Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation

英语国家概况The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland英国的历史分四部分:1.The Origins of a Nation2.The Shaping of the Nation3.Transition to the Modern Age4.The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireEarly settlers -> Roman Britain -> Anglo-Saxons -> the Viking and Danish Invasions -> the Norman ConquestNorman Rule -> the Great Charter -> the Hundred Years' War with France -> the Blackdeath and the peasant uprisingThe English Reformation -> Elizabeth I -> the English Renaissance -> James I -> Charles I -> the Civil War -> the commonwealth -> the Glories RevolutionTwo parties (Whigs and Tories) -> Agricultural changes -> the Industrial Revolution -> the Chartist Movement -> Trade unions and the Labour Party -> Colonial Expansion -> in the two World Wars Chapter 1 Land and People第一部分：Different Names for Britain and its Parts1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain：England, Scotland and Wales 3. Why do people tend to use "England" and "English" when they mean "Britain" and "British"? England is the largest, most populous and generally speaking the richest section. So people tend to use “England” and “English” when they mean “Britain” and “British”.4.名词解释：The Commonwealth of Nations 或the British CommonwealthThe Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers.英联邦是一个由许多独立国家组成的自由组织，这些国家都是大不列颠国以前的殖民地，成员国都是出于经济原因结合在一起的并有固定的贸易往来。

英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英语国家概况Chapter 1 第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain an d Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Irela nd, and hundreds of sm all ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

第一章Land and People 考题Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts1. The British Isles are made up of¬________A. two large islands and hundreds of small onesB. two large islands and Northern IrelandC. three large islands and hundreds of small onesD. three large islands and Northern Ireland2. There are three political divisions on the island of GreatBritain.They are_______A. Britain, Scotland and WalesB. England, Scotland and WalesC. Britain, Scotland and IrelandD. England, Scotland and Ireland3. The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of independent countries______A. that have a large number of British immigrantsB. that fought on the side of Britain in the two world warsC. that speak English as their native languageD. that were once colonies of Britain4 About a hundred years ago, as a result of imperialist expansion , Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and ______of the world’s land area.A. one thirdB.one fifthC. one fourth . D two fifths1. What is the official name of Great Britain?2. When did Ireland declare itself a republic? and it’s capital?答案：Key :1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. 1949, DublinChapter 1 land and people1.what are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth? The British Isles,Greant Britina and England are geographical names, no the official names of the country,while the official name is the United Kingdom,but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian.2.Describe the geographical position of Britian?Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean offthe north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.3.Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands.4.Does Britain have a favourable climate? why?Yes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type ofclimate---winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It hasa small range of temperature,too.5.what are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Whichpart of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three:1)The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;2)the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate;3)the North Atlantic Drift,a warmcurrent,passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them. The northwestern part has the most rainfall,while the south-eastern corner is the driest.6.Describe the distribution of Britain’s population.Britain has a population of 57 million. It is densely populated, withan average of 237people per square kilometre. It is also very unevenly distributed , with 90%of the population in urban areas,10% in rural areas. Geographically, most British people live in England. Of thetotal of 57 million people, 47 million live in England, 14 million livein London and Southeastern England.7.What are the three natural zones in Scotland?The three natural zones in Scotland are : the Highlands in the north,the central Lowlands ,and the southern Uplands.8.What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish?The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,while the Scots,Welsh and rish are Celts.9.What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England? How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive?The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.The Scots are hospitable,generous and friendly.Irish are known for their charm and vivacity aswell as for the beauty of their Irish girls.Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.10.What is the main problem in Northern Ireland?Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to livein Northern Ireland.Since then there has been bitter fighting betweenthe Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are the dominantgroup,while the latter are seeking more social,plitical and economic apportunities.The british Government and the government of Ireland arenow working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.第二章Origins of the Nation根据考纲2. Origins of the NationArrival and settlement of the CeltsBasis of modern English race: the Anglo-SaxonsThe Viking and Danish invasionsKing Alfred and his contributionsThe Norman Conquest and itsconsequences做出的练习题。

英国概况地理和历史部分work Information Technology Company.2020YEARChapter 1第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names： the British Isles， Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name： the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain （the larger one） and Ireland， and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain： England， Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

（1） England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest， most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

（2） Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones （the Highlands in the north； the Central lowlands； the south Uplands） Capital： Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年-公元前55年）1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.⼈们所知的英国最早居民是伊⽐利来⼈。

