I.Matching.
1.Carl Sandburg A. The Sound and the Fury
2.Benjamin Franklin B. Of Mice and Men
3.Washington Irving C. Four Quartets
4.Edgar Allan Poe D. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
5.Ralph Waldo Emerson E. Poor Richard’s Almanac
6.Nathaniel Hawthorne F. To a Waterfowl
7.Mark Twain G. The Fall of the House of Usher
8.Henry James H. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
9.T.S Eliot I. The American Scholar
10.William Faulkner J. The House of the Seven Gables
K. The Portrait of a Lady
L. Chicago
1.Philip Freneau A. The Sound and the Fury
2.William Cullen Bryant B. Of Mice and Men
3.O. Henry C. Tales of the Jazz Age
4.Edgar Allan Poe D. Roughing It
5.Ralph Waldo Emerson E. Poor Richard’s Almanac
6.Nathaniel Hawthorne F. Thanatopsis
7.Mark Twain G. Annabel Lee
8.Henry James H. The Cop and the Anthem
9. F. Scott Fitzgerald I. Self- Reliance
10.John Steinbeck J. The Marble Faun
K. Daisy Miller
L. The Indian Buying Ground
II.Reading Comprehension.
Passage One
Because I could not stop for Death---
He kindly stopped for me---
The Carriage held but just Ourselves---
And Immortality.
We slowly drove--- He knew no haste
And I had put away
My labor and my leisure too,
For His Civility---
We passed the School, where children strove
At recess--- in the Ring---
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain---
We passed the Setting Sun---
Questions:
1.Identify the author of the poem from which these lines are taken. (2 scores)
2.How does the poet portray Death? (2 scores)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f94307981.html,ment on the symbolic meanings of “School”, “Fields of Gazing Grain”,
and “Setting Sun”. (6 scores)
Passage Two
To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds will separate between him and vulgar things. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.
Questions:
1.Identify the author and the title of the work from which the passage is taken.
2.Find three terms the author uses to refer to the stars.
3.Why does the author talk about the stars?
Passage Three
I placed a Jar in Tennessee,
And round it was, upon a hill.
It made the slovenly wilderness
Surround that hill.
The wilderness rose up to it,
And sprawled around, no longer wild.
The jar was round upon the ground
And tall and of a port in air.
It took dominion everywhere.
The jar was gray and bare.
It did not give of bird or bush,
Like nothing else in Tennessee.
Questions:
1.What is the title of this poem?
2.Who is the writer?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f94307981.html,ment on the theme of the poem.
Passage Four
Hester Prynne’s term of confinement was now at an end. Her prison-door was thrown open, and she came forth into the sunshine, which, falling on all alike, seemed, to her sick and morbid heart, as if meant for no other purpose than to reveal the scarlet letter on her breast. Perhaps there was a more real torture in her first unattended footsteps from the threshold of the prison, than even in the procession and spectacle that have been described, where she was made the common infamy, at which all mankind was summoned to point its finger. Then, she was supported by an unnatural tension of the nerves, and by all the combative energy of her character, which enabled her to convert the scene into a kind of lurid triumph.
Questions:
1.Which novel is this selection taken from?
2.Who is the author?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f94307981.html,ment on the symbolic meanings of the scarlet letter.
Passage Five
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
Questions:
1.Identify the author and the title of the work from which these lines are taken.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f94307981.html,ment on the word “promises” in the poem.
III.Write an essay about 200 words on the following topics. Scores will be given according to your content, grammar and structure.
