外刊经贸知识选读习题集及答案

《外刊经贸知识选读》习题集

I. INTERNA TIONAL TRADE

一、翻译-中译英

1. 一个国家贸易规模的相对大小经常通过该国的出口金额占其国内生产总值的比例来衡量。

2. 最重要的海运单据是提单。它首先是发货人与船公司之间的一种合约；其次是收到货物的收据；第三是所有权单证。

3. 典型的信用证可能要求以下单证：发票、提单、海运保险单、装箱单、磅码单、检验证书及产地证。

4. 国际贸易是一个国家所生产的商品和服务和另一个国家所生产的商品和服务之间的交换。

5. 海关同中央银行紧密地合作，以确保货物只能按照现行的管理条例进口或出口。

二、翻译-英译中

1. The issuing bank examines the draft and documents upon receipt, to ensure that the documents conform to the letter of credit. If anything is wrong, the discrepancies are subject to acceptance by the buyer.

2. Consular invoices are declarations made at the consulate of the importing country. They confirm the ex works cost of a consignment.

3. “Ex works” means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises or another named p lace not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle.

4. “Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place.

5. “Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment.

6. “Delivered Ex Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at the named port of destination.

三、阅读-归纳

Passage 1

Chinese trade officials remain alarmed at the extent of the abuse of trade compensatory measures against China, although the number of anti-dumping investigations involving China has actually dropped. China remains the world’s largest vic tim of the abuse of anti-dumping measures with 27 investigations having been started into its exports in the latter half of last year, according to latest data from the World Trade Organization (WTO). The large number was partly because China’s exports grew extraordinarily quickly last year against the backdrop of gloomy world economic outlook, said Chinese trade officials. The abuse of anti-dumping measures against China has started to fall as the number was down from 29 investigations into Chinese exports in the latter of 2001, indicated WTO data. Chinese trade officials said China’s WTO membership helped deter foreign countries from discriminatory actions against China. The decrease was also a result of the hard work of the Fair Trade Bureau for Import and Export under the Ministry of Commerce, they said. The bureau, set up immediately after China’s WTO entry in late 2001, has done a lot in

helping domestic companies respond to foreign anti-dumping charges and refraining from vicious price competitions in international market. Officials with the bureau had expected the number of anti-dumping cases involving China would rapidly increase this year, with regard to big growth in Chinese exports last year and reviving international trade protectionism.

1. Make a brief summary on the present situation of anti-dumping measures against China.

2. Make a brief summary on the reasons which cause the large number of anti-dumping measures against China.

3. Make a brief summary on the reasons which lead to the decreased number of anti-dumping measures against China.

4. Make a brief summary on the function of Fair Trade Bureau for Import and Export in respond to risk of exportation.

Passage 2

In January, the United States imported more than $1.2 billion in textiles and apparel from China, up from about $701 million a year ago. Imports of major apparel products from China jumped 546 percent. Last January, for example, China shipped 941,000 cotton knit shirts, which were limited by quotas; this January, it shipped 18.2 million, a 1,836 percent increase. Imports of cotton knit trousers were up 1,332 percent from a year ago. These figures may be understated because China ships a large part of its goods through Hong Kong, and those shipments are not included. Fears that China is going to flood the world market with cheap textile exports have already inflamed tensions between Washington and Beijing because of worries about American manufacturing plants being closed and thousands of jobs being lost. Already, in January, the first month after global quotas were lifted, 12,200 jobs were lost in the United States apparel and textile industries, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Some analysts have predicted that China could capture as much as 70 percent of the American market in the next two years. Before the end of quotas, about 16 percent of apparel sold in the United States came from China. Last year, the United States trade deficit with China set a record of $162 billion, making it the largest trade imbalance ever recorded by the United States with a single country. To be sure, some textile importers say this phenomenon may be a one-time surge. Companies, for instance, may have put off shipping goods at the end of last year to avoid the quotas.

5. Make a brief summary on the development of textiles imports to the United States from China after the end of quota.

6. Make a brief summary on the connection between the end of quota and unemployment in the United States.

7. Make a brief summary on the impact of the end of quota on the economy and society of United States.

Passage 3

International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a

lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of that factor of production and thus embody it. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor, the United States imports goods that were produced with Chinese labor. One report in 2010 suggested that international trade was increased when a country hosted a network of immigrants, but the trade effect was weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into their new country.

8. Make a brief summary on the definition of international trade.

9. Make a brief summary on the difference between international trade and domestic trade.

10. Make a brief summary on the reason that the United States imports labor-intensive goods

from China.

四、阅读-答问

A standard, commercial letter of credit (LC) is a document issued mostly by a financial institution, used primarily in trade finance, which usually provides an irrevocable payment undertaking.

The letter of credit can also be payment for a transaction, meaning that redeeming the letter of credit pays an exporter. Letters of credit are used primarily in international trade transactions of significant value, for deals between a supplier in one country and a customer in another. In such cases, the International Chamber of Commerce Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits applies (UCP 600 being the latest version).

The parties to a letter of credit are usually a beneficiary who is to receive the money, the issuing bank of whom the applicant is a client, and the advising bank of whom the beneficiary is a client. Almost all letters of credit are irrevocable, i.e., cannot be amended or canceled without prior agreement of the beneficiary, the issuing bank and the confirming bank, if any. In executing a transaction, letters of credit incorporate functions common to giros and Traveler's cheques. Typically, the documents a beneficiary has to present in order to receive payment include a commercial invoice, bill of lading, and documents proving the shipment was insured against loss or damage in transit.

Letters of credit (LC) deal in documents, not goods. An LC can be irrevocable or revocable. An irrevocable LC cannot be changed unless both buyer and seller agree. With a revoca ble LC, changes can be made without the consent of the beneficiary.

A sight LC means that payment is made immediately to the beneficiary/seller/exporter upon presentation of the correct documents in the required time frame. A time or date LC will specify when payment will be made at a future date and upon presentation of the required documents. Negotiation means the giving of value for draft(s) and/or document(s) by the bank authorized to negotiate, viz the nominated bank. Mere examination of the documents and forwarding the same to the letter of credit issuing bank for reimbursement, without giving of value / agreed to give, does not constitute a negotiation.

To receive payment, an exporter or shipper must present the documents required by the letter of credit. Typically, the payee presents a document proving the goods were sent instead of showing the actual goods. The Original Bill of Lading (OBL) is normally the document accepted by banks as proof that goods have been shipped. However, the list and form of documents is open to imagination and negotiation and might contain requirements to present documents issued by a neutral third party evidencing the quality of the goods shipped, or their place of origin or place.

One of the primary peculiarities of the documentary credit is that the payment obligation is abstract and independent from the underlying contract of sale or any other contract in the transaction. Thus the bank’s obligation is defined by the terms of the credit alone, and the sale contract is irre levant. The defensive of the buyer arising out of the sale contract do not concern the bank and in no way affect its liability. Article 4(a) UCP states this principle clearly. Article 5 the UCP further states that banks deal with documents only, they are not concerned with the goods (facts). Accordingly, if the documents tendered by the beneficiary, or his or her agent, appear to be in order, then in general the bank is obliged to pay without further qualifications.

