【高考要求】
一、知识要求
（1）大气的组成和垂直分层
大气的组成、大气垂直分层及各层对人类活动的影响。
（2）对流层大气的热状况和大气的运动
大气的受热过程。气温的日变化和年变化。气温分布的一般规律、大气垂直运动和水平运动的成因、三圈环流与气压带、风带的形成、大气环流与水热输送的关系。
（3）大气降水
降水的时间变化、世界年降水量的分布。
（4）天气、气候与人类
锋面、低压、高压、锋面气旋等天气系统的特点、主要气候类型及分布、影响气候的主要因素、光、热、水、风等气候资源及其利用、寒潮、台风、暴雨、大风等气象灾害的危害及防御、地球温室效应、臭氧层破坏、酸雨等现象产生的原因及危害。
（5）气压、气温、降水等值线图、柱状图等图形语言的解读和应用
其中，大气的垂直分层及各层的主要特点，太阳辐射的特征及对地球的影响，三圈环流的形成原因及形成的气压带和风带，根据锋面的移动判断天气变化、气温分布的一般规律、不同气候类型的成因、分布、特征、根据气候图表分析气候类型等是考查的重点。
二、能力要求
获取和解读信息的能力（主要体现在气候统计图表知识的考查）；突出描述和阐述事物能力的考查（主要体现在规律、成因分析）；重视论证和探讨问题的能力考查（主要体现在常见的天气系统、气候类型的综合运用）。
三、热点问题预测
气候类型判读、俄罗斯天降粉雪奇观、移动锋面对天气的影响、神6发射的气象问题。
【主干知识串讲】
（一）网络串讲
（二）重、难点梳理
1.气温、气压的垂直分布规律：随着海拔高度的增加，气温、气压是逐渐递减的，海拔高度每升高1000米，气温降低6°C。通常说的热低亚、冷高压只限
于同一水平面。
2.大气环流形成的逻辑关系
3.东亚季风归纳
4.冷锋、暖锋过境前、时、后的天气比较
5.气旋、反气旋特征比较
6.不同气候类型的分布规律及成因
（1）只分布在北半球的气候类型有四种：热带季风、温带季风、亚寒带针叶林、苔原气候。
（2）只分布大陆东岸有三种：热带季风、亚热带季风、温带季风。
（3）只分布大陆西岸有三种：热带沙漠气候、地中海气候、温带海洋性气候。
（4）分布最广的气候类型：地中海气候、高山气候（除南极洲外的其它六个大洲）
（5）受单一气压带控制的气候类型：热带雨林（赤道低压）、冰原气候（极地高压）。
（6）受单一风带影响的气候类型：温带海洋气候（西风带）。
（7）受气压带和风带交替控制的气候类型：热带草原气候（湿季受赤道低压带控制，干季受信风带控制），地中海气候（冬季受西风带控制，夏季受副热带高气压带控制），热带沙漠气候（受副热带高气压带和信风带控制）。
7.世界主要气候类型的气温和降水状况
（1）气温及其季节变化
（2）降水及其季节变化
8.世界上主要气候类型的判断方法和步骤（1）根据气温和降水资料判断气候类型①气候类型判断的三步骤
②几种易混淆的气候类型辨析
（2）根据地理位置推断气候类型
先根据纬度位置确定已知地点位于南半球还是北半球以及哪个温度带，然后看其海陆位置是位于大陆东岸还是西岸，最后将已知地点落实到全球气候类型图和气候分布图上，确定其类型。
（3）根据形成气候的主导因素判断气候类型
首先要明确太阳辐射的纬度分布规律，依此确定该地所处的气候带位置。其次要牢记大气环流对全球热量和水汽的调节与输送作用，处在单一气压带、风带控制下的气候类型有哪些，气压带、风带交替控制下的气候类型有哪些，在季风的影响下又能形成哪些气候，季风与气压带、风带综合影响下又有什么气候类型。最后还要根据地面状况对气候类型形成的作用，特别是海陆位置对海洋性气候和大陆性气候形成的重要作用等进行判断。
【热点题型归纳】
【题型1】全球的大气环流
〖答案〗：1.C 2.C 3.B
〖解析〗：该题以经纬网坐标区域轮廓图为切入点，综合考查大气环流在实际航海中的应用。主要考查了经纬网定位和大气环流的相关知识及大气环流对洋流的影响、洋流和风向在航行中的应用。从图中可以看出甲地位于亚洲东部，乙是新加坡位于东南亚，丙、丁位于北印度洋，整个航行路线位于亚洲东部、东南部、南部受季风的影响。东亚、东南亚夏季盛行东南风，冬季盛行西北风；南亚夏季盛行西南风，冬季盛行东北风。由甲到乙船向南航行，故1题选C；由乙地到丙地，船行在东南亚故夏季出发，由丙到丁地船行在北印度洋故要在冬季航行，
因此，2题选C；由整个航程可以看出第一年冬季从甲出发到达乙，第二年夏季从乙到达丙，第二年冬季到达丁，第三年夏季返回甲，历时一年半故第3题选B。
〖相关知识连接〗
大气环流对洋流的影响：洋流的最主要成因是风海流，在盛行风的吹拂下，表层海水带动深层海水所做的大规模运动而形成的。北印度洋夏季刮西南风，洋流顺时针——自西向东流；冬季刮东北风，洋流逆时针——自东向西。
〖答案〗
1.B
2.D
3.D
〖解析〗
此组题是借大气垂直分层图，综合考察学生读图、分析、比较、辨析能力和大气垂直分层中各层的特点，并结合地理新闻考查理论知识的实际运用能力。根据大气垂直分层各层的特点，可得第1题为B；电离层存在高层大气，故应该是三层，第2题为D；神舟六号运行在高层大气，由折线图可以看出最低气温约为-80°C，故第3题选D。
〖方法点拨〗
折线坐标图的判读技巧：第1步，看清坐标，弄清楚什么要素随什么要素发生变化；第2步，看清折线图的端点值，它反映了要素的整体变化趋势，出题大多会考查整体变化规律（是上升、下降、增大、减小）（是平均的变化，还是波状变化），还会考查变化的原因，若变化的趋势判断错误，原因就不用说了；第3步，看清拐点值，拐点是整体变化中的特殊情况，它的出现都有特殊的原因，备受出题人的青睐。
【题型3】常见的天气系统判读
〖解析〗
这是一组气象灾害与常见天气系统综合题，考查了灾害性天气的成因及随着天气系统的发生、演变对实际受灾程度的影响。沙尘暴形成的前提是干旱、大风，故应该是反气旋和冷锋，第1题选D；沙尘暴天气是快行冷锋形成的，我国冬、春季的源地是西伯利亚－蒙古高压，冷锋的前进路线是自西北向东南，过境依次是呼和浩特、北京、石家庄，过境时污染物的浓度最高，故第2题选A。
〖相关知识连接〗
形成沙尘暴灾害的前提条件：一是大风；二是沙源。我国北方地区是沙尘暴频发地区之一，是快行冷锋在前进过程中，大风经过干旱地区，吹起沙尘而形成的。防沙尘暴的关键是减风速和固沙，营造防护林和配植固沙植被是防止的关
键。
【题型4】气候类型及判读
图5表示世界四个地点的气温、降水状况。据此回答1～4题。
图5
1.位于热带气候区的地点是
A.①
B.②
C.③
D.④
2.位于南半球的地点是
A.①
B.②
C.③
D.④
3.位于地中海气候区的地点是
A.①②
B.②③
C.③④
D.①④
4.位于中高纬大陆东岸的地点是
A.①
B.②
C.③
D.④
解析：通过1、7月气温比较，1月气温﹥7月气温，为南半球；反之，为北半球。可判断出①、②、④地为北半球，③地为南半球。可得2题C；看最低月气温①、②、④是1月，③地是7月，①﹤0℃，②③在10℃左右，④在25℃左右，可得出①为温带型，②③为亚热带型，④为热带型，第1题答案为D；在根据降水量的季节分配可知为①北半球温带季风气候，②为北半球地中海气候，③为南半球地中海气候，④为北半球热带草原气候，3题答案：B，4题答案：A。
