美国文学赏析整理

美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。

美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。

Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。

美国文学重点和归纳The American CharacterPractical, Religious, Work Ethic,The American Dream. Freedom and liberty PurityFaithfulness .optimism. Idealist .Practical and hardworkingEnthusiasm in and call for business investmentEnthusiasm in charity-workRespect for Educationthe puritan beliefsColonial American literatureThe first American writer Captain John SmithGeneral featuresTypes of writing: diaries, histories, letters etc.Content: serving either God or colonial expansion or bothForm: imitating English literary traditionsAnne BradstreetThe first American female poetA Puritan poet, “Tenth Muse”“Contemplations”《沉思录》The literature of reason and revolutionBenjamin FranklinJack of all trades, Spokesman of Enlightenment ,Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanac 《穷理查德历书》Edwards and Franklin made the whole of a true puritan, an AmericaThomas PaineAmerican CrisisThese are the times that try men’s souls: the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. Common Sense 常识Thomas JeffersonThe Declaration of Independence 1976/7/4We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness,--That to secure their Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from theConsent of the Governed ,--That whenever any Form of government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Rights of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundationon such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.Philip Freneau father of an poetryAmerican RomanticismWashington Irvingfather of American literature father of American short story The sketch Book 见闻札记Tales of a Traveller(first in installment in America, marked the beginning of American Romanticism)Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说James Fenimore CooperHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. The American Walter Hollow. The first important American novelist.The PilotThe Leatherstocking Tales 皮袜子故事集the Deers layer 杀鹿者The last of the Mohicans 最后的莫西干人Edgar Allen Poefather of modern short story father of detective story father of psychoanalytic criticism Annabel leeThe fall of the House of UsherDuring the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country; and at length found myself, as the shades of the evening drew on, within view of the melancholy House of Usher.Had put forth, at no period, any enduring branch; in other words, that the entire family lay in the direct line of descent and had always, with very trifling and very temporary variation, so lain.Ralph Waldo Emersonresponsible for bringing TranscendentalismRalph Waldo Emerson = The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism 超验主义He was a descendent of a long line of New Englandclergymen牧师【pastor】.The American Scholar Spirit The Divinity School Address Representative Men English TraitsNatureIf the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe andadore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out there preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.Thoreau Waldennot only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau’s own transcendental philosophy.Waldena collection of nature essaysa great Transcendentalist worka book about man, what he is, and what he should be and must be.full of ideas expressed to persuade his neighbors out of their complacencyPolitical views: disapproved of slavery , condemn the government’s conduct of theMexican War.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet Letter the Blithedale Romance , Mosses from an Old Manse, The Marble FaunHerman MelvilieTypee Mody DickThe three great American authors of the last century who had no contemporary readers and yet became great in this century:ThoreauHerman MelvilleEmily DickinsonThe literature of realism1861-1865 the civil warWalt Whitman Leaves of Grass epic poem Song of myselfEmily Dickinson the greatest woman writer of the ageHarriet Beecher Stowe the author of uncle Tom's cabin.An American institution and the most famous literary woman in the worldWilliam Dean Howells 浪漫主义第一人Father of American realism in literatureEditor of the Atlantic MonthlyThe first president of American Literature and Arts AssociationThe Rise of Silas Lapham, 1885 《塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹》A Modern Instance, 1882《现代婚姻》A Hazard of New Fortunes, 1890《新财富的危机》Henry JamesA writer who not only bridged the 19th and 20th centuries but connected America and Europe.Daisy Miller ,The Portrait of a Lady the AmericanMark Twain原名：Samuel Langhorne Clemens 美国真正作家之一The Adventures of Tom SawyerO. HenryPseudonym of William Sidney Porter“The Gift of the Magi" "The Cop and the Anthem“ Soapy "A Municipal Report"Collections：The Four Million, 1906 Heart of the West, 1910NaturalismJack Londonbefore London, the fictions are all for girl's sakeA Daughter of the SnowsThe Call of the Wild (1903) (an all-time best-seller)The Sea-Wolf (1904) White Fang (1906)The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909)Theodore DreiserThe predominant naturalistic novelist from a German-speaking familySister Carrie An American Tragedy Janine Gerhardt Trilogy of DesireThe Financier The Titan The StoicThe Twentieth-Century LiteratureEugene O'NeillAmerican drama developed into a form of literaturethe Desire Under the Elm the Emperor JonesAnna Christie the Hairy ApeTennessee Williamsthe Streetcar Named Desire 欲望阶车Ezra pound The CantosEdwin Arlington Robinsonone of the most productive of the new poetsthe house on the hill . Richard Cory .Miniver cheeryRobert Frost“The father of American modern poetry” The national bardThe nation’s unofficial Poet LaureateNorth of Boston 《波士顿以北》Mountain Interval 《山间》New Hampshire 《新罕普什尔》West Running Brook 《西流的溪涧》A Further Range 《又一片牧场》A Witness Tree 《一棵见证的树》“The Road Not Taken” “St opping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”“The Wood Pile” “Design” ”Mending Wall “Ernest HemingwayThe lost generation ,A tough guyHemingway hero: A despairing courage Grace under pressure The Sun Also Rises (spokesman of The Lost Generation )A Farewell to Arms 1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Hero and heroine: Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley) For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 (Spanish civil war)In Our Time“No man is an island.”The Old Man and the SeaCa quite special novel in all his novels ..theme: the importance of life lies in the process of searching and resistance The Torrents of the Spring 《春潮》Winner Take Nothing 《胜者无所得》Death in the Afternoon 《午后之死》Green Hills of Africa 《非洲的青山》To Have and Have Not 《富有与贫穷》The Fifth Column 《第五纵队》Across the River and into the Trees 《过河入林》Francis Scott FitzgeraldThe evaporation of the American DreamThe Jazz AgeThe Lost GenerationThe Great GatsbyJoseph HellerCatch-22 （Absurdist theme Black Humor）William FaulknerFather of American modern novela great plot weaverThe greatest writer of fiction that the US has yet produced Literary Scene in the SouthA Rose for Emily The Sound and the Fury 《喧嚣与愤怒》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》Absalom! Absalom! 《押沙龙！押沙龙！》Sanctuary 《圣殿》Light in August 《八月之光》As I Lay Dying《在我弥留之际》John Steinbeck the Grapes of WrathWhat is Puritanism?A code of values, a philosophy of life, a point of view, a state of mind, the most enduring influence in American thought and literature, a part of the national atmosphere.AutobiographyA story that a person writes about his or her own life is called an autobiography. Autobiographies are written in first-person point of view, and biographies, third-person point of view.RealismA time of disillusionment and loss of hope- a literary revulsion against the false imagination and sentimentality of Romanticism.Naturalism：Naturalist point of view: to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness C everything is determined by environment and heredity.ImagismTo express the momentary impression through the use of one dominant image.The Lost Generation（Ernest Hemingway，pound , Fitzgerald ）was a group of rebellious youth appeared in America after the First World War.Romanticismis a complex artistic ,literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Resolution.American TranscendentalismAs a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism (also known as “ American Renaissance”) flourshed in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau.Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会③ The Transcendentalists off ered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. 自然+上帝。

