Lesson one Rock Superstars: What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society ?
Exercises
A.Answer the following questions on the text:
1.what is the function of the two quotations ? Are they appropriate ?
2.What does the author attempt to illustrate with the three examples at the beginning of the article?
3.According to Irving Horowitz , what is the sociological significance of rock music ?
4.In what sense did Elvis Presley prove what Horowitz and Rundgren believed ?
5.How did Bob Dylan , the Beatles , and the Rolling Stones differ from each other politically ?
6.What other major subjects did rock music deal with apart from politics ?
7.What rewards did rock superstars get ?
8.Has the author given a complete answer to question he raises in the title? Why do you think the author ends the article the way he does ?
Key A
1.The author uses the two quotations to introduce his ideas . Yes , they are .
2.The author uses the three examples to show that the young people worship the rock superstars very much , but the adults find they are sick , The examples show that young people and adults have a totally different attitudes towards rock music .
3.Rock music can express its times . He sees it as a debating forum where American society struggles to define and redefine its feeling and beliefs .
4.When he appeared on the Ed . Sullivan Sunday night variety show , a debate took place . The old people frowned while the young viewers applauded.
5.Bob Dylan touched a nerve of disaffection. The Beatles urged peace and piety . The Rolling Stones demanded revolution .
6.Apart from politics , the rock music dealt with feelings and emotions.
7.The rock superstars got applause , praise and money .
8.No , he hasn‘t . He want s to leave the question to the re aders and let them think .
B Translate the following into Chinese :
1.―Jagger,‖ he said , ―grabs a half –gallon jug of water and runs along the front platform , sprinkling its contents over the first few rows of sweltering listeners .
2.How do you feel about all this adulation and hero worship ?
3.Or are you drawn somehow to this strange clown , perhaps because he acts out your wildest fantasies ?
4.Some sociologists say that your answers to them could explain a lot about what you are thinking and about what your society is thinking –in other words , where you and your society are .
5.It‘s just that Elvis managed to embody the frustrated teenage spirit of the
1950s .
6.Feelings always a part of any musical statement were a major subject .
7.This country element , Horowitz feels , helped its audience express an urge to ―get away from it all , ― to ―go back to the old days .‖
8.In one 1972 national opinion poll , more than 10 percent of the high school boys and 20 percent of the girls said their hero was a rock superstar.
KeyB
KeyB
1他描述道:‖贾格尔拿着半加仑水, 顺着舞台前沿,边跑边把水洒向前排汗流浃背的歌迷身上.‖
2. 你如何看待这种赞美和英雄崇拜?
3. 还是由于他把你狂热的幻想用行动表现出来,你神不知鬼不觉地被这个不可思议的小丑所吸引?
4. 一些社会学家认为你对这些问题的回答,很能说明你在想什么,社会在想什么..换句话说, 可以说明你和社会的态度.
5. 只不过艾尔维斯的演唱表现了50年代青少年那种沮丧的精神状态.
6. 感情总是任何音乐表达的必要成分,也是一个重要议题.
7. 霍罗威茨认为这种结合表达了听众欲‖摆脱现实一切‖/‖重归昔日‖的强烈愿望.
9.在1972年的一次全国民意测验中, 10%以上的高中男生,20%的女生表示他们心目中的英雄是超摇滚歌星.
C.Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below,changing its form when necessary :
Sprinkle swelter in other words lazy rather than reject act out idle worship reverence drive embody
9.His paintings embody the spirit of the modern era .
10.How do you act out your frustrations , by throwing glasses or something ?
11.The peddler sprinkled some water over his vegetables to make them fresher and heavier.
12.In such heated air ,the sweltering students could hardly keep their minds on their lessons .
13.That‘s idle gossip . Don‘t listen to it .
14.She sent in her application for the job , but was rejected as unqualified .
15.The salesman considered it safe to go along with the boss rather than to contradict him .
8. Everybody should have a sincere reverence /worship for the laws of his country .
D.Choose the right word or expression in the brackets to complete each of the following sentences :
1.The whole nation watched the two candidates (arguing , debating ) the issue of raising taxes on TV .
2.It was a (proud , arrogant ) moment for my cousin when she shook hands with the President .
3.Even if you (mix , blend ) oil and water , they will not (mix , blend ).
4.Some people watch television so much that they cannot (conceive , imagine ) of living without it .
5.As it was an informal dinner , most people (wore ,were dressed ) in their comfortable clothes .
6.Do you think those young people are (idealistic ,ideal ) or pragmatic ?
7.Filled with great (adulation , admiration ) for their integrity and courage , he was determined to be a man like them .
