EPTD DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 107
Environment and Production Technology Division
International Food Policy Research Institute
2033 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006 U.S.A.
September 2003
EPTD Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Discussion Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. We also thank Mekelle University for collaboration and institutional support during the fieldwork. We are especially grateful to the many farmers and community leaders who patiently responded to our questions.
ABSTRACT
This paper explores the patterns and determinants of empowerment, income generation, and environmental sustainability under varying degrees of woodlot management in Tigray, Ethiopia. Our analysis is based upon a survey of 120 collectively managed woodlots, devolved to varying degrees, and 66 households that have recently received small plots of community land for tree planting. We find that more devolved woodlot management empowers resource users by providing greater autonomy regarding the management of woodlots, and in particular the ability to make decisions about the harvest of woodlot products. Our economic analysis indicates that grass is by far the most important product being harvested from woodlots. There has been very limited harvesting of higher value products such as poles and fuelwood, which are in very short supply in the region. Labor inputs declined, and average annual net benefits improved as woodlots were more devolved, indicating that devolved woodlots are more economically efficient. Woodlots were generally perceived to be associated with positive changes in environmental conditions such as the slowing of erosion and gully formation, and the maintenance of biodiversity. However, greater environmental benefits were associated with less devolved woodlots. This study highlights the trade-offs inherent in varying levels of woodlot management. Though woodlots are perceived to provide significant environmental functions, restrictions regarding harvesting high value products are limiting the potential for smallholder income diversification and empowerment, two critical components of poverty alleviation in Ethiopia.
Keywords: Devolution, Empowerment, Ethiopia, Income generation, Poverty, Sustainability, Woodlots
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction (1)
2. Background, Theoretical Framework, and Hypotheses (2)
3. Methods (9)
4. Analysis (10)
5. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations (28)
References (31)
WOODLOT DEVOLUTION IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA: OPPORTUNITIES FOR EMPOWERMENT, SMALLHOLDER INCOME
DIVERSIFICATION, AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT Pamela Jagger*, John Pender*, Berhanu Gebremedhin**
International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA*
International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia**
1. INTRODUCTION
Many governments in sub-Saharan Africa are decentralizing and devolving responsibility of managing natural resources to local administrations, user groups, and individuals (Lind and Cappon 2001). The implicit assumption of devolution is that it leads to more equitable and sustainable use of natural resources, resulting ultimately in improvements in welfare, and poverty reduction among resource users. This paper explores an example of woodlot devolution in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, and its potential for raising smallholders out of poverty. We consider the potential for woodlot devolution to influence three factors central to poverty alleviation: empowerment of local communities and user groups, income generation opportunities, and environmental sustainability.
The paper is organized as follows. The next section provides background information, and a theoretical framework for our hypotheses about the empowerment, income, and environmental sustainability effects of woodlot devolution. We then describe the study area and survey, as well as the methods used in our analysis. We explore the determinants of community and household empowerment, the benefits and costs of woodlot management, and the determinants of changes in environmental conditions under varying degrees of woodlot devolution using both descriptive and
econometric analyses. We conclude with a summary and discussion of policy implications emanating from the study.
2. BACKGROUND, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, AND HYPOTHESES
One of the rural development strategies of Ethiopia’s current government is decentralizing natural resource management. This policy is in sharp contrast to the heavily centralized socialist regime (the Derg) that ruled Ethiopia until 1991. Between 1974 and the late 1980s, the military regime of Mingistu Haile Mariam undertook an aggressive agrarian reform that included the nationalization of private commercial farms; land tenure reforms that abolished tenancy and the use of hired labor; large-scale environmental reclamation programs; and other measures. Unpaid labor was requisitioned to support tree planting and other land reclamation efforts fueled by a Malthusian environmental degradation narrative – more people leads to more erosion (Hoben 1996).
Since the toppling of the Derg in 1991, the People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) has maintained a commitment to addressing environmental problems (Hoben 1996). Rather than maintaining centralized control, woodlots have been devolved to varying degrees. Old and newly established woodlots have been placed under the management of communities, villages, and sub-villages. In addition, a quasi-privatization of community hillsides is taking place as degraded hillsides are parceled out to individual households for tree planting. However, in Tigray, the tradition of mass mobilization has prevailed. Smallholders are required to devote 20 days of uncompensated labor annually to various land reclamation and tree planting initiatives.
Investment in tree planting is hypothesized to be a potential development pathway out of poverty in the low potential areas of Tigray, particularly in areas with relatively good market access (Hagos, Pender and Gebreselassie 1999).1 Ethiopian smallholders are heavily focused on cereal production. Data from a 1998 survey of households throughout the region indicate that cereal production was the primary occupational strategy for men in all villages studied, and after household maintenance, the most important occupational strategy for most women (Pender, Jagger, and Gebremedhin 2001). However, returns from cereal production in the highlands of Tigray are low, relative to returns from activities such as bee keeping and livestock production (Pender, Gebremedhin, and Haile 2002). Estimates of the potential benefits from the sustainable harvest of eucalyptus poles from household managed woodlots in Tigray suggest an annual average return of approximately 370 EB per capita, approximately half of the per capita Gross Domestic Product in Ethiopia in 1998 (Jagger and Pender 2003).
Woodlots are an increasingly important source of woody biomass, as well as a critical soil and water conservation investment as deforestation and land degradation worsen. Ethiopia’s remaining natural forest is estimated to be diminishing at a rate of 50,000 to 200,000 hectares per year; by 2015 Ethiopia’s indigenous forests may be completely exhausted (Stiles, Pohjonen, and Weber 1991). Demand for woody biomass, as an alternative to burning dung and crop residues is very high in Ethiopia. In Tigray, dung and crop residues account for as much as 81 percent of total household energy consumption, leaving little organic matter for fertilizing crops (Bekele-Tesemma 1997).
