FORTRAN language created by John ? Bacchus, and then by the Grace ? Hopper created COBOL language.The first functional language LISP, by John ? McCarthy in the late 20th century, the preparation of 50.These three kinds of languages are still widely used today, but experienced a large number of changes.
End of the 20th century, 60 years, there has been the first object-oriented languages such as SIMULA language.Logical language in the 20th century, the mid-70s with the introduction of PROLOG language, become known; PROLOG language is a language for writing artificial intelligence software.In the 20th century, 70's, the process of language continue to develop, there has been ALGOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C, and Ada languages.SMALLTALK language is a highly influential object-oriented languages, which led to the object-oriented language and process language in C + + and more recently a combination of JA V A language.Despite the purely logical language has declined in popularity, but variations in the relationship between the use of modern database languages - such as the Structured Query Language - the form is becoming critical.
Programs
Computer program to guide the computer to perform a particular function or feature combinations of a set of instructions.For instructions to be implemented, the computer program must be implemented, that is, the computer program to read, and then press the correct sequence of steps in the implementation of the program code until the end of the process.The implementation of a program can be repeated, but lost to the computer each time a user data on the different options and it is possible to get different results.Program can be divided into two broad categories: application and operating system.The application directly to the user to perform certain functions, such as word processing or playing games.Management of computers and operating
systems connected to a variety of resources and equipment, such as random access memory, hard disk drives, monitors, keyboards, printers and modems, so that other programs can use them.Examples include operating systems: DOS, Windows 95, OS / 2 and UNIX.
Computer Programs
A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer how to perform a specific task. For example, your favorite computer game is a program. In order for your computer to know how to play that game, you (or your parents) must first install the program from the game software - usually a CD. Installing the program means that you are copying the program or instructions that are stored on the CD on to your computer's hard drive. Programs can also be downloaded from the internet directly to your hard drive.
Many programs (especially games) are very large and would take up lots of memory space on your hard drive. To keep that from happening, these programs are designed to only copy part of the program onto your computer. The rest of the program stays on the software. The program cannot be run from your computer unless you have the disk in the disk drive so that RAM can read the rest of the program from it.
Other programs install completely on your hard drive, so that they can be used without running the CD. This is very helpful with programs that are designed to help the user perform a specific task, such as typing a letter or creating a birthday card.
Programs do much of the work for us, when we perform tasks on the computer. The program instructs the computer in a language that it understands. Think of how hard it would be to dictate a story for someone else to type if that other person spoke a foreign language! You could learn that person's language, but that could take years.The easiest way would be to have a translator. Programs are like translators that allow people to work with computers without learning the computer's language.
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Talking about security loopholes Richard S. Kraus reference to the core network security business objective is to protect the sustainability of the system and data security, This two of the main threats come from the worm outbreaks, hacking attacks, denial of service attacks, Trojan horse. Worms, hacker attacks problems and loopholes closely linked to, if there is major security loopholes have emerged, the entire Internet will be faced with a major challenge. While traditional Trojan and little security loopholes, but recently many Trojan are clever use of the IE loophole let you browse the website at unknowingly were on the move. Security loopholes in the definition of a lot, I have here is a popular saying: can be used to stem the "thought" can not do, and are safety-related deficiencies. This shortcoming can be a matter of design, code realization of the problem. Different perspective of security loo phole s In the classification of a specific procedure is safe from the many loopholes in classification. 1. Classification from the user groups: ● Public loopholes in the software category. If the loopholes in Windows, IE loophole, and so on. ● specialized software loophole. If Oracle loopholes, Apach e,