〖方法技巧〗
对于气温、降水量统计图为信息载体的题时，可以按以下三步骤来判断气候类型：第一步，比较1、7月气温，判断南、北半球；第二步，根据最低月均温确定热量带（热带型、亚热带型、温带型、寒带型）；第三步，根据降水的总量（估算）和季节分配来判断具体的气候类型。注意，应用上述方法时，要结合问题三项指标综合比较和辨析。
PROBLEMS 24-1 Maxwell’s Equations 1. Gauss ’ laws for electric fields and for magnetic fields differ due to the lack of magnetic charges. Assume that magnetic monopoles (magnetic charges) exist; denote them by the symbol M . Rewrite Gauss ’ law for magnetic fields, and give the SI units for M . 2. Equations 24-1 through 24-4 apply in a vacuum. Write Maxwell ’s equations for matter instead by using the dielectric constant εr and the relative permeability μr . 24-3 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 3. A plane electromagnetic wave has a maximum electric field of 3.20?10-4 V/m. Find the maximum magnetic field. 4. If the electric field for a plane electromagnetic wave is given by E x = 0, E y = E 0 cos (kz +ωt ), and E z = 0, what are B and the direction of propagation of the wave? 5. The electric field of a certain plane electromagnetic wave is given by E x = 0, E y = 0, and .cos[()],15z E 2010t-x/c π= with c = 3.0?108 m/s and all quantities in SI units. Write expressions for the components of the magnetic field of the wave. 6. A plane electromagnetic wave of wavelength 1.2 m propagates in the z -direction. The electric field points in the y -direction and has amplitude of 3.0 V/m. Write an expression for the magnetic field, including its amplitude in SI units. Assume that the electric field is at its maximum at z = 0, t = 0. 24-4 Energy Transport and the Poynting V ector 7. A radio station emits a signal with a power of 50 kW. What are the amplitudes of the electric field and magnetic field at distances of 10 km and 1000 km? Assume that the signal far from the antenna is transmitted with equal intensity in all directions. (Real radio stations cannot afford to transmit their energy in this way, and their antennas distribute energy with a high degree of directionality.) 8. The electric field for a given electromagnetic wave has a peak value 50 mV/m. What is the intensity of the wave? 9. Assume that a 100 W light bulb emits light equally in all directions. What are the peak values of the electric and magnetic fields at a distance of 1 m? 10. A laser delivers 103 J of energy in a pulse that lasts 10-9 s. What are the peak electric and magnetic fields for a laser beam of diameter 10-3 m? 11. What is the intensity of a plane traveling electromagnetic wave if B m is 1.0?10-4 T? 12. The maximum electric field at a distance of 10 m from an isotropic point light source is 2.0 V/m. What are (a) the maximum value of the magnetic field and (b) the average intensity of the light there? (c) What is the power of the source? 13. An airplane flying at a distance of 10 km from a radio transmitter receives a signal of intensity 10 μW/m 2. Calculate (a) the amplitude of the electric field at the airplane due to this signal, (b) the amplitude of the magnetic field at the airplane, and (c) the total power of the transmitter, assuming the transmitter to radiate uniformly in all directions. 24-5 Radiation Pressure 14. A plane electromagnetic wave of wavelength 12 μm and an electric field amplitude of 10 V/m impinges on a totally reflecting surface of area 10 cm 2. What is the radiation pressure
Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
(语音学) ? Key points：
1. Phonetic theory 1) Phonetic Transcription 2) Speech Organs & Their Movement 3) Classification of Consonants. 4) Classification of Monophthongs 5) Classification of Diphthongs 2. The Phoneme Theory 1) Phonetic contrast and complement 2) Phonetic similarity 3) Complementary distribution 4) Free variation, minimal pair and minimal set. 5) Supra-segmental Features and Distinctive Feature
（音系学）
Definition of Phonetics
?Prof. Hu Zhuanglin: Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription
Phonetics (语音学) and Phonemics (音位学)
Linguistics:Basic Course Chapter 3: Phonetics
P h o n e tic s
(
语音学
)
a n d P h o n e m ic s
(
音位学）
Three Branches of Phonetics （语音学分类） 语音学分类） Articulatory Phonetics:
1
Chapter18 Capacitance Capacitor is a device you can use to store energy as potential energy in an electric field. Capacitors also have many other uses in our electronic and microelectronic age. They are vital elements in the circuits with which we turn radio and television transmitters and receivers. Microscopic capacitors form the memory banks of computers. 18.1 Capacitance 1.The left figure shows some of the many sizes and shapes of capacitors. The right figure shows the basic elements of any capacitor-two isolated conductors of arbitrary shape. No matter what their geometry, flat or not, we call these conductor plates. 2.The following figure shows a less general but more conventional arrangement, called a parallel-plate capacitor,
Chapter 4 Syntax Teaching aims 1. Overview of syntax as a system of rules that govern the formation of grammatical sentences. 2. Overview the four phrases of syntactic study in the history 3. Examine the composition of sentences in terms of category and structure 4. Discuss grammatical relations between each noun phrase and the verb in a sentence. 5. Introduce IC analysis and five phrases of generative approach. 4.1 Introduction to syntax Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. Grammatical sentences & Syntactic rule 1) Sentences are structured according to a particular arrangement of words. Well-arranged sentences are considered grammatical sentences. 2) Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules Introduction to syntax According to traditional approach grammar is divided into two parts: morphology and syntax. As a major component of grammar,Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Grammatical & ungrammatical sentences A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. On the other hand, a sentence violates a rule according to which words are organized, then native speakers will judge it to be an impossible sentence of their language. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. Grammatical sentences & Syntactic rule 1) Sentences are structured according to a particular arrangement of words. Well-arranged sentences are considered grammatical sentences. 2) Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules 4.2 Syntax as s system of rules Discussion: Can we make a dictionary of sentences? Why or why not?
PROBLEMS_ 18-1 Electrical Potential Energy 1. A 3 μC charge is brought in from infinity and fixed at the origin of a coordinate system. (a) How much work is done? (b) A second charge, of 5 μC, is brought in form infinity and placed 10 cm away from the first charge. How much does the electric field of the first charge do when the second charge is brought in? (c) How much work does the external agent do to bring the second charge in if that charge moves with unchanging kinetic energy? 2. A charge of 4 μC is placed at the point x = 2, y = 3, z = 0 (all distances given in centimeters). Calculate the work done in bring a charge of -8 μC from x =2, y = 15, z = -30 to the point x = 2, y = 12, z = 6, assuming that the charge is moved at a steady speed. 3. Derive an expression for the work required to set up the four-charge configuration of Fig.18-15, assuming the charges are initially infinitely far apart. Let V=0 at infinite. 4. Two point charges are located on the x -axis, e q -=1 at 0=x and e q +=2 at a x =. (a) Find the work that must be done by an external force to bring a third point charge e q +=3 from infinity to a x 2=. (b) Find the total potential energy of the system of three charges. 5. .A particle of positive charge Q is fixed at point P . A second particle of mass m and negative charge –q moves at constant speed in a circle of radius r 1, centered at P . Derive an expression for the work W that must be done by an external agent on the second particle to increase the radius of the circle of motion to r 2. 18-2 Electric Potential 6. Charges +q , -q , +q , and -q are placed on successive corners of a square in the xy -plane. Plot all locations in the xy -plane where the potential is zero. 7. The origin of a coordinate system is at the intersection point of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of an equilateral triangle of sides 10 cm. Calculate the potential at the origin due to three identical charges of 0.8 μC placed at the corners of the triangle. 8. A charge Q is distributed uniformly over the surface of a spherical shell of radius R . How much work is required to move these charges to a shell with half the radius? The charges are again distributed uniformly. 9. Calculate the potential inside and outside a sphere of radius R and charge Q , in which the charge is distributed uniformly throughout the sphere. 10. As a space shuttle moves through the dilute ionized gas of Earth ’s ionosphere, its potential a ++q --q Fig. 18-15 Problem 3.