8.Deep at night , they could still hear gun-fire (rambling , rumbling ) in the distance .
E.Explain the underlined words in English :
1.―They think he is sick , sick , sick , ― Mike said .
2.Newspaper editorialized against him .
3.He poke of change and of the bewilderment of an older generation .
4.The Beatles … urged peace and piety …
5.His most notable songs …while the lyrics celebrate the simple joy …
6.… these rock musicians mirror feelings and benefits ….
7.Horowitz sees the rock music arena as …a place where ideas clash and crash .
8.What does he ---or any other current rock success ---tell us about his fans ?
Key E
1.disgusting
2.Editors ? articles attacked and criticized him
3.the confusions of the old people
4.had a strong desire for peace and piety
5.The words of the song praise the natural happiness of the old days .
6.reflect emotions and outlooks
7.a place where ideas come into opposition and contradict to each other
8.other successful rock stars at present
F . Translate the following into English :
摇滚乐于20世纪50年代末举起于美国. 它不仅是一种新型的音乐形式,更是美国的青年人表达他们对世界和人生看法的论坛. 在这个论坛上, 歌星们唱出了青年人对民权/战争与和平的态度, 唱出了他们对社会的不满,也唱出了爱与恨之
间的各种情感. 总之, 在这个论坛上, 青年人把他们对美国社会的信仰及情感给以全新的解释. 早期的摇滚乐的主要代表人物有艾尔维斯.普雷斯利,歌星加诗人鲍勃.狄伦/甲壳虫乐队以及滚石乐队等等.他们都是青年人崇拜的文化英雄.
Key F
Rock music began in America i n the late 1950‘s . It was not only a new musical form , but a forum for the American youth to express their ideas of the world and life . In this forum , the stars sang out the attitudes of the youth towards civil rights , war and peace ,the disaffection of their society , and a range of emotions between love and hate . Allin all , in this forum , the American youth redefined the beliefs and feelings of their society . The typical representatives of the early rock music were Elvis Presley , singer and poet Bob Dylan , the Bealtles , the rolling Stones and so on . They were the culture heroes whom the young people worshipped .
G. Write a short passage of 150—200words in English on the topic ―Do you Agree that Rock Is the Music of Teenage Rebellion ?:‖
You should cover the following points :
1A general statement of your position ;
2Two or three arguments with a supporting example for each .
Key G
Do You Agree that Rock Is the Music of Teenage Rebellion ?
Rock music began in America in the late 1950‘s . It was not only a new musical form , but a forum for the American youth to express their ideas of the world and life .
Music expressed its times . Rock music was a sociological expression rather than a musical force . It embodied the frustrated teenage spirit of the 1950s. At that time young people might be dissatisfied with the society or they had some hatred toward the adult world , but they could not protest it openly . So they would use music as an outlet . Then they could get some balance in their minds .
Another aspect is that the young people could make their ideas and beliefs known to the world through music . By music , they could show their felling and dreams . So all in all , young people combined invention and exaggeration ,reason and motion , word and sound , music and politics as a whole .
Lesson Two Four Choices for Young People
A.Answer the following questions on the text :
1.How do American young people look at the adult world in general ?
2.What does ―drop out ― mean ? Why does the author say that the dropouts lead a parasitic way of life ?
3.In What way are those who flee different from the dropouts ?
4.Why is this solution no longer practical on a large scale ?
5.What kind of young people tend to follow the strategy of armed revolution ?
6.Why does the author say that the most unfortunate are those whose revolutions have succeeded ?
7.What are some of the new problems faced by the young people ?
8.What is the fourth alternative ? Why does the author favor this alternative ?
Key A
1.They view the adult world with great skeptism .
They think their world is in pretty much of a mess , full of injustice ,poverty and war .
2.―Drop out ―means its practioners escape the traditional way of life , refuse to take any responsibility and live a parasitic life . Because its practioners batten on the society which they scorn and in which they refuse to take any responsibility .
3.Those who flee are not parasites.They are willing to support themselves and to contribute something to the general community .
4.Because our planet is running out of noble savages and unsullied landscapes , except for the polar regions , the frontiers are gone .
5.The young people who have no patience with the tedious workings of the democratic process or who believe that basic institutions can only be changed by force tend to follow this strategy .
6.Because they live in bitter disillusionment to see the establishment they have overthrown replaced by a new one , just as hard –faced and stuffy .
7.The unprecedent problems of an affluent society , of racial justice , of keeping our cities from becoming uninhabitable, of coping with war in unfamiliar guises , and of population explosion .