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/fb12217404.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/fb12217404.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
计算机网络新技术外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 计算机网络新技术 摘要 21世纪是一个信息时代的经济，计算机网络技术是这个时期的代表技术，以非常快的、具创造性得不断地发展，并将深入到人民群众的工作，生活和学习中。因此，控制这种技术看起来似乎具有很重要的意义。现在，我主要是采用新技术的几种网络技术在现实生活的应用。 关键字 因特网数字证书数字银包网格存储 3G
1.前言 互联网满36岁，仍然是一个进展中的工作。36年后在加州大学洛杉矶分校的计算机科学家使用15英尺的灰色电缆连接两台笨重的电脑，测试了一种在网络上新的数据交换的方式，这将最终成为互联网依然是一个在取得进展的工作。 大学的研究人员正在试验如何提高网络容量和速度。编程人员正在设法为网页注入更多的智能。并正在进行重新设计网络以减少垃圾邮件（垃圾邮件）和安全麻烦的工作。 与此同时威胁织机：批评人士警告说，商业，法律和政治压力可能会阻碍一些使互联网发展到今天的创新的类型。 斯蒂芬克罗克和温顿瑟夫属于1969年9月2日研究生加入的加州大学洛杉矶分校斯莱昂兰罗克教授工程实验室的团体，作为位无意义的测试数据两台计算机之间默默流动。到第二年的1月，其他三个“节点”加入到了这个网络。 然后是电子邮箱，几年之后，在七十年代后期一个所谓的核心通信协议即TCP / IP 协议，在80年代域名系统和在1990年万维网-现在的第二个最流行的应用背后电子邮件出现了。互联网的扩大，超出其最初的军事和教育领域延伸到了企业和全球的家庭中。 今天，克罗克仍然为互联网工作，为协作设计更好的工具。作为互联网管理机构的安全委员会主席，他正试图保卫系统的核心处理免受来自外部的威胁。 他认识到，他帮助建立的互联网工作远未完成，而这些改变是在商店，以满足多媒体日益增长的需求。网络供应商现唯一的“最佳努力”是在提供的数据包上。克罗克说，需要有更好的保障，以防止跳过和过滤现在常见的视频。 瑟夫，现在在MCI公司说，他希望他建立了有内置安全的互联网。微软，雅虎和美国在线公司，和其他的一些，目前正在努力改进网络，使邮件发送者可以验证的方式发送以降低使用虚假地址发送垃圾邮件。 瑟夫说，现在正在制定许多功能，是不可能立即解决计算速度慢和互联网管道窄，或
外文文献翻译（译成中文2000字左右）： As research laboratories become more automated,new problems are arising for laboratory managers.Rarely does a laboratory purchase all of its automation from a single equipment vendor. As a result,managers are forced to spend money training their users on numerous different software packages while purchasing support contracts for each. This suggests a problem of scalability. In the ideal world,managers could use the same software package to control systems of any size; from single instruments such as pipettors or readers to large robotic systems with up to hundreds of instruments. If such a software package existed, managers would only have to train users on one platform and would be able to source software support from a single vendor. If automation software is written to be scalable, it must also be flexible. Having a platform that can control systems of any size is far less valuable if the end user cannot control every device type they need to use. Similarly, if the software cannot connect to the customer’s Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database,it is of limited usefulness. The ideal automation software platform must therefore have an open architecture to provide such connectivity. Two strong reasons to automate a laboratory are increased throughput and improved robustness. It does not make sense to purchase high-speed automation if the controlling software does not maximize throughput of the system. The ideal automation software, therefore, would make use of redundant devices in the system to increase throughput. For example, let us assume that a plate-reading step is the slowest task in a given method. It would make that if the system operator connected another identical reader into the system, the controller software should be able to use both readers, cutting the total throughput time of the reading step in half. While resource pooling provides a clear throughput advantage, it can also be used to make the system more robust. For example, if one of the two readers were to experience some sort of error, the controlling software should be smart enough to route all samples to the working reader without taking the entire system offline. Now that one embodiment of an ideal automation control platform has been described let us see how the use of C++ helps achieving this ideal possible. DISCUSSION C++: An Object-Oriented Language Developed in 1983 by BjarneStroustrup of Bell Labs,C++ helped propel the concept of object-oriented programming into the mainstream.The term ‘‘object-oriented programming language’’ is a familiar phrase that has been in use for decades. But what does it mean? And why is it relevant for automation software? Essentially, a language that is object-oriented provides three important programming mechanisms:
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系：信息工程学院 专业：计算机科学与技术 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Chris Haseman. Android-essential (用外文写) s[M].London:Spring--Verlag,2008 .8-13. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 无线局域网 一、为何使用无线局域网络 对于局域网络管理主要工作之一，对于铺设电缆或是检查电缆是否断线这种耗时的工作，很容易令人烦躁，也不容易在短时间内找出断线所在。再者，由于配合企业及应用环境不断的更新与发展，原有的企业网络必须配合重新布局，需要重新安装网络线路，虽然电缆本身并不贵，可是请技术人员来配线的成本很高，尤其是老旧的大楼，配线工程费用就更高了。因此，架设无线局域网络就成为最佳解决方案。 二、什么情形需要无线局域网络 无线局域网络绝不是用来替代有限局域网络，而是用来弥补有线局域网络之不足，以达到网络延伸之目的，下列情形可能须要无线局域网络。 ●无固定工作场所的使用者 ●有线局域网络架设受环境限制 ●作为有线局域网络的备用系统 三、无线局域网络存取技术 目前厂商在设计无线局域网络产品时，有相当多种存取设计方式，大致可分为三大类：窄频微波技术、展频(Spread Spectrum)技术、及红外线(Infrared)技术，每种技术皆有其优缺点、限制及比较，接下来是这些技术方法的详细探讨。 1.技术要求 由于无线局域网需要支持高速、突发的数据业务，在室内使用还需要解决多径衰落以及各子网间串扰等问题。具体来说，无线局域网必须实现以下技术要求： 1)可靠性：无线局域网的系统分组丢失率应该低于10-5，误码率应该低 于10-8。