All the charges for issuance of Letter of Credit, negotiation of documents, reimbursements and other charges like courier are to the account of applicant or as per the terms and conditions of the Letter of credit. If the letter of credit is silent on charges, then they are to the account of the Applicant. The description of charges and who would be bearing them would be indicated in the field 71B in the Letter of Credit.

1. What is the major function of letter of credit in international trade?

2. What does UCP stand for?

3. Which institution is the one that issued UCP 600?

4. How should the exporter and the importer be called as parties of a letter of credit?

5. What is the major function of issuing bank in a letter of credit business?

6. What is the connection between the advising bank and the beneficiary?

7. What is the major feature of an irrevocable LC?

8. Under which circumstance can an irrevocable LC be amended?

9. Which kind of LC does the exporter prefer to use, the revocable ones or irrevocable ones?

10. As far as the time of payment is concerned, what are the two types of LC?

11. Under which circumstances will the bank pay to the exporter?

12. Which document is a title document?

13. How to understand “the bank’s obligation is independent from sales contract”?

14. Will the banks inspect the goods before making payment? Why?

15. Usually, who is responsible for the charges for issuance of Letter of Credit?

II. INTERNA TIONAL ECONOMIC RELA TIONS AND COOPERA TION

一、翻译-中译英

1. 工业化或发达国家是指那些除具有先进的农业和原料采掘技术外，还具有相当水平的制造业和服务业的国家。

2. 发展中国家一般是指其生产部门主要是农业和矿产业的那些国家，它们仍处在发展工业的阶段。

3. 20世纪末，全球化已经显示，不论在世界的何处做出经济决策，都必须考虑到各种国际因素。

4. 发展中国家越来越认识到技术对促进经济发展和提高在国际生产中的竞争能力的重要性。

5. 各国企业之间的大部分技术转让都是通过世界贸易的进出口活动进行的。

二、翻译-英译中

1. Differences in aspirations; human, natural, and capital resources; technology; culture; social and political systems; and other factors are always apparent and lay the foundation for mutually advantageous economic relationships.

2. The three principal methods available to the transnational enterprises for the transfer of

technology abroad are exporting, direct investment, and licensing arrangements.

3. The rate of diffusion varies with the type of technology and is determined by the degree of difficulty of transfer. The costs of transferring the technology increase with the difficulty.

4. General technology involves information that is common to an industry or trade and represents the general state of technological knowledge in the industry or trade.

5. Firm-specific technology refers to technology specific to a particular firm’s experience, activities, and know-how, but not attributable to any specific item the firm produces.

6. System-specific technology concerns the technology used in the production of a product by all manufacturers within the industry.

三、阅读-归纳

Passage 1

The term globalization has acquired a variety of meanings, but in economic terms it refers to the move that is taking place in the direction of complete mobility of capital and labor and their products, so that the world's economies are on the way to becoming totally integrated. The driving forces of the process are reductions in politically-imposed barriers and in the costs of transport and communication. Of the moves toward integration that have occurred, the strongest has been in financial markets, in which globalization is estimated to have tripled since the mid-1970s. Recent research has shown that it has improved risk-sharing, but only in developed countries, and that in the developing countries it has increased macroeconomic volatility. It is estimated to have resulted in net welfare gains worldwide, but with losers as well as gainers. Increased globalization has also made it easier for recessions to spread from country to country. A reduction in economic activity in one country can lead to a reduction in activity in its trading partners as a result of its consequent reduction in demand for their exports, which is one of the mechanisms by which the business cycle is transmitted from country to country. Empirical research confirms that the greater the trade linkage between countries the more coordinated are their business cycles.

1. Make a brief summary on the causes of economic globalization.

2. Make a brief summary on the general effect of economic globalization on global economy.

3. Make a brief summary on the way that recession spreads with globalization.

Passage 2

The International Labor Organization (ILO) has defined an MNC as a corporation that has its management headquarters in one country, known as the home country, and operates in severa l other countries, known as host countries. Multinational corporations can have a powerful influence in local economies, and even the world economy, and play an important role in international relations and globalization. Multinational corporations are important factors in processes of globalization. National and local governments often compete against one another to attract MNC facilities, with the expectation of increased tax revenue, employment, and economic activity. To compete, political entities may offer MNCs incentives such as tax breaks, pledges of governmental assistance or subsidized infrastructure, or lax environmental and labor regulations. Because of their size, multinationals can have a significant impact on government policy. For example, in an effort to reduce health care costs, some countries have tried to force pharmaceutical companies to license their patented drugs to local competitors for a very low fee, thereby artificially lowering the price. When faced with that threat, multinational pharmaceutical firms have simply withdrawn from the market, which often leads to limited availability of advanced drugs. In these cases, governments have been forced to back down from their efforts. Similar corporate and government

confrontations have occurred when governments tried to force MNCs to make their intellectual property public in an effort to gain technology for local entrepreneurs. When companies are faced with the option of losing a core competitive technological advantage or withdrawing from a national market, they may choose the latter. This withdrawal often causes governments to change policy. Countries that have been the most successful in this type of confrontation with multinational corporations are large countries such as United States and Brazil which have viable indigenous market competitors.

4. Make a brief summary on the major feature of Multinational Corporations.

5. Make a brief summary on Multinational Corporations’ influence on local economy.

6. Make a brief summary on the means that Multinational Corporations take to affect

government policy.

Passage 3

There are two types of International Joint Ventures: dominant parent and shared management. Within dominant parent IJV’s, all projects are managed by one parent who decides on all the functional managers for the venture. The board of directors, which is made up of executives from each parent, also plays a key role in managing the venture by making all the operating and strategic decisions. A dominant parent enterprise is beneficial where an International Joint Venture parent is selected for reasons outside of managerial input. Shared management ventures consist of both parents managing the enterprise. Each parent organizes functional managers and executives that will be within the board of directors. In this form of management, there are also two types of shared management ventures. The first type is 50:50 IJV and this is where each partner puts in 50% of the equity in return for 50% participating control. The second type is where both partners can negotiate that not all shared management ventures are 50:50 and that one partner has more than a co-equal role in the IJV.When two or more partners agree on an International Joint Venture, there are possibilities for disputes to arise. Particularly in IJV’s, there can be issues between the partners who are likely to want their home country’s governing law and jurisdiction to apply to any disputes that may come up; therefore, to avoid such a problem, a neutral governing law and jurisdiction is chosen in some cases. A popular dispute resolution technique used in IJV’s is arbitration; however, many times a court process is given priority as this system has more authority. Other dispute resolution strategies utilized are mediation and litigation.

7. Make a brief summary on the major difference between dominant parent and shared

management.