American Transcendentalism （时间，主要主张和特征，代表人物，代表作）定义Transcendentalism was a religious and philosophical movement that developed during the late 1820s and '30s[1] in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest against the general state of spirituality and, in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School.美国超验主义：它宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握。

时间：1830s-Civil War主要主张：（我觉得主张就是特征就写一起了）The Transcendental ists “placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over-soul, as the most important thing in the universe”（1）The importance of intuition.（直觉）The Transcendentalists believed that individuals can intuitively receive higher truths otherwise unavailable through common methods of knowing.(2) The importance of the individual.(3) The importance of the nature.代表人物：Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生代表作Nature (《论自然》)“The American Scholar”（《论美国学者》）”Our Intellectual Declaration of Independence““Divinity School Address”(《神学院毕业班演说》)Essays（《论文集》）Essays: Second Series“Representative Men" (《人类代表》)Henry David Thoreau (梭罗)Walden (1854) (《瓦尔登湖》)Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)Twice –Told Tales《尽人皆知的故事》Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》The Scarlet Letter （《红字》）The House of the Seven Gables （《带有七个尖角阁的房子》）The Blithedale Romance （《福谷传奇》）The Marble Faun （《玉石雕像》）“Young Goodman Brown”(《好小伙布朗》)Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利.华兹沃斯.朗费罗Voices of the Night (1839) 《夜籁集》-- catch the attentionBallads and Other Poems (1841) 《歌谣及其它》Evangeline (1847) 《伊凡吉林》Hiawatha or The Song of Hiawatha (1855)《海华莎之歌》Imagism （时间，对Image 的定义，主要主张和特征，代表人物，代表作）定义Imagism was poetic movement of England and the united states, flourishing from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in some imagist poets, includes the use of precise language, the creation of new rhythms, absolute freedom in choice of subject matter, and the evocation of concrete images.时间：between the years 1909 and 1917特征：(1) “Direct treatment of the 'thing' whet h er subjective or objective;”(2) “To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;”(3) “As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome(节拍器).”主张：It came into being as a reaction to the traditional English poetry characterized by cloudy verbiage, and aimed instead at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem.代表人物：Ezra Pound“The Cantos”。

