第一部分：英语常见词根词缀表
使用说明：下表中黑体字部分为词根和前后缀及其变体；两斜杠之间的斜体字为词根词缀的含义；其后是例词。变体和原体的含义相同，只是由于元音或辅音的发音关系，
原体发生了变化，产生了变体而已。
例如：在“a-, an- / without, lacking, not /asymmetric, apolitical, anemia”例条中，
a- 和an- 为前缀，其中an- 为a- 的变体；/ without, lacking, not / 为该前缀的含
义；而asymmetric, apolitical和anemia为例词。
前缀:
a-, an- / without, lacking, not /asymmetric, apolitical, asexual, anemia, anarchy
ab-, a-, abs-/ from, away from / abduct, abjure, abdication, avert, abstain
ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-/ to, forward /admit, adjure, accord, affliction,
aggregation, annexation, apparition, arraignment, assumption, attendance ambi-/ both / ambidextrous, ambivalent
amphi-/ round, about /amphitheater, amphigens
an-, ana-/ up; up through, back /anatomy, analysis, anachronism
ante-, anti-/ before /antecedent, antebellum, anticipate
anti- / counter, against /antibiotic, antibody, antisocial, antifascist
apo- / away, from /apostasy, apostle
ar-, arch- /chief, principal / archangel, archenemy, architect
be- / to make, to take from /belittle, befriend, betake, bespeak
belli-/ war /belligerent, rebellious, bellicose
ben-, bon-/ good, well /benefit, benediction, benign, bonus
bi-/ two /bicycle, bilateral, bisect, bipolar, bivalence
biblio-/ book /bibliography, bibliophile, Bible
by- / aside or apart from the common, secondary / by-product, bypass, byname
cat-/ downwards, under, against /catacomb, catechise, catastrophe
circu-, circum-/ around /circumnavigation, circumlocution, circumspection, circuit
com-, con-, col-, cor-, co-/ together, with /combine, compassion, contract, concentric,
collaborate, correspond, cooperation contra- / against / contradiction, contraband, contrast
de- / down from, away /decapitate, dehydrate, dehumanize, degrade
demi-/ a half or a part of /demi-god, demilune, demiwolf
di-, dia-/ through, across /diode, diameter, dialog, dialectics
dif-, dis-/ not, the opposite, apart /different, diffuse, disagree, divert, dispel
dys- / badly, with difficulty, hard /dyscrasia, dyslexia, dyspepsia
e-/ out /emigrant, egress, emit, elope, ejaculate, eject
ec-, ef-, ex-/ an outcome of /effect, effulgence, ecstasy, eccentric, expire
em-, en-/ to make /employ, embrace, enable, enrich
em-, en-/ in, on, into /encage, enclose, embalm, emphasis, energy
epi-/ on, outer, over /epidermis, epicenter, epitaph
equi-/ equal /equilateral, equilibrium, equivalent
ex-, exo-, extra-/ from, out of, without /export, exodus, exotic, ex-officio, extraordinary
eu-/ beautiful, good /eulogize, eugenics, euphemism
for- / not, against, away /forget, forbid, forgo, forfend
fore-/ before, in front of /forehead, foretell, forefather
hemi-/ a half /hemisphere, hemistich, hemicrania
hetero-/ denoting dissimilarity /heterogeneous, heterodox, heterarchy
homo-/ denoting similarity /homogeneous, homonym, homosexual
hydro-/ water /hydraulics, hydrometer, hydropathy
hyper- / over, beyond, excessive /hypertension, hypercritical, hypersensitive
hypo-/ under, beneath, down /hypothesis, hypothermia, hypocrisy
im-, in-, il-, ir-/ in, into, on /imbibe, import, income, input, illustration, irrigation
im-, in-, il-, ir-/ not /impossible, immature, inconsiderate, ineffectual, illegal, irresponsible infra-/ under, beneath /infrared, infra-structure, infra-costal
inter-/ between /international, interpersonal, interaction, Internet
intra-, intro-/ within /intramural, intravenous, Intranet, introduction, introspection
iso-/ equality or similarity /isocheimal, isochomatic
kilo- /a thousand/kilogram, kilowatt, kilometer
magna-/big, great/magnanimous, magnitude, magnum
macro- / big / macrocomputer, macrocontrol, macroeconomy
mal- / bad, wrong /malnutrition, maltreatment, malapropism
mega-/ of great size /megaphone, megaton, megalopolis, megavolt
meta-/ beyond, transcending /metaphor, metaphysics, meta-memory
micro- /small /microcomputer, microcontrol, microeconomy
milli- /a thousand/millennium, millimeter, millisecond
mis- / bad, wrong /mistake, misspelling, mispronounce, mislead
mono-/ one, alone /monotony, monogamy, monochrome
multi-/ many /multiple choice, multilateral, multimedia
neo- / new /neo-Confucianism, neolithic, neology, neodoxy