8. Make a brief summary on the major difference between two types of shared management

ventures.

9. Make a brief summary on the methods used by IJV to settle disputes.

Passage 4

An IJV is an attractive way to get into Chinese market for the people who are unfamiliar with the completed culture and the less opened market. But China is becoming more and more global and familiar to the world. IJV is fading out because of the practical difficulties in picking a proper partner, management, technology transfer profit sharing and soon. An equity joint venture (EJV) is a partnership between an overseas and a Chinese individual, enterprises or financial organizations approved by the Chinese government. Companies in an equity joint venture share mutual rewards, risks and losses according to the ratio of investment. A minimum of 25% the capital must be contributed by the foreign partners, and no minimum investment for the Chinese partners. A jo int

venture is free to hire Chinese nationals without the interference form government employment industries by abiding Chinese Labor Law, and purchase land, build their own buildings, and privileges prevented to representative offices. Cooperative Joint Ventures (CJVs) are a regulated form of IJV between Chinese and foreign-based companies. They are usually found in venture, which are both technology-based and have a substantial requirement for fixed assets, for example infrastructure and volume manufacturing. No minimum foreign contribution is required to initiate cooperative venture and the contributions made by the investors are not necessarily expressed in a monetary value. These contributions can include excluded in the equity joint venture process can be contributed such as labor, resources, and services. Greater flexibility in the structuring of a cooperative venture is also permissible including the structure of the organization, management, and assets.

10. Make a brief summary on the two ways to get into Chinese market.

11. Make a brief summary on the profit distribution and risk sharing method of EJV.

12. Make a brief summary on the minimum foreign contribution requirement of EJV and CJV.

III. INTERNA TIONAL FINANCE

一、翻译-中译英

1. SDR实质上是基于美、德、法、英和日货币的货币篮子的货币价值指数。国际货币基金组织的某些账户以特别提款权表示。

2. 做多头是指买进股票以便在价格上涨时卖出。做空头是指卖出不是你所有的股票，以便后来以低价补进。

3. 外汇市场是进行外币交易的一种机制，它是银行、顾客和中间人之间进行电话和电传联系的一项体系。

4. 商品期货合同是买卖双方约定将来的某日交易特定数量的商品。

二、翻译-英译中

1. As a statistical classification and summary of all economic transactions between domestic and foreign residents over a stipulated period, the balance of payments of a nation affords an overall view of its international economic position.

2. Debit transactions are all transactions that involve payments by domestic residents to foreign residents. Credit transactions are all transactions that involve receipts by domestic residents from foreign residents.

3. International banking includes all those services demanded by customers engaged in international trade, investment, and travel, and in reality is an extension of the services provided in domestic banking.

4. High PE ratios suggest that the market expects corporate earnings to grow rapidly, while a low PE suggests the company’s earnings are expected to decline or remain stagnant.

三、阅读-归纳

Passage 1

Investors or businesses face an exchange rate risk when they have assets or operations across national borders or if they have loans or borrowings in a foreign currency. An exchange rate risk can result in an exchange gain as well as a loss. To neutralize the risk of a loss (but at the same time forgoing any potential exchange gain), some businesses hedge all their foreign exchange

exposure or exposure beyond some predetermined comfort level, which is a way of transferring the risk to another business prepared to carry the risk or has a reverse risk exposure. Hedging can involve the use of a forward contract. The currency risk associated with a foreign denominated instrument is a significant consideration in foreign investment. For example, if a U.S. investor owns stocks in Canada, suppose that the investor realized a return on the stocks of 15% but if the Canadian dollar depreciated 15% against the US dollar, then the movement in the exchange rate would cancel out the realized profit on sale of the stocks. If a business buys or sells in another currency, then revenue and costs can move upwards or downwards as exchange rates between the transaction currency changes in relation to the home currency. Similarly, if a business borrows funds in another currency, the repayments on the debt could change in terms of the home currency; and if the business has invested overseas, the returns on investment may alter with exchange rate movements.

1. Make a brief summary on the definition of hedge.

2. Make a brief summary on the causes of exchange rate risk.

3. Make a brief summary on the factors that determine the return of U.S. investor who owns

stocks in Canada.

Passage 2

The quantity of foreign exchange reserves can change as a central bank implements monetary policy. A central bank that implements a fixed exchange rate policy may face a situation where supply and demand would tend to push the value of the currency lower or higher. In a flexible exchange rate regime, these operations occur automatically, with the central bank clearing any excess demand or supply by purchasing or selling the foreign currency. Mixed exchange rate regimes may require the use of foreign exchange operations to maintain the targeted exchange rate within the prescribed limits.

Foreign exchange operations that are unsterilized will cause an expansion or contraction in the amount of domestic currency in circulation, and hence directly affect monetary policy and inflation: An exchange rate target cannot be independent of an inflation target. Countries that do not target a specific exchange rate are said to have a floating exchange rate, and allow the market to set the exchange rate; for countries with floating exchange rates, other instruments of monetary policy are generally preferred and they may limit the type and amount of foreign exchange interventions. Large reserves of foreign currency allow a government to manipulate exchange rates – usually to stabilize the foreign exchange rates to provide a more favorable economic environment. Also, the greater a country's foreign reserves, the better position it is in to defend itself from speculative attacks on the domestic currency.

4. Make a brief summary on how will increase and decrease in demand affect the value of the

currency under a fixed exchange rate policy.

5. Make a brief summary on the definition of floating exchange rate.

6. Make a brief summary on the advantages of large reserves of foreign currency.

四、阅读-答问

Passage 1

Is the glass half full or half empty? The last couple of years have been tough for the U.S. economy and for Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan. A shallow recession has been followed by a recovery that still shows few signs of taking off. Greenspan has sounded oddly uncertain about the economy's direction: "This is one of the most difficult periods of forecasting we have confronted,"

he told economists in London on Sept. 25.

That's a sobering admission from a man who became a national icon in the 1990s. In his 15 years as head of the Fed, Greenspan has presided over a period of strong growth, low inflation, and low unemployment (charts, page 96). And he has managed numerous crises--from the stock market crash of 1987 to the terrorist attacks of 2001--remarkably well.

Beyond that, Greenspan became the quintessential New Economist, the man who correctly foresaw that information technology was spurring faster productivity growth, enabling the U.S. economy to grow more rapidly without inflation than anyone had thought possible. It was Greenspan who gave the economy room to run when the conventional wisdom dictated tightening to ward off inflation that never came. The result was the sort of prosperity not seen for a generation --strong business investment, higher wages, and a soaring stock market--benefiting millions of Americans. Even after the sharp sell-off on Wall Street, stock prices as measured by the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index are twice as high today as they were when the boom started in early 1995. And the productivity revolution that Greenspan correctly heralded continues even in the current sluggishness, much to the surprise of most economists.