附录A With the new network technology and application of the continuous rapid development of the computer network should. Use of becoming increasingly widespread, the role played by the increasingly important computer networks and human. More inseparable from the lives of the community's reliance on them will keep growing. In order for computers to communicate, they must speak the same language or protocol. In the early days of networking, networks were disorganized in many ways. Companies developed proprietary network technologies that had great difficulties in exchanging information with other or existing technologies; so network interconnections were very hard to build. To solve this problem, the International Organization for Standardization（ISO）created a network model that helps vendors to create networks compatible with each other. Finding the best software is not easy. A better understanding of what you need and asking the right questions makes it easier. The software should be capable of handling challenges specific to your company. If you operate multiple distribution centers, it may be beneficial to create routes with product originating from more than one depot. Few software providers though, are capable of optimizing routes using multiple depots. The provider should be able to support installation of its product. Make sure to clearly understand what training and software maintenance is offered. Obviously, selecting the right routing/scheduling software is critically important. Unfortunately, some companies are using software that may not be best suited to their operation. Logistics actives with responsibility for approving the software ought to be comfortable they've made the right decision. It is important to realize that not all routing/scheduling software is alike！ There questions to ask are：Which operating system is used？How easy is the software to use？Here is a good way to tell. Ask if its graphical user interface（GUI）is flexible. Find out about installation speed - how long does it take？Is the software able to route third party customers with your core business？When was the software originally released and when was it last upgraded？ In 1984, ISO released the Open Systems Interconnection（OSI）reference model,
专业外文翻译 题目JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties 系（院）计算机系 专业计算机科学与技术 班级 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 职称讲师 二〇一三年五月十六日
JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties The JSP (Java Server Pages) technology is used by the Sun micro-system issued by the company to develop dynamic Web application technology. With its easy, cross-platform, in many dynamic Web application programming languages, in a short span of a few years, has formed a complete set of standards, and widely used in electronic commerce, etc. In China, the JSP now also got more extensive attention; get a good development, more and more dynamic website to JSP technology. The related technologies of JSP are briefly introduced. The JSP a simple technology can quickly and with the method of generating Web pages. Use the JSP technology Web page can be easily display dynamic content. The JSP technology are designed to make the construction based on Web applications easier and efficient, and these applications and various Web server, application server, the browser and development tools work together. The JSP technology isn't the only dynamic web technology, also not the first one, in the JSP technology existed before the emergence of several excellent dynamic web technologies, such as CGI, ASP, etc. With the introduction of these technologies under dynamic web technology, the development and the JSP. Technical JSP the development background and development history In web brief history, from a world wide web that most of the network information static on stock transactions evolution to acquisition of an operation and infrastructure. In a variety of applications, may be used for based on Web client, look no restrictions. Based on the browser client applications than traditional based on client/server applications has several advantages. These benefits include almost no limit client access and extremely simplified application deployment and management (to update an application, management personnel only need to change the program on a server, not thousands of installation in client applications). So, the software industry is rapidly to build on the client browser multilayer application. The rapid growth of exquisite based Web application requirements development of