1 The concept of “development pathways” relates to common patterns of change in livelihood strategies over a fairly long period of time. The concept of development pathways is similar to livelihood strategies,
The burning of dung and crop residues represents an estimated loss in crop production equivalent to approximately 700,000 tons of grain per annum (EFAP 1993).
Estimates of soil erosion in the Ethiopian highlands indicate that 2 million hectares of land have been severely degraded, and that if management practices are not changed, as much as an additional 7.6 million hectares will be degraded to the same status by 2010 (FAO 1998). Annual economic losses attributable to soil erosion are estimated to be EB 10-12 million per annum (calculated at 1994 prices) (Sutcliffe 1993; Bojo and Cassells 1995). The potential for afforestation as a soil and water conservation tool to halt land degradation may be significant.
Whether the shift away from centralized management of woodlot resources enables resource users to have greater decision-making power over woodlot management, greater income generation opportunities, and a positive impact on biodiversity preservation and environmental sustainability are important questions. Evidence from community surveys carried out in the late 1990s indicated that though woodlots have been devolved to varying degrees, there were still significant institutional barriers with respect to decision-making power over the establishment, management, and harvest of products from woodlots (Gebremedhin, Pender and Tesfay 2003; Jagger and Pender 2003).
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESES
Central to the goal of poverty alleviation in rural areas are strengthening the rights, capabilities, and governance of local peoples (empowerment); improving the ability to capture emerging opportunities for income generation (opportunity); and the
maintenance of biodiversity, soils and other natural resource conditions (sustainability).2 Ethiopian smallholders currently face significant challenges with respect to each of these aspects of poverty alleviation. Our central hypothesis is that in Tigray, community woodlots are a more effective mechanism for promoting sustainable land management and biodiversity preservation, whereas household managed woodlots are more effective for improving smallholder incomes. We also hypothesize that community managed woodlots promote the most equitable distribution of benefits, thus empowering the greatest number of people, whereas household managed woodlots empower a select number of people, while excluding others.
The devolution of woodlots to community, village and sub-village, and household management has the potential to empower rural communities and smallholders by increasing their decision-making power, and providing mechanisms to develop local governance structures. Development practitioners generally accept that local communities can play a central role in the effective management of natural resources (Johnson and Forsyth 2002).
However, numerous conditions have been identified in the literature as being essential to the effective management of common property resources. For example, communities must possess the knowledge, information and incentives to manage and conserve the resource on which they depend, should share a strong sense of historical presence and a clear sense of identity, and should be granted at least “minimal recognition” by the state (Agrawal and Gibson 1999; Ostrom 1990).
2 Reducing vulnerability to shocks is also central to poverty alleviation. However, beyond the contribution
Table 1 – Framework for characterizing devolution of woodlot management
MANAGEMENT
CATEGORY
HYPOTHESES
COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT A
Empowerment All community members have access to the resource – most equitable
management category, but due to large group size the poorest of the resource users
may have less of a voice in decision-making than less poor resource users who
have greater social capital, education, and information; decisions about harvest of
woodlot products requires the consensus of a large group; external agencies may
have greater input regarding management and harvesting of woodlot products
limiting empowerment of community members
Income generation Income generally derived from low value, intensively harvested products; some
households may rely on the harvest of woodlot products to diversify income
sources; relationship between benefits and costs of production less easily
understood by all resource users
Biodiversity and environmental sustainability May be stronger focus on land reclamation and biodiversity benefits for the community; harvest of high demand woodlot products such as fuelwood may not be sustainable unless rules and regulations regarding access are well defined and enforced
PARTIAL DEVOLUTION (VILLAGE OR SUB-VILLAGE MANAGEMENT)
Empowerment Some community members may be excluded from having access to the resource;
smaller groups make it easier to reach consensus about woodlot management and
harvesting decisions; less reliance on external agencies
Income generation Incomes likely to be diversified by access to woodlot products as smaller group
size may facilitate decreased transactions costs in making harvesting decisions;
clearer relationship between benefits and costs of production
Biodiversity and environmental sustainability Larger proportion of woodlot may be planted to exotics; increased access to higher value woodlot products may result in unsustainable harvesting of trees, though rules and regulation of harvesting may be easier to enforce
HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT
Empowerment Landless households greatly empowered by right to privately manage woodlot,
but some households in the community will be excluded from access to woodlot
resources; limited input from external agencies regarding management and
harvesting
Income generation Households may derive large share of income from woodlot products, but may be
limited by market access; relationship between benefits and costs of production
clear
Biodiversity and environmental sustainability Emphasis on fast growing exotics (due to high discount rates); woodlot products may not be sustainably harvested, may result in unsustainable land management
five villages.
Devolving woodlots from community management to smaller groups including villages and sub-villages may lead to more effective resource management and greater decision-making power. When groups are smaller in size and more homogeneous in nature, decision-making regarding the management and use of the resource is generally easier and more efficient (Agrawal 2002). However, multiple user situations that
formalize rights of access may leave out or disadvantage those that previously had de facto rights of access (Arnold 1998).