7 Consideration 1 Definitions 1.1 It is the element of value in the agreement. 1.2 Both parties must bring something of value to the agreement. 1.3 E.g. A sells B a car for ￡1. A and B are both providing value. 1.4 ‘An act or forbearance of one party o r the promise thereof is the price for which the promise of the other is bought and the promise thus given for value is enforceable’: Dunlop v Selfridge. 2 Rules of consideration Overview RULES OF CONSIDERATION Executed Executory Past 2.1 Must be provided by both parties (unless in the form of deed). 2.2 (a) May be executed: an act in return for a promise. (b) Executory: a promise given for a promise. (c) Must not be in the past: Re McArdle. An exception is where there is an implied promise to pay : Lampleigh v Braithwait.
国际商务谈判 International Business Negotiation A negotiation is a meeting or a series of meetings in which the parties need each other’s agreement to reach a specific objective. The fundamental principles of negotiation 1. Negotiation is an element of human behavior. 2. Negotiation takes place only over issues that are negotiable. 3. Negotiation takes place only between people who have the same interest. 4. Negotiation takes place only when negotiators are interested not only in taking but also in giving. 5. Negotiation takes place only when negotiating parties trust each other to some extent. Chapter 1 Negotiation motives and key terminology 谈判动机与关键词语Negotiation谈判 Conflicts冲突 Stakes利益 Case study: Matsushita Electric Corporation 松下电器公司———————————————————————————————————— NEGOTIATION谈判 A successful negotiation must satisfy at least the following conditions: 1. The outcome of negotiation is a result of mutual giving and taking. One sided concession or compromise can not be called a successful negotiation. 2. Negotiations happen due to the existence of conflicts, however, no negotiations can proceed smoothly and come to a satisfactory solution without collaboration between the participants. 3. Negotiation is a behavioral process, not a game; in a good negotiation, everybody wins something. Success isn’t winning everything; it’s winning enough. CONFLICTS冲突 The definition of conflicts states three points: 1. Parties in conflicts are interdependent, which means there remains a kind of relationship developed by interrelated interests and concerns. There would be no conflict if two parties were not interrelated and had nothing to do with each other.
CH02 COST MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND COST BEHAVIOR TRUE/FALSE 1. There is no single definition of cost. a. True b. False 2. The role of the management accountant is to tailor the cost calculation to fit the current decision situation. a. True b. False 3. A cost that is useful for one decision may not be useful information for another decision. a. True b. False 4. In most organizations, managing nonmanufacturing costs as well as manufacturing costs is important for financial success. a. True b. False 5. The cost of a customized machine only used in the production of a single product would be classified as a direct cost. a. True b. False 6. The wages of a plant supervisor would be classified as a period cost. a. True b. False 7. The classification of product and period costs is particularly valuable in management accounting. a. True b. False 8. For external reporting, generally accepted accounting principles require that costs be classified as either flexible or capacity-related costs. a. True b. False 9. Knowing whether a cost is a period or a product cost helps to estimate total cost at a new level of activity. a. True b. False
23Insolvency Overview INSOLVENCY Administration Liquidation Compulsory Voluntary Members Creditors 1 Insolvency of a company usually results in liquidation either compulsory or voluntary. Liquidation may be avoided by administration. Liquidation may also be entered into whilst a company is still solvent. 2 Administration orders Purpose of administration 2.1 (a) The appointment of an administrator is designed to give companies in financial difficulty (usually with insolvency looming) a “breathing space” from which to trade out of their difficulties. (b) Administrators may be appointed either by the court, the holders of floating charges created on or post 15.9.03 and the company and its directors. (c) If the company and its directors intend to appoint an administrator they must give five days notice to any floating charge holder entitled to appoint either an administrative receiver or administrator. This effectively means that a floating charge holder can either block the company’s choic e of administrator or block the administration procedure.