But if Greenspan deserves credit for the productivity-driven boom, he is also vulnerable to criticism for the bust that took place on his watch, particularly in the tech and telecom sectors. The NASDAQ index is down 71% from its high in March, 2000, and the dot-com era is remembered mostly for its excess and folly. Deflation is a threat for the first time in 70 years, and the labor market can't muster a sustained recovery. Many fear that Greenspan may be running out of policy options to deal with today's problems. Even the Nov. 6 rate cut--which took short-term rates down to 1.25%, the lowest since 1961--may not be enough to repair the damage wrought by the bursting of the stock market bubble and the uncertainty engendered by the threat of terrorism and a potential war with Iraq. "We're fighting some pretty powerful forces," one Fed officia l says.

At stake here is more than just academic arguments over Greenspan's legacy. What matters most is the future of Federal Reserve policy.

Why? Because Greenspan, in formulating his strategy, developed an approach to monetary policy based on the observation that the economy is always evolving in response to changes in technology, regulation, and other factors. That means monetary guidelines that are useful at one moment may need replacing. Greenspan is convinced that the Fed has learned to identify quic kly changes in the way the economy works by monitoring a wide array of published data and real-time information--and by modifying its forecasting models accordingly. The result is a monetary policy that changes as the economy's structure changes.

If Greenspan is right, this approach represents an enormous advance in central banking, which historically has been based on either fixed rules or seat-of-the-pants policymaking. It would also be a major step forward compared with traditional economic forecasting models, which have often missed big shifts in the economy.

In particular, the way we think about asset markets may need to change. Greenspan believes the stock bubble may be a side effect of a successful monetary policy. That is, when the central bank can stamp out inflation and reduce the risk of recession, it encourages investors to take more chances with their money. This can lead to boom-bust cycles in asset markets--but it may also mean more capital spending and innovation and bigger productivity gains. Financial volatility may go along with good policy and strong long-term growth, just as athletes are more prone than couch potatoes to suffer certain types of injuries.

1. What is Alan Greenspan’s position in Fed?

2. What happen to U.S. economy in recent years?

3. What is the meaning of the underlining word “sobering”?

4. Why did Greenspan become a national icon in the 1990s?

5. What kind of crises did Greenspan manage?

6. What is the meaning of the underlining word “quintessential”?

7. What is Greenspan’s opinion on information technology?

8. What is “productivity-driven boom”?

9. What happen to stock market in 2000?

10. What do people worry about Greenspan’s mone tary policy in 2000?

11. Besides the economic difficulties, what kind of threat does America face?

12. What is the theoretical basis of Greenspan’s monetary policy?

13. How does the Fed identify the economic changes?

14. What is the meaning of the underlin g phrase “seat-of-the-pants policymaking”?

15. In Greenspan’s opinion, wha t is the cause of stock bubble?

Passage 2

The future of the Fed will largely depend on who is chosen as the next Fed chairman. Greenspan's fourth four-year term ends just months before the Presidential election in 2004. While some speculate that Greenspan might stay on beyond that date to avoid enmeshing the appointment of his successor in election-year politics, he is clearly nearing the end of his career. So far, no obvious successor has emerged. The early favorite, monetary economist John B. Taylor, has not impressed the financial markets with his performance as Treasury Under Secretary for International Affairs. Bush adviser Lindsey has lost favor in his struggle to manage the Pres ident's fractious economic team. And with Wall Street hit by scandals, the financial sector is not likely to produce a credible candidate any time soon.

If the economy weakens, President Bush might lean toward appointing a Fed chairman who would give growth a boost. Such a move would be especially tempting if Greenspan stepped down before the 2004 elections. That would argue for someone like Dallas Fed President Robert D. McTeer, a strong proponent of the productivity-driven New Economy. The White House has not yet shown its hand by word or deed. Bush's appointments to the Fed board so far have been strong centrists, and Greenspan is known to be delighted that the President has shied away from using his appointments to the Fed for political purposes.

Nevertheless, both the inflation targeters and the anti-bubble economists have been actively proselytizing. Since his appointment as Fed Governor in August, Bernanke has informally talked to a number of the members of the Fed's main policy arm, the Open Market Committee, about the need to set public inflation targets.

Greenspan and his supporters in the bank, including William J. McDonough, head of the New York Fed, Roger W. Ferguson, vice-chairman of the Fed, and Donald L. Kohn, a new appointment to the Fed board, staunchly defend the chairman's brand of central banking. While the Fed watches prices very closely, Greenspan has resisted explicit inflation targeting because he believes that the changing nature of the economy makes it hard to pin down exactly what in flation goal is appropriate. Worse, formal inflation targeting risks tying the hands of the Fed chairman in the event of unexpected shocks. "If we have something like September 11 happen again, I sure wouldn't want to be caught having to think about a price-stability target when the main thing you're

trying to do is restore public confidence," one policymaker says. After the terrorist strikes, the Fed flooded the financial system with funds, providing much-needed liquidity.

And Greenspan has been unwilling to commit the Fed to using monetary policy to intervene in asset markets, even those that seem wildly out of whack. In an August speech at a Federal Reserve conference in Jackson Hole, Wyo., Greenspan argued that "it was far from obvious that bubbles, even if identified early, could be preempted short of the central bank inducing a substantial contraction in economic activity--the very outcome we would be seeking to avoid." Greenspan is also undoubtedly mindful of the historical record, which shows that the Fed has courted disaster when it has tried to broaden its mandate to include the stock market. In the late 1920s, Board Governor Adolph Miller led a concerted campaign to rein in high-flying stock prices. The eventual result was that the Fed tightened monetary policy in 1928 and 1929, even though inflation was nil. The perverse move helped trigger the stock market crash of October, 1929. Moreover, the Fed did not move aggressively enough to cut rates after the crash, setting the stage for the decade-long Great Depression.

Faced with an investment boom and a stock market bubble reminiscent of the 1920s, Greenspan followed a different strategy. He elected instead to ride the runup in the stock market, believing this would be better in the long run than prematurely pricking the bubble by jacking up interest rates. Once the bubble burst, however, he acted swiftly to limit the impact on the real economy, cutting interest rates 11 times in 2001 in the fastest credit-easing campaign in the Fed's history.

16. How many years has Greenspan worked as the chairman of Fed?

17. Who is John B. Taylor?

18. What is the determinable condition for the choosing of the next Fed chairman?

19. What is Bernanke trying to achieve?

20. Who are Greenspan’s major supporters?

21. Why is Greenspan unwilling to explain his inflation goal in detail?

22. What happened in September 11?

23. What did Fed do in respond to the event of September 11?

24. What is the meaning of the underlining phrase “out of whack”?

25. According to Greenspan, what is American trying to avoid?

26. What kind of monetary policy was used by Adolph Miller to rein in high-flying stock prices?

27. According to this article, what helped trigger the stock market crash of October, 1929?

28. What is the meaning of the underlining word “reminiscent”?

29. What did Greenspan think when he choose not to use tight monetary policy?

30. What did Greenspan do after the bubble burst?

IV. INTERNA TIONAL ECONOMIC AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS

一、翻译-中译英

1. 世界银行的主要业务是为特定的项目贷款，这些项目经过慎重的选择和准备，充分的评估，仔细的监督和系统的鉴定。

2. 从国家来看，亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的穷国和欠发达国家逐渐成为发放贷款的主要对象。

3. 美国为开放的多边体制提供了强有力的领导，而正是它的成功使它在开放的多边贸易倒退。

4. 世界银行既是一个发展机构，也是一个金融机构，它所贷款的每一个项目必须和该机构的这两个

特点相符。

二、翻译-英译中

1. The World Bank was formed to provide sound long-term loans for reconstruction and development. The International Monetary Fund is concerned with short-term credit and the cooperative management of foreign exchange rates.