neu- / non-partial / neutral, neutron
neuro-/ nerve /neurology, neurotic, neurasthemia
non- / not, reversing the sense /nonalignment, nonsmoker, nonsense
ob-, oc-, of-, o-, op-/ in the way of, against /object, obsolete, occasion, offend, omit, oppose omni-/ all / omnivorous, omnibus, omniscient
out- / beyond, exceeding /outbid, outbreak
over-/ beyond, excessive /overwork, overawe, overcoat
paleo-/ old, anscient /paleoanthropology, paleobiology, paleolithic
pan-, panta-/ all, everything /pan-America, pantomime, pandemonium
para-/ alike, comparison, unlike /paraphrase, paradox, parody
peri-/ around / peripheral, periscope, perimeter
poly-/ many /polytechnic, polymer, polyglot
post- / after /postgraduate, posthumous, postwar
pre-/ before /prewar, prepare, preposition, preschool
pro-, por-, pur-/ forward, forth /progress, proceed, portend, pursue
pseud-/ false or spurious / pseudo-science, pseudo-membrane, pseudonym
re-, retro-/ back, again /regression, review, retrospect, retrogressive
se-/ aside, separating /secede, seduce, sedition, separate
semi- (hemi-)/ half, partly /semiconductor, semifinal, semicircle, hemisphere
sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sus-, / under /submit, submarine, succeed, suffix, suggest, support
sustain, subsonic
super-/ above, greater, better /supersonic, supermarket, superpower, superiority
syn-, sym-/ with, together / sympathy, symmetry, synchronic, synonym
trans-/ across / transport, transplant, translation, transcontinental
tri-/ three /tricycle, triple, triangle
ultra-/ beyond, excessive, extreme /ultrasonic, ultraviolet
un- / not /undecided, unimportant
under-/ beneath, lower in rank or degree /underdog, underfeed, undercoat
uni- / one /unite, unification, uniform
up-/ upwards /uproot, upcast, upstart
with-/ opposition, privation /withdraw, withstand
后缀:
-able, -ible/ adj. capable of, fit for /eatable, workable, considerable, sizable
-ac/adj. like, pertaining to /cardiac, maniac
-age, -ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency/n. signifying the state of being /coinage, acceptance,
existence, constancy, consistency
-ate/ v. to make /activate, motivate, originate
-cle, -cule/ adj. or n. small, little /particle, sickle, animalcule, miniscule
-dom/ n. signifying dominion, office / kingdom, officialdom
-er, -or, -eer/ n. one who /worker, writer, professor, engineer
-fy/ v. to make /beautify, purify, simplify
-ic, -ical/ adj. relating to, having the nature of / historic, economic, biblical, mechanical -ics/n. study /economics, physics, linguistics
-il, -ile/adj. having the property of /civil, juvenile, puerile, ductile
-ism / n. action or practice, theory or doctrine /mechanism, imperialism, dogmatism -ist / n. one who / physicist, communist, cyclist
-ity / n. condition, quality /activity, flexibility, identity, probability, feasibility
-ize/ v. to make /modernize, revolutionize, popularize, realize
-logy / n. study, work /geology, psychology, metallurgy
-ment, -mony/ n. the state of being /experiment, movement, harmony, hegemony
-ness/ n. condition, quality, state of being /carelessness, sadness, illness
-oid / n. like, resembling /asteroid, mongoloid, anthropoid
-ous, -ious, -ose/adj. having the quality of /industrious, dangerous, bellicose
-ship/ n. the state or quality of /sportsmanship, partnership, friendship
-tion, -ation, -sion/n. condition, the act of /information, reflection, extroversion
-tude, -ty/ n. signifying the property /attitude, altitude, radioactivity, tenacity
-ward(s)/ signifying direction / eastward, homeward, upward
(常见的拉丁或希腊语词尾):
-us cactus, alumnus, impetus (original plural form: “i”, alumni)
-a alumna, vita, formula (original plural form: “i”, alumni, or “ae”, formulae)
-um datum, curriculum (original plural form: “a”, data, curricula)
-ia, -sis, -tis(medical terms)anoxia, anemia, dyslexia, tuberculosis, hepatitis, meningitis 词根:
-acr- / sharp /acrimonious, acerbity, acidulate
-act-, -ag-/ to do / action, reaction, agent,
-aev-/ age, era /primeval, coeval, medieval
-agog-/ leader / demagogue, pedagogue
-agri-, -agrari-/ field /agriculture, agrarian, peregrination
