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1、本次考试试卷有试题册（试卷一）和答题纸（Answer Sheet)两种，答题时间
为120分钟。
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上交监考老师。
Test 18
Part I Situational Conversations (10%)
Directions:In this part, there are ten short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that most
appropriately suits the conversational context and best completes the dialogue. Mark
your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center of the
corresponding letter．
1. Sabina: ________
Jessica: Really? Well, personally, I think he wears the wrong colors. Actually light colors don’t really suit him.
A. Ryan’s new coat looks very expensive
B. How funny Ryan looks in the jacket!
C. I love the way Ryan dresses. He always looks so smart.
D. I don’t think Ryan has chosen the right suit.
2. Frank: Mommy, when will we have dinner? I’m starving.
Mother: __________. We have to wait for daddy.
A. All right, honey
B. OK, honey
C. Quickly, honey
D. Soon, honey
3. Henry: I’d like a haircut, please.
Barber: Would you care for a shave and a shampoo as well?
Henry: __________. A haircut will be just fine.
A. No, thanks
B. It’s very kink of you
C. I’m glad you can think of it
D. Yes, please
4. Paul: Will you please pass me the saltshaker, Ben?
Ben: Sure. __________.
Paul: Thank you.
A. Hold it
B. Here you are
C. Take it
D. Give it to you
5. Robert: Sorry, Prof. Edmon d. My alarm clock didn’t ring.
Professor: __________.
A. Never mind. You don’t have to be so polite
B. Thank you. You’re welcome
C. Excuse me, sir. I never accept any apologies at all
D. It doesn’t matter. These things happen
6. Speaker A: May I see your driver’s license, please?
Speaker B: Sorry. I didn’t see that sign. __________
A. All right. I haven’t done anything wrong.
B. Here you are.
C. No. But I was driving at 65 miles per hour.
D. Well. What’s the matter?
7. Nic k: Don’t you think the concert is terrific?
Linda: _________
A. I want to hear other opinions.
B. No, everything went on perfectly.
C. It certainly is. And I really like the band.
D. Yes, the concert is terrible.
8. Harry: We came so close, really. We almost won that game!
Robin: __________
Harry: But I do think that we could have done better.
Robin: Come on, You’ve done your best.
A. There, there.
B. You guys were superb.
C. I couldn’t care less.
D. There’s no use crying over spilt milk.
9. Charles: Goodman, have you heard the latest news? It appears that we won’t be laid off after all. Goodman: __________
A. Oh, somehow I’m tired of working here anyway.
B. Great. We are going to have a new job.
C. Congratulations. We are going to get promoted.
D. Really. We are not going to resign from our post.
10. Jackson: After the terrible downpour last night, it’s lovely today, isn’t it?
Michelle: _________
A．Yes, isn't it? B．Yes, it is．
C．That's not too bad．D．It's hard to say.
Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)
Section A
Directions:There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet.(30%)
Passage One
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
With the possibility that the United States may be withdrawing from the confines of the Kyoto Protocol by the end of this year, it attracts responsible citizens of the world to examine the past and present implications of the international treaty. The 1992 Kyoto Protocol, signed by 174 of the world’s nations, ambitiously sought to reduce worldwide emission levels by the year 2000, aiming to restore them to 1990 levels so as to slow global warming and begin the slow process of eradicating pollution. It has thus far not been entirely successfully, with its noble goals overly vague, resulting in international willingness to comply with its provisions, but lacking a structured method by which to achieve them.
Harsh criticism of the Kyoto Protocol often involves the relatively short-term nature of the project. By trying to achieve such spectacular environmental goals in such a short span of time, it has been argued that an impossibly difficult challenge has been undertaken. Finding the task impossible, the nations of the world may soon discard the wider goal of reducing pollution along with the protocol itself. Further, the commitments made by the industrialized nations, such as the United States, Britain and France, are vastly different from those agreed upon by the developing nations, such as Brazil and China, with the industrialized signatories agreeing to be bound by more concrete, stated plans and goals.
This disparity in commitment has been viewed as a necessity, however. Developing nations argue that their more industrialized, wealthier counterparts achieved their power and status by utilizing methods of development that resulted in pollution, and that they have a right to take their turn at using those methods. Also, it has been stated that the richer nations are those who can afford to immediately change their methods of production to comply with the goals of the Kyoto Protocol, while the other nations would find it virtually impossible to change the ways without seriously disrupting their economies.