2. After 1971 the Bretton Woods system of pegged exchange rates broke down permanently and was replaced by a system of “managed-floating exchange rates”.

3. GATT and the WTO have helped to create a strong and prosperous trading system contributing to unprecedented growth in world trade.

4. The countries of the world, rich and poor, have ironed out their differences to launch a trade round that will make all of us more prosperous.

三、阅读-归纳

Passage 1

Trade offers one solution. But for sustainable development to work, we will also need solutions in other areas and we need these solutions now and not in some hypothetical future. And finding solutions begins with recognizing that shared problems cannot be solved by unilateral approaches. The reality today is that multilateralism is the only sustainable way to secure our global future. There is great expectation about the results of these negotiations and for good reason. The World Bank's Global Economic Prospects 2002, estimates that abolishing all trade barriers could boost global income over a ten year period by US$2.8 trillion. Of this, developing countries stand to reap more than half of these gains and an additional reduction in global poverty of 320 million people by 2015. These are rough estimates, but they provide us with a clear indication; freer trade, accompanied by appropriate domestic macroeconomic policies and a sound legal framework, is vital in helping poor countries grow their way out of poverty and move on to the path of sustainable development. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan has called on donor countries to double present levels of assistance to US$100 billion a year in order to meet the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, UN estimates show that official development aid provided by developed countries has fallen to an average of 0.22% of their GNP. So, how do we pay for the Millennium Development Goals and make the vision of sustainable development a reality? One answer is in assisting developing countries to benefit more from trade and generate the resources needed for development.

1. Make a brief summary on the importance of multilateralism.

2. Make a brief summary on how free trade can help alleviate poverty.

3. Make a brief summary on the dilemma that the Millennium Development Goals are confr onted with.

Passage 2

The share of developing countries in world trade has grown to around 30 per cent and it could be made to grow even higher. One way to do this is by improving market access for products of particular interest to developing countries such as agriculture and textiles. In the WTO, developed country members have committed themselves to respond to the concerns of developing countries but more could be done. This one action, opening up markets, will make a huge difference to the lives of millions. We should also remember, trade is not a zero-sum game. It is not just developing countries that will gain from trade liberalization, developed countries will also benefit. For instance, agricultural support in developed countries which comes close to US$1 billion every day

represents a cost to developed country tax payers and consumers. This is just one example, among others, of a trade practice that hampers the development of poor countries' trade. Of course, market access is not the only factor. Developing countries must also have the capacity to produce products that meet market requirements. The Doha Development Agenda is not the answer to every problem, nor should it attempt to be. But it provides a chance to make a difference.

I believe the prospects to conclude the Round and to make the results serve each and everyone are good. The negotiating framework is in place and substantive negotiations are underway. To further advance the negotiations, we need the active participation of all WTO members to make sure their concerns and interests are taken into account. We also need civil society to be informed about the negotiations and continue to provide their critical inputs. Elected representatives, in particular, need to know about decisions which potentially affect the communities they represent and make their interests and concerns known.

4. Make a brief summary on the ways to increase the share of developing countries in world

trade.

5. Make a brief summary on how developed countries will benefit from trade liberalization.

6. Make a brief summary on the ways to advance the negotiations.

V. REGIONAL ECONOMY

一、翻译-中译英

1. 使美国人与世界上大部分国家产生分歧的第二件事，就是美国有权对它认为在美国市场上以低于成本的价格出售的出口商品征收反倾销税。

2. 如果一国货币的浮动可能会突破浮动幅度时，成员国中央行将被迫进行干预，买进“软货币”并抛售“硬货币”。

3. 海尔集团，中国家用电器制造企业的领头羊，因其产品创新而在国内市场闻名遐迩。

4. 大量涌入的中国廉价进口商品（如摩托车、服装等）正在扼杀越南和印度尼西亚的国内制造业。

二、翻译-英译中

1. The aggregate size and scope of China’s economy, coupled with its centrality to Asia and its precedent-setting influence throughout the developing world, will make it a formidable and unique superpower in its own right.

2. We expect that the United State and China, as the two great nation-state superpowers of the twenty-fist century, will find a way to compete, cooperate, and coexist peacefully.

3. Euro’s presence does not establish political integration. But it unites the eurozone in the most practical and palpable way possible.

三、阅读-归纳

Passage 1

Many economists have discovered that a large part of China's economic growth is driven by the input of resources. This conclusion indicates that China is at the stage of industrialization rather than post-industrialization. China's industry-propelled growth is largely attributable to a continuous growth of young labor forces, which is a key factor in understanding the fast growth record in not only China but also economies in East Asia. In the eyes of economists, economic growth is a phenomenon about population. First, the accumulation of capital needed to support growth comes from citizens' saving tendencies. A labor-intensive economy has more deposit capacity than an

ageing society. Secondly, economic growth relies on the growth of labor forces, especially young laborers. Sustained growth also depends on education standards. In China, labor forces are mainly outsourced from rural areas. In the past 25 years, some 160 million rural laborers have quit traditional farming and found employment in cities or non-farming sectors. Although agriculture still employs more than 60 percent of China's population, its share in the country's financial revenue has declined to less than 15 percent, dropping from 40 percent or so in late 1970s. This also shows that China's growth is mainly based on an industrialization course featuring expansion of the manufacturing sector. Continuous supply of labor forces has improved China's private saving capability substantially, which means surplus income that can be reinvested to fuel economic growth.

1. Make a brief summary on the mode of economic growth in China.

2. Make a brief summary on economists’ economic growth theory about population.

3. Make a brief summary on rural laborers’ contribution to China’s economic growth.

4. Make a brief summary on the source transformations of China’s financial revenue.

Passage 2

Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently renamed the single market, and a customs union between its member states. The single market involves the free circulation of goods, capital, people and services within the EU, and the customs union involves the application of a common external tariff on all goods entering the market. Once goods have been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or import quotas, as they travel internally. Half the trade in the EU is covered by legislation harmonized by the EU. Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries. The free movement of person means that EU citizens can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states. The free movement of services and of establishment allows self-employed persons to move between member states to provide services on a temporary or permanent basis. The euro is designed to help build a single market by, for example: easing travel of citizens and good s, eliminating exchange rate problems, providing price transparency, creating a single financial market, price stability and low interest rates, and providing a currency used internationally and protected against shocks by the large amount of internal trade within the eurozone. It is also intended as a political symbol of integration and stimulus for more. Since its launch the euro has become the second reserve currency in the world with a quarter of foreign exchanges reserves being in euro.