8.The fourth alternative is to try to change the world gradually .Because it offers a better chance for remedying some of the world ?s outrages than any other available strategy .
.B. Translate the following into Chinese :
1.Apparently he speaks for a lot of his contemporaries .
2.During the last few years , I have listened to scores of young people ,in college and out , who were just as nervous about the grown –up world .
3.They are willing to support themselves and to contribute something to the general community , but they simply don‘t like the environment of civilization ;t hat is ,the city , with all its ugliness and tension .
4.A few gentleman farmers with plenty of money can still escape to the bucolic life .
5.To them it offers a romantic appeal ,usually symbolized by some dashing and charismatic figure.
6.For at best their victory never dawns on the shining new world they had dreamed of , cleansed of all human meanness .
7.The revolutionary state , under whatever political label , has to be run –not by violent romantics –but by experts in marketing , sanitary engineering , and the management of bureaucracies.
8.About all that can be said for it is that it sometimes works – that in this particular time and place it offers a better chance for remedying some of the world ?s outrages than any other available strategy .
Key B
1.很显然他所说的代表了许多同龄人的想法.
2.在过去的几年中, 我听到过许多大学内外的年轻人的谈话, 对于成人世界,他们也有同感.
3.他们愿意自食其力,并对社会大众做些贡献.他们不喜欢文明的环境,也就是说, 不喜欢那种丑恶/紧张的城市生活.
4.一些极富有的乡绅可以回到农村的田园生活.
5.对他们来说,这有一种浪漫/传奇的色彩,通常是以某个有闯劲/魅力超凡的人物为代表的.
6.即使革命成功,胜利的曙光也不会照在光灿灿的/梦想的/消除了人类一切自私的新世界上.
7.革命的机器,无论贴上什么样的政治标签,还得由市场销售/卫生工程/官僚机构的行家们来操作,而不是由那些极端的浪漫主义者们去操作.
8.这种方法的惟一优点是, 它有时真的有效,--在一个特定的时间和地点, 与其它可选的方法相比,它可以更好地改善世界上的倒行逆施行为.
C. Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below , changing its form when necessary :
Strike run out of cleanse disappoint insoluble unprecedent satisfy virtual contribute available symbolize vehement
1.For many Americans , it is their lifelong dream to buy a satisfying /satisfactory two-storied house with a garden .
2. To make Beijing our worthy capital , we must get it cleansed of polluted air , among other things .
3.In a lot of cultures , red roses are used to symbolize love .
4.Unfortunately , their car ran out of fuel , just ten miles short of Chicago .
5. An unprecedented event in history took place in 1969 , when two American astronauts landed for the first time on the Moon .
6. The detective finally gave up , declaring the mystery insoluble .
7. Though high-sounding , his speech struck everyone at the meeting as totally irrelevant to what was discussed .
9.If you travel by plane , Beijing and Guangzhou are virtually neighboring cities .
D. Choose the right word or expression in the brackets to complete each of the following sentences :
1.The professor looked over our papers with a hasty (sight , glance ).
2.Before ordering their dinner , they considered the (relevant , relative ) merits of chicken and roast beef .
3.The little boy‘s constant noise (exhilarated , exasperated ) his father , who was busy writing a paper for a symposium .
4.Isn‘t it (wholesome, noisome )to live in a city with so many vehicles passing day and night ?
5.He was born in a small town (lived , inhabited ) by about 500 people .
6.Her desk was all (jumbled , cluttered ) with old papers , strings , and other odds and ends .
7.He thinks they are extremely (idealistic , ideal ) , for all their pragmatism .
8.She made one last (attraction , appeal ) to her father for permission to go to the party .
E. Explain the underlined words in English :
1….who were just as nervous about the grown-up world .
2.Unlike the dropouts , they are not parasites .
3.This strategy also has ancient antecedents .
4.…that is , the city , with all its ugliness and tension .
5.For at best their victory never dawns on the shining new world they had dreamed of ….
6.At first glance , this course is far from inviting .
7.…it offers a better chance for remedying some of the world ?s outrages than any other available strategy .
8.…another one looms just ahead .
Key E
1.They are doubtful and critical about the way the older generation is running the world .
2.They don‘t batten on the society . They support themselves .
3.This strategy is not new . We had similar ones in the old times .
4.The city is ugly and full of pressures .
5.Their success doesn‘t bring about a new world .
6.This strategy is not attractive .
https://www.doczj.com/doc/fc11594588.html,pared with other strategies , it can change the world for the better . It can stop some of the world ?s violence or crulty .
8.Another problem appears before them .
