113855普通化学英汉术语+(General+Chemistry+Glossary)

普通化学英汉术语（General Chemistry Glossary)

1. Introduction: Matter and Measurement (1)

2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions (2)

3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations (3)

4. Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry (4)

5. Thermochemistry (5)

6．Electronic Structure of Atoms (6)

7. Periodic Properties of the Elements (7)

8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding (7)

9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories (8)

10. Gases (9)

11. Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids10 12. Modern Materials (11)

13. Properties of Solutions (12)

14. Chemical Kinetics (12)

15. Chemical Equilibrium (13)

16. Acid-Base Equilibria (14)

17. Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria..14

18. Chemistry of the Environment (15)

19. Chemical Thermodynamics (15)

20. Electrochemistry (16)

22. Chemistry of the Nonmetals (17)

23. Metals and Metallurgy (17)

24. Chemistry of Coordination Compounds (18)

1. Introduction: Matter and Measurement

1.1 The Study of Chemistry

chemistry（化学）: The scientific discipline that treats the composition, properties, and transformations of matter.

Matter（物质）: Anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material of the universe.

atom（原子）: The smallest representative particle of an element.

molecule（分子）: A chemical combination of two or more atoms.

1.2 Classification of Matter

states of matter（物质的状态）: The three forms that matter can assume: solid, liquid, and gas.

gas（气体）: Matter that has no fixed volume or shape; it conforms to the volume and shape of its container. liquid（液体）: Matter that has a distinct volume but no specific shape.

solid（固体）: Matter that has both a definite shape and a definite volume.

mixture（混合物）: A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity.

homogeneous（均匀的）: Having uniform composition throughout.

heterogeneous（不均匀的）: Having diverse composition.

pure substance（纯净物）: Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties.

compound（化合物）: A substance composed of two or more elements united chemically in definite proportions.

element（元素、单质）: A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. law of constant composition（定组成定律）: A law that states that the elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same, regardless of its source; also called the law of definite proportions.

law of definite proportions（定比定律）: A law that states that the elemental composition of a pure substance is always the same, regardless of its source; also called the law of constant composition. electrolysis reaction（电解反应）: A reaction in which a nonspontaneous redox reaction is brought about by the passage of current under a sufficient external electrical potential. The devices in which electrolysis reactions occur are called electrolytic cells.

1.3 Properties of Matter

physical properties（物理性质）: Properties that can be measured without changing the composition of a substance; for example, color and freezing point. chemical properties（化学性质）: Properties that describe a substance's composition and its reactivity; how the substance reacts, or changes into other substances.

intensive（强度性质）: A property that is independent of the amount of material considered; for example, density.

extensive（广延性质）: A property that depends on the amount of material considered; for example, mass or volume.

mass（质量）: A measure of the amount of material in an object. It measures the resistance of an object to being moved. In SI units, mass is measured in kilograms.

chemical changes（化学变化）: Processes in which one or more substances are converted into other substances; also called chemical reactions. chemical reactions（化学反应）: Processes in which one or more substances are converted into other substances; also called chemical changes. physical changes（物理变化）: Changes (such as a phase change) that occur with no change in chemical composition.

changes of state（状态变化）: Transformations of matter from one state to a different one, for example, from a gas to a liquid.

1.4 Units of Measurement

SI units（国际单位）: The preferred metric units for use in science.

Celsius scale（摄氏温标）: A temperature scale on which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100° at sea level. Kelvin scale（开氏温标）: The absolute temperature scale; the SI unit for temperature is the kelvin. Zero on the Kelvin scale corresponds to -273.15°C; therefore, K = °C + 273.15.

1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

precision（精密度）: The closeness of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity; the reproducibility of a measurement.

accuracy（准确度）: A measure of how closely individual measurements agree with the correct value. significant figures（有效数字）: The digits that indicate the precision with which a measurement is made; all digits of a measured quantity are significant, including the last digit, which is uncertain. .