5. Make a brief summary on the purpose of developing a single market.

6. Make a brief summary on the major features of customs union.

7. Make a brief summary on the impact of the single market on EU citizens’ life.

8. Make a brief summary on the purpose of euro creation.

VI. MARKETING

一、翻译-中译英

1. 营销学研究如何测定市场的需求和欲望，以提供能满足该需求和欲望的商品和服务。

2. 留住顾客的正确方法是，从设法更多地理解顾客入手，然后再用了解到的情况制定出行动计划。

3. 不但是提供产品和服务的商业公司，而且我们社会上其他机构也都越来越依靠营销学来达到它们的目标。

4. 因特网已将新的竞争引进了许多已建立起的市场，并创立了一些全新的商业模式。

二、翻译-英译中

1. Making sure that customer needs and wants are being satisfied is considered by many companies to be so important that company presidents often mingle with customers in order to get customer reaction to company products and services.

2. Only happy customers will be loyal ones, and loyalty is something companies desperately need if they are to survive in today’s difficult economic climate.

3. The highly volatile markets of recent years have meant that large sums of money are exposed to risk so that it has become necessary to examine every possible means of reducing this high risk element.

三、阅读-归纳

Passage 1

With labor costs 25% to 50% lower than in other Southeast Asian nations, plus the reduced tariffs, Indonesia is becoming an export base for the multinationals, too. Last year, Unilever transferred production of Lipton tea from Australia to its Sariwangi tea bag plant in Jakarta, which now supplies the rest of Southeast Asia. Heinz, which bought condiment maker ABC Central Food Industry in 1999, exports Heinz ketchup from its Jakarta plant to Malaysia and the Philipp ines. And Campbell is setting up sales and distribution networks in the Philippines and Indonesia for cookies and crackers made in Indonesia. "We are using Indonesia as a successful model for growth," says Peter Rowe, president-director of Arnott's Indonesia, Campbell's local subsidiary. Judging from their investment plans, the multinationals appear to have plenty of confidence that they'll keep expanding their sales in Indonesia. During the next 10 years, Unilever plans to sink at least $500 million more into the seven local brands it owns. Coca-Cola Co. (KO ) acquired the Ades bottled-water brand for $20 million in 2000 as part of its $45 million investment in the country since 1999. And since buying an 82% stake in Sari Husada, Numico has invested a further $35 million in a new plant in Central Java. It now churns out four brands of baby formula, which makes the company the region's biggest milk processor. "There are a lot of opportunities," says M.J.A. van der Meer, a Numico director seconded to Sari Husada from the Netherlands.

1. Make a brief summary on the importance of Indonesia to multinationals.

2. Make a brief summary on the reasons why multinationals choose Indonesia as an export base.

3. Make a brief summary on the investment activities of multinationals in Indonesia.

Passage 2

The marketing orientation evolved from earlier orientations, namely, the production orientation, the product orientation and the selling orientation. A firm focusing on a production orientation specializes in producing as much as possible of a given product or service. Thus, this signifies a firm exploiting economies of scale until the minimum efficient scale is reached. A production orientation may be deployed when a high demand for a product or service exists, coupled with a good certainty that consumer tastes will not rapidly alter. A firm employing a product orientation is chiefly concerned with the quality of its own product. A firm would also assume that as long as its product was of a high standard, people would buy and consume the product. A firm using a sales orientation focuses primarily on the selling/promotion of a particular product, and not determining

new consumer desires as such. Consequently, this entails simply selling an already existing product, and using promotion techniques to attain the highest sales possible. Such an orientation may suit scenarios in which a firm holds dead stock, or otherwise sells a product that is in high demand, with little likelihood of changes in consumer tastes that would diminish demand. T he 'marketing orientation' is perhaps the most common orientation used in contemporary marketing. It involves a firm essentially basing its marketing plans around the marketing concept, and thus supplying products to suit new consumer tastes. As an example, a firm would employ market research to gauge consumer desires, use R&D to develop a product attuned to the revealed information, and then utilize promotion techniques to ensure persons know the product exists.

4. Make a brief summary on perception of production orientation.

5. Make a brief summary on perception of product orientation.

6. Make a brief summary on perception of selling orientation.

7. Make a brief summary on perception of marketing orientation.

Passage 3

Internet marketing is inexpensive when examining the ratio of cost to the reach of the target audience. Companies can reach a wide audience for a small fraction of traditional advertising budgets. The nature of the medium allows consumers to research and to purchase products and services conveniently. Therefore, businesses have the advantage of appealing to consumers in a medium that can bring results quickly. Internet marketers also have the advantage of measuring statistics easily and inexpensively; almost all aspects of an Internet marketing campaign c an be traced, measured, and tested, in many cases through the use of an ad server. The results of campaigns can be measured and tracked immediately because online marketing initiatives u sually require users to click on an advertisement, to visit a website, and to perform a targeted action. However, from the buyer's perspective, the inability of shoppers to touch, to smell, to taste, and "to try on" tangible goods before making an online purchase can be limiting. However, there is an industry standard for e-commerce vendors to reassure customers by having liberal return policies as well as providing in-store pick-up services. Many consumers are hesitant to purchase items over the Internet because they do not believe that their personal information will remain private. Additionally, companies holding private information are vulnerable to data attacks and leaks. Internet browsing privacy is a related consumer concern. Another consumer e-commerce concern is whether or not they will receive exactly what they purchase. Online merchants have attempted to address this concern by investing in and building strong consumer brands, and by leveraging merchant and feedback rating systems and e-commerce bonding solutions.

8. Make a brief summary on the advantages of internet marketing.

9. Make a brief summary on the disadvantages of internet marketing.

10. Make a brief summary on consumer e-commerce concern.

VII. MANAGEMENT, ENTREPRENEURS AND OTHERS

一、翻译-中译英

1. 公司的官员由董事会成员以选举或任命的方式确定。官员一般包括总裁、副总裁、秘书和司库。

2. 因特网是建立在开放、自由交流的宗旨和基础架构上的。用户不仅可以改变做事的方式，也可以改变思维模式和行为。

3. 英特网正改变着我们的生活、思维、交谈和恋爱方式，改变着我们接受教育、挣钱、求医和选举领导的方式。

4. 因特网基础设施----包括硬件、软件和各种系统，对人们创造自己具有竞争性的优势正起着极为重要的作用。

二、翻译-英译中

1. According to the charter, the stockholders or shareholders own the firm and have the right to elect a board of directors. In turn, the members of the board decide who the president will be.