附录 一、英文原文： The NetWorks Birth of the Net The Internet has had a relatively brief, but explosive history so far. It grew out of an experiment begun in the 1960's by the U.S. Department of Defense. The DoD wanted to create a computer network that would continue to function in the event of a disaster, such as a nuclear war. If part of the network were damaged or destroyed, the rest of the system still had to work. That network was ARPANET, which linked U.S. scientific and academic researchers. It was the forerunner of today's Internet. In 1985, the National Science Foundation (NSF) created NSFNET, a series of networks for research and education communication. Based on ARPANET protocols, the NSFNET created a national backbone service, provided free to any U.S. research and educational institution. At the same time, regional networks were created to link individual institutions with the national backbone service. NSFNET grew rapidly as people discovered its potential, and as new software applications were created to make access easier. Corporations such as Sprint and MCI began to build their own networks, which they linked to NSFNET. As commercial firms and other regional network providers have taken over the operation of the major Internet arteries, NSF has withdrawn from the backbone business. NSF also coordinated a service called InterNIC, which registered all addresses on the Internet so that data could be routed to the right system. This service has now been taken over by Network Solutions, Inc., in cooperation with NSF. How the Web Works The World Wide Web, the graphical portion of the Internet, is the most popular part of the Internet by far. Once you spend time on the Web,you will begin to feel like there is no limit to what you can discover. The Web allows rich and diverse communication by displaying text, graphics, animation, photos, sound and video. So just what is this miraculous creation? The Web physically consists of your personal computer, web browser software, a connection to an Internet service provider, computers called servers that host digital data and routers and switches to direct the flow of information. The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the client; the remote computers that store electronic files are the servers. Here's how it works: Let's say you want to pay a visit to the the Louvre museum website. First you enter the address or URL of the website in your web browser (more about this shortly). Then your browser requests the web page from the web server that hosts the Louvre's site. The Louvre's server sends the data over the Internet to your computer. Your web
计算机专业外文文献及翻译 微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的软软软境～可以用软建来平台下的 Visual Studio Visual StudioWindows 软用程序和软软用程序～也可以用软建软服软、智能软软软用程序和网来网 插件。WindowsOffice Visual 是一自微软的个来集成软软软境;,～可以用软软由它来微StudioIDEinteqrated development environment软软窗～软手机窗～、框架、精软架框和微软的支持的控制台和软Windows https://www.doczj.com/doc/fb12217404.html,Silverlight 形用软界面的软用程序以及窗体软用程序～站网～软用程序和软服软网中的本地代软软同托管WindowsWeb 代软。 包含一由个智能感知和代软重构支持的代软软软器。集成的软软工作作软一源代软软软既个Visual Studio 软器又可以作软一台机器软软软器。其他置工具包括一软软内个窗体的软用程序～软软软软～软软软软～网数据软架GUI 构软软软。有乎各软面的件增强功能～包括增加软支持它几个插源代软控制系软;如和SubversionVisual ,添加新的工具集软软和可软化软软器～如并特定于域的软言或用于其他方面的软件软软生命周期SourceSafe 的工具;例如的客软端,软软软源管理器,。Team Foundation Server
支持不同的软程软言的服软方式的软言～允软代软软软器和软软器;在不同程 度上,支持它Visual Studio 几乎所有的软程软言～提供了一软言特定服软的存在。置的软言中包括个内中;通软C/C + +Visual C+,;通软,～,中;通软,,和,;作软+,https://www.doczj.com/doc/fb12217404.html,Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/fb12217404.html,CVisual CFVisual Studio ,～软支持其他软言～如和等～可通软安软的软言服软。软也支持装独它的2010M,Python,Ruby 和软特定用软提供服软的也是存在的,微 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScriptCSS.Visual Studio软～,、,和。Visual BasicVisual JVisual CVisual C++ 微软提供了“直通软”的软件的和,和～Visual Studio 2010Visual BasicVisual CVisual C + +和版本～不需任何软用。、年和软软版～以及Visual Web DeveloperVisual Studio 201020082005 的特定软言版本;、、,、,,～通软微软的下软Visual Studio 2005Visual BasicC++CJ 软～软生免软。划学DreamSpark 2架构 不支持任何软程软言～解方案或工具本软。相反～允软入各软功能。特定的功决它插Visual Studio 能是作软一个软软包的代软。安软～软功能可以服软器得到。装个从提供三软服软,～VSIDESVsSolution它决提供了能软列软的软目和解方案～提供了口和用软界面功能;包括软软～工具软和工它窗; SVsUIShell 具口,和窗～软理它软软包的注。此外～册软可以软软软软和服软之软软软通信。所有的软软器～SVsShellVSIDE
外文资料 Object landscapes and lifetimes Technically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, inheritance, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as important. The remainder of this section will cover these issues. One of the most important factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object controlled? There are different philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that control of efficiency is the most important issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocation and release, and control of these can be very valuable in some situations. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact quantity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided design, warehouse management, or air-traffic control, this is too restrictive. The second approach is to create objects dynamically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know until run-time how many objects you need, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is running. If you need a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you need it. Because the storage is managed dynamically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is significantly longer than the time to create storage on the stack. (Creating storage on the stack is often a single assembly instruction to move the stack pointer down, and another to move it back up.) The dynamic approach makes the generally logical assumption that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releasing that storage will not have an important impact on the creation of an object. In addition, the greater flexibility is essential to solve the general