F. Translate the following into English :
60年代的美国青年是反叛的一代. 他们看到美国这个富裕社会充满了贫困/不平等和虚伪.他们不再相信这个不属于他们的成人社会, 拒绝信奉它的信仰和价值观. 很多青年人积极投入到反对贫困/反对种族歧视和反对越南战争的斗争中去,有些青年人甚至试图以武装革命的方式推翻这个社会. 还有很多青年人以消极的方式表示他们的不满. 他们吸毒,过着不承担任何社会责任的寄生生活,
或者跑到未开垦的乡村去, 过着原始公社式的生活.
Key F
The American young people in 1960‘s were a ge neration of rebellion . They found that the affluent American society was filled with poverty , injustice and gypocrisy . They didn‘t trust the adult world that didn‘t belong to them and refused to take their beliefs and values . Many young people took active part in the struggle which protested against poverty , racial discrimination and Vietnam War . Some young people even tried to overthrow this world by armed revolution. Many other young took passive ways to show their disaffections . They took drugs , refused to take any responsibilities and lived a parasitic way of life . Or they escaped to the frontiers and lived a primitive way of life .
G. Write a short passage of 150-200 words in English on the topic ―My Comment on the Fourth Choice .‖You should c over the following points :
!.what the fourth choice is ;
2.What you agree on with the author and reasons for your agreement ;
3.What you disagree on with the author , if any , and your explanation .
My Comment on the Fourth Choice
The fourth comment is to change the world gradually , one clod at a time . Maybe at the first glance it is not inviting . It lacks glamour . It has no quick result . It
demands patience . It depends on the exasperating and uncertain instruments of persuasion and democratic decision making .
I think the author is right . Reforming the world is a little like fighting a military campaign in the Apennines , as soon as you capture one mountain range, another one looms just ahead . The problems are the same , too. Once some problems are brought under some kind of rough control , new problems take place . So we can‘t solve all the problems at a time . We have to deal with one problem each time and change the world gradually and steadily . So problems can be handled in the same way that hard problems have been coped with before –piecemeal , pragmatically ,by the dogged efforts of many people . so I think in this particular time and place the fourth choice offers a better chance for remedying some of the world ?s outrages than any other available starategy .
Lesson Three The Use of Force
By William Carlos Williams
A.Answer the following questions on the text :
1.why wasn‘t the sick child in bed ?
2.why were the girl‘s parents eyeing the doctor up and down distrustfully ?
3.What made the girl refuse to open her mouth to the doctor ?
4.Why did the doctor insist on examining her throat ?
5.Why was the doctor not able to see her throat since he already had the wooden tongue depressor into her mouth ?
6.How did the doctor finally g et see the girl‘s throat ?
7.Did the girl‘s physical beauty have anything to do with the outcome of the incident ?Explain .
8.Can you find any fault with the doctor‘s behavior?
Key A,
1.Because it was damp there .
2.Because they were the new patients to him and they were nervous .
3.She didn‘t want others to know that her tonsils were covered with membrane.
4.Because the doctor took a trial shot that the girl might have diphtheria.
5.Because she gripped the wooden blade between her molars and did n‘t open her mouth to let the doctor have a look .
6.The doctor overpowered the child‘s neck and jaws , forced the heavy silver spoon back of her teeth and down her throat till she gagged .
7.Yes , it did . Because she was very beautiful and didn‘t wan t others to know her shortcomings . She thought tonsils covered with membrane were ugly .
8.Yes . The doctor grasped the child‘s head and tried to get the wooden tongue depressor between her teeth . He had grown furious at the child . He could have torn the child apart and enjoyed it .
B. Translate the following into Chinese :
1.When I arrived I was met by the mother , a big startled looking woman , very clean and apologetic who merely said , Is this the doctor?And let me in .
2.He tried to get up , but I motioned for him not to bother , took off my overcoat and started to look things over .
3.As often , in such cases , they weren‘t telling me more than they had to , it was up to me to tell them .
4.I smiled in my best professional manner and asking for the child‘s first name I said , come on , Mathilda, …
5.At that I ground my teeth in disgust . If only they wouldn‘t use the word ―hurt ―I might be able to get somewhere .
6.In the ensuing struggle they grew more and more abject , crushed , exhausted while she surely rose to magnificent heights of insane fury of effort bred of her terror of me .
7.…she opened up for an instant but before I could see any thing she came down again and gripped the wooden blade between her molars she reduced it to splinters before I could get it out again .
8.The damned little brat must be protected against her own idiocy , one says to one‘s self at such times .
Key B
1.我到她家时先遇到她的母亲, 她一副惊讶/害怕的表情. 她穿着很干净, 只是礼貌地说, 您是医生吗?就让我进去了.