2. Stockholders usually have the right to sell their stock whenever they wish, buy additional stock from a new issue before it is made available to the general public, and inspect the firm’s records if good cause can be shown for requesting such action.

3. The board of directors helps formulate long-range strategy, approves plans from top management, and sets the major policies within which all operations will be carried out.

4. Gates is, if anything, the quintessential businessman----a hyper-competitor who combines equal parts technologist, entrepreneur, and corporate architect.

三、阅读-归纳

Passage 1

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide.The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks. The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access. Social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace are able to add a wide variety of information to pages, to pursue common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to find existing acquaintances, to allow communication among existing groups of people. Sites like LinkedIn foster commercial and business connections. Electronic commerce that takes place between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants. Electronic commerce that takes place between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as https://www.doczj.com/doc/f410828762.html,. Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers have Internet access both at work and at home. Other establishments such as internet cafes and schools provide access as well. A visit to a conventional retail store requires travel and must take place during business hours.

1. Make a brief summary on the difference between Internet and Web.

2. Make a brief summary on the service provided by social networking websites.

3. Make a brief summary on the difference between B2B and B2C.

4. Make a brief summary on the convenience of online shopping.

Passage 2

The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks t he top 500 U.S. closely held and public corporations as ranked by their gross revenue after adjustments made by Fortune to exclude the impact of excise taxes companies collect. The list includes publicly and privately-held companies for which revenues are publicly available. The first Fortune 500 list was published in 1955.Wal-Mart was the largest company on the list in 2007 and 2008.

ExxonMobil was in second place in 2007 and 2008, but overtook Wal-Mart in 2009. Wal-Mart once again regained the top spot in 2010. One should note that the revenue and profit numbers are for the year previous to the named year: therefore the 2010 list ranks companies by 2009 revenues. Although the Fortune 500 list is the most familiar one, similar gross revenue lists of the top firms range from the highest ranking Fortune 100 including the top one hundred to the broader ranking Fortune 1000 that includes the top thousand firms. While the membership on the smaller lists is somewhat stable, the ranking on the lists may change over time, depending upon revenues and often, because of mergers among firms already listed. The original Fortune 500 was restricted to companies whose revenues were derived from manufacturing, mining, or energy exploration. At the same time, Fortune published companion "Fortune 50" lists of the 50 largest commercial banks (ranked by assets), utilities (ranked by assets), life insurance companies (ranked by assets), retailers (ranked by gross revenues) and transportation companies (ranked by revenues). These have been consolidated into one single list, so the Fortune 500 as it exists today includes companies that in previous years would have been on one of the "Fortune 50" lists.

5. Make a brief summary on the way that corporations are ranked by Fortune magazine.

6. Make a brief summary on Wal-Mart’s ranking on the list from 2008 to 2010.

7. Make a brief summary on the factors that might lead to the change of ranking on the list.

8. Make a brief summary on the difference between original Fortune 500 and today’s Fortune

500.

《外刊经贸知识选读》习题集参考答案

I. INTERNA TIONAL TRADE

一、翻译-中译英

1. The relative size of trade is often measured by comparing the size of a country’s exports with its gross domestic product.

2. The most important shipping document is the bill of lading. It is: firstly, a contract between the shipper and the shipping company; secondly, a receipt for the consignment; and thirdly, a document of title.

3. A typical letter of credit may call for the following documents: an invoice, a bill of lading, marine insurance, a packing list, a weight list, an inspection certificate, and a certificate of origin.

4. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country.

5. Customs authorities work closely with the central bank to ensure that goods are only imported or exported in accordance with current regulations.

二、翻译-英译中

1. 开证行在收到汇票和单证后进行审核，以保证单证和信用证相符。如有差错，买方有权决定是否接受不符之处。

2. 领事发票是进口国领事签发的一种申报书，用来证实一批货物的出厂价格。

3. “工厂交货”是指卖方在卖方的场所或其他指定地将尚未经出口清关且未装载于任何提货车辆的货物置于买方支配时，完成交付。

4. “货交承运人”是指卖方在指定地将已经出口清关的货物，交付给买方指定的承运人，为完成交付。

5. “成本加保险费、运费”是指卖方在装运港于货物越过船舷时完成交付。

6. “目的港船上交货”是指卖方将货物运至指定目的港，但不办理货物进口清关手续，在船上将货物置于买方支配时，完成交付。

三、阅读-归纳

1. The number of anti-dumping investigations involving China has dropped，but China remains

the w orld’s largest victim of the abuse of anti-dumping measures.

2. China’s exports grew extraordinarily quickly and China is the world’s largest victim of the

abuse of anti-dumping measures.

3. China’s WTO membership helped deter foreign countries from discriminato ry actions against

China and it was also a result of the hard work of the Fair Trade Bureau for Import and Export.

4. The bureau helps domestic companies respond to foreign anti-dumping charges and refrain

from vicious price competitions in international market.

5. Textiles imports to the United States from China jumped rapidly after the end of quota.

6. After global quotas were lifted, cheap textile flooded to U.S. market, many American

manufacturing plants were closed, and people who work in apparel and textile industries lost their jobs.

7. The end of quota threats the American apparel and textile industries, leads to more

unemployment and the expansion of the United States trade deficit with China.

8. International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international

borders or territories.

9. International trade is more costly than domestic trade and is mostly restricted to trade in

goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production.

10. As a factor of production, labor is less mobile across countries, the United States imports

goods that are produced with Chinese labor as a substitute for trade in labor.

四、阅读-答问

1. It is used as a payment method to settle payment between importers and exporters.

2. It stands for Uniform Customs and Practice.

3. ICC (International Chamber of Commerce).

4. The exporter is called beneficiary and the importer is called applicant.

5. The major function of issuing bank is to issue letter of credit at the request of applicant.

6. The beneficiary is the client of the advising bank.

7. It cannot be amended or canceled without prior agreement of the concerning parties.

8. It can be amended when all the concerning parties agree to do so.

9. Irrevocable LC.

10. Sight LC and time LC.

11. All the documents required by the letter of credit should be presented by the exporter to the

bank.

12. Bill of Lading.

13. T he bank’s obligation is defined by the terms of credit, not the terms of sales contract.

14. They will not, because they deal with documents only, they are not concerned with the goods.

15. The applicant.

II. INTERNA TIONAL ECONOMIC RELA TIONS AND COOPERA TION

一、翻译-中译英

1. Industrial or developed nations are those which have achieved substantial manufacturing and service capability in addition to advanced techniques in agriculture and raw material extraction.

2. Developing nations are usually those whose production sector is dominated by agriculture and mineral resources and are in the process of building up industrial capacity.

3. At the end of the 20th century, globalization has already demonstrated that economic decisions, wherever they are made in the world, must take international factors into account.

4. The developing countries have become increasingly aware of the role of technology in fostering economic development and the ability to compete in international production.

5. Most technological transfer among firms in different countries takes place through the exporting and importing activities of world trade.