1. Comment briefly on the major features of American Transcendentalism.
2. Write a commentary on the following poem.
The Road Not Taken
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that, the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for anther day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Tow roads diverged in a wood, and I--- I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
1．第10题 Among the following, only one can not be a possible theme of the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It is _________. A.equality between men B.escapism C.conflict between nature ａnd civilization D.spiritual emptiness 答案:D 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第11题 "The Apparition of these faces in the crowd" is a line in a famous short poem written by ---. A.Ezra Pound B. Carl Sandburg C.Walt Whitman 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第12题 Among the following 3 authors the one who did not win a Nobel Prize is ---. A.William Faulkner B. F. S. Fitzgerald C. John Steinbeck 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第13题 Among the following fictions, only one is not written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is
美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案洁(部分) Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin Questions 1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight
初中学业质量检查 数 学 试 题 （满分：150分； 考试时间：120分钟） 毕业学校________________ 姓名__________________ 考生考号______________ 一、选择题（每小题3分，共21分）每小题有四个答案，其中有且只有一个答案是正确的，请在答题卡上相应题目的答题区域内作答，答对的得3分，答错、不答或答案超过一个的一律得0分. 1. 3-的倒数是（ ） A ． 31 B.3 1- C. －3 D. 3 2. 计算() 2 3a 的结果是（ ） A ．6 a B ．9 a C ．5 a D ．8 a 3. 如图所示几何体的左视图是（ ） 4. 函数y = x 的取值范围是（ ） A ．2x > B ．2x < C ．2x ≥ D ．2x ≤ 5. 两个相似三角形的面积比是9:16，则这两个三角形的相似比是（ ） A.9:16 B. 3:4 C.9：4 D.3:16 6. 如果点P 在第二象限内，点P 到x 轴的距离是4，到y 轴的距离是3，那么点P 的坐标为（ ） A.(-4,3) B.(-4,-3) C.(-3,4) D.(-3,-4) 7. 如图，正方形ABCD 的边长是3cm ，一个边长为1cm 的小正方形沿着正方形ABCD 的边 AB →BC→CD→DA→AB 连续地翻转，那么这个小正方形第一次回到起始位置时，它的方向 是下图的（ ） 第7题图 A B C D A B C D 第3题图
A B α 5米 第14题图 B C D G 第16题图 F B A 6cm 3cm 1cm 第17题图 A F E 二、填空题（每小题4分，共40分）在答题卡上相应题目的答题区域内作答. 8. 计算：20100 =____________. 9. 2008北京奥运会主会场“鸟巢”的座席数是91000个,这个数用科学记数法表示 为__________________个． 10. 方程:0252 =-x 的解是__________________. 11. 某同学7次上学途中所花时间（单位：分钟）分别为10，9，11，12，9，10，9.这组 数据的中位数为 __. 12. 将直线 向下平移3个单位所得直线的解析式为___________________. 13. 若反比例函数 的图象上有两点),1(1y A 和),2(2y B ， 则1y ______2y （填“＜”“＝”“＞”）． 14. 如图，先锋村准备在坡角为0 30=α山坡上栽树，要求相邻两树 之间的水平距离为5米，那么这两树在坡面上的距离AB 为__________米. 15. 已知圆锥的底面半径是3，母线长是4，则圆锥的侧面积是 . 16. 矩形纸片ABCD 的边长AB=4，AD=2．将矩形纸片沿EF 折叠，使点A 与点C 重 合，折叠后在其一面着色（如图），则着色部分的面积为_____________. 17. 如图，长方体的底面边长分别为1cm 和3cm ，高为6cm ． ①如果用一根细线从点A 开始经过4个侧面缠绕一圈到达点B ， 那么所用细线最短需要__________cm ； ②如果从点A 开始经过4个侧面缠绕3圈到达点B ， 那么所用细线最短需要__________cm ． 三、解答题（共89分）在答题卡上相应题目的答题区域内作答. 18.（9分）计算：92)65(2 1 +÷--- 19.（9分）先化简下面代数式，再求值： a a a a ---2 1 1， 其中2-=a 20.（9分）如图，点E 、F 分别是菱形ABCD 中BC 、CD 边上的点（E 、F 不与B 、C 、D 重合）；在不作任何辅助线的情况下，请你添加一个．． 适当的条件，能推出AE=AF ，并予以证明. x y 3 1=x y 6=
美国文学史及选读名词解释 1. Transcendentalism 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. In their religious quest, the Transcendentalists rejected the conventions of 18th-century thought; and what began in a dissatisfaction with Unitarianism developed into a repudiation of the whole established order. 