公司法和商法（双语）讲义第16章Corporate and Business Law Chapter 16 16 Memorandum of association 1 Introduction 1.1 The memorandum defines the company's relationships with third parties. Specimens are in the Companies Act. There are six principal clauses:- 1.2 (a) name (b) registered office (c) objects (d) limited liability (e) share capital (f) association. NB: Plc’s will also have a clause declaring their status. 2 Name clause Overview NAME CLAUSE Refusal to Passing-off Change register Basic objective 2.1 This obviously sets out the company's name. Refusal to register 2.2 By S.26 the Registrar may refuse to register a name which is: (a) offensive (in the opinion of the Secretary of State)
(b) constitutes an offence (ie, prohibited by statute: Banks must be registered under the Banking Acts) (c) the same as an existing corporation (although a person can use his/her own name) (d) where the words require permission and this has not been provided. There are two types of such words: (i) those which imply a connection with the government or civil service. (ii) those mentioned in the list in the Business Names Act 1985 and The Company and Business Names (Amendments) Regulations 1992. Passing-Off 2.3 (a) There is a tort (called passing-off) where a person carries on a business under a name that would mislead the public into believing the business is conducted by another person. (b) The most common method is to trade under a similar name. (c) The injured party must prove that there is a genuine possibility of confusion. (d) Remedies: (i) an injunction to prevent further violation. (ii) damages. (e) The court tends to allow the use of a person's name who is directly involved with the company. Changes of name 2.4 (a) The name clause can be changed by special resolution. (b) The Secretary of State can order a company to change its name (i) Within 12 months if the company has been inadvertently issued with a name similar to that of an existing company. s.28(2) (ii) Within 5 years if misleading information was supplied. s.28(3) (iii) At any time if the use of the name is likely to cause harm to the public. s.32 (c) Action of company (whether acting voluntarily or by direction). A copy of the special resolution and the revised memorandum must be sent to the Registrar within 15 days. (d) Action of Registrar: (i) He alters the register. (ii) He issues a new certificate of incorporation. (iii) He advertises issue of the certificate of incorporation in the London Gazette.
PROBLEMS 23-1 Faraday’s Law of Induction 1. A UHF television loop antenna has a diameter 11 cm. The magnetic field of a TV signal is normal to the plane of the loop and, at one instant of time, its magnitude is changing at the rate 0.16 T/s. The magnitude field is uniform. What emf is induced in the antenna? 2. A small loop of area A is inside of, and has its axis in the same direction as, a long solenoid of n turns per unit length and current i . If i = i 0 sin t , find the emf in the loop. 3. An elastic conducting material is stretched into a circular loop of 12.0 cm radius. It is placed with its plane perpendicular to a uniform 0.800 T magnetic field. When released, the radius of the loop starts to shrink at an instantaneous rate 75.0 cm/s. What emf is induced in the loop at that instant? 4. Figure 23-24 shows two parallel loops of wire having a common axis. The smaller loop (radius r ) is above the larger loop (radius R ) by a distance x >> R . Consequently, the magnetic field due to the current in the larger loop is nearly constant throughout the smaller loop. Suppose that x is increasing at the constant rate of dx /dt = v . (a) Determine the magnetic flux through the area bounded by the smaller loop as a function of x . In the smaller loop, find (b) the induced emf and (c) the direction of the induced current. 5. A wire is bent into three circular segments, each of radius r = 10 cm, as shown in Fig. 23-25. Each segment is quadrant of a circle, ab lying in the xy plane, bc lying in the yz plane, and ca lying in the zx plane. (a) If a uniform magnetic field B points in the positive x direction, what is the magnitude of the emf developed in the wire when B increases at the rate of 3.0 mT/s? (b) What is the direction of the current in the segment bc ? 6. In Fig. 23-26, the square loop of wire has sides of length 2.0 cm. A magnetic field is directed out of the page; its magnitude is given by B = 4.0t 2y , where B is in teslas, t in seconds, and y is in meters. Determine the emf around the square at t = 2.5 s and give its Fig. 23-24 Problem 4. Fig. 23-25 Problem 5. x y z a b c r r r