We hypothesize that community managed woodlots offer a lesser degree of decision-making power by the membership than village, sub-village or household managed woodlots. Large and heterogeneous groups are likely to have higher transaction costs associated with determining the distribution of benefits to resource users, and increase potential conflicts of interest (Baland and Platteau 1996; Ostrom 1990; Sandler 1992; Olson 1965). In addition, external agencies may be more involved in decision making about establishment, management and harvesting woodlot products.Household managed woodlots are likely the most empowered with respect to deciding what to plant, when to plant, how much to harvest, and determining labor inputs.
It is generally assumed that local resource users will have more incentives to invest in and sustainably manage forest, woodland, and planted woodlots than centralized administrations (Lemessa and Perault 2001). However, the role that devolution of woodlot management plays in generating income may vary. Community managed woodlots may be better suited to meeting subsistence demands for woodlot products rather than production for the market (Baland and Platteau 1996). However, as woodlots are devolved to village, sub-village and household management, a stronger correlation between inputs, labor, and outputs is understood, with the strongest correlation being at the household level (Gregersen, Draper and Elz 1989). In other words, households have more incentive to apply inputs on household-managed woodlots, since they receive the full marginal benefit of any inputs applied. More devolved woodlots are more likely to be managed with a stronger focus on generating positive economic returns.
We hypothesize that community managed woodlots are more focused on
likely to yield the greatest income earning opportunities. When landless households are the recipients of community land for private tree planting, woodlots may provide the primary source of income for the household. However, income generation opportunities will be largely influenced by access to markets for woodlot products.
The environmental externalities associated with woodlots are expected to be correlated with the land area the woodlot covers, the variety of tree species planted in the woodlot, the age of the woodlot, previous land uses, biophysical factors such as soil type and slope, and how sustainably woodlot products are harvested. Larger, sustainably managed woodlots, and woodlots planted to a variety of tree species are more likely to have a higher level of positive environmental externalities associated with them. However, the rules and regulations of harvesting may be more difficult to enforce for large heterogeneous user groups. Conversely, smaller woodlots planted to a single species are likely to have a smaller impact on reversing land degradation and promoting biodiversity, particularly if that species is non-leguminous and/or exotic.
We hypothesize that the land reclamation and biodiversity functions of woodlots will be greatest for community-managed woodlots. Because these functions are perceived as positive externalities – potentially accruing to numerous members of the community – the incentive to maintain and sustainably manage these resources is highest for large groups. We also hypothesize that as woodlots are devolved, a stronger emphasis will be placed on establishing woodlots of fast growing exotics such as eucalyptus, which in many settings can have implications for biodiversity and general environmental conditions (Jagger and Pender 2003). For household managed woodlots the planting of fast growing exotics is motivated by the need for immediate returns on investment (due to high discount rates of poor people) (Mink 1993; Pender 1996; Holden Shiferaw and Wik
3. METHODS
This study is based upon data from two surveys conducted in Tigray between December 2000 and mid 2001. The first survey focused on collectively managed woodlots and included woodlots managed at the tabia level (community), kushet level (village), or at the sub-kushet level (by a sub-group within a village). Woodlots were selected from an inventory established during a survey of tabias and kushets in Tigray in 1998.3 We surveyed up to three woodlots per community, and when there were more than three woodlots per community, three woodlots were randomly selected. Where possible, survey respondents for the community level survey included a representative from the tabia or kushet baito (administrative council), a community member from the agricultural cadre, the woodlot guard, one woman, and one community member with no office. In total 120 groups were surveyed about their collectively managed woodlots.
The second survey focused on households that are beneficiaries of a pilot project in Tigray to devolve management of degraded community hillsides to households for the purpose of tree planting. Based upon information provided by the Bureau of Agriculture on the households that have received land distributions for private tree planting by tabia, three households were randomly selected from each tabia where land was distributed for private tree planting. Sixty-six households with privately managed woodlots were surveyed. Both questionnaires were administered in Tigrigna by local enumerators.
We consider the factors influencing empowerment, income generation, and environmental sustainability for woodlots under varying degrees of devolution. The main research question is: What contribution can woodlot devolution make to the general goals of poverty alleviation? More specifically, we explore empowerment, the determinants of 3 The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the International Livestock Research Institute
returns on investment, and perceived changes in environmental conditions for woodlots that have been devolved to varying degrees.
Analysis of descriptive information from the survey was used to identify current decision-making power and rights of access to various woodlot products, the benefits and costs of woodlot management, and the perceived effects of woodlots on environmental externalities both within woodlots, and on plots adjacent to woodlots. Determinants of changes in environmental conditions in woodlots were econometrically investigated using an ordered probit model, since the dependent variables are ordinal (Maddala 1983). In all regressions, explanatory variables were transformed if they were more normally distributed in an alternative functional form, and tested for multicollinearity using the variance inflation factor test (VIF) (Mukerjee et al. 1998).
4. ANALYSIS
GENERAL WOODLOT CHARACTERISTICS
We present information characterizing woodlots under varying levels of management (Table 2). Community managed woodlots are the largest, averaging over 12 hectares in size. Village and sub-village managed woodlots are roughly half the size of community managed woodlots, and do not differ significantly in area. Sub-village managed woodlots are the oldest. It is likely that these woodlots have been devolved from larger community woodlots as village or sub-village managed woodlots were not common in Ethiopia in the early 1990s.
Data on the average number of seedlings planted per hectare, in the year the woodlot was established, indicate that village managed woodlots have significantly lower seedling planting densities than other woodlots. Seedling survival rates are highest for
may be investing more labor in important activities like weeding and watering to ensure seedling survival.4 (Table 2)
We note that seedling survival rates are relatively low, averaging 48 percent for all woodlots surveyed.5 High seedling mortality may be an indication that seedlings are being planted too close together. Tree species diversity is clearly greater in community and village managed woodlots than in sub-village and household managed woodlots. In addition, the percentage of seedlings planted that are eucalyptus species is very high for household managed woodlots.6 These findings support our hypothesis that sustainability and biodiversity considerations are greater for less devolved woodlots.