2. Langston Hughes American poet and writer emphasized on lower-class black life. He established himself as a major force of the Harlem Renaissance. In 1926, in the Nation, he provided the movement with a manifesto when he skillfully argued the need for both race pride and artistic independence in his most memorable essay, 'The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain." In many ways Hughes always remained loyal to the principles he had laid down for the younger black writers in 1926. His art was firmly rooted in race pride and race feeling even as he cherished his freedom as an artist. He was both nationalist and cosmopolitan. As a radical democrat, he believed that art should be accessible to as many people as possible. He could sometimes be bitter, but his art is generally suffused by a keen sense of the ideal and by a profound love of humanity, especially black Americans. 3. Henry David Thoreau American essayist, poet, and practical philosopher, renowned for having lived the doctrines of Transcendentalism as recorded in his masterwork, Walden (1854), and for having been a vigorous advocate of civil liberties, as evidenced in the essay “Civil Disobedience” (1849). In his writings Thoreau was concerned primarily with the possibilities for human culture provided by the American natural environment. He adapted ideas garnered from the then-current Romantic literatures in order to extend American libertarianism and individualism beyond the political and religious spheres to those of social and personal life. He demanded for all men the freedom to follow unique lifestyles, to make poems of their lives and living itself an art. In a restless, expanding society dedicated to practical action, he demonstrated the uses and values of leisure, contemplation, and a harmonious appreciation of and coexistence with nature. Thoreau established the tradition of nature writing later developed by the Americans 4. the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance, a flowering of literature (and to a lesser extent other arts) in New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, has long been considered by
2018春《美国文学》作业1．第1题 Among the following novels, only one was not written by Herman Melville. It is _____________. A.The Confidence-Man B.The PIlot C.Moby Dick 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 The Author of the short story "A Gift for Maggie" is ---. A. O. Henry B. Mark Twain C.Jack London 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 Of Mice ａnd Men is a novel written by ---. A. John Steinbeck B.Sherwood Anderson C.Sinklair Lewis 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0
4．第4题 “by nature’s self in white arrayed\ she bade thee shun the vulgar eye,\ ａnd planted here the guarding shade,\ ａnd sent soft waters murmuring by; \ thus quietly thy summer goes,\ thy days declining to repose.” the rhyme scheme of the lines above is ______________. A.ababab B.ababcc C.aabbcc 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 when we say that a poor young man ｆrom the west tried to make his fortune in the east but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing. A.Henry James B.Scott Fitzgerald C.Hemingway D.William Faulkner 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 ____ Bryant’s best-known poem, was written when
2018年自学考试《美国文学选读》试题 Multiple choice; 1._________ works are marked by a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil. A.Emerson’s B. Hawthorne’s C. Thoreau’s D. Allan Poe’s 2. Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle”got ideas from _______ legends. A.B ritish B. German C. Italian D. French 3. “Rip Van Winkle”reveals the theme of ______ the past. A. nostalgia for B. rejectionn to C. detachment from D. dislike for 4. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter , “A”may stand for ____________. A. Angel B. Adultery C. Able D.all the above 4. According to Hawthorne, the scarlet letter “A”which originally stood for “____”finally obtained the meaning of “able”or “angel”through Hester’s efforts. A. adultery B. arrogance C. accomplishment D. agony 5. Which one is not the characteristics of the puritan style? A. Fresh B. Simple C. Grand D. Direct 6. In his ______, Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from rags to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.