Whate ver one’s stance, it is almost universally agreed upon that the Kyoto Protocol is a step in the right direction, in theory and philosophy, at the very least. The reality of practical application and implementation, however, is a very different story. With the possibility of the United States’withdrawal looming, it must be considered that if the world’s wealthiest and most powerful nation finds it impossible to reasonably comply with the protocol, then perhaps a more conservative and manageable plan must be considered.
11. In Paragraph 2, the “impossibly difficult challenge” probably refers to ___________.
A). achieving the goals stated in the Kyoto Protocol
B) abiding by the rules laid down in the Kyoto Protocol
C). keeping with and maintaining the spirit of the Kyoto Protocol
D). achieving emissions standard reductions in the short span of time allowed in the Kyoto
Protocol
12. The second sentence in Paragraph 3 implies that developing nations __________.
A). have no power to complete with developed nations
B). have the ability to develop their economies by using the traditional methods
C). treat the developed nations as enemies
D). cannot develop very fast if they do not use the methods used by the developed nations in
the past
13. The author perceives the following as the weaknesses of the Kyoto Protocol EXCEPT ______.
A). its short-sighted nature
B). international compliance with its provisions
C). its underlying theory and plans for achieving goals
D). the lack of equity in the terms assigned to developed and developing nations
14. The author’s attitude and recommendation regarding the nature of the Kyoto Protocol may
best be interpreted as _________.
A). “Look before you leap”
B). “You can’t please everyone”
C). “Don’t throw the baby out with the bath water”
D). “If at first you don’t succeed, try and try again”
15. The main idea of the passage is that ___________.
A). the possible exit of the United States could mark the end of the Kyoto Protocol
B). the terms of the Kyoto Protocol are overly ambitious, and thus inapplicable in reality
C). in order for the Kyoto Protocol to succeed, it must be reviewed and possibly modified
D). in light of its unequal treatment of under-developed nations, the Kyoto Protocol is
doomed to failure
Passage Two
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage：
Bringing up children is a hard work, and you are often to blame for any bad behavior of your children. If so, Judith Rich Harris has good news for you. Parents, she argues, have no important long-term effects on the development of the personality of their children. Far more important are their playground friends and neighborhood. Ms. Harris takes to hitting the assumption, which has dominated developmental psychology
Ms. Harris’s attack on the developmentalists’ “nature” argument looks likely to reinforce doubts that the profession was already having. If parents matter, why is it that two adopted children, reared in the same home, are no more similar in personality than two adopted children reared in separate homes? Or that a pair of identical twins, reared in the same home, are no more
Difficult as it is to track the precise effects of parental upbringing, it may be harder to measure the exact influence of the peer（同龄人）group in childhood and adolescence. Ms. Harris points to how children from immigrant homes soon learn not to speak at school in the way their parents speak. But acquiring a language is surely a skill, rather than a characteristic of the sort developmental psychologists hunt for. Certainly it is different from growing up tensely or relaxed, or from learning to be honest or hard-working or generous. Easy though it may be to prove that
Moreover, mum and dad surely cannot be ditched completely. Young adults may, as Ms. Harris argues, be keen to appear like their peers. But even in those early years, parents have the power to open doors: they may initially choose the peers with whom their young associate, and pick that influential neighborhood. Moreover, most people suspect that they come to resemble their parents more i n middle age, and that people’s child bearing habits may be formed partly by what their parents did. So the balance of influences is probably complicated, as most parents already
suspected without being able to demonstrate it scientifically. Even if it turns out that the genes they pass on and the friends their children play with matter as much as affection, discipline and
1
A) parents are to blame for any bad behavior
17. Which of the following views is consistent with what the developmentalists hold?
C) Identical twins reared i
1
A) It is harder to track the precise effects of parental upbringing than the exact influence of the
B) Immigrant children tend to discard the way their parents speak quickly when they go to
C) It has been proved that peers have more impact on children’s qualities such as to be honest
or hard-
1
C) compared
20. What is the author’s main purpose?
Passage Three
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive
leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A). The problems faced by leaders.
B). How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C). How social groups determine who will lead them.