1.6 Dimensional Analysis

dimensional analysis（因次分析）: A method of problem solving in which units are carried through all calculations. Dimensional analysis ensures that the final answer of a calculation has the desired units. conversion factor（转化因子）: A ratio relating the same quantity in two systems of units that is used to convert the units of measurement.

2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter

atom（原子）: The smallest representative particle of an element.

law of constant composition（定组成定律）: A law that states that the elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same, regardless of its source; also called the law of definite proportions.

law of conservation of mass（质量守恒定律）: A scientific law stating that the total mass of the products of a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass of the reactants, so that mass remains constant during the reaction.

law of multiple proportions（倍比定律）: A law stating that if two elements A and B combine to form more than one compound, the masses of B that can combine with a given mass of A are related by factors of small whole numbers.

2.2 The Discovery of Atomic Structure

subatom（亚原子）: Particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons that are smaller than an atom.

cathode rays（阴极射线）: Streams of electrons that are produced when a high voltage is applied to electrodes in an evacuated tube.

electron（电子）: A negatively charged subatomic particle found outside the atomic nucleus; it is a part of all atoms. An electron has a mass 1/1836 times that of a proton.

electronic charge（电荷）: The negative charge carried by an electron; it has a magnitude of 1.602×10-19 C.

2.3 The Modern View of Atomic Structure nucleus（原子核）: The very small, very dense, positively charged portion of an atom; it is composed of protons and neutrons.

proton（质子）: A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

neutron（中子）: An electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom; it has approximately the same mass as a proton.

angstrom（埃）: A common non-SI unit of length, denoted m.

atomic mass unit (amu) （原子质量单位）: A unit based on the value of exactly 12 amu for the mass of the isotope of carbon that has six protons and six neutrons in the nucleus.

atomic number（原子序数）: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element.

isotopes（同位素）: Atoms of the same element containing different numbers of neutrons and therefore having different masses.

Mass number（质量数）：The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the atom.

2.4 The Periodic Table

periodic table（周期表）: The arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number, with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns.

Group（族）: Elements that are in the same column of the periodic table; elements within the same group or family exhibit similarities in their chemical behavior. metallic elements (metals)（金属元素）: Elements that are usually solids at room temperature, exhibit high electrical and heat conductivity, and appear lustrous. Most of the elements in the periodic table are metals. nonmetallic elements (nonmetals)（非金属元素）: Elements in the upper-right corner of the periodic table; nonmetals differ from metals in their physical and chemical properties.

Metalloids（准金属、半金属）: Elements that lie along the diagonal line separating the metals from the nonmetals in the periodic table; the properties of metalloids are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals.

main-group elements（主族元素）: Elements in groups 1-8A.

transition elements（过渡元素）: Elements in groups 1-8B.

2.5 Molecules and Molecular Compounds molecules（分子）: Electrically neutral combinations of two or more atoms.

molecular（分子化合物）: A substance that exists as molecules.

chemical formula（化学式）: A notation that uses atomic symbols with numerical subscripts to convey the relative proportions of atoms of the different elements in a substance.

molecular formula（分子式）: A chemical formula that indicates the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a substance.

empirical formula (simplest formula) （实验式或最简式）: A chemical formula that shows the kinds of atoms and their relative numbers in a substance.

2.6 Ions and Ionic Compounds

ion（离子）: Electrically charged atom or group of atoms (polyatomic ion); ions can be positively or negatively charged, depending on whether electrons are lost (positive) or gained (negative) by the atoms. monatomic ion（单原子离子）: An atom that has either lost or gained one or more electrons to become electrically charged.

polyatomic ion（多原子离子）: An electrically charged group of two or more atoms.

cation（阳离子）: A positively charged ion.

anion: （阴离子）A negatively charged ion.

2.7 Naming Inorganic Compounds

oxyanion（含氧酸根离子）: A polyatomic ion that contains one or more oxygen atoms. Binary（二元的）: Consisting of two different elements. Elements in the upper-right corner of the periodic table; nonmetals differ from metals in their physical and chemical properties.