-ali-/ another /alias, aliens, inalienable
-ann-, -en- / year /annual, anniversary, centennial, biennial
-anim-/ spirit /unanimous, magnanimous, animation
-anthrop-/ human / anthropology, misanthrope, philanthropist
-aqua-/ water / aquatic sports, aquarium, aquanaut
-arch-/ government, chief, leader /monarchy, anarchy, archbishop
-aster-, -astro-, -stellar-/ star /asteroid, astronomy, constellation
-audi-/ hear / auditor, auditorium, audio-visual lab
-auto-/ self /autobiography, automation, automobile, autism
-belli-/ fight, war /bellicose, belligerent, rebellion
-bio-/ life / biology, biography, biochemical, antibiotics
-bon-, -ben-/ good /bonus, debonair, benefit, benign, benediction
-brev-/ short /brief, abbreviate, brevity
-cad-, -cas-/ to fall /cadence, decadent, accident
-cap-, -capt-, -cep-/ to take /capture, precept, participate
-cap-, -capit-/ head, chief /capital, captain, decapitation, per capita income
-carn-/ flesh, body /carnivore, incarnation
-ced-, -cess-/ go, move, yield /precede, recede, succeed, antecedent, secede, process -cent-/ one hundred /century, centennial, percentage, centigrade, centipede
-centr-/ center /central, concentric, centrifugal, concentrate
-chrom-/ color / monochrome, trichromatic chromosome
-chron-/ time /chronology, anachronism, synchronic, chronicle
-cid-, cis-/ cut /incision, homicide, precision
-cit-/ call / excite, incite, recite
-civi- / citizen /civil, civilian, civilization
-clam-/ to cry out /clamorous, acclamation, exclaim
-claud-, -claus-, -clos-, -clud-/ to close /claustrophobia, enclose, conclude
-cogno-/ knowledge, knowing /cognition, recognition, incognito, acognostic
-comp-/ to fill /complete, complement, comply
-cord-/ heart /accord, cordial, discord
-corp-/ body / corpse, corps, incorporation, corporeal
-cred-/ to believe /credence, incredulous, incredible
-cur-/ to care /curator, sinecure, to cure
-curr-, -curs-/ course, to run / excursion, current, precursor, curriculum
-cycle-/ cycle /bicycle, tricycle, recycle
-dat- / to give / data, mandate, date
-demo-/ people /demography, democracy, demagogue, epidemic
-deb-/ to owe /debt, indebtedness, debenture
-derm-/ skin /epidermis, pachyderm, dermatology
-di-, -diurn-/ daytime /diary, diurnal, journal
-dic-/ say, speak / dictation, dictionary, dictator, contradiction
-doc-/ to teach /docile, doctrine, document, doctor
-domin-/ to rule /dominate, domain, indomitable
-duc-/ lead /aqueduct, conductor, education, viaduct
-dynam-/ power, strength /dynamite, dynamo, dynamics
-ego-/ self / egocentric, egotism
-erg- / to work / energy, ergatocracy, metallurgy
-err-/ to wander, to deviate /error, erratic, errand
-fact-, -fect-/ make, do /factory, manufacture, effect, affect
-fall-, -fals-/ to deceive /fallacy, infallible, falsification
-fer-/ to bring, to bear /ferry, transfer, coniferous, refer
-flect-/ bend /inflexible, reflect
-gam-/ marriage /monogamy, bigamy, polygamy
-gen- / produce, birth / gene, generator, eugenic, generation
-geo-/ earth / geology, geothermal, geometric
-graph-, -gram-/ writing /geography, biography, telegram, diagram
-greg- / group, together /gregarious, aggregate, egregious
-helio-/ the sun /heliotrope, heliograph, helium
-homo-/ of human /homicide, homunculus,
-hydr-/ water, of hydrogen /hydraulic, dehydrate, hydrotherapy, hydrocarbon, hydroxide -it-, -itiner-/ journey, road /exit, itinerary, reiterate
-jac-, -jec-/ to throw /ejaculate, project, reject
-jur-/ to swear /jury, abjure, perjury, jurisdiction
-lab-, -labor-/ to work /laboratory, collaborate, laborious
-leg-/ law /legislature, legal, legitimate
-leg-, -lect-/ to choose /election, select, legible, eligible
-lib-/ book / library, libretto, libel
-locu-, -log-, -loq-/ to talk /elocution, monologue, soliloquy, eloquent
-luc-/ light /elucidate, lucid, translucent
-magn-/ big, great /magnum, magnanimous, magnify
-man-/ hand /manufacture, manuscript, manicure, emancipation
-mar-, -mer-/ sea, ocean / submarine, mermaid, marinology
-mit-, -miss-/ send /transmit, emit, transmission, emission, permit, permission
-mon-, -monit-/ to warn /admonish, premonition, monitor