2.他试图站起来, 我示意他不要麻烦,脱去外套, 开始检查.
3.像往常一样, 在这种情况下, 他们不会告诉我更多的情况, 而是理应由我来告诉他们.
4.我尽量露出我的职业微笑,询问小女孩的名字.我说,过来,玛蒂尔…
5.此时我已厌恶地咬牙切齿,要不是他们使用‖伤害‖这个词,我可能早就采取行动了.
6.在接下来的斗争中,他们变得越来越可怜,被制服,甚至精疲力竭,而小女孩由于害怕我而产生的狂怒却达到了顶点.
7.她的嘴张开了一下, 我还没有来的及看清楚,她又闭上了嘴.,紧紧地用臼齿咬住木刃.我还没有来的及将它拔出,,她已把它咬成了碎片.
8.那个可恶的小家伙很愚蠢,但我应当保护她, 此时我对自己这样说.
B.Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below , changing its form when necessary :
Apologetic motion apprehension distrustful profusion admonish terrifying coax contemptible ensue desist overpower
1.They heard of the traffic accident and immediately rushed to the hospital , full of apprehensions about the safety of the passengers .
2.The terrifying explosion occurred early in the morning .
3.As he entered the newly decorated building , an overpowering smell of paint made him feel quite sick .
4.The old man yelled over and over again ―stop thief ,stop thief !‖ But nobody did anything . The indifference of the onlookers was really contemptible .
5.The police motioned for the crowd to move on to the next street .
6.In Kunming , flowers grow in great profusion all the year round .
7.The fans shouted and clapped so loudly that in the ensuing confusion nobody could hear a thing .
8.The boys were frightened , but the police managed to coax them into telling him what they had seen that night .
A.Choose the right word or expression in the brackets to complete each of the following sentences :
1.The girl looked at the doctor (terrifyingly, terrified ).
2.―If you finish all the homework tonight , we‘ll go for a picnic tomorrow , ― he (admonished ,coaxed).
3.He thought their behavior was (contemptuous ,contemptible ),but he didn‘t say anything in front of the host .
4.Summoned by the boss , he approached his office full of
(apprehension ,distrust ).
5.He was sincerely sorry for what happened at the party , so people accepted his (excuse ,apology ).
6.They were walking in the forest when they heard a (terrifying ,terrific )roar which made their blood freeze .
7.Obviously they were getting nowhere with the meeting , so he decided to (desist ,resist ) from making a final decision that afternoon .
8.―How can you say that you don‘t want to see your grandmother ?‖the father (admonished ,coaxed ).
E. Explain the underlined words in English :
1…very clean and apologetic…
2…it was up to me to tell them ;…
3.And there‘s been a lot of sickness around .
4.Nothing doing .
5.I‘m here to look at her throat on the chance that she might have diphtheria …
6.We‘re going through with this .
7…I too had got beyond reason.
8.My face was burning with it .
Key E
1.polite
2.It was my duty …
3.There has been a lot of sick people near our home .
4.She did nothing . There was no action .
5.probably , possibly
6.We‘ll continue to the end .
7.became unreasonable
8.pleasure and enjoyment
F.Translate the following into English :
玛蒂尔达病了三天了,母亲给她吃了药也不见好, 只好请来了医生.由于玛蒂尔达的学校里有学生患白喉,而且已经有两个孩子死去,医生到奥尔逊家后首先要检查玛蒂尔达的喉咙.但是无论怎么劝,她就是不肯张开嘴,于是医生只得用压舌板伸进她的嘴里. 然而玛蒂尔达竟然把压舌板咬碎了.为了保护玛蒂尔达本人及其他的儿童,医生必须弄清玛蒂尔达是否患了白喉,以便给予及时的治疗.于是他让玛蒂尔达的父亲抓紧她的手腕,自己用力掰开了玛蒂尔达的嘴,发现她果然得了白喉.这个故事使我们想到这样一个问题,生活中有的事不能全靠自愿,在有的情况下, 一定的强迫似乎是必要的.
Key F.
Mathilda had been ill for three days . Her mother had given her some medicine, but it didn‘t do any good . So they had to ask the doctor to come . There had been a number of cases of diphtheria in Mathilda‘s school and two of them had been dead . When the doctor arrived at Olson‘s home , he wanted to examine Mthilda‘s throat first . But no matter how he coaxed ,,She wouldn‘t open her mouth . So the doctor had to get the tongue depressor into her mouth . But Mathilda reduced it to splinters . In order to protect Mathilda herself and other children , the doctor had to make sure whether she had diphtheria or not , so that he could treat her in time . Letting Mathilda ?s father hold her wrists he tried his best to open her mouth and found sh e really had diphtheria. This story made us can think such a question that something in life can‘t only depend on self willingness . Under some circumstances , certain force seems necessary .