3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

3.1 Chemical Equations

chemical equation（化学方程式）: A representation of a chemical reaction using the chemical formulas of the reactants and products; a balanced chemical equation contains equal numbers of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.

reactant（反应物）: A starting substance in a chemical reaction; it appears to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation.

product（产物）: A substance produced in a chemical reaction; it appears to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation.

law of conservation of mass（质量守恒定律）: This law tells us there must be the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the arrow.

Compound （化合物）: A substance composed of two or more elements united chemically in definite proportions.

element（元素、单质）: A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. balanced chemical equation（配平的化学方程式）: It is balanced because it has the same number of each type of atom on the left side of the arrow (reactants) and the right side of the arrow (products).

3.2 Patterns of Chemical Reactivity

group（族）: Elements that are in the same column of the periodic table; elements within the same group or family exhibit similarities in their chemical behavior. combustion reaction（燃烧反应）: A chemical reaction that proceeds with evolution of heat and usually also a flame; most combustion involves reaction with oxygen, as in the burning of a match.

oxidation-reduction reaction（氧化还原反应）: A chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of certain atoms change.

alkali metals（碱金属）: Members of group 1A in the periodic table.

decomposition reaction（分解反应）: A chemical reaction in which a single compound. reacts to give two or more products.

3.3 Atomic and Molecular Weights

3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses

molecular formula（分子式）: A chemical formula that indicates the actual number of atoms of each element

in one molecule of a substance.

empirical formula (simplest formula) （实验式或最简式）: A chemical formula that shows the kinds of atoms and their relative numbers in a substance.

3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations

3.7 Limiting Reactants

stoichiometric（计量法）: Exact amount of reactant dictated by the balanced equation.

theoretical yield（理论产量）: The quantity of product that is calculated to form when all of the limiting reagent reacts.

percent yield（百分比产率）: The ratio of the actual (experimental) yield of a product to its theoretical (calculated) yield, multiplied by 100.

4. Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions

solution（溶液）: A mixture of substances that has a uniform composition; a homogeneous mixture.

solvent（溶剂）: The dissolving medium of a solution; it is normally the component of a solution present in the greater amount.

solutes（溶质）: A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution; it is normally the component of a solution present in the smaller amount.

aqueous solution（水溶液）: A solution in which water is the solvent.

electrolyte（电解质）: A solute that produces ions in solution; an electrolytic solution conducts an electric current.

nonelectrolyte（非电解质）: A substance that does not ionize in water and consequently gives a nonconducting solution.

strong electrolyte（强电解质）: A substance that is completely ionized in solution, for example, strong acids, strong bases, and most salts.

weak electrolyte（弱电解质）: A substance that only partly ionizes in solution.

dissociate（离解）: Separates into constituent ions. Used for ionic compounds that come apart when dissolved.

ionize（离子化）: Comes apart to form ions. Used for molecular compounds that form ions when dissolved. 4.2 Precipitation Reactions

precipitation reaction（沉淀反应）: A reaction that occurs between substances in solution in which one of the products is insoluble.

precipitate（沉淀）: An insoluble substance that forms in, and separates from, a solution.

molecular equation（分子方程）: A chemical equation in which the formula for each substance is written without regard for whether it is an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte.

complete ionic equation（离子方程）: An equation written such that species known to exist completely or predominantly as ions are separated and written as separate ions.

spectator ions（旁观离子）: Ions that go through a reaction unchanged and that appear on both sides of the complete ionic equation.

net ionic reaction（净离子反应）: A chemical equation for a solution reaction in which soluble strong electrolytes are written as ions and spectator ions are omitted.

weak electrolyte（弱电解质）: A substance that only partly ionizes in solution.

4.3 Acid-Base Reactions

acid（酸）: A substance that is able to donate a H+ ion (a proton) and hence increases the concentration of H+(aq) when it dissolves in water.

base（碱）: A substance that is a H+ acceptor; a base produces an excess of OH-(aq) ions when it dissolves in water.

salt（盐）: An ionic compound formed by replacing one or more H+ of an acid by other cations.

neutralization reaction（中和反应）: A reaction in which an acid and a base react in stoichiometrically equivalent amounts; the neutralization reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide produces water and a salt.