二、翻译-英译中

1. 各国在需求、资源（人力、自然和资金等方面）、技术、文化、社会和政治制度以及其他因素等方面的差异一直是很明显的，这是建立互利互惠的经济关系的基础。

2. 跨国公司对国外进行技术转让的三个主要方法是出口、直接投资和许可证协议。

外刊经贸知识选读复习自考

外刊经贸知识选读复习自考

《外刊经贸知识选读》 第一章 一、术语 1. 制成品manufactured goods 2. 资本货物capital goods 3. 国际收支balance of payments 4. 经常项目current account 5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account 6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account 7. 贸易顺差trade surplus 8. 贸易逆差trade deficit 9. 易货贸易barter 10. 补偿贸易compensation trade 11. 反向贸易counter-trade 12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing 13. 工商统一 税industrial and commercial consolidated tax 14. 合资企业joint venture

15. 延期付款deferred payment 16. 买方信贷buyer credit 17. 卖方信贷supplier credit 18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 19. 最惠国待 遇MFN treatment(Most Favored nation treatment) 20. 永久性正常贸易关 系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 21. 国民收入NI(National Income) 22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product) 23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 24. 国际复兴和开发银 行IBRD(International Bank for Reconstruction and D evelopment) 25. 国际开发协 会IDA(International Development Association) 26. 国际金融公 司IFC(International Finance Corporation) 27. 经济合作和发展组 织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation an

第14课 初级商品市场外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译

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《外刊经贸知识选读》 第一章 —、术语 1. 制成品manufactured goods 2. 资本货物capital goods 3. 国际收支balance of payments 4. 经常项目current account 5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account 6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account 7. 贸易顺差trade surplus 8. 贸易逆差trade deficit 9. 易货贸易barter 10. 补偿贸易compensation trade 11. 反向贸易counter-trade 12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing 13. 工商统一税industrial and commercial consolidated tax 14. 合资企业joint venture 15. 延期付款deferred payment 16. 买方信贷buyer credit 17. 卖方信贷supplier credit 18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 19. 最惠国待遇MFN treatment (Most Favored nation treatment) 20. 永久性正常贸易关系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 21. 国民收入NI(National Income) 22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product) 23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 24. 国际复兴和开发银行IBRD(lnternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development) 25. 国际开发协会IDA(lnternational Development Association) 26. 国际金融公司IFC(lnternational Finance Corporation) 27. 经济合作和发展组织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 28. 国际清算银行BIS(Bank for International Settlement) 29. 欧洲经济共同体EEC(European Economic Community) 30. 欧洲联盟EU(European Union) 31. 外商直接投资FDI(Foreign Direct Investment) 32. The special Economic Zone 经济特区 33. a well-placed source —位高层消息灵通人士 34. infrastructure 基础设施 35. capital stock 实际资本 36. consumer goods 消费品 37. preferential tax rate 优惠税率 38. cooperative enterprise 合作(经营)企业 39. ETDZ ( Economic &Technical Development Zone )经济技术开发区 40. entrepreneurship 企业家精神 41. means of production 生产资料 42. stock-taking 评估

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第 2课中国吸收外国直接投资 The Curtain Goes up 竹幕卷起 一、课文翻译 中国政府允许外国在沿海投资― 从而差生了不同的法则并引起困惑。 1. 满怀信心的中国卷起大部分竹幕，向世界宣布“对外开放”，几乎所有的城市都张挂起邀请外商来投资作正当生意的招牌。 2. 广东省和福建省的4个经济特区、14个沿海开放城市（都是以前的通商口岸）和海南岛（总共十九个“开放”区）为外国投资者制定了税收和其他方面的鼓励政策。每一个省会都在尽力吸引外资。 3. 所有这一切的基础是从1979年中期国务院决定在南方建立4个经济特区开始，尔后逐步形成的。此后首次出台一项合资企业法（尽管充满漏洞），继之就是“补偿贸易”程序----两者都是为吸引外资到这4个经济特区而制定的。第二年合资企业税法颁布实施。 4. 尽管商人们努力与拥有10亿人口的潜在市场做生意而与官僚主义作斗争，但中国领导人对于深圳----这个经济特区的典范----前进的步伐变得越来越不耐烦了。 5. 1984年4月，在中国高层领导人访问了深圳、珠海和厦门经济特区之后，国务院宣布沿整个海岸的14个城市再加上海南岛对外开放投资，从此把真正的竞争因素引入中国经济发展的计划中。接着，备受公众注目的《关于经济结构改革的决定》出台，吸收外国技术和外资的竞争骤然开始。 6. 对于外商来说，进入拥有10亿消费者市场的前景不再是白日梦。中国人---尤其是农村人口---正变得富有，他们希望其生活水平有明显的改善：他们渴望拥有彩电、冰箱、卡车、洗衣机和更好的收音机、自行车和衣服。即使是地方厂商也注意到国内市场潜在的巨大销售量。 7. 最近，中国沿海城市经济技术开发集团---19个“开发区域”政策制定和协调机构领导人、国务委员谷牧宣布整个沿海对外开放投资。从字面上理解，这并没有多大意义，因为还没“开放”的沿海地区还不能满足外商的需求。事实上，经济特区中的汕头，14个沿海城市中的一些城市，再加上海南岛，甚至不具备履行中央政府授予的职责所需的行政支持或基础设施。 8. 谷牧说，中国沿海城市经济技术开发集团的良好根基实际上是指已经正式开放的19个区域。他说，把具有新工业的经济特区的经验应用到这14个城市和海南岛的战略是长远的。与此同时，这一经验也与内地一起分享。 9. 中央政府提高工业技术水平的决心清楚地反映在决定开放14个沿海城市上。此外，中国现在正准备用142亿美元的外汇储备（1984年6月外汇储备是165亿美元）购买外国技术。中国银行也说，新的更为灵活的贷款政策将使“数千家”国内企业能够借用外汇来进口设备而用人民币偿还。 10. 改善工业设备的需求是巨大的：官方数字表明，1980年20%的中国资本设备已经落后西方10-20年，另外的20%----尽管技术落后----操作良好，但其余60%该报废或更新。据报道，15个沿海区域总的工业产量是全国产量的1/4。 11. 尽管为外资和技术转让而开放19个区域和城市的原因是显而易见的，但是优惠体制将怎样操作却无从知道。这主要是因为这19个区域的激烈竞争，再加上大多数地方当局在制定决策和处理对外事务方面缺乏经验。然而，在经济特区和沿海城市之间，甚至沿海城市之间都存在重大差异。 12. 在几乎是白手起家的经济特区里，外商可对中国认为有用的项目进行投资，不论是生产出口品还是建造个人居住的房地产都行。这些可以是合资企业、合作企业或外商独资企业。因为经济特区中每一个工厂或企业都是新建的，所以进口资本货物和消费品（烟、酒除外）可以免除海关税，只收取统一的15%税率的所得税。