4The highest intensity of weeding and watering was undertaken by sub-village managed woodlots. Households weeded less than collectively managed woodlots, and were as likely to water their seedlings as collectively managed woodlots.
5 These figures are comparable to those found in Jagger and Pender (2003) for village managed woodlots, but significantly lower than survival rates for community (tabia) managed woodlots reported there.
Table 2 – Woodlot characteristics A, B
Collectively Managed Woodlots
Item
(N=34) (N=75) (N=11) Household Managed Woodlots
(N=66)
Area (hectares) 12.5
(2.4)
6.3
(0.8)
7.6
(1.3)
0.2
(0.03)
Age in 2000 (years) 6.2
(1.6)
5.5
(0.4)
8.7
(1.6)
1.0
(0.1)
Seedlings planted in year woodlot was established (seedlings/ha)
4472.1
(1460.0)
1984.9
(402.9)
3848.6
(2343.3)
4159.4
(741.9)
Seedling survival rate (percent) 45.3
(5.4)
49.3
(3.0)
52.7
(4.8)
52.4
(3.3)
Number of different tree species represented in woodlot
3.9
(0.3)
3.6
(0.2)
2.7
(0.3)
2.7
(0.2)
Percentage of seedlings planted that are eucalyptus species 24.8
(6.8)
31.3
(5.2)
18.27
(9.2)
77.5
(3.2)
Woodlots promoted by external organization (percent)
41.5
(10.6)
67.7
(6.9)
73.3
(9.5)
74.2
(0.1)
Promoted by BoANRD 100.0 97.9 100.0 100.0
Woodlots that received extension advice (percent) 93.8
(3.8)
100.0
(0.0)
100.0
(0.0)
25.8
(0.3)
Seedling planting and
tending to trees
73.5 82.4 40.0 25.8 Semi-moon terrace
construction
5.3 17.0 0.0 3.0 Gully stabilization 0.0
6.1 0.0 0.0
Woodlot management 48.8 33.8 77.3 7.6
Soil and water conservation 36.8 51.6 22.7 19.7
B. Means and standard errors are corrected for sampling stratification and weights.
Less than half of community-managed woodlots have been promoted by external organizations.7 A higher proportion of village and sub-village managed woodlots have
been promoted by external organizations. Almost all community, village and sub-village managed woodlots received extension advice during the 1990s. Advice on a variety of
topics was given; seedling planting and tending to seedlings, woodlot management, and
soil and water conservation techniques were emphasized.
Household managed woodlots are very small – averaging only 0.20 hectares per household. These small plots are indicative of the goal of the pilot program to partition
community lands for private tree planting in such a way that as many households as possible will benefit. Given the newness of the pilot program to plant trees under private management at the time of the survey, household managed woodlots are very young.
Approximately 75 percent of household managed woodlots were externally promoted. It is interesting to note that external organizations such as the Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources Development (BoANRD) are generally the main promoter of more devolved woodlots, indicating that external forces are driving their formation rather than grass roots initiatives. Household managed woodlots that were not externally promoted were established primarily by tabia baitos, and to a lesser extent kushet baitos. The majority of households were selected for the pilot program because they were landless, indicating that the BoANRD and local administrations are using the pilot program as a mechanism for distributing land to very poor households. In contrast with community, village, and sub-village managed woodlots, extension advice to households managing woodlots has been limited, with only 25 percent of households receiving advice. Seedling planting and soil and water conservation techniques have been the main focus of extension to household managed woodlots. EMPOWERMENT
The ability to harvest woodlot products without permission is an indicator of how autonomous communities and households managing woodlots are from the external organizations or local administrations that have promoted the woodlots and oversee community resources. When permission to harvest woodlot products is required, it is generally obtained from the Bureau of Agriculture, tabia baito (community administration), or kushet baito (village administration). Having to seek permission from
the Bureau of Agriculture to harvest woodlot products indicates that woodlots have a lower degree of autonomy than if permission is needed only from local administrations.
The proportion of communities requiring permission to harvest woodlot products is relatively high for each level of collective woodlot management (Table 3). For timber related woodlot products (poles, fuelwood and tree fodder), fewer village and sub-village managed woodlots than community woodlots are required to obtain permission for harvesting. However, a higher proportion of sub-village managed woodlots are required to obtain permission to harvest grass and non-timber forest products (NTFPs).8
Table 3 – Communities/households that require permission to harvest, and who they obtain permission from, percent A, B
Collectively Managed Woodlots
Woodlot
Product Community
(N=34) Village
(N=75)
Sub-village
(N=11)
Household Managed
Woodlots (N=66)
BoARND C 51.8 43.1 51.2 48.5
Tabia Baito C 48.2 34.9 0.0 36.4
Kushet
Baito C
0.0 21.9 48.8 9.1
Other C 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 Fuelwood 93.4 (3.2) 81.0 (7.0) 81.3 (14.0) 52.4 (0.1)
BoARND C 59.0
41.3
51.2 48.5
Tabia Baito C 41.0 34.7 0.0 36.4
Kushet
Baito C
0.0 21.8 48.8 9.1
Other C 0.0
2.3
0.0 6.1 Tree Fodder 90.0 (4.1) 79.2 (7.1) 69.7 (12.6) 42.9 (0.1)
BoARND C 51.8
45.7
57.0 59.3
Tabia Baito C 48.2 33.3 0.0 33.3
Kushet
Baito C
0.0 20.9 40.3 0.0
Other C, D 0.0
0.0
0.0 7.4 Grass 97.1 (2.0) 89.5 (5.8) 100.0 (0) 22.7 (0.1)
BoARND C 50.7
34.6
47.4 60.0
Tabia Baito C 48.1 36.3 0.0 33.3
Kushet
Baito C
0.0 20.6 45.1 0.0
Other C, D 1.1
8.6
7.6 6.7 NTFPs 79.4 (10.3) 75.5 (7.2) 87.0 (12.8) 36.4 (0.1)