诗歌欣赏野金银花The Wild Honey SuckleIn this poem the poet expressed a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature.1.He not only meditated on mortality but also celebrated nature. It implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature, "th e wild honey suckle “is Philip Freneau's most widely read natural lyric with the theme of transience.2.The poem express the poet's view about the writing material of American writors.In the author's opinion, the origin land in America was filled with beauty and myth, which could compete with the relics of Europ.It revealed on the basis of American beauty, the American writers can produce good works.The central image is a native wild flower, which makes a drastic difference from elite flower images typical of tradition English poems. The poem showed strong feelings for the natural beauty, which was the characteristic of romantic poets.The poem was written in regular 6-line tetrameter stanzas,rhyming:ababcc .The structure of the poem is regular, so it has the neoclassic quality of proportion and balance. Alliteration ,assonance,masculine rhyme used in the poem also produce musical or melodious and harmonious,which matches the beauty of the flower,the beauty of poem is partly embodied in the effects created through changes in the rhythm. The poem contains iambics trochaics and spondee. The arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables suggests the transience of the life of the flower and the poet's emotional change.the poem is full of sensuous images such as fair flower visual image,comely grow kinesthetic image and honeyed blossoms olfactory image.All the images make us feel pity for the beautiful flower which has only a short life. The line"the space is but an hour “contains a hyperbole stressing and transi ence of life. The tone of the poem is both sentimental and optimistic.Edgar Allen Poe ------the raven二、诗的基调——当然还是美。