G. Write a short passage of 150-200words in English on the topi c ―Comment on the Doctor‘s Behavior . ―You should covre the following points :
1.Why he wanted to examine the girl‘s throat ;
2.how he tried to coax her to open her mouth ;
3.what made him decide to use force to see her throat ;
4.your opinion of t he doctor‘s behavior .
Key G.
Comment on the Doctor‘s Behavior
After the doctor arrived at the girl‘s home , he wanted to see her throat . As there had been a number of cases of diphtheria in the school to which the girl went during that month , the doctor also thought that of the girl . So he smiled to the girl and asked her to open her mouth and let him have a look at her throat . No matter how the doctor coaxed , the girl shut her mouth firmly .
Thinking that the girl might have diphtheria and possibly die of it , the doctor decided to use force to open her mouth . He had seen at least two children lying dead in bed of neglect in such cases . He felt that he must get a diagnosis now . So he grasped the girl‘s head with his left hand and tried to get t he wooden tongue depressor between her teeth . But when the doctor got the wooden spatula behind her last teeth . She gripped the blade between her molars and reduced it to splinters . In the final unreasoning assault the doctor outerpowered the girl . He forced the heavy silver spoon back of her teeth and down her throat till she gagged . Her both tonsils were covered with membrane.
From that the doctor had done , I thought he was a responsible person . In order to save the lives of the patients , especially those children who did not know how to
co-operate with the doctor ,he had to take some measure . Otherwise a good or suitable time of treatment would be missed .
Lesson Four Die as You Choose
A.Answer the following questions on the text :
1.Is euthanasia openly practiced in Holland ?
2.Why did the doctors in the U.S.sometimes secretly practice euthanasia without consulting the dying patients ?
3.What is the difference between passive euthanasia and active euthanasia ?Do you think they make any difference ?
4.What is a ―living-will ―?
5.Did Hippocrates prohibit euthanasia ?Did most ancient Greek doctors and thinkers agree with his ban ?What did the author want to tell the reader by presenting this historical fact ?
6.What is the danger involved if euthanasia is legalized ?
7.Why did the author say that West Germany will not be able to legalize any form of euthanasia for a long time to come ?
8.What is the author‘s view on euthanasia ?
Key A
1.Yes, it is .
2.Because they could rarely discuss euthanasia openly with patients and voluntary euthanasia was taboo , the doctor had to make the decision himself .
3.Passive euthanasia means the doctor lets the patient die without giving him any treatment on his own request . Active euthanasia means the doctor kill the patient by giving him an injection or enough painkillers . No, I don‘t think they make any difference.
4.―Living will ―is a will made by a person when he is living that he does not want life prolonged when he is dying .
5.Yes , he did .
No, they didn‘t .
The author wanted to explain that when in ancient Greece doctors and thinkers had the courage to disagree with Hippocrates , we should support euthanasia today .
6.It may pose dangers for society by setting a precedent for killing .
7.West Germany will not legalize any form of euthanasia for a long time because of the shadow of the past .
8.The author has an appositive attitude towards euthanasia . He supports it .
A.Translate the following into Chinese:
1.The need for laws on euthanasia cannot be dodged for much longer .
2.In Holland mercy-killing is accepted by the medical establishment and openly practiced a few thousand times each year .
3.The debate on euthanasia will rumble on into the autumn, when Californians may vote on a proposed law legalizing euthanasia .
4.Many people accept that it is sad , undignified and gruesome to prolong the throes of death with all the might of medical technology .
5.How long can the distinction between killing and letting die hold out ?
6.Is he then necessarily wrong if he administers enough painkillers to kill ?Does the fact that the doctor performed an action, rather than an omission , condemn him ?
7.It is probably no coincidence that it was Dutch doctors who most heroically resisted pressure to join in the Nazi medical atrocities .
8.Countries with an uninterrupted recent libertarian tradition have less to fear from setting some limited rules for voluntary euthanasia .
Key B.
1.现在迫切需要制定有关安乐死的法律.
2.在荷兰,安乐死已经被医疗机构所接受,并于每年公开实施数千次.
3.这场有关安乐死的辩论将持续到秋天,直到加利福尼亚人投票表决了一项提议,使安乐死合法化为止.
4.许多人认为用所能使用的医疗科技来延长死亡前的痛苦是悲哀的/不高尚的/可怕的.