BoARND C 56.1
39.3
54.4 62.5
Tabia Baito C 43.9 35.7 0.0 37.5
Kushet
Baito C
0.0 22.5 45.6 0.0
Other C, D 0.0
2.4
0.0 0.0
B. Means and standard errors are corrected for sampling stratification and weights.
C. Percentages are conditional upon permission being required.
D. Other includes woreda baitos (administrations), marketing coops, woodlot guards, and village churches.
Household managed woodlots have the greatest degree of autonomy with respect to the
harvesting of all types of woodlot products. Approximately 50 percent of households
managing woodlots were required to obtain permission to harvest poles, fuelwood and
tree fodder. Fewer households are required to get permission to harvest grass and other
non-timber forest products. Of the households that are required to get permission to
harvest woodlot products approximately 50 to 60 percent get permission for the Bureau
of Agriculture, rather than the local administration.
The data in Table 3 indicate that household level woodlot management is more autonomous regarding the harvesting of both timber and non-timber woodlot products. We also note that devolving collectively managed woodlots from communities to village and sub-village groups does not have a significant effect on the ability of the resource users to make decisions about harvesting woodlot products. Recall that all of the woodlots in our study are planted on community land. Making the leap from collective management to household management appears to significantly affect the ability of resource users to make harvesting decisions. The decision to harvest woodlot products still remains with external agencies for many collectively and household managed woodlots, suggesting that opportunities for further empowerment of local resource users and administrations exists.
INCOME POTENTIAL
Table 4 provides a summary of the percentage of communities and households that harvested woodlot products, as well as the average annual harvest of woodlot products between 1997 and 2000. There has been very limited harvesting of poles in community woodlots, and no reported harvesting of fuelwood or tree fodder in any woodlots. This is surprising given that demand for fuelwood in Tigray is very high. Three factors may be contributing to the very limited harvesting of woodlot products. First, obtaining permission to harvest woodlot products can be time consuming, particularly if permission is to be obtained from the local BoARND office, which may be distant from the user group. Second, almost all woodlots in our sample were guarded 365 days a year, and respondents indicated that cash penalties, and in some cases imprisonment are imposed for harvesting woodlot products without permission. Finally,
姓 名： 婚姻状况： 民 族： 身 高： 语言能力：
工作类型： 工作岗位： 到岗时间：
联系电话： 电子邮件：
基本信息 姓 名： 民 族： 政治面貌： 户 籍：
个人简历
性 别： 出生年月： 政治面貌： 学 历：
教育背景 工作经验
求职意向
个人自我评价
联系方式
个人简历
性 别： 出生年月： 身份证： 现所在地：
个人相片 (贴照片处)
毕业学校： 专业名称： 工作经验：
求职意向 职位性质： 职位类别： 职位名称： ; 工作地区： 待遇要求： 到职时间：
技能专长 语言能力： ; 电脑水平：
教育培训
教育背景：
工作经历
学 历： 毕业年份： 手机/电话：
时间
所在学校
专业
其他信息 自我评价：
个人简历
姓 名： 出生年月： 学 历： 住 址： 电子信箱：
求职意向：
目标职位： 目标行业： 期望薪资： 期望地区： 到岗时间：
工作经历：
20xx—至今
教育培训：
1997.9——2000.7
自我评价：
性 别： 联系电话： 专 业： 民 族： 毕业学校：
姓 名： 出生日期：
个人简历
性 别： 民 族：
照片
身 高： 目前所在： 电子信箱： 通讯地址：
教育背景 最高学历： 毕业院校： 专业类别：
受教育/培训经历
体 重： 婚姻状况： 电 话：
外语水平： 专业名称：
应聘方向 求职类型： 应聘职位：
工作经历
薪资要求：
能力与自我评价
基本信息 姓 名： 民 族： 户 籍： 毕业学校： 专业名称： 工作经验：
求职意向
性 别： 出生年月： 现所在地： 学 历： 毕业年份：
身份证：
(个人照片)
个人简历 姓名：性别: 出生年月: 联系电话： 学历：专业： 工作经验: 民族: 毕业学校： 住 址： 电子信箱： 自我简介: 本人性开朗、为人诚恳、乐观向上、兴趣广泛、认真踏实、对工作负责；喜欢帮别人解决问题；积极进取、学习能力强，具有较强的沟通能力、人际交往能力，及良好的客户服务意识；拥有较强的适应能力和创新精神。 求职意向: 目标职位：填写自己希望应聘的岗位 目标行业: 填写自己希望应聘的行业范围 期望薪资: 填写自己期待的工资水平福利需求,一般填面议比较稳妥 期望地区: 填写自己希望工作的地区、城市范围 到岗时间：填写自己新岗位能够多长时间内到任 工作经历： 20ｘｘ- 公司销售代表 职责和业绩: (一）销售顾问 1．负责协助电话销售部经理制定各类电话销售指标 ２．负责ＣＲM系统的管理和工作分享
3．定期总结团队和自己在电话销售工作中的表现 4.安排同组电话销售人员的日常工作 5．负责组织小组人员通过电话进行客户开发工作（开发新客户) 6.负责小组电话回访工作,协助同事确认客户参会任务,保证服务质量 ７.负责初访回访等话术的编写 8.完成销售经理和主管临时交办的工作 9．负责组织人员梳理客户信息和资料 （二)DJ助理 1.负责讲师授课时灯光、音效流程的编写 ２.负责讲师授课现场投影仪、屏幕的摆放并完成布线工作 3．根据讲师授课现场的气氛播放相关音效，并完成灯光效果的配合 ４．会后对配合讲师的情况进行总结,优秀之处继续发扬,不足之处提出解决方案200x—2０0x 信息技术研究院销售代表 职责和业绩： 1．负责通过电话开发、挖掘潜在客户 2。负责通过电话回访、跟踪开发出来的客户，并促进客户来公司面谈业务 ３.负责协助谈判经理准备所需资料和促进谈判效率的最大化 200x—200x 公司名称职务 公司介绍以及工作岗位职责介绍。 教育培训: 职业技能与特长 ２0XX-－20ＸX ?