25141--华中师范大学大学语文期末备考题库25141奥鹏期末考试题库合集 单选题： （1）鲁迅评价（）“其文则汪洋辟阖，仪态万方，晚周诸子之作莫能先也。” A.孔子 B.老子 C.庄子 D.孟子 正确答案：C （2）下列加点的词为语气助词的是() A.曰归曰归 B.三十而立 C.之二虫又何知 正确答案：A （3）《牡丹亭》主角是() A.崔莺莺 B.张珙 C.杜丽娘 正确答案：C （4）下列诗句属于《采薇》的有（） A.昔我往矣，杨柳依依 B.呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹
C.萧萧哀风逝，淡淡寒波生 正确答案：A （5）（）的诗以田园诗成就最高，被公认为我国第一位成就卓越的田园诗人。 A.王维 B.孟浩然 C.谢灵运 D.陶渊明 正确答案：D （6）“春如旧，人空瘦”的作者是() A.陆游 B.唐婉 C.白居易 正确答案：A （7）下面是提出了“三美”主张的作者的作品是() A.《死水》 B.《蛇》 C.《乡愁》 正确答案：A （8）北宋第一个专业词人和第一个大量创作慢词的词人是（） A.柳永 B.苏轼
C.李清照 正确答案：A （9）（）提倡新格律诗，提出了“三美”主张，即音乐的美（音节），绘画的美（词藻），建筑的美（节的匀称和句的均齐）。 A.郭沫若 B.徐志摩 C.闻一多 D.戴望舒 正确答案：C （10）“回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色”的作者是（） A.陆游 B.唐琬 C.白居易 正确答案：C （11）《牡丹亭》的作者是() A.汤显祖 B.王实甫 C.曹雪芹 正确答案：A （12）“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”是出自（） A.《对酒》 B.《滕王阁序》
美国文学史及选读试题 I. Multiple Choice 10’ 1. Who is different from others according to the division of writing period? A. Washington Irving B.William Cullen Bryant C. Captain John Smith D. James Fenimore Cooper 2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____. A. 1798-1832 B. 1810-1860 C. 1860-1864 D. 1776-1783 3. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven? (“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”) A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 16 4. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing? A. theology B. literature C. esthetics D. revolution 5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____. A. typography B. journalism C. revolution D. the development of paper-making industry 6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”? A. Walt Scott B. Geoffrey Chaucer
美国文学史及作品选读模拟试题一 ) '×15=15I.Multiple Choice (1'______was the first colony in American history. C1. D.Georgia C. Virginia A. Massachusetts B. New Jersey War. the before Revolutionary only good American author 2. _B_____ was the
One “His shadow lies heavier than any other man's on of his fellow Americans said, this young nation.”D.Thomas Paine B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson A. John Smith 3. Romantics put emphasis on the following EXCEPT __A____. D. individualism C. intuition B. imagination A. common sense The Raven was written in 1844 by __B______ 4. B. Edgar Allan Poe A. Philip Freneau D. Emily Dickinson C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 5. The ship __C____ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts. D. Titanic C. Mayflower B. Armada A. Sunflower D____ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in 6. Melville's novel __ pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. Moby Dick D. C. White Jacket A. Typee B. Omoo 7. As a philosophical and literary movement, __D____ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. D.Transcendentalism C.Sentimentalism B.Rationalism A.Modernism 8. The theme of original sin is fully reflected in ___A______. B. Sister Carrie A. The Scarlet Letter The Old Man and Sea D. C. The Great Gatsby 9. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ___B___ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. 页1 第 A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious 10. Realism was a reaction against____B__ or a move away from the bias towards