4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

oxidation-reduction reaction（氧化还原反应）: A chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of certain atoms change.

oxidation（氧化）: A process in which a substance loses one or more electrons.

reduction（还原）: A process in which a substance gains one or more electrons.

oxidation number (oxidation state) （氧化数或氧化态）: A positive or negative whole number assigned to an element in a molecule or ion on the basis of a set of formal rules; to some degree it reflects the positive or negative character of that atom.

activity series（金属活动顺序）: A list of metals in order of decreasing ease of oxidation.

4.5 Concentrations of Solutions

concentration（浓度）: The quantity of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.

molarity（摩尔浓度）: The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution; abbreviated M.

4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis

titration（滴定）: The process of reacting a solution of unknown concentration with one of known concentration (a standard solution).

standard solution（标准溶液）: A solution of known concentration.

Stoichiometri point or equivalence point（化学计量点）: The point in a titration at which the added solute reacts completely with the solute present in the solution.

indicator（指示剂）: A substance added to a solution to indicate by a color change the point at which the added solute has just reacted with all the solute present in solution.

5. Thermochemistry

5.1 The Nature of Energy

energy（能量）: The ability to do work or to transfer heat.

work（功）: The movement of an object against some force.

heat（热）: The flow of energy from a body at higher temperature to one at lower temperature when they are placed in thermal contact.

joule (J) （焦耳）: The SI unit of energy.

system（系统）: In thermodynamics the portion of the universe that we single out for study.

surroundings（环境）: In thermodynamics everything that lies outside of the system of interest.

5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics

kinetic energy（动能）: The energy that an object possesses by virtue of its motion.

potential energy（势能）: The energy that an object possesses as a result of its composition or its position with respect to another object.

first law of thermodynamics（热力学第一定律）: A statement of our experience that energy is conserved

in any process. We can express the first law in many ways. One of the more useful expressions is that the change in internal energy, E, of a system in any process is equal to the heat, q, added to the system, plus the work, w, done on the system by its surroundings: ΔE = q + w.

internal energy（内能）: The total energy possessed by a system.

exothermic process（放热过程）: A process in which a system releases heat to its surroundings. endothermic process（吸热过程）: A process in which a system absorbs heat from its surroundings.

state function（状态函数）: A property of a system that is determined by the state or condition of the system and not by how it got to that state or condition.

5.3 Enthalpy

enthalpy（焓）: A quantity defined by the relationship H = E + PV; the enthalpy change,H, for a reaction that occurs at constant pressure is the heat evolved or

absorbed in the reaction:

p

H=q

Δ

state function（状态函数）: A property of a system that is determined by the state or condition of the system and not by how it got to that state or condition. extensive property（广延性质）: A property that depends on the amount of material.

intensive（强度性质）: A property that is independent of the amount of material considered; for example, density.

states of matter（物质的状态）: The three forms that matter can assume: solid, liquid, and gas.

5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction

heat of vaporization（蒸发热）: The enthalpy change,

v

H

Δ, for vaporizing a liquid.

heat of solution（溶解热）: The enthalpy change,

s

H

Δ, for dissolving a substance in water.

5.5 Calorimetry

calorimetry（量热）: The experimental measurement of heat produced in chemical and physical processes. heat capacity（热容）: The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a sample of matter by one degree (Celsius or Kelvin).

specific heat or specific heat capacity（比热）: The heat capacity of 1 g of a substance; the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by one degree (Celsius or Kelvin).

molar heat capacity（摩尔热容）: The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mol of a substance by one degree (Celsius or Kelvin).

calorimeter（热量计）: An apparatus that measures the evolution of heat.

system（系统）: In thermodynamics the portion of the universe that we single out for study.

surroundings（环境）: In thermodynamics everything that lies outside the system of interest.

first law of thermodynamics（热力学第一定律）: A statement of our experience that energy is conserved in any process. We can express the first law in many ways. One of the more useful expressions is that the change in internal energy, E, of a system in any process is equal to the heat, q, added to the system, plus the work, w, done on the system by its surroundings: E = q + w.

bomb calorimeter（弹式量热计）: A device for measuring the heat evolved in the combustion of a substance under constant-volume conditions.