-morph- / form, structure /morphology, morpheme, anthropomorphism
-mort-, -mori-/ death /mortal, mortuary, moribund
-nav-/ ship /navy, navigation, naval
-onym-, -nom-/ name / synonym, pseudonym, nomenclature, nomination, misnomer
-oper-/ to work /operation, cooperate, opera
-pac-/ peace /pacify, pacifist, Pacific Ocean
-pathy-/ feeling /sympathy, antipathy, telepathy, empathy
-pel-/ to drive /compel, dispel, repel, propel
-pet-, -petit- / to seek /petition, compete, appetite
-phil-/ love /Anglophile, hydrophilic, philosophy, philanthropist
-phob-/ hate, fear /claustrophobia, acrophobia, xenophobia
-phon- / sound /telephone, microphone, phonology
-pod-, -ped-/ foot /tripod, pedestrian, centripetal
-pon-, -pos-/ position /postpone, position, preposition, positive
-polis- / city /metropolis, Indianapolis
-port-/ carry /porter, portable, transport, exportation
-pseudo-/ false, sham /pseudonym, pseudo-science, pseudology, pseudomorph
-psych-/ mind /psychology, psychoanalysis, psywar
-put-, -putat-/ to trim, to calculate /amputate, compute, putative, reputation
-que-, -qui-/ to ask /question, query, request, inquisitive, prerequisite
-rid-, -ris-/ to laugh /ridiculous, risibility, derision
-rog-/ to ask /interrogate, prerogative, derogatory
-rupt-/ to break /rupture, interrupt, eruption, bankrupt
-sci-/ knowledge /science, omniscient, consciousness
-scrib-, -script-/ write / scribble, inscribe, description, prescription, manuscript, scripture -sed-, -sess-/ to sit /session, sedentary, president, residence
-sens-, -sent- / to think, to feel /sense, sensitive, sensation, resent, consent
-sequ-, -secut-/ follow /sequence, consequence, consecutive
-sol-, -solut-/ to loosen /solvent, solution, absolve, dissolute, absolute
-son-/ sound /subsonic, consonant, resonant, ultrasonic
-spect-/ look at /spectrum, inspection, circumspection, retrospection
-spir-/ breathe /spirit, aspiration, respiration
-soph-/ wise /philosophy, sophisticate, sophomore
-tang-, -tact-/ to touch /tangent, tangible, contact, contingent
-tele- / far / television, telephone, telediagnosis, telex
-temp-/ mood /temper, temperament, temptation, contemptuous
-tempor- / time /temporary, contemporary, extemporaneous, temporize
-ten-, -tent-/ to hold /tenable, tenacity, content, tenure
-terr- / land, earth /territory, subterranean, extraterrestrial, Mediterranean, inter
-theo-, -the-/ god /theology, atheism, theory, pantheism
-therm- / heat /thermos bottle, thermometer, geothermal energy
-urb-/ city /urban, suburban, urbane
-urn-/ day /diurnal, nocturnal, journal
-ven-, -vent- / come /intervene, prevention, convention
-ver-/ true /verify, verily, verisimilar, veracious
-via- / way /viaduct, deviation, trivial
-vid-, -vis-/ see /video, visualize, vision, vista
-vinc-, -van-/ conquer /victory, invincible, vanquish, vanity -voc-, -vok-/ call /vocation, revoke, invoke, provoke
-volv-, -volut-/ to roll, to turn / evolve, revolve, convolution
第二部分：英语构词法
1. Loan-words (英语借词举例):
A) Latin: altar, candle, creed, cup, font, mass, shrine, ad hoc, a priori, vice versa
B) Greek: analysis, angel, cosmetic, epidemic, monopolist, psychology, zoology
C) French: art, arrest, court, government, literature, memoir, people, pork, reservoir, tax
D) German: blitzkrieg, kindergarten, mesmerize, noodle, plunder, standpoint, waltz, zinc
E) Spanish: alligator, armada, bizarre, cargo, cork, domino, filibuster, parade, risk
F) Italian: artisan, balcony, canto, caprice, falsetto, model, profile, sonata, stanza, tempo
G) Russian: argosy, commissar, gulag, mammoth, mazurka, slave, steppe, vampire,
H) Chinese: lacquer, litchi, nankeen, sampan, tea, typhoon, Taoism, Confucianism
I) Japanese: bushido, go, judo, kamikaze, kimono, tatami
J) Arabian: admiral, bazaar, caravan, check, chess, coffee, hazard, lemon, lilac, orange
K) American Indian: caucus, moose, opossum, raccoon, skunk, squaw, totem, wigwam
(There are other language sources, such as Portuguese (albatross, apricot), Sanskrit (crimson, jungle), Dutch (hoist, hold, sniff), Egyptian (sack, oasis, paper), Mexican (cocoa, tomato, chili) and so on. Limited by space, the samples are not presented here.)