2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽⼝陶器⼈。

3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特⼈来到不列颠岛。

4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特⼈来到不列颠有三次⾼潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第⼀次⾼潮是约公元前600年盖尔⼈的来临。

The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第⼆次⾼潮是约公元前400年布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈的抵达。

The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年⽐利其⼈的到达。

II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)罗马⼈统治时期的英国（公元前55年-410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马⼈的⼊侵。

英国国家概况笔记一第一章英语国家概况精讲系列Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英美国家概况第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）The IberiansThe Beaker FolkThe CeltsII.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.III.The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.IV．Viking and Danish invasionsThe invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. Theybecame a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”V．The Norman Conquest (1066)The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.The Shaping of the Nation （1066-1381）Norman Rule （1066-1381）William's Rule （1066-1087）King Henry II and his reformsThe Great CharterThe origins of the English ParliamentThe Hundred Years' War（The Hundred Years‘ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France， while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders， which were the importer of English wool， but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides， England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.The English being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France， the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity， while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.）The Black DeathThe Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reducedEngland's population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century.The Peasant Uprising of 1381Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex， led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw， moved on London in June， 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home， while Tyler and other leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king.The uprising was brutally suppressed， but it had far-reaching significance in English history. First， it directed against the rich clergy， lawyers and the landowners. Second， it dealt a telling blow to villeinage， and third， a new class of yeomen farmers emerged，paving the way to the development of capitalism.Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)The Wars of RoseThe name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster， symbolized by the read rose， and that of York， symbolized by the white， from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor，descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars， English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.The English ReformationHenry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes： a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now，encouraged by the success of Martin Luther， many people believed its time had come； the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented； and Henry needed money.Elizabeth I （1558-1603）The English RenaissanceThe Civil WarsBecause of the absolute rule of Charles， the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22，1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King， and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious （ Puritan） ideology while the Crown‘s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.The RestorationWhen Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son，Richard， the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck， occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.The Glorious Revolution of 1688In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe， was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II， and appealed to a Protestant king， William of Orange， to invade and take theEnglish throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth， with no bloodshed， nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5，1605， a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5， when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire（1688-1990）Whigs and Tories originated with the Glorious Revolution（1688）. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyDuring the late 18th and early 19th centuries， the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries.The Industrial Revolution （1780-1830）The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.The Chartist Movement （1836-1848）Parliamentary reformsThree Reform BillsBetween 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.The Reform Act of 1832The Reform Act of 1832 （also called the “Greater Charter of 1832）abolished ”rotten boroughs“， and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing tows. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenant‘s， based on the value of their property.A People‘s CharterThere was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836， a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men‘s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands （a People’s Charter） in 1838， with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points：（1）the vote for all adult males；（2）voting by secretballot；（3）equal electoral districts；（4）abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament；（5）payment of members of Parliament；（6）annual Parliaments， with a General Election every June.Trade Unions and the Labor PartyColonial Expansion: The growth of dominionsEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain‘s control of the seas， especially by the rising tide of emigration， British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada， Australia， and New Zealand， in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900， Britain had built up a big empire， “on which the sun never set”。