D). The role of leaders in social groups.
22. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT
_____________.
A). recruitment B). formal election process
C). specific leadership training D). traditional cultural patterns
23. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A). person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in
another group.
B). Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C). A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D). Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
24. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 7, the author is making the point that _____________.
A). few people qualify as “natural leaders”
B). there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist
C). “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group
D). “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
25. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on _____________.
A). ensuring harmonious relationships
B). sharing responsibility with group members
C). identifying new leaders
D). achieving a goal
Section B
Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. Read the passage carefully, then write your answers on the Answer Sheet.(10%)
The entire economy of a nation would be paralyzed without electricity. It is used widely in commerce and industry. In any factory, it is electricity which causes machines to work. As a result much time is saved and production is increased. Just imagine what would happen if the electric supply was cut.
In the field of science and medicine too, electricity has been put to full use. It was under
the electric-powered microscopes that dangerous bacteria were discovered. Electric lights have also helped in the operation room. Even acupuncture (针刺疗法), the newest medical treatment electricity is needed to activate the curative needles poked at various points on our body. What’s more, the wonderful heart and kidney machines, X-ray machines and so on are all powered by electricity.
There is no denying that electricity has helped to wake modern man's life more comfortable and easy going. Hard and strenuous household chores are easily tackled by such electrical gadgets like the electric washing machine, the electric carpet-sweeper, the electric cooker, the electric oven and many others. Electricity has also brought about brighter homes. Electric lights me much safer than kerosene lamps. Life has also become more pleasant because of electricity-powered television sets and radio. Many other places of entertainment like cinemas and theatres are worked by electricity. It is no exaggeration to say that electricity has really made life more enjoyable and comfortable. Besides, many people are also employed in the power stations. Electricity also helps provide work for many people.
Electricity is really one of those great things that have made the world what it is today. Its discovery is really a wonderful achievement of humanity.
26, The whole passage tells us about ______________.
27. How many medical treatments are mentioned?
28. Why can hard and strenuous household chores be easily tackled?
29. How do people make their life more pleasant?
30 According to the passage, if the electric supply was cut, what would happen?
Part III Cloze （10%）
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A). B). C) and D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.
Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the
centre.
Today, most countries in the world have canals. Many countries have built canals near the coast, and parallel 31 the coast. Even in the twentieth century, goods can be moved more cheaply by boat than by any other 32 of transport. These 33 make it possible for boats to travel 34 ports along the coast without being 35 to the dangers of the open. Some canals, such as the Suez and the Panama, save ships weeks of time by making their 36 a thousand miles shorter. Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are not 37 on the coast, still other canals 38 lands where there is too much water, help to 39 fields where there is not enough water, and 40 water power for factories and mills. The size of a canal 41 on the kind of boats going through it. The canal must be wide enough to permit two of the largest boats using it to 42 each other easily. It must be deep enough to leave about two feet of water 43 the keel of the largest boat using the canal. When the planet Mars was first
44 through a telescope, people saw that the round disk of the planet was criss-crossed by a
45 of strange blue-green lines. These were called “canals” 46_ they looked the same as canals on earth 47 are viewed from an airplane. However, scientists are now 48 that
the Martian phenomena are really not canals. The photographs 49 from space-ships have helped us to50 the truth about the Martian “canals”
31.A.off B. with C. to D. by
32.A.way B. means C. method D. approach
33.A.waterways B. waterfronts C. channels D. paths
34.A.among B. between C. in D. to
35.A.revealed B. exposed C. opened D. shown
36.A.trip B. journey C. voyage D. route
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f91917072.html,in B. stationed C. set D. located
38.A.escape B. drain C. dry D. leak
39.A.water B. wet C. soak D. irrigate
40.A.furnish B. afford C. offer D. give
41.A.focuses B. bases C. depends D. takes
42.A.cross B. pass C. move D. advance
43.A.down B. below C. beneath D. off
44.A.studied B. researched C. surveyed D. observed
45.A.few B. number C. deal D. supply
46.A.although B. because C. so D. if
47.A.that B. where C. when D. as
48.A.exact B. definite C. certain D. decisive
49.A.held B. taken C. got D. developed
50.A.find B. expose C. uncover D. discover
Part IV Translation (25%)
Section A
Directions: In this part there are ten incomplete https://www.doczj.com/doc/f91917072.html,plete the sentences on the Answer Sheet by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets．(15%)
51.I called the Freeway Service Patrol for help （我的车在高速公路抛锚后）.