2. Compounding （复合法）:
A) Compound Nouns:
n. + n. workshop, classmate, bookshelf, lifesaver, obesity-doctor, color-film, gold-smith
prep. + n. she-wolf, he-bear, she-tiger, he-man
n. + v. + ing air-conditioning, shoe-making, rope-walking, apple-polishing
a. + n. blacksmith, software, highway, supermarket, greenhouse, hotpot
v. + n. scarecrow, telltale, breakfast, turncoat, walkman
v. + ing + n. freezing-point, building-material, looking-glass, running-nose (dog)
adv. + v. offspring, downpour, outbreak, input, income
n. + a. snow-blind, colorblind, seasick, lovelorn, computer-illiterate
v. + adv. breakthrough, feedback, diehard, takeoff, standstill, pullover
prep. + n. inland, counterattack, afternoon, overcoat, by-product
B) Compound Adjectives:
a. +n. + ed. smooth-tongued, cold-blooded, narrow-minded, high-nosed
num. + n. + ed. one-sided, five-storied, six-cornered, double-faced
n. + n. + ed. chicken-hearted, half-hearted, honey-mouthed, iron-willed, gold-coated
n.+v.+pp. water-powered, self-educated, heartbroken, weather-beaten, homemade, heartfelt
n. + v. + ing. peace-keeping, law-abiding, time-saving, truth-telling, fact-finding
n. + a. blood-thirsty, ice-cold, snow-white, skin-deep, knee-deep, homesick, test-wise
a. + n. high-grade, first-class, long-range, new-type, second-hand
adv. + v. + ing everlasting, far-reaching, hardworking, ill-fitting
adv. + pp. so-called, well-informed, widespread, well-known
a. + a. darkblue, bloody-red, bittersweet, deadalive, white-hot
prep. (or conj.) out-of-door, life-and-death, word-for-word, wait-and-see
C) Compound Verbs:
adv. + v. overtake, uplift, uproot, underline, hard-land, mass-produce
n. + v. airdrop, earmark, spacewalk, typewrite, babysit, nosedive, brainwash
a. + v. safeguard, white-wash, cold-shoulder, double-check, blue-print dumbfound
3. Phrase-hyphen （连字符法）:
They face a damned-if-they-do, damned-if-they-don’t choice; forget-me-not;
a not-so-strong team; no-war, no-peace stalemate; cards-on-the-table approach;
the-end-justifies-the-means philosophy; a matter-of-fact tone;
Women have passed the jump-on-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era.
4) Conversions （词性转换法）:
n. -> v. to knife, to house, to water, to helicopter, to man, to wine and dine
v. -> n. give somebody a push, this year’s pick, a cheat, a good kick, a crack shot
a combine, a rethink
a. -> n. the old, the rich, the accused, the deaf-and-mute, for good, be a moderate,
through thick and thin, the illegal, a gay
5) Blending （混成法）:
head + ending: smog, motel, heliport, infortainment, inforbahn, chunnel, brunch
word + ending: workaholic, workfare, lunarnaut,
head + word: medicare, psywar, telediagnosis
head + head: comsat, Amerind, memcom (memorandum conversation), telex,
6) Clipping （剪裁法）:
A: tail-clipping: ad, lab, heli(copter), math, gym, biz (business) bike, comfy (comfortable) B: head-clipping: bus, (para)shute, phone, (heli)copter, plane, (earth)quake
C: head and tail clipping: (re)fridge(rator), (in)flu(enza), (de)tec(tive)
7) Acronym （首字母合成法）:
radar : radio detecting and ranging
laser: light-wave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
UFO, UNESCO, VIP, WHO, NATO, OPEC, ASEAN, N-bomb, D-day
8) Proper Noun Conversion （专有名词转用法）:
watt, hertz, volt, ampere, china, pasteurize, champagne, waterloo, xerox