英语国家概况一这是根据大纲整理出来的。

有的不考的章节就没做。

Chapter 1第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

The United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern IrelandChapter 1 Land and people1.Different names for Britain and its parts:·Location: an island country./ English Channel and Strait of Dover is between the UK and European continent. ·Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.·Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.·The British Isles are made up of two large islands---Great Britain(the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.·Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.2. The longest river in Britain: Severn River★The British Empire 英帝国About a hundred years ago, as result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British colonies became independent one after another. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth in 1931.★The British Commonwealth 英联邦The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth in 1931.It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 54 members in the commonwealth. The official leader is the British Queen or King.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)I. Arrival and settlement of the Celts (700 BC)1. the Iberians: the first known settlers of Britain (伊比利亚人)2. the Celts came to Britain in three main waves （凯尔特人）II. Roman Britain (55BC—AD410)·British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.·The Roman also brought the new religion,Christianity, to Britain.III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)--Basis of Modern English race1. three Teutonic tribes (Heptarchy七王国)·The Jutes : Kent·the Saxons : Essex, Sussex and Wessex·the Angles : East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria2.The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared.IV. Viking and Danish invasions1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878.2．King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions·Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”.V. The Norman Conquest (1066)—the best-known event in English history1.Reasons for William’s invasion of England after King Edward’s death.It was said that King Edward has promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy, but theWitan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In Oct. 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.2.SignificanceThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps ①the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror ② confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxonrule with ③a strong Norman government.④Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced.Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)I. England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce.②One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.③William replaced the Witan with the Great Council④William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book (a property record)⑤William’s policy towards the cherch was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to protect church’s power.II. Henry II’s measures to consolidate the monarchy① he strengthened the Great Council to help him rule the kingdom.② he strengthened th e king’s court and divided the whole country into six circuits.③ a common law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons.④ this circuit court led to the founding of the jury system which replaced the old ordeal-based trial system.⑤ he reformed certain abuses in church courts by restricting the power of the archbishopIII. Conten t s and the significance of the Great Charter（Margna Carta）1.Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Great Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections, etc.2. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the ① foundation of English liberties, it was a ②statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, ③a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a ④ limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.IV. The origins of the English Parliament· The Great Council is known to be the prototype (原型)/earliest of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice，not to make decisions. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament at that time was the House of Lords.·In order to collect tax, Edward I summoned the so-called “ Model Parliament” in 1295, which symbolized the real parliament came into being.V. The Hundred Y ears' War(1337—1453) and its consequences.1.The Hundred Y ears’ War refers to a series of wars between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453.2. Joan of Arc (1412-1431)Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encouraged the French in driving the English out of French in the Hundred Y ears’ War.3.Consequences of the war①The English lost the war. The English being driven out of French is regarded as a blessing for both countries.②It helped the separate development of English and French national identity. ③English language was reestablished as the official language.Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)I. The nature (性质) and consequences of the Wars of the Roses (1455—1485)·It refers to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of Y ork, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld (last battle) in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors.·Ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as usual. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. No less than 80 nobles of royal blood were killed in the wars. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.II. Henry VIII and The English Reformation1. Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform of church had been growing for many years; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money.2. The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine but the Pope refused.· purpose: Henry’s reforms was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England.(用国王的王权至尊取代教皇的神权至尊)· measures: He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings.· results: He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England.·effects:①Henry VIII’s reform stressed the power of the monarch②English religion began to transform from Catholicism to Protestant ideology.III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)1. Elizabeth's religious reformElizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. Her religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.2. significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 (西班牙无敌舰队)①showed England’s superiority as a naval power② meant a decisive check to the attempt of Catholism to recover the northern countries of Europe③It enabled England to become a great treading and colonizing country in the years to come.IV. The English RenaissanceIt was the revival of classical literature and artistic style in European history. Humanism was the mainstreamin literature and arts. The greatest Literary writer of the English Renaissance was William Shakespeare.V. The Civil Wars/Puritan Revolution (1642—1651) and their consequences1. Charles I---Cavaliers---Charles I was executed (January 30,1648)Parliament---Roundheads---Oliver Cromwell became the most powerful man in England2. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.VI. The Commonwealth (共和国) under Oliver Cromwell (1649—1660)Cromwell was leader of the first civil war against C harles I. His famous “Ironside” cavalry and New Model Army(新模范军) defeated the king. After the War he was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England (1653). After king Charles I’s exection in 1649, Oliver Cromwell and the “Rump”（残余国会）declared England a Commonwealth.There was no king, no House of Lords in England. The Commonwealth ended in 1660 when Charles II became king.VII. The Glorious Revolution of 1688· Charles II was succeeded by his brother James II, who was a Catholic and hoped to rule without giving up his religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange (hasband of Mary), to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.· William and Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights (1689) which, ①excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, ②confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and ③guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.·In 1702, Mary’s sister, Anne, came to tbe throne. It was during Anne’s reign that the name Great Britain came into being when, in 1707, the Act of Union united England and Scotland.Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)I. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)1. definition: The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Or it means the invention and appliance of various machines in production and the changes that transformed Britain from a rural and agricultural country into an urban and manufacturing one.2. Britain was the first country to industrialize.3. Its effect/consequence on the development of Britain· Turned Britain into the “workshop of the world”· Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth.· It simplified the class structure. The middle class became the capitalists, while the lower class became the working class, or the proletariat (无产阶级).II. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)1.definition: it was a mass movement of the working class to fight for equal political and social rights.4.Result and significance of the Chartist Movement①The Chartist Movement failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and less mature of working class.②The Chartist movement, however, was the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems.III.Building of the British EmpireThe colonial expansion: began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583.1. the growth of dominions: British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries.2. The Conquest of India: Queen Victoria became Empress of India.3. The Scramble for Africa: slave trade4. Aggression against China: Opium War/China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal countryBy 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”.VI. Britain and the First World War (1914---1918)·The Word War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Power blocs: “the Central power” and the “Allies”. The war ended by The Treaty of V ersailles (June, 1919), imposed on Germany, formalized the Allied victory.· During the war, the Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of 25. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society.VII. Britain and the Second World War (1939---1945)·The war fought from 1939-1945 mainly between the two power blocs: the Axis and the Allies. Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister, led his country to final victory in 1945.·result and influence ①She lost one-quarter of her national wealth and ②her sea supremacy. ③Britain entered upon a period of economic and social disruption.④The independent movement of her colonies hastened its decline of empire.⑤British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nation, a loosely organized community of former British colonies.Chapter 6 Government and PoliticsI. The Monarchy in Britain· the continuity of the monarchy has been broken only once, from 1649-1660 during the Civil War.· role and function: ①the official head and symbol of the whole nation. ②on the advice of the Prime Minister, she performs important acts of the government. ③the official head the Commonwealth.II. Parliament and its functions1. The main functions:(1) to pass laws (legislature); (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government(通过投票批准税收，为政府工作提供资金); (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure (检测政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议); and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.2. The House of Lords（judiciary）The House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellor（大法官）. It is the non-elected House that acts as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elected House.(非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而不是反对由选举产生的下议院)3. The House of Commons (the source of real political power)· The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs).· The Political Party System: the Conservative Party and the Labor Party· The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister, or the head of the government. He then chooses a Cabinet with key ministers.· The leader of the Opposition, who is the head of the largest defeated party, appoints a Shadow Cabinet with shadow minister.Chapter 7 Government and PoliticsI. The Justice 司法机构1. Criminal Courts刑事法庭local magistrates’ courts （治安法院）------the Crown Court (with a jury)------Court of Appeal------House of Lords2. Civil Courts 民事法庭County Courts (郡法庭90% civil cases are heard)------High Court------Court of Appeal------House of Lords II. The Judiciary 司法部门There is no ministry of justice in UK. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancello r or the Home Secretary.The United States of AmericaChapter 1 Geography and PeopleI. Geographical locationlocation: Canada to its north, Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its west and the Pacific Ocean toits west.II. National T erritory1. three parts: the mainland, Alaska and Hawaii.2. 50 states: Alaska is the largest in area, but Texas is the largest state on the mainland.3. America is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.4. the top three biggest city: New Y ork, Los Angeles, ChicagoIII. Geographical Regions1. The New England· birth place of America : Plymouth colony and Boston· Education: Harvard, Y ale and Massachusetts Institute of Technology2. The Middle Atlantic States· the nerve centre: capital city Washington D.C/financial centre New Y ork city/historical city Philadelphia3. The Midwest·agricultural area: lies almost entirely within the Interior Plain/the Mississippi River flows through thi s region (the largest river system in North America)· leading centre of heavy industry: Chicago is the largest industrial city in USA. Detroit is the automobile capital of the world.4. The South· Florida: leading vacation resort5. The America West (beautiful natural sites)· Rocky Mountain: backbone of the North America· The Y ellowstone National Park: the first national part in the world (1872)· The Grand Canyon· Las V egas: the biggest city in Nevada. It is internationally renowned resort city for gambling, shopping and fine dining.6. The Pacific Coast· Settle: lies in Washington. Landmarks: the Space Needle/the Pike Place Market· San Francisco: the Chinatown here is the largest Chinese settlement in the US.