老人与海《老人与海》是美国文学家海明威的一部小说，讲述了一个叫做圣地亚哥的老渔夫，和一条巨大的马林鱼的斗争。

这个故事深刻表现了一个人对自然、对命运、对伙伴、对生命等众多因素的思考与追求。

老人与海的故事有着非常深刻的内涵，可以引导人们反思生命的真谛，坚韧不拔与追求的高尚情感。

老人与海的主人公圣地亚哥是一位年迈的海渔老人，他非常渴望捕到一条巨型马林鱼，但在他数十年的渔业生涯中，一直都没有实现这个愿望。

每逢渔季，老人都会和一个年轻小伙伴一同出海，可是每次都是空手而归。

这样的失败一次次积累，导致圣地亚哥走向了人生的谷底，但是他一直不放弃。

举一个例子来说，当他出海的第八十四天，终于捕到了自己心心念念的巨型马林鱼。

但是鱼非常强壮，拉了他数码丈的海。

老人感到自己的力气不足，而且要经历数小时的抵抗。

虽然身心俱疲，但是他拼尽全力，最终把鱼放到了小船上。

老人独自一人管理着这只鱼，要划行数百里返乡，这个过程中他又经历了很多的风浪和痛苦，但是他依然不放弃。

这样的故事也在告诉我们，每个人都需要有坚定不移的信念和对自己能力的信心。

举第二个例子，在《老人与海》的结尾处，圣地亚哥虽然最终失去了心心念念的巨型马林鱼，但是他返回小渔村的路途中，群鱼围绕着他的小船，并在船头跳跃，向他致敬。

尽管这个时候老人饥渴难耐、疲倦不堪，但他仍然感到非常的满足和幸福。

在这个过程中，他意识到他自身已经获得到了来自自然界的礼赞和尊重，这是比任何形式的成功和荣耀都更加的重要。

这个故事也在告诉人们：生命并非在于我们得到了多少，而在于我们为了追求而努力奋斗的过程。

“老人与海”这个故事向我们传递了多个值得推敲的哲理和深刻的人生道理。

首先，这个故事告诉我们，每个人起点并不相同，但是关键在于如何对待自己的生活和人生。

每一个人的生活中都会有无数的挫折以及艰难困苦，但是关键在于我们如何面对这些挑战，以及如何克服这些困难。

其次，这个故事还告诉我们，人生的意义并不是在于光鲜亮丽的成功，而在于我们为了追求而将尽全力、坚持不懈地拼搏的努力过程。

欧美文学经典——人类宝贵的文化遗产•一：“浪漫主义”•浪漫主义，文艺的基本创作方法之一，与现实主义同为文学艺术上的两大主要思潮。

作为创作方法，它在反映客观上侧重于从主观内心世界出发，抒发对理想世界的热烈追求，常用热情奔放的语言、瑰丽的想象和夸张的手法来塑造形象。

•浪漫主义(Romanticism)一词来源于中世纪各国用拉丁文演变的方言(Roman)所写的“浪漫传奇”(Romance)，即英雄史诗和骑士传奇、骑士抒情诗。

•后来浪漫主义运动开始奉这些富于幻想、传奇色彩的文学题材和风格形式为典范。

•1、产生背景•社会政治：法国大革命、欧洲各国民主运动和民族解放运动，进步与混乱灾难并存的局面。

工业化的弊端。

•哲学思想：以康德等为代表的德国超验哲学对天才、灵感、自我、精神的强调重视以及法国空想社会主义思想。

•文学：在与古典主义斗争中吸收了以前文学的一些经验，如18世纪英国感伤主义文学、卢梭的作品、歌德的“狂飙突进”之作《少年维特的烦恼》等。

•2、基本特征：着重于表现作家的主观理想，抒发强烈的个人感情，重视诗歌，重视想象。

•浪漫主义诗人想要恢复人的丰富多彩的情感生活，让炽热的激情、自由的想象来抗拒工业文明、科学理性对人的精神世界的挤迫。

•用大自然来对照资本主义文明和现实,着力描写和歌咏大自然。

将大自然看作是一种神秘力量，或某种精神境界的象征，突出描写人和自然景物在思想感情上的共鸣，用自然的美来对照社会的丑，以自然启迪人生并拯救灵魂。

湖畔诗人瓦尔登湖•重视中世纪民间文学。

中世纪民间文学不受古典主义的束缚，想象丰富，感情真挚，表达自由，语言通俗，是各国传统的民族文学的精华。

•对民间文学的借鉴和重视，不仅对革新文学的内容和形式起了重大作用，同时也反映出作家的民族意识和民主思想的增强。

•德、英的浪漫主义文学运动就是从搜集、整理中世纪民间文学如民歌、民间传说、童话等开始的。

题材手法等奇特、非凡、夸张，追求强烈的艺术效果。

乌铁库尔诗作赏析乌铁库尔（Walt Whitman）是美国著名的诗人，他的诗作以其自由、豪放、激昂的风格而闻名于世。

他的诗作《草叶集》被誉为美国文学史上的经典之作，对后世诗人产生了深远的影响。

而今我们就来赏析一下乌铁库尔的诗作，领略他那独特的艺术魅力。

乌铁库尔的诗作以其自由洒脱的风格而著称，他善于运用自由诗的形式，以及大量的对偶、排比、象征等修辞手法，使得他的诗作充满了激情和力量。

他的诗作大多以自然、人生、爱情等主题为素材，通过对这些主题的深刻思考和感悟，表达了他对生命、自由、人性等问题的独特见解。

在乌铁库尔的诗作中，最为著名的莫过于《草叶集》中的《我歌颂自己》。

这首诗以其豪放、激昂的语言，表达了诗人对自己的赞美和肯定。

诗人在诗中自称“我”，并用一系列的对偶和排比来描述自己的伟大和美好，表达了对自己的自信和自豪。

这首诗作不仅展现了诗人的个性魅力，也体现了他对自由和人性的理解。

另外一首著名的诗作是《我看到在草地上的一棵草》，这首诗作以其简洁、质朴的语言，描绘了一棵草在风中摇曳的情景。

诗人通过对一棵草的细致观察和感悟，表达了对自然的热爱和敬畏，以及对生命的深刻理解。

这首诗作虽然简短，却蕴含着诗人对生命和自然的深刻思考，展现了他对美的敏感和对生命的热爱。

此外，乌铁库尔的诗作还以其对爱情的独特见解而著称。

他的诗作《我爱你》以其深情、真挚的语言，表达了诗人对爱情的执着和追求。

诗人通过对爱情的赞美和歌颂，表达了对爱情的热爱和向往，展现了他对爱情的理解和追求。

这首诗作不仅展现了诗人对爱情的独特见解，也体现了他对人性和情感的深刻洞察。

总的来说，乌铁库尔的诗作以其自由、豪放、激昂的风格而著称，他善于运用自由诗的形式，以及大量的对偶、排比、象征等修辞手法，使得他的诗作充满了激情和力量。

他的诗作大多以自然、人生、爱情等主题为素材，通过对这些主题的深刻思考和感悟，表达了他对生命、自由、人性等问题的独特见解。

乌铁库尔的诗作不仅展现了他对美的敏感和对生命的热爱，也体现了他对自由和人性的理解和追求。