5.这种主动实施与被动使用安乐死的区别还能维持多长时间呢?
6.如果他使用足够数量的止痛片来为其实施安乐死就有错了吗?医生采取行动,就应受到遣责吗?
7.这不是一种巧合,当时荷兰医生就英勇地反抗用人体做医学试验.
8.不间断提倡思想和行动自由的国家对主动实施安乐死进行限制性规定,就没有什么可担心的了.
B.Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below , changing its form when necessary :
Dodge drown intrude legalize oath withhold precedent rumble taboo credible arguable usher
1.She skillfully dodged the questions about her private life .
2.It was very rude of him to intrude on my privacy .
3.The schools decided to withhold payment until they had completed the construction of the building .
4.Reform and Open-door policy has ushered in a new ear of economic development .
5.They started a campaign to legalize abortion.
6.If you let the boy go without punishment , he will use it as a precedent for doing wrong again .
7.After the exposure of his lies the Congressman is no longer a credible politician.
8.It is arguable that primary school students should pay any tuition .
C.Choose the right word or expression in the brackets to complete each of the following sentences :
1.The warrior managed to (evade, dodge )the arrow that came flying through the air .
2.The speaker‘s last few words were (drowned out, stopped ) by the audience ?s thunderous applause .
3.Would I be (intruding , invading ) if I joined in your discussion ?
4.The ( omission , exclusion ) of a full stop at the end of the sentence is a deliberate act by the writer .
5.The newly –recruited soldiers swore an (oath, promise ) of loyalty to their country .
6.The suspect was accused of ( preventing ,withholding ) some important evidence from the court .
7.Whether or not he is the best person for the promotion is ( debatable , arguable ).
8.He has established himself as a (credible , believable ) businessman .
E. Explain the underlined words in English :
1.The need for laws on euthanasia cannot be dodged for much longer .
2.The letter was probably written for polemical impact .
3.Thus , because voluntary euthanasia is taboo…
4.…with all the might of medical technology…
5.…by setting a precedent for killing
6.…only squeamishness demands a firm difference between…
7.Active euthanasia-killing –remains controversial .
8.Yet if a patient‘s philosophical views embrace euthanasia…
Key E
1.mercifully easy and painless death for persons suffering from an incurable and painful disease , esp. the doctor let the patients die on their own request .
2.resulting in arguments
3.something that religion or custom regards as forbidden
4.everything could be used or done
5.creating an earlier example of killing
6.those who are too modest and scrupulous
7.polemical ,arguable
8.support , be in favour of
F.Translate the following into English :
现在迫切需要制定有关安乐死的法律.大多数国家禁止安乐死.在这些国家医生只能偷偷地给病人实施安乐死.但是,也有的国家公开实施安乐死,例如荷兰.越来越多的国家目前正在
Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)
Lesson 1 Question: 1. Why did John Koshak decide to stay although he knew the hurricane would be bad? For the following reasons: For one thing, the house was 23 feet above sea level; for another,he was unwilling to abandon his home. 2. How did the man prepare for the hurricane? Why was a generator necessary? They filled bathtubs and pails. Besides, they checked out batteries for portable radio and flashlights, and fuel for the lantern. A generator was necessary because John's father wired several light bulbs to it and prepared a connection to the refrigerator. 3. What made it impossible for the Koshak to escape? It was impossible for the Koshers to escape both by car and on foot. The car's electrical system had been killed by water. Meanwhile, the water became too deep for them to escape on foot. 4. Why did John Koshak feel a crushing guilt? Because he blamed himself for underestimating the power of the hurricane and then endangering the whole family by his wrong decision not to flee safer inland. 5. Why did Grandma Koshak ask children to be sing? A: Because she knew how frightened the children were and wanted to boost their spirit. 6. What was a hurricane party? What happened to the party gores? A hurricane party was the one that was held by several vacationers to enjoy the spectacle of the hurricane with a clear and broad view in the fancy Richelieu Apartments from where they believed they would be safe. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart by the hurricane and 26 people perished. 7. What did Grandma Koshak mean when she said," We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important?" She meant that human lives are more important than material possessions. 8. How did the community of Gulfport act after Hurricane Camille was over? They managed to make their lives return to normal and began rebuilding their community without any delay. Paraphrase: 1. We're elevated 23 feet. Our house is 23 feet above sea level. 2. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. The house was built in 1915 and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it. 3. We can batten down and ride it out. We can prepare ourselves for the hurricane and manage to survive it without much damage. 4. The generator was doused, and the lights went out. Water got into the generator, and it didn't work. As a result, the lights were put out. 5. Everybody out the back door to the cars! Everybody go out though the back door and get into the cars. 6. The electrical system had been killed by water. The electrical system in the cars had been destroyed by water. 7. John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. When John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he b
第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形，这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果，例子应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是：演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌，并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造，因此，对于演说者来说，一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴，并且要确保统计方法正确，数据来源可靠。?