52.The economy of the country （陷入低迷）.
53.It’s no good waiting for the bus （我们不妨走回家）.
54.If you receive questionable political contributions, （你很快就会受到调查） .
55.In fact, （毫无科学根据）for theories pushing the genetic superiority
of any one population over another .
56.The meeting （没能取得一致意见就结束了） .
57.Don’t you see they （在拿你的父母取笑吗）?
58.She hastily left the room （朝她卧室走去）.
59.James was keen to （把所学的东西付诸实施）.
60. （只有在这个时候）I began to realize that something had gone wrong .
Section B
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answer on the Answer Sheet.(10%)
Soccer is played by millions of people all over the world, but there have only been few players who were truly great. How did these players get that way---- was it through training and practice, or are great players “born, not made”? First, these players came from places that have had famous starts in the past---- players that a young boy can look up to and try to imitate. In the history of soccer, only six countries have ever won the World Cup--three from South America and three from western Europe. There has never been a great national team --or a really great player --from North America or from Asia. Second, these players have all had years of practice in the game. Alfredo Di Stefano was the son of a soccer player, as was Pele. Most players have been playing the game at the age of three or four.
Part V Writing (15%)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Mass Media. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in
English. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet
Outline:
1. Mass media are so common and widespread that people can’t avoid being influenced by them.
2. Talk about mass media’s functions for a modern society.
3. Evaluate mass media as a whole.
Mass Media
long-distance education long-distance education, It is called network education in the file that released by department of education has introduced some , or called contemporary and long-range education network education. It refers to the use of TV and the Internet and other media teaching mode, the remote education is a very popular teaching model, because it broke through the time and space boundaries, accommodation in the school is different from the traditional teaching mode. Using this kind of teaching model of students, do not need to a specific location, anywhere. Students can also through television and radio, Internet, coaching line, a variety of different methods, such as mutual learning. Online learning has superior side, there are also some disadvantages. Learners can not adapt to the network teaching mode. Network education lack of interactivity and authenticity. On the BBS of the remote education, many netizens agree that network education's biggest drawback is the lack of interactivity and authenticity. In network education, between students and students, between students and the teacher only through BBS, E-mail or other network communication tools to communicate, people had built up a relationship is a kind of virtual environment of interpersonal relationships, interpersonal communication gradually from direct to indirect, from the diversification to the simplification, lost the traditional relationship between university students directly group consciousness gradually indifference. Education of students by this way, the collective idea and the spirit of solidarity and collaboration as generally traditional college students, is not conducive to the development of individuals and society.
1.These figures boil down to no significance as they are statistically imperfect. A amount to B conform to C contribute to D attach to 2.The researchers are working hard to find the optimal concentration of this drug. A most poisonous B most likely C most famous D most desirable 3.This young lawyer dares to take on the powerful on behalf of the poor and weak. A with the favor of B find good jobs for C assume the responsibility for D accept the challenge of 4.The last traces of respectability had vanished by the time he was convicted and imprisoned. A collapsed B disappeared C perished D scattered 5.Fearful of losing her job for good, this lady decided to talk to the manager directly. A for benefits B by luck C for ever D at hand. 6.An important innovation in this college was the introduction of the seminary method for advanced students. A idea B change C matter D policy 7.This archaeologist made a study of the vast area through which the Roman civilization has been propagated. A extended B terminated C speculated D restricted 8.The investor would suffer a lot from a television series that was heavily invested in but never came off. A was released B proved satisfactory C failed completely D won awards 9.Given the gravity of the situation, the best thing we can do is to declare the company bankrupt. A gravitation B fascination C seriousness D incurability 10.When the symptom occurs, she finds it difficult to manipulate a pencil despite her young age. A utilize B handle C master D dominate Section B : Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B , C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. 