姓名：E _ mail ：联系电话：联系地址：
实习简历 姓名：×××性别：×民族：× 出生年月：××年×月×日政治面貌：××所在学校院系：×××××× 手机：××× EMAIL:××× 固定电话：××× QQ/MSN：×××?工作经历： ?学历： ?工作意向： ?自我评价：相片 求职简历
姓名：××× 性别：× 民族：× 出生年月：××年×月×日 政治面貌：×× 所在学校院系：×××××× 手机：13××× 固定电话：××× EMAIL:××× QQ/MSN ：××× ? 工作经历： ? 学历： ? 工作意向： ? 自我评价： 个人概况： 姓名：________________ 性别：________ 出生年月：____年__月__日 健康状况：___________ 毕业院校：_______________专业：____________________ 联系电话 ：_____________________________ 联系地址 ：_____________________________
电子邮件：_______________手机：____________________ 联系电话：_______________ 通信地址：_______________邮编：____________________ 教育背景： ____年--____年___________大学__________专业(请依个人情况酌情增减) 主修课程： ________________________________________________(注：如需要详细成绩单,请联系我) 论文情况： ____________________________________________________(注：请注明是否已发表) 英语水平： *基本技能：听、说、读、写能力 *标准测试：国家四、六级;TOEFL;GRE..... 计算机水平： 编程、操作应用系统、网络、数据库......(请依个人情况酌情增减) 获奖情况： ________________、________________、________________(请依个人情况酌情增减) 实践与实习： ____年__月--____年__月_________公司__________工作(请依个人情况酌情增减) 工作经历： ____年__月--____年__月_________公司__________工作(请依个人情况酌情增减) 个性特点： ___________________________________（请描述出自己的个性、工作态度、自我评价等）另：(如果你还有什么要写上去的，请填写在这里！) *附言：(请写出你的希望或总结此简历的一句精炼的话!) 例如：相信您的信任与我的实力将为我们带来共同的成功!或希望我能为贵公司贡献自己的力量!
个人简历 姓名: 性别： 出生年月: 联系电话： 学历：专业： 工作经验: 民族： 毕业学校： 住址: 电子信箱： 自我简介： 本人性开朗、为人诚恳、乐观向上、兴趣广泛、认真踏实、对工作负责;喜欢帮别人解决问题;积极进取、学习能力强，具有较强的沟通能力、人际交往能力，及良好的客户服务意识；拥有较强的适应能力和创新精神。 求职意向： 目标职位：填写自己希望应聘的岗位 目标行业：填写自己希望应聘的行业范围 期望薪资：填写自己期待的工资水平福利需求，一般填面议比较稳妥 期望地区: 填写自己希望工作的地区、城市范围 到岗时间: 填写自己新岗位能够多长时间内到任 工作经历： ２０- 公司销售代表 职责和业绩: （一）销售顾问 １。负责协助电话销售部经理制定各类电话销售指标 2.负责系统的管理和工作分享 3．定期总结团队和自己在电话销售工作中的表现
4．安排同组电话销售人员的日常工作 5．负责组织小组人员通过电话进行客户开发工作（开发新客户） 6.负责小组电话回访工作，协助同事确认客户参会任务，保证服务质量 ７．负责初访回访等话术的编写 8。完成销售经理和主管临时交办的工作 9.负责组织人员梳理客户信息和资料 （二）助理 1．负责讲师授课时灯光、音效流程的编写 ２。负责讲师授课现场投影仪、屏幕的摆放并完成布线工作 3。根据讲师授课现场的气氛播放相关音效,并完成灯光效果的配合 4．会后对配合讲师的情况进行总结，优秀之处继续发扬，不足之处提出解决方案200x—２０0ｘ信息技术研究院销售代表 职责和业绩： 1．负责通过电话开发、挖掘潜在客户 2．负责通过电话回访、跟踪开发出来的客户,并促进客户来公司面谈业务 3。负责协助谈判经理准备所需资料和促进谈判效率的最大化 200ｘ-20０x 公司名称职务 公司介绍以及工作岗位职责介绍。 教育培训： 职业技能与特长 20２０ ?