李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma, otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit 2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen.
高级英语课后练习答案(上下全册） Rock Superstars What Do They Tell Us About OurSelves and Our Society? 课后练习(Exercises on the text) A.Answer the following questions on the text: 1.They emphasize the theme of the article and they are appropriate. 2.The author attempts to illustrate that there are completely different ideas about Rock Music between the young people and the adult. 3.Rock music can express its times. He sees it as a debating forum where American society struggles to define and redefine its feelings and beliefs. 4.Elvis managed to embody the frustrated teenage spirit of the 1950s. 5.Bob Dylan spoke of civil rights, the Beatles urged peace and piety, and the Rolling Stones demanded revolution. 6.Apart from politics, the rock music also deals with feelings. 7.They got applause, praise and money. 8.No, he hasn’t. He wants the readers to think it carefully. B.Translate the following into Chinese: 1.他说：“贾格尔拿着装有半加仑水的罐子沿着舞台前沿跑动，把水洒到
THE LOONS 课后习题答案/answer I . 1)The Tonnerres were poor The basis of their dwelling was a small square cabin made of poles and mud, which had been built some fifty years before. As the Tonnerres had increased in number, their settlement had been added, until thc clearing at the foot of the town hill was a chaos of lean-tos, wooden packing cases, warped lumber, discarded car tyres, ramshackle chicken coops, tangled strands of barbed wire and rusty tin cans. 2)Sometimes, one of them would get involved in a fight on Main Street and be put for the night in the barred cell underneath the Court House. 3)Because she had had tuberculosis of the bone, and should have a couple of months rest to get better. 4)Her mother first objected to take Piquette along because she was afraid that the girl would spread the disease to her children and she believed that the girl was not hygienic. She then agreed to do so because she preferred Piquette to the narrator's grandmother, who promised not to go along with the family and decided to stay in the city if the girl was taken along. 5)The cottage was called Macleod, their family name. The scenery there was quite beautiful with all kinds of plants and animals at the lakeside. 6)The narrator knew that maybe Piquette was an Indian descendant who knew the woods quite well, so she tried to ask Piquette to go and play in the wood and tell her stories about woods. 7)Because Piquette thought the narrator was scorning and showing contempt for her Indian ancestors, which was just opposite to her original intention. 8)Because the narrator felt somewhat guilty. Piquette stayed most of the time in the cottage and hardly played with the narrator. At the same time, she felt there was in Piquette something strange and unknown and unfathomable. 9)That was the very rare chance she was unguarded and unmasked, so that the author could perceive her inner world. 10)Her full name is Vanessa Macleod. 11)Just as the narrator's father predicted, the loons would go away when more cottages were built at the lake with more people moving in. The loons disappeared as nature was ruined by civilization. In a similar way, Piquette and her people failed to find their position in modern society. Ⅱ. 1)who looked deadly serious, never laughed 2)Sometimes old Jules, or his son Lazarus, would get involved in a rough, noisy quarrel or fight on a Saturday night after much drinking of liquor. 3)She often missed her classes and had little interest in schoolwork. 4)I only knew her as a person who would make other people feel ill at ease. 5)She lived and moved somewhere within my range of sight (Although I saw her, I paid little attention to her). 6)If my mother had to make a choice between Grandmother Macleod and
Unit 1 C 1.The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4.By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5.The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6.When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech.
作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的
Unit1 Paraphrase 1.Our house is 23 feet above sea level. 2.The house was built in1915, and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it. 3.We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage. 4.Water got into the generator, it stopped working. As a result all lights were put out. 5.Everyone go out through the back door and get into the cars! 6.The electrical systems in the cars had been destroyed/ruined by water. 7.As john watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the family by making the wrong decision not to flee inland. 8.Oh, God, please help us to get through this dangerous situation. 9.She sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped. 10.Janis didn't show any fear on the spot during the storm, but she revealed her feelings caused by the storm a few nights after the hurricane by getting up in the middle of the night and crying softly. Practice with words and expressions A 1.main:a principal pipe, conduit, or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.
Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adapted Sustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutter B bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdote Credentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtaposition Task 3 Translation B.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的思想是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点，发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰，易于辨认。 C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2. In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4. By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in you speech. 7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers’ ideas clearly and interestingly. 9. You should mot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. 10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful. D. Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be exp licit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.