华师计算机网络 第1题,TCP／IP协议是一种开放的协议标准，下列哪个不是它的特点？（） A、独立于特定计算机硬件和操作系统 B、统一编址方案 C、政府标准 D、标准化的高层协议 第2题,IEEE802．3标准以太网的物理地址长度为（）。 A、8bit B、32bit C、48bit D、64bit 第3题,提高链路速率可以减少数据的（） A、传播时延 B、排队时延 C、等待时延 D、发送时延 发送时延=发送数据帧长/发送速率 第4题,交换式局域网从根本上改变了"共享介质"的工作方式，它可以通过局域网交换机支持端口之间的多个并发连接。因此，交换式局域网可以增加网络带宽，改善局域网性能与（）。 A、服务质量 B、网络监控 C、存储管理 D、网络拓扑 第5题,局域网采用的双绞线为（） A、3类UTP B、4类UTP C、5类UTP D、6类UTP 双绞线分为非屏蔽双绞线（UTP）和屏蔽双绞线（STP）两大类。局域网中非屏蔽双绞线分为三类、四类、五类和超五类四种。屏蔽双绞线分为三类和五类两种.五类速率更高 第6题,以下哪一种方法是减少差错的最根本方法是（） A、提高线路质量 B、采用屏蔽 C、选择合理的编码方式 D、差错检查 第7题,下列的IP地址中哪一个是B类地址？（） A、10.lO.10.1
B、191.168.0.1 C、192.168.0.1 D、202.113.0.1 第8题,关于计算机网络的讨论中，下列哪个观点是正确的？（） A、组建计算机网络的目的是实现局域网的互联 B、联入网络的所有计算机都必须使用同样的操作系统 C、网络必须采用一个具有全局资源调度能力的分布操作系统 D、互联的计算机是分布在不同地理位置的多台独立的自治计算机系统 第9题,常用的数据传输速率单位有Kbps、Mbps、Gbps，lGbps等于（）。 A、1×103Mbps B、1×103Kbps C、l×106Mbps D、1×109Kbps 第10题,下列哪种技术不是实现防火墙的主流技术（）。 A、包过滤技术 B、应用级网关技术 C、代理服务器技术 D、NAT技术 NAT(Network Address Translation，网络地址转换)是1994年提出的。当在专用网内部的一些主机本来已经分配到了本地IP地址(即仅在本专用网内使用的专用地址)，但现在又想和因特网上的主机通信(并不需要加密)时，可使用NAT方法。 第11题,关于TCP／IP协议的描述中，下列哪个是错误的？（） A、地址解析协议ARP／RARP属于应用层 B、TCP、UDP协议都要通过IP协议来发送、接收数据 C、TCP协议提供可靠的面向连接服务 D、UDP协议提供简单的无连接服务 地址解析协议ARP／RARP并不是单独的一层，它介于物理地址与IP地址之间起着屏蔽物理地址细节的作用。IP协议横跨整个层次，TCP、UDP协议都通过IP协议来发送、接收数据。TCP协议提供可靠的面向连接服务，UDP协议是一种不可靠的无连接协议。故选A。第12题,基于对网络安全性的需求，网络操作系统一般采用4级安全保密机制、即注册安全、用户信任者权限、最大信任者权限屏蔽与（）。 A、磁盘镜像 B、UPS监控 C、目录与文件属性 D、文件备份 基于对网络安全性的要求，网络操作系统NetWare提供的4级安全机制是：注册安全性、用户信任者有限、最大信任者权限屏蔽和目录与文件属性。 第13题,广域网覆盖的地理范围从几十公里到几千公里。它的通信子网主要使用（）。A、报文交换技术
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美国文学作业 选择： 1．The scarlet letter “A” in the novel The Scarlet Letter at first stands for _____________. B.adultery 2．Among the following stories written by Poe, only one belongs to the category of the detective story. It is ___. A.The Purloined Letter 3．The famous pamphlet Common Sense appearing in 1776 was written by _____________. B.Thomas Paine 4．the sound ａnd the fury is a novel written by __________. D.William Faulkner 5．The Wasteland is a long modern poem written by ---. C. T. S. Eliot 6．the lines “to the glory that was greece, ／ａnd the grａndeur that was rome” were quoted ｆrom poe’s poem __________. B.To Helen 7．Among the following titles, only one is not among the Leather-Stoking Tales series. It is______.D.Moby Dick 8．“I become a transparent eye-ball. i am nothing. i see all. the currents of the universal being circulate through me; i am part ｏr
美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案陶洁(部分) Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin Questions 1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight
2017华师一语文试题及答案解析 第Ⅰ卷阅读题 一、现代文阅读（35分） （一）论述类文本阅读（9分，每小题3分） 阅读下面的文字，完成1～3题。 所谓“人文信仰”，它的启发来自现代学者提出的“人文宗教”。新儒家认为，儒家传统是一种不出世的却具有超越性的东方宗教，它不像其他的宗教，需要有神，有耶稣、安拉等外在权威。它不需要外在的权威，它有一种具有内在超越性的信仰。内在超越性，也就是道德心，如孟子所谓“仁义礼智”。儒家传统的这一特质，若称为中华“人文信仰”更准确。 “人文信仰”在儒释道中都有，儒家比较典型，儒家是“以出世的心态行入世的功德”，在世俗社会中要完成人之为人的使命。一是个体生命的健全，即诚意、正心、修身；另外就是建功立业，即把“立德、立功、立言”当作人生追求。 人的本质是一切“社会关系的总和”，人类具有经济的、政治的、道德文化的属性。但道德文化属性应是人的最高属性，是人之为人的最高本质。 信仰体系当中，儒家肯定人首先要解决肉体的存在问题，这并非一般人理解的儒家是重义轻利的。儒家主张在道义的引领下对物质生活的安顿，认为这也是治国理政者须关注的重中之重。如孔子所说“富之”“足食”“因民之所利而利之”；孟子所说“易其田畴，薄其税敛，民可使富也”；荀子也说“足国之道：节用裕民，而善臧其余。节用以礼，裕民以政”。在这个基础上，儒家重视和强调人的精神生活，特别是人的道德、文化。这是儒家生命大智慧的主要内涵。 儒学是仁学，但一般只讲“仁者爱人”“己所不欲，勿施于人”“已欲立而立人，已欲达而达人”。关于“爱他人”，孟子曾发挥为“亲亲而仁民，仁民而爱物”，将“爱他”或“他爱”推展为亲亲、仁民、爱物这样三个由近及远的层次。实际上，孔子讲“古之学者为己”，就彰明了儒学仁学的首要内涵就是“为己之学”。“为己”并不是自私自利，他是先成就自己。这和现代人生存理念是一致的。一个人要把自己最好的东西开发出来，成长为一个士，再成长为君子，成长为顶天立地的大丈夫，然后你才能去齐家治国平天下。荀子说过：“知者自知，仁者爱人”，说的就是这个道理。 “义”在孟子这里发挥得比较到位。义利并重，以义驭利，这是孟子对儒家核心价值的阐发。儒学不是不讲功利，而是认为在功利之上有一个更高的价值，更高的原则，并借此来引领、驾驭功利。这也是对道义上的担当精神的高扬。 荀子则进一步发挥了“礼法”范畴。他把“仁”“义”这个基本的人文信仰转化成内规矩和外规矩。内规矩即德的柔性约束，外规矩即法的刚性约束。德与法统一起来就是礼或礼法。德与法一起，共同来约束人们的行为，形成普遍的秩序与和谐。因此，荀子是儒家“治统”的系统阐释者，是儒学由纯学术向汉初政治儒学转化、转型的重要中介。 （本文选自2017年4月1日新华网发展论坛，有删改）1．下列关于原文内容的表述，不正确的一项是 A．新儒家认为，儒家传统是一种东方宗教，它不需要外在权威。内在超越性，亦即道德心，是儒家传统的一个特质。