A Rapid Tag Identification Method with Two Slots in RFID Systems Yong Hwan Kim, Sung Soo Kim, Kwang Seon Ahn Department of Computer Engineering, Kyungpook National University Daegu, Korea {hypnus, ninny, gsahn}@knu.ac.kr Abstract—RFID is core technology in the area of ubiquitous compu-ting. Identify the objects begin with the reader’s query to the tag at-tached to the subject. When multiple tags exist in the reader’s inter-rogation zone, these tags simultaneously respond to the reader’s query, resulting in collision. In RFID system, the reader needs the anti-collision algorithm which can quickly identify all the tags in the interrogation zone. This paper proposes tree based Rapid Tag Identi-fication Method with Two Slots(RTIMTS). The proposed algorithm rapidly identifies a tag with the information of Two Slots and MSB(Most Significant Bit). Two Slots resolve the tag collision by receiving the response from the tag to the Slot 0 and 1. The reader can identify two tags at once using MSB of information added to the tag ID. With RTIMTS algorithm, the total time of tag identification can be shortened by decreasing the number of query-responses from the reader. Keywords-RFID; Anti-collision; Two Slots; the number of query-responses. I.I NTRODUCTION RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that deciphers or identifies the tag information through a reader (or interrogator) without contact. RFID have become very popular in many service industries, purchasing and distribution logis-tics, industry, manufacturing companies and material flow systems. Automatic Identification procedures exist to provide information about people, animals, goods and products in tran-sit[1][2]. The reader receives required information from the tags by sending and receiving wireless signals with the tag. Since the communication between the readers and the tags shares wire-less channels, there exist collisions. The collisions can be di-vided into the reader collision and the tag collision. The reader collision occurs when multiple readers send request signals to one tag, and the tag receives the wrong request signal due to signal interference between readers. The tag collision occurs when more than two tags simultaneously respond to one reader and the reader cannot identify any tags. This kind of collision makes the reader take long time to identify tags within the read-er’s identification range and impossible to identify even one tag[3][4][5] [6]. Therefore, the collision is a crucial problem that must be re-solved in RFID systems, so many studies to resolve this prob-lem have been carried out as well as are ongoing. This paper focuses on the tag collision problem which occurs in the case where one reader identifies multiple tags. Figure 1 provides schematizations of reader collision and tag collision. This paper proposes the Rapid Tag Identification Method with Two Slots (RTIMTS), for faster tag identification in mul-ti-tag environment where one reader identifies multiple tags. In the transfer paper[7], the proposed algorithm designs the method that it does without the value extracting procedure of even(or odd) parity bit of ID bit(T pb),the number of identified ‘1’s(T1n), the number of remaining ‘1’s(T rn), and the number of collided bit (T cb) with simple it can predict a tagID. Maximum 4 tag IDs can be identified on one round by using Two slots. a) The Reader collision b) The Tag collision Figure 1. The collision problem in RFID System II.T HE R ELATED WORKS A. Query Tree Query Tree(QT) algorithm is a binary tree based anti colli-sion algorithm and has an advantage in easily implementation due to its simple operating mode[8]. QT sets the reader’s query and tag’s response as one round, and identifies tags by iterating the round. In each round, the reader requests prefix to tag’s ID. And when ID matches the prefix, each tag transmits all IDs including prefixes to the reader. At this time, if more than one tag simultaneously responds, the reader cannot recognize tag’s ID, but can recognize that there are currently more than two tags having the prefix. Then the reader adds ‘0’ or ‘1’ to the current prefix and queries the longer prefix to the tags again. When only one tag responds to the reader, it identifies the tag. In other words, the reader adds the prefix by 1 bit until only one tag responds and iterates this process until identifying all the tags within the range. Figure 2 shows the operating process of QT algorithms[10]. Figure 2 shows the process that four tags respond according to the readers’ query. In round 1, 2, 3, and 7, the collision oc-curs because more than two tags respond, and in round 4, 5, 8, and 9, tag can be identified because only one tag responds. The digital coding method applied to QT cannot detect the collision bits. When a collision occurs, the reader adds ‘0’ or ‘1’ to the 2009 Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications 978-0-7695-3698-9/09 $25.00 ? 2009 IEEE DOI 10.1109/NCA.2009.21 292