5.6 Hess's Law

Hess's law（盖斯定律）: The heat evolved in a given process can be expressed as the sum of the heats of several processes that, when added, yield the process of interest.

5.7 Enthalpies of Formation

heat of formation H f

ΔD（生成热）: The change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mol of a substance from its elements, with all substances in their standard states.

5.8 Foods and Fuels

fossil fuels（化石燃料）: Coal, oil, and natural gas, which are presently our major sources of energy. combustion（燃烧）: A chemical reaction that produces energy and, in the case of combustion of carbon-based compounds, carbon dioxide and water.

Calorie（卡路里）: A unit of energy, it is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1度, from 14.5?C to 15.5度。A related unit is the joule: 1 cal = 4.184 J.

fuel value（燃烧值）: The energy released when 1 g of a substance is combusted.

natural gas（天然气）: A naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon, compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon.

petroleum（石油）: A naturally occurring combustible liquid composed of hundreds of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds.

coal（煤）: A naturally occurring solid containing hydrocarbons of high molecular weight, as well as compounds containing sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. 6．Electronic Structure of Atoms

6.1 The Wave Nature of Light

electromagnetic radiation (radiant energy)（电磁辐射）: A form of energy that has wave characteristics and that propagates through a vacuum at the characteristic speed of 3.00 ×108 m/s.

6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons

quantum（量子）: The smallest increment of radiant energy that may be absorbed or emitted; the magnitude of radiant energy is hv.

black body radiation（黑体辐射） : The electromagnetic radiant emitted by a hot object.

photon（光子）: The smallest increment(quantum) of radiant energy; a photon of light with frequency v has an energy equal to hv.

6.3 Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom spectrum（光谱）: The distribution among various wavelengths of the radiant energy emitted or absorbed by an object.

continuous spectrum（连续光谱）: A spectrum that contains radiation distributed over all wavelengths.

line spectrum（线状光谱）: A spectrum that contains radiation at only certain specific wavelengths.

ground state（基态）: The lowest-energy, or most stable, state.

excited state（激发态）: A higher energy state than the ground state.

6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter

matter waves（物质波）: The term used to describe the wave characteristics of a particle.

momentum（动量）: The product of the mass, m, and velocity, v, of a particle.

uncertainty principle（测不准原则）: A principle stating there is an inherent uncertainty in the precision with which we can simultaneously specify the position and momentum of a particle. This uncertainty is significant only for extremely small particles, such as electrons.

6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals wave function（波函数）: A mathematical description of an allowed energy state (an orbital) for an electron in the quantum-mechanical model of the atom; it is

usually symbolized by the Greek letter . probability density: （几率密度）A value that represents the probability that an electron will be found at a given point in space.

electron density（电子密度）: The probability of finding an electron at any particular point in an atom; this probability is equal to , the square of the wave function.

orbital（轨道）: An allowed energy state of an electron in the quantum mechanical model of the atom; the term orbital is also used to describe the spatial distribution of the electron. An orbital is defined by the values of three quantum numbers: n, l, and m l.

6.6 Representations of Orbitals

node （节点）: A locus of points in an atom at which the electron density is zero. For example, the node in a 2s orbital (Figure 6.19) is a spherical surface.

6.7 Orbitals in Many-Electron Atoms

effective nuclear charge （有效核电荷）: The net positive charge experienced by an electron in a many-electron atom; this charge is not the full nuclear charge because there is some shielding of the nucleus by the other electrons in the atom.

electron spin （电子自旋）: A property of the electron that makes it behave as though it were a tiny magnet. The electron behaves as if it were spinning on its axis; electron spin is quantized.

electron spin quantum number (m s )（电子自旋量子数）: A quantum number associated with the electron spin; it may have values of 1122 -or + .