Chapter 3 The Modern Period I. Background In the early 20th century, nothing had more important and long-lasting effect on America than the two great world wars. America entered the era of big industry and big technology, a mechanized age that deprived individuals of their sense of identity. The war affected young writers' attitude toward life, society, and writing. Also during the interval between the two wars, some significant events exerted great influence on American literature. II. Modern period characters First, many young American writers and artists lived abroad for months and years. Second, Marxism and Freudianism were widely studied. They changed people's view of society and themselves. Third, up to this point, the typical American writer had been native-born, white, more or less rich, Protestant and Anglo-Saxon. After the war, the voices of new groups of Americans were heard. They were poor, or immigrants, or Jews, or blacks. There was the new literature coming out of the South and the literature written by women with awakened self-consciousness. Fourth, during this period there occurred in America an intense reexamination of the structure of literature and of the nature of the critical activity itself. During the first decades of the 20th century, modernism became an international tendency against positivism and representational an in art and literature. a. compared with earlier writings, especially those of the 19th century, modern American writings are notable for what they omit---the explanations, interpretations, connections, and summaries. A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution. b. Modernistic techniques and manifestos were initiated by poets first and later entered and transformed fiction in this period as well like the poets, prose writers strove for directness,compression, and vividness and were sparing of words. III. Main writers: I. Robert Lee Frost(1874-1963) In 1912, Robert Frost took his family to England. There he met Ezra Pound who had a very good opinion about his poems and helped him to find British publishers.A Boy's Will(1913) and North of Boston(1914) were published and highly acclaimed in England. Most of his major poetry was written before 1930, although he continued writing all the way through the 1950s and into the early 1960s. His major books include Mountain interval (1916), New Hampshire(1923), West-Running Brook (1928), A Further Range (1936), A Witness Tree (1942), A Mosque of Reason (1945), A Masque of Mercy(1947), A Steeple Bush(1947), Complete Poems(1949), and In the Clearing(1962). Although recognition came late to him at the age of forty, Robert Frost was the most popular American poet from 1914 to his death. a. During the course of his career, he changed from a national critic to a national hero. b. His verse at first was terrifying, showing a dark side of human life, human society, and the problems which confronted his own life. c. By the end of his life, his poems were filled with more sunshine. He was more pleasant. This is an important change because America needed such a poet that it could admire, especially because the other modernist poets during this time were obscure. They were intellectuals. They could not be understood by the average person. Robert Frost could be understood by the average person and his poetry is full of life, truth, and wisdom. Frost's achievement was fantastic. He won the Pulitzer Prize four times, received honorary degrees from