2021个人简历表格 一份有特色的简历不需要照片也带有特色，更不需要把照片弄得别具一格、很有针对性。简历上的照片为了让招聘单位认识你、了解你，知道你是怎样的一个人，所以，一张正规的、好的照片是能在招聘人员眼中给你加印象分的，因此，你千万不要为了突出自己而把照片弄得太过分、不合时宜。 20xx个人基本简历 无照片 姓名: 国籍:中国 目前所在地:广州民族:汉族 户口所在地:广东省身材:168 cm 60 kg 婚姻状况:未婚年龄:28 岁 培训认证: 诚信徽章: 求职意向及工作经历 人才类型:普通求职
应聘职位:销售人员、 工作年限: 职称:无职称 求职类型:全职可到职日期:一个星期 月薪要求:20xx—3500希望工作地区:广州 个人工作经历:公司名称起止年月:20xx-01 ~ 20xx-12 公司性质所属行业: 担任职务业务员 工作描述 离职原因 公司名称起止年月:20xx-10 ~ 20xx-12 上海一家礼品公司
公司性质所属行业: 担任职务市场专员 工作描述 离职原因 公司名称起止年月:20xx-01 ~ 20xx-09 广州一家汽车配件贸易公司 公司性质所属行业: 担任职务 工作描述负责经销商和终端客户 离职原因
教育背景 毕业院校:广州南洋理工职业学院(自考类) 最高学历:大专毕业日期: 所学专业一:市场营销所学专业二:广告 受教育培训经历起始年月终止年月学校(机构)专业获得证书证书编号 20xx-0920xx-07广州南洋理工职业学院(自考类)市场营销与广告- 语言能力 外语:英语一般 国语水平:优秀粤语水平:一般 工作能力及其他专长
姓名：令狐冲电话：1234567890邮箱：12345@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ff10905002.html,求职目标：市场专员
令狐冲 24岁广东省广州市 求职目标：市场专员1234567890 12345@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ff10905002.html, 教育背景 2008.09-2012.07 华南理工市场营销 主修课程 基本会计、统计学、市场营销、国际市场营销、市场调查与预测、商业心理学、广告学、公 共关系学、货币银行学、经济法、国际贸易、大学英语、经济数学、计算机应用等。 工作经验 2013.10至今令狐冲科技有限公司营运推广主管 1、负责社会化媒体营销团队的搭建工作，制定相关运营策略和指标，带领团队实施计划； 2、网站常态运营活动规划和推进执行 3、相关数据报告和统计，为公司决策层提供决策依据 4、轻量级产品和应用的策划，统筹产品、技术团队成员实施。 工作成果 社会化媒体账号总共涨粉67万日均互动量相比接手前提升1000%，评论转发量级达到百 千级 2012.08-2013.09 令狐冲科技有限公司市场推广专员 1、网络推广渠道搭建维护； 2、负责软硬广投放，网络舆情监控，公关稿撰写，事件营销策划； 3、标书制作和撰写，甲方沟通工作。 技能证书 CET-6，优秀的听说写能力 计算机二级，熟悉计算机各项操作 高级营销员，国家职业资格四级 自我评价 本人是市场营销专业毕业生，有丰富的营销知识体系做基础；对于市场营销方面的前沿和动 向有一定的了解，善于分析和吸取经验熟悉网络推广，尤其是社会化媒体方面，有独到的见 解和经验个性开朗，容易相处，团队荣誉感强
尊敬的领导： 您好！ 我是科技大学艺术系的一名学生，即将面临毕业。四年来，在师友的严格教益及个人的努力下，我具备了扎实的专业基础知识，系统地掌握了等有关理论;熟悉涉外工作常用礼仪;具备较好的英语听、说、读、写、译等能力;能熟练操作计算机办公软件。同时，我利用课余时间广泛地涉猎了大量书籍，不但充实了自己，也培养了自己多方面的技能。 在校期间，我认真学习，勤奋刻苦，努力做好本职工作，在学生会和班级工作中积累了大量的工作经验，使自己具有良好的身体素质和心理素质。几年来我努力学习专业知识，从各门课程的基础知识出发，努力掌握其基本技能技巧，深钻细研，寻求其内在规律，并取得了良好的成绩，获过二等奖学金在学好专业知识的基础上，我还自学了电脑方面的一些知识，比如：电脑一般故障的排除、文字处理与排版…… 此外，我还积极地参加各种社会活动，抓住每一个机会，锻炼自己。大学四年，我深深地感受到，与优秀学生共事，使我在竞争中获益;向实际困难挑战，让我在挫折中成长。我热爱贵单位所从事的事业，殷切地期望能够在您的领导下，为这一光荣的事业添砖加瓦;并且在实践中不断学习、进步。随信附上个人求职简历，收笔之际，郑重地提一个小小的要求：无论您是否选择我，尊敬的领导，希望您能够接受我诚恳的谢意! 此致 敬礼! 申请人： 令狐冲 申请时间：2017.06 自 荐信 A COVER LETTER
个 人 简 历 姓 名： 性 别：
婚姻状况： 民 身 族： 高：
出生年月： 政治面貌： 学 历：
语言能力： 教育背景
工作经验
求职意向 工作类型： 工作岗位： 到岗时间： 个人自我评价
联系方式 联系电话： 电子邮件：
基本信息 姓 民 名： 族：
个人简历 性 别：
个人相片
出生年月： 身份证： 现所在地： 学 历： (贴照片处)
政治面貌： 户 籍：
毕业学校： 专业名称：
毕业年份：
工作经验：
手机/电话：
求职意向 职位性质： 职位类别： 职位名称： ; 工作地区： 待遇要求： 到职时间：
技能专长 语言能力： ; 电脑水平：