Pauli exclusion principle （Pauli 不相容原理）: A rule stating that no two electrons in an atom may have the same four quantum numbers (n , l , m l , and m s ). As a consequence of this principle, there can be no more than two electrons in any one atomic orbital.

6.9 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

transition elements （过渡元素）: Elements in which the d orbitals are partially occupied; also called transition metals.

lanthanide (rare earth) element （镧系元素）: Element in which the 4?/i> subshell is only partially occupied. actinide element （锕系元素）: Element in which the 5?/i> orbitals are only partially occupied.

7. Periodic Properties of the Elements 7.3 Ionization Energy

ionization energy （电离能）: The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom when the atom is in its ground state.

7.4 Electron Affinities

electron affinity （电子亲合能）: The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom or ion.

7.6 Group Trends for the Active Metals

alkali metals （碱金属）: Members of group 1A in the periodic table.

alkaline earth metals （碱土金属）: Members of group 2A in the periodic table.

7.7 Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals halogens （卤素）: Members of group 7A in the periodic

table.

noble gases （稀有气体）: Members of group 8A in the periodic table.

8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding 8.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule

ionic bond （离子键）: A bond formed on the basis of the electrostatic forces that exist between oppositely charged ions. The ions are formed from atoms by transfer of one or more electrons. covalent bond （共价键）: A bond formed between two or more atoms by a sharing of electrons.

metallic bonding （金属键）: Bonding in which the bonding electrons are relatively free to move throughout the three-dimensional structure. Lewis symbol （Lewis 符号）: The chemical symbol for an element with a dot for each valence electron.

electron-dot symbol （电子点式符号）: The chemical symbol for an element with a dot for each valence electron.

isoelectronic （等电子体）: A series of atoms, ions, or molecules having the same number of electrons.

octet rule （八隅体规则）: A rule stating that bonded atoms tend to possess or share a total of eight valence-shell electrons

8.2 Ionic Bonding

lattice energy （晶格能）: The energy required to separated completely the ions in an ionic solid. Born-Haber cycle （波恩-哈伯循环）: A thermodynamic circle based on Hess’ Law that relates lattice energy of an ionic substance to its enthalpy of formation and to other measurable properties.

8.3 Size of Ions

isoelectronic series （等电子体序列）: A series of atoms, ions, or molecules having the same number of electrons.

8.4 Covalent Bonding

Lewis structures （Lewis 结构式）: A representation of covalent bonding in a molecule that is drawn using Lewis symbols. Shared electron pairs are shown as lines, and unshared electron pairs are shown as pairs of dots. Only the valence-shell electrons are shown. single bond （单键）: A covalent bond involving one electron pair.

multiple bonding （多重键）: Bonding involving two or more electron pairs.

double bond （双键）: A covalent bond involving two electron pairs.

triple bond （叁键）: A covalent bond involving three

electron pairs.

8.5 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity

nonpolar covalent bond（非极性共价键）: A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally.

polar covalent bond（极性共价键）: A covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally. electronegativity（电负性）: A measure of ability of an atom that bonded to another atom to attract electrons to itself.

the dipole moment（偶极矩）: A measure of the separation between the positive and negative charges in polar molecules.

dipole（偶极子）: A molecule with one end having a slight positive charge and the other end having a slight negative charge; a polar molecule

8.6 Drawing Lewis Structures

formal charge（形式电荷）: The number of valence electrons in an isolated atom minus the number of electrons assigned to the atom in the Lewis structure.

8.7 Resonance Structures

resonance structures（共振结构）: Individual Lewis structures in cases where two or more Lewis structures are equally good descriptions of a single molecule. The resonance structures in such an instance are "averaged" to give a correct description of the real molecule.

8.9 Strengths of Covalent Bonds

bond enthalpy（键能）: The enthalpy change,H, required to break a particular bond when the substance is in the gas phase.

bond length（键长）: The distance between the centers of two bonded atoms.