11.The country once threatened to ___ diplomatic relations with its neighbor if the latter was too friendly to the rebels. A show off B keep off C break off D call off 12.In English leaning, a ___ circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded. A vicious B vigorous C vertical D voluntary 13.Some ancient people were able to tell the time by the shadow ___by the sun on the slate. A thrown B flung C cast D tossed(upward) https://www.doczj.com/doc/f91917072.html,petition compels districts to devote their limited resources to achieving results that compare ___ with other local districts. A significantly B favorably C dramatically D superficially 15.If you don’t know how to ___ your achievements, your parting from this world is going to be a nightmar e. A take hold of B get rid of C let go of D make fun of 16.This country could have as many as 10 million cases of AIDS in 2010 if the ____ is not taken seriously. A episode B epidemic C equivalent D eruption 17.With a wide variety of fresh fruit ___available, canner fruit is no longer so popular as before. A willingly B appropriately C confidently D readily =easily 18.The crisis over parliamentary election illustrated the unpredictable ____that events could take once the coalition troops are withdrawn. A process B line C way D course 19.Decades of ___ might have been partially responsible for our ignorance of development abroad. A insulation B irrigation C integration D isolation 20.There have been some insensible people who attempt to end their pains ____ through suicide. A by and large B once for all =forever C heart and soul D on the whole Part II. Cloze Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrases marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. There is now a new keychain device that lets people turn off most TVs anywhere---- from airports to restaurants. And it is selling faster than 21 . “I thought there would just be a few sales, but we can’t 22 demand,” said inventor Mitch
2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案 Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land... When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people. If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.
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A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.
福州大学博士研究生入学考试 英语考试大纲 一、考查目标 本考试重点考查考生的英语语言知识和语言技能（本考试属水平考试，不 指定任何参考书）。具体要求如下： 1.词汇 要求考生掌握约 5000 个英语词汇和约 500 个常用词组。此外，还应掌握词汇间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等；掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等；掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。 2.语法 要求考生熟练掌握英语的基本语法知识、常用句型和结构，能正确理解包含这些知识、句型和结构的句子和语篇，并能在实践中准确、自如地运用这些知识。 3.阅读 要求考生能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能熟练地阅读和理解一般性题材的文章、科技文章及应用性形式的阅读材料。要求能理解主旨大意，读懂细节，能理解上下文的逻辑关系，并领会作者或话语参与各方的主要意图和态度及其异同等。 4.语篇完形处理 在理解阅读材料的基础上能综合运用词汇、语法、搭配、语段、篇章逻辑 等方面的知识和上下文等对语篇各层次的信息进行正确判断和完形处理。 5．翻译 （1）英译汉 要求考生能在 30 分钟内把一篇 150 词左右的一般性题材的英语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成汉语，能准确表达原文的意思，语句通顺，用词正确，无较大的语言错误。 （2）汉译英 要求考生能在 30 分钟内把一篇 150 字左右的一般性题材的汉语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成英语。要求译文忠实于原文，译文达意，符合英语表达习惯，无较大的语言错误。 6．写作 要求考生能根据命题或图表等在 30 分钟内写出一篇 200 字以上的短文，或根据所给文章（中文或英文）要求写出 200 字以上的英文摘要。写作部分的考查目标是测试考生用英语书面表达思想和见解的能力。所写文章应切合主题，能正确表达思想，意义连贯，无较大的语言错误。
2018年考研英语（二）试题及参考答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 . In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested. Student’s willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified, another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 subsequent experiments reproduced, this effect with other stimuli 9 the sound of finger nails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects. The drive to_10_is deeply rooted in humans. Much the same as the basic drives for_11_or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can _12_New Scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such_13_can backfire, the insight that curiosity can drive you to do _14_things is a profound one. Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however, in a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. ” Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity. Hsee says “in other words, don’t read online comments”. 1. [A]Protect [B] resolve [C] discuss [D] ignore 2. [A]refuse [B] wait [C] regret [D] seek 3. [A]hurt [B] last [C]mislead [D] rise 4. [A]alert [B] tie [C] treat [D] expose 5. [A]message [B] review [C] trial [D] concept
一.同义词 16.Children may ridicule other children new to a neighborhood. A. make fun of 17.It is useless to attempt to flee from every danger, some risks must be taken. C. run away 18.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. B. disadvantages 19.Magazines are the fifth most important advertising medium, and magazine advertising requires a substantial investment from advertisers. D. considerable 20.Efforts to ameliorate housing conditions for the poor were halted because government funds were cut off. C. improve 21.Because of the close collaboration of architect and builder, the building was completed ahead of schedule. B. joint work 22.After World War , the Vietnamese believed that the French would allow them to be an autonomous people. A. self-governing 23.Physical well-being presupposes that one should vary his diet and often have some wholesome food. C. healthful 24.The layout of the book, with the text on the left and the notes on the right, makes it a pleasure to use. B. arrangement 25.A child leaving home before he is ready is analogous to bird trying to leave the nest before it can fly. D. similar 单选 26.He had always been oblivious to the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a compliment. 