教育培训 时间 教育背景： 所在学校 专业
工作经历
其他信息 自我评价：
个人简历 姓 名： 出生年月： 学 历： 住 址： 电子信箱： 性 别： 联系电话： 专 业： 民 族： 毕业学校：
求职意向： 目标职位： 目标行业： 期望薪资： 期望地区： 到岗时间： 工作经历： 20xx—至今 教育培训： 1997.9 2000.7 — —
自我评价：
个人简历 姓 名： 性 民 体 电 别： 族： 重： 话： 照片
出生日期： 身 高：
目前所在： 电子信箱： 通讯地址： 教育背景 最高学历： 毕业院校： 专业类别： 受教育/培训经历
婚姻状况：
外语水平： 专业名称：
应聘方向 求职类型： 应聘职位： 工作经历 薪资要求：
更多模板 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ff10905002.html, 唐晓乔 电话：138-001-38000 电子邮件：service@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ff10905002.html, 地址：上海乔布区乔布东路123弄67号 邮编：200070 求职意向 销售代表 教育经历 上海乔布大学药学院药剂方向本科2007.09 - 2011.06 上海乔布堂大学外语学院英语辅修2008.09 - 2010.06 销售和宣传相关经历 上海乔布大学职业发展协会组织部2010.09 - 至今?走访了近200个寝室，招揽了新会员300多名 ?与社区管理员做大量的沟通工作，为进入寝室拜访做好准备 ?广泛建立与新生的关系，通过新生的彼此介绍，加强协会的品牌推广 ?多次举办30人左右的宣讲座谈会，向到会者推介协会 ?总结协会为学员提供的利益，通过印制传单、海报、横幅、设摊答疑、宿舍楼走访等方式进行宣传 上海乔布大学学生会宣传部组长2009.09 - 2010.08?带领5人小组负责学生会所有活动的网络宣传工作 ?带领宣传小组设计网络宣传方案，并通过校内网络进行实施，实际上拓展了寝管中心形象推广的新渠道 ?调查同学需求，基于学校师生的实际需要，制作使用方便的软件光盘。在校园内进行推广，并受到广泛的欢迎 医药相关经历 “过期药物换新药”社区活动发起人2008.09 - 2009.08?带领志愿者团队到校医院学习医药知识，并制作医药知识宣传海报 ?在学校附近社区设摊一周，向居民宣传过期药物的隐患、过期药物处理办法 ?回收30多种过期药物，全部交由校医院和专业老师妥善处理 上海乔布大学药学院专业课Top52007.09 - 至今?系统学习药物的合成、药物的分类、药物的作用机制、药物的代谢动力学、药物毒副反应、药物化学结构等知识 ?两次获得综合课程二等奖学金 语言和计算机能力 英语技能：大学英语六级（CET6）通过IT技能：计算机等级考试3级（数据库）通过MS Office办公套件、Photoshop, Dreamweaver 熟练使用 特长和爱好 钢琴7级 爱好音乐、摄影、计算机技术
带照片的个人简历模板 电子邮箱：xxx 会计、出纳、财务管理会计、财务/审计/税务兴趣爱好 看书、打台球、团队活动(在想哈还有那些爱好) 社会实践和实习情况(考虑实习的填上去) 2006 . 11 —— 2007 . 2 辅导某初三学生各门功课，在一段时间的辅导、合作中，该学生的各门功课成绩均有提高，深受该生家长的好评。 2007 . 6 —— 2007 . 9 在枣阳市中国人寿保险公司实习，负责办公室的日常事务，从事保险业务的介绍，在实习结束后，各领导给予我极高的评价并给予奖励。 2008. 6 — 2008. 8 学习了机动车驾驶，并取得了中华人民共和国机动车驾驶证在校期间获奖、成果情况(把获奖的时间填上，以下为参考) 2007.5 —— 2007.6 学党校培训合格，并荣获“入党积极分子”称号。 2006 —— 2007学年荣获“三等奖学金”证书。 2006 — 2007学年荣获“社会实践活动积极分子”荣誉称号。业务特长(专业中的特长和有关专业方面的特长) ﹡拥有会计资格证书，熟悉国家财经制度和相关政策法规，拥有用友ERP证书，并且能熟练使用财务软件。 ﹡头脑灵活，善于分析，具有现代财务管理理念 ﹡能熟练使用计算机操作系统(DOS、WINXP)和Word、Excel
等 office软件。在校期间任职情况 1995 . 9 —— 2000 . 6 在班级担任班长职务 2000 . 9 —— 2001 . 6 担任团支部书记 2006 . 9 —— 2007 . 6 担任班级宣传委员个人专长(整理一下填好) 交际、组织、管理、写作、电脑、文学、分析研究、音乐等。 英语基础知识比较扎实、具备一定的听、说、读、写及翻译能力，能进行日常交流;熟悉计算机网络、熟练掌握办公自动化等。 1、能处理财务全盘账; 2、熟悉外商投资企业会计和增值税一般纳税人、小规模纳税人的账务处理; 3、熟悉税务、工商、银行等部门办事流程，有融资经验; 4、电脑操作熟练，熟常用公办软件和用友、金蝶等ERP财务软件; 5、熟悉国家和地方财税法规，具有良好的专业知识和丰富的实务经验。 6、英语已通过四级，听说读写良好; 7、具备审计经验; 8、对分支机构管理有一定的经验。教育背景 2012年9月-2015年7月黔东南民族职业技术学院 2009年9月-2012年7月纳雍第一中学 2006年9月-2009年7月猪场中学自我评价(整理一下填好)