9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

9.1 Molecular Shapes

valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model（价层电子对互斥模型）: A model that accounts for the geometric arrangements of shared and unshared electron pairs around a central atom in terms of the repulsions between electron pairs.

9.2 The VSEPR Model

bonding pair（成键电子对）: In a Lewis structure, a pair of electrons that is shared by two atoms.

nonbonding pair（非键电子对）: In a Lewis structure, a pair of electrons assigned completely to one atom; also called a lone pair.

electron domain（电子畴）: currently there is no existing definition. electron domain geometry（电子畴几何）: currently there is no existing definition.

molecular geometry（分子几何学）: The arrangement

in space of the atoms of a molecule.

9.3 Polarity of Polyatomic Molecules

bond dipole（键的极性）: The dipole moment due to the two atoms of a covalent bond.

9.4 Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap

valence-bond theory（价键理论）: A model of chemical bonding in which an electron-pair bond is formed between two atoms by the overlap of orbitals on the two atoms.

9.5 Hybrid Orbitals（杂化轨道）

excited state（激发态）: A higher energy state than the ground state.

hybridization（杂化）: The mixing of different types of atomic orbitals to produce a set of equivalent hybrid orbitals.

hybrid orbital（杂化轨道）: An orbital that results from the mixing of different kinds of atomic orbitals on the same atom. For example, an sp3 hybrid results from the mixing, or hybridizing, of one s orbital and three p orbitals.

9.6 Multiple Bonds

sigma bond（σ键）: A covalent bond in which electron density is concentrated along the internuclear axis.

pi bond（π键）: A covalent bond in which electron density is concentrated above and below the line joining the bonded atoms.

9.7 Molecular Orbitals

scientific method（科学方法）: The general process of advancing scientific knowledge by making experimental observations and by formulating laws, hypotheses, and theories.

molecular orbital theory（分子轨道理论）: A theory that accounts for the allowed states for electrons in molecules.

molecular orbitals（分子轨道）: An allowed state for an electron in a molecule. According to molecular orbital theory, a molecular orbital is entirely analogous to an atomic orbital, which is an allowed state for an electron

in an atom. A molecular orbital may be classified as

or , depending on the disposition of electron density with respect to the internuclear axis.

bonding molecular orbital（成键分子轨道）: A molecular orbital in which the electron density is concentrated in the internuclear region. The energy of

a bonding molecular orbital is lower than the energy of

the separate atomic orbitals from which it forms. antibonding molecular orbital（反键分子轨道）: A molecular orbital in which electron density is concentrated outside the region between the two nuclei

of bonded atoms. Such orbitals, designated as

or

, are less stable (of higher energy) than bonding molecular orbitals.

energy level diagram（能级图）: A diagram that shows the energies of molecular orbitals relative to the atomic orbitals from which they are derived. Also called a molecular orbital diagram.

bond order（键级）: The number of bonding electron pairs shared between two atoms, less the number of antibonding electron pairs: bond order = (number of bonding electrons – number of antibonding electrons).

9.8 Second-Row Diatomic Molecules paramagnetism（顺磁性）: A property that a substance possesses if it contains one or more unpaired electrons.

A paramagnetic substance is drawn into a magnetic field.

diamagnetism（反磁性）: A type of magnetism that causes a substance with no unpaired electrons to be weakly repelled from a magnetic field.

10. Gases

10.2 Pressure

pressure（压强）: A measure of the force exerted on a unit area. In chemistry, pressure is often expressed in units of atmospheres (atm) or torr: 760 torr = 1 atm; in SI units, pressure is expressed in pascals (Pa).

pascal（帕斯卡）: The SI unit of pressure: 1 Pa = 1

N/m2.

torr（乇压强单位）: A unit of pressure (1 torr = 1 mm Hg).

standard atmospheric pressure（标准压强）: Defined as 760 torr or, in SI units, 101.325 kPa.

atmosphere (atm)（大气压）: A unit of pressure equal to 760 torr; 1 atm = 101.325 kPa.

10.3 The Gas Laws

Boyle's law（Boyle定律）: A law stating that at constant temperature, the product of the volume and pressure of a given amount of gas is a constant. Charles's law（Charles定律）: A law stating that at constant pressure, the volume of a given quantity of gas is proportional to absolute temperature. Avogadro's law（Avogadro定律）: A statement that the volume of a gas maintained at constant temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the quantity of the gas. Avogadro's hypothesis（Avogadro假设）: A statement that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.

10.4 The Ideal-Gas Equation

gas constant (R) （气体常数）: The constant of proportionality in the ideal-gas equation.

ideal-gas equation（理想气体方程）: An equation of state for gases that embodies Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Avogadro's hypothesis in the form PV = nRt. ideal gas（理想气体）: A hypothetical gas whose pressure, volume, and temperature behavior is completely described by the ideal-gas equation. standard temperature and pressure (STP) （标准状况—标准温度和压力）: Defined as 0°C and 1 atm pressure; frequently used as reference conditions for a gas.

10.5 Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation

10.6 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

Dalton's law of partial pressures（Dalton分压定律）: A law stating that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were present alone.

partial pressure（分压）: The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture.

mole fraction（摩尔分数）: The ratio of the number of moles of one component of a mixture to the total moles of all components; abbreviated X, with a subscript to identify the component.

10.7 Kinetic-Molecular Theory

kinetic-molecular theory（分子运动理论）: A set of assumptions about the nature of gases. These assumptions, when translated into mathematical form, yield the ideal-gas equation.

root-mean-square (rms) speed（均方根速率）: The square root of the average of the squared speeds of the gas molecules in a gas sample.

10.8 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion

diffusion（扩散）: The spreading of one substance through another.

effusion（隙透）: The escape of a gas through an orifice or hole.

Graham's law（Graham定律）: A law stating that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight.

mean free path（平均自由程）: The average distance traveled by a gas molecule between collisions.

10.9 Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal-Behavior van der Waals equation（van der Waals方程）: An equation of state for nonideal gases that is based on adding corrections to the ideal-gas equation. The correction terms accounts for intermolecular forces of attraction and for the volumes occupied by the gas molecules themselves.

11. Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids 11.2 Intermolecular Forces

intermolecular forces（分子间力）: The short-range attractive forces operating between the particles that make up the units of a liquid or solid substance. These same forces also cause gases to liquefy or solidify at low temperatures and high pressures.

ion-dipole force（诱导力）: The force that exists between an ion and a neutral polar molecule that possesses a permanent dipole moment.

dipole-dipole forces（取向力）: The force that exists between polar molecules.

London dispersion force (色散力或伦敦力):The temporary dipole on one atom can induce a similar dipole on an adjacent atom, causing the atoms to be attracted to each other.This attractive interaction is called London dispersion force.

polarizability（极化率，极化度,极化性）: The ease with which the electron cloud of an atom or a molecule is distorted by an outside influence, thereby inducing a dipole moment.

hydrogen bonding（氢键）: Bonding that results from intermolecular attractions between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to an electronegative element. The most important examples involve oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.

11.3 Some Properties of Liquids

viscosity（粘度）: A measure of the resistance of fluids

to flow.

surface tension（表面张力）: The intermolecular, cohesive attraction that causes a liquid to minimize its surface area.

capillary action（毛细管作用）: The process by which

a liquid rises in a tube because of a combination of adhesion to the walls of the tube and cohesion between liquid particles.

11.4 Phase Changes

phase changes（相变）: The conversion of a substance from one state of matter to another. The phase changes we consider are melting and freezing (solid liquid), sublimation and deposition (solid gas), and vaporization and condensation (liquid gas). heat of fusion（熔化热）: The enthalpy change,H, for melting a solid.

heat of vaporization（蒸发热）: The enthalpy change,H, for vaporizing a liquid.

heat of sublimation（升华热）: The enthalpy change, H, for converting a solid directly to a gas.

critical temperature（临界温度）: The highest temperature at which it is possible to convert the gaseous form of a substance to a liquid. The critical temperature increases with an increase in the magnitude of intermolecular forces.

critical pressure（临