· Silicon V alley : the kingdom of electronic industry and computers.· Los Angeles: entertainment industry: Hollywood/the OscarIV. Population and Ethnic Group1. The U.S.A., with a population of 312 million in 2010, is the third most populous country in the world.2. America is a nation created by immigrants. The White makes up 78% of total population, while the minorities 22%.· “first Americans”: the Indians· European immigrants: mainly British, Irish, Germans and Jews· the Blacks from Africa· Asian immigrants: mainly Chinese and Japanese★Black people and the Civil Rights Movement (lead by Martin Luther King)1. Blacks are the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. The first blacks were brought to North American as slaves in 1619. The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. The Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s demanded desegregation and equal right.2. Two Acts·The Civil Rights Act of 1964---protect the right to vote, to use public facilities and to enjoy the same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities. ·The voting Rights Act of 1965---guarantee the blacks and others the right to vote.Chapter 2 American HistoryI. The “discovery” of the New Worl dChristopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, started his first trip across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492. He reached some small islands in Middle America and called the local residents as the “Indians”. Ameriga V espucci proved that the land discovered by Columbus was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.II. Colonial Era1. The first English colony in the America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.2. In 1620, 201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony. The Puritans（清教徒）wanted to purify the Church of England and were threatened with religious persecution. The Puritan leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.III. The War of Independence (1775—1783)1. the causes: the British government wanted to bring the development of America under control and collectmore taxes to finance its army; the East Indian Company sold tea at a lower price, which took away tea business from American tea merchants.2. blasting fuse: The Boston T ea Party (1773)In 1773, several Boston residents secretly boarded the tea ships of the East India Company and threw the tea into the harbor.3. The First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in 1774. The 13 colonies united together and encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods4. The Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in 1775.①founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington; ②appointed a committee to draft the Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson as chairman), which was adoptedby Congress on July 4, 1776.5. Result: In 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States.IV. T erritorial Expansion and Westward Movement (19the century)· In 1803, America purchased Louisiana from France and its territory was doubled.· 1845-1848: Through Mexican-American War, Mexico was forced to cede Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California.· Meanwhile, people from the east moved toward the west for more lands and better life, which developed the west massacred the Indians.V. The American Civil War (1861—1865)1. Northern States---Abraham Lincoln—maintain the Federal Union （北部联邦）Southern States---Confederate States of America （南部同盟）2. cause of the war: economic conflict between the capitalist economy in the North and the plantation in the South.3. Abraham LincolnSoon after Lincoln became the President, the War broke out in April, 1861. Lincoln realized that he coul d win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which transformed the war from a war to save the Union to a war to abolish slavery.3. Turning point---war at GettysburgThe Union troops defeated the Confederate troops at Gettysburg. Lincoln made his famous Gettysburg Address: that the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.4. Significance of the Civil War: ①America became a single and indivisible nation. ②Slavery was completely abolished, which paved the way for the development of capitalism.VI. America during the 20th Century1. America during WWI (1914-1918)·Policy: neutrality (Wilson)→pro-Ally partiality: sold arms and military supplies to Britain and France. · be involved in war in 1917· after the war, America became one of the Big Four (the United States, Britain, France, Italy)2. the Roaring 1920s· a period of material success and spiritual frustration and confusion·Lost Generation: Ernest Hemingway3. Great Depression (1929-1933)In October 1929, the Great Depression was started from the New Y ork Stock Exchange crash. The depression soon spread to the whole capitalist world. Thousands of banks and businesses went bankrupt. Many people lost their jobs. American economy was seriously weakened. It was due to Roosevelt’s New Deal started in 1933 that America finally recovered from the depression.4. America during the WWII (1937-1945)· America was involved in WWII in 1941 when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.·Two guiding principles: the first was to win the war, the second was to establish a postwar political structure in accord with American interest and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.· after WWII, America became the strongest power in the Western world.5. the Cold War (1945-1989)· Cause: conflicts between the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union about their separate concepts of postwar world order.·The Truman Doctrine: beginning of the Cold War./ its core was anti-communism.·The Marshall Plan: economic aid to the Western European countries in order to prevent them from possible socialist revolution and the over expansion of Soviet Union.· President Nixon was the first American president who visited the PRC in 1972.·Cold War was ended in 1989 when Soviet was collapsed.。

英语国家概况Chapter1LandandPeople第一章英国的国土与人民I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts?英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。

III.RiversandLakes河流与湖泊BenNevisisthehighestmountaininBritain(1,343m).本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。

SevernRiveristhelongestriverinBritain(338km).塞文河是英国最长的河流。

全长338公里。

ThamesRiveristhesecondlongestandmostimportantriverinBritain.(336km).泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。

全长336公里。

LoughNeaghisthelargestlakeinBritainwhichislocatedinNorthernIreland.(396squarekilometres).讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。

面积为396平方公里。

RiverClydeisthemostimportantriverinScotland.克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。

SnowdoniaisthehighestmountaininWales.（1,085m）斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。

IV.Climate气候1.Britain'sfavorableclimate英国有利的气候条件：Britainhasamaritimeclimate-wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.Ithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.Thetemperaturevarieswithinasmallrange.?英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。