27.I like the professor's lecture because he amplified his lecture with some vivid slide shows. 28.On the seminar the historians still cannot agree on the date on which the particular war commenced . 29.Despite the news that her son had been dead years ago, she still clung to the hope that he would return some day. 30.During the night a person's temperature may drop one or two degrees, and it can be difficult to arouse him in the morning if his body hasn't become hot yet. 31.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at stake. 32.Man often wonders how the earth evolved from a hot, violent birth to the celebrated watery planet that stands out in pictures from space. 33.When business is depressed , there is usually an obvious increase in unemployment. 34.Social structure organization is simply the way that people, groups, and institutions are organized with respect. to one another. 35.One of the reasons for his popularity in our village is that he asks after almost everyone every time when he comes back from the big city. 二.同义词 16.The winner was deprived of his gold medal because he was found to have taken stimulants before the race. C. was deprived of 17.The army launched a major assault against the rebel army and many citizens joined the army. A. attack 18.Because Charles had forgotten his key, he was locked out. B. unable to in 19.His behavior had been perturbing me more than had cared to admit. D. troubling 20.Lighting levels are carefully controlled to fall within an acceptable level for optimal reading convenience. A. ideal 21It is said that you can intimidate your enemies by speaking in a low voice and carrying a big stick. C. frighten 22 .If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much. D. motive 23.The soldier discovers martial stirrings in his breast as he puts on his uniform. B. excitement 24.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. C. disadvantages 25.You'll succeed in the final examination if you stick to your belief that you are not a failure. A. adhere to 单选 26Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected to loud continuous noise. 27.The teacher set up those obstacles for no other purpose than to challenge the students to overcome them. 28.The police who was lack of experiences was completely, taken in by the thief's disguise. 29.My aunt wound a brightly-colored thread round her finger so as not to forget her appointment. 30.They could not go to the theater together because his free time never coincides with hers. 31.A (n) personnel manager has a variety of role relations with people occupying related statuses. 32.This is a difficult job that needs to be tackled whole-heartedly-not ply at. 33.The curtain had risen hardly when shot startled the audience. 34.He would go to endless trouble to help anyone he thought worthy of encouragement. 35.Some professors prefer to control discussion while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. 三.同义词 16. If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much. B. motive 17.The mother soothed the disappointed child and then promised to take him on a picnic as soon as it stopped raining. D. comforted 18.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life. C. calm 19.Sales are an accurate gauge of a book's popularity rather than a representation of it's real value. A. criterion 20.Because Charles had forgotten his key, he was locked out. D. unable to in 21.The army launched a major assault against the rebel army and many citizens joined the army. B. attack 22.The winner was deprived of his gold medal because he was found to have taken stimulants before the race. A. was deprived of 23.At the international conference on the nuclear weapons several dissenting statements were made. D. opposing 24.The dominant theme is of tranquility and peacefulness. C. major 25.A conservative person opposes change and too many new ideas. A. unprogressive 单选 26.It is very likely that the Martian will also be adapted to underground existence, for conditions are much more equable underground. 27.The medicine scientists discovered that the prime reason for her lung cancer is excessive smoking. 28.The interviewer interpreted the applicant's late arrival as a sign of disorganization, undependability or lack of interest in the job. 29.After about an early age of 13, perceptions have already been formed and ambitions cast. 30.South Africa's black majority got its first real say in governing early last December. 31.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and 32.delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. 32.Jack is the very person who can be entrusted with either money or secret information. 33.He stopped the car so abruptly that he was hit by the car behind him. 34.The black people launched civil movement, struggling for abolition of slavery. 35.After a long journey, the tourists who experienced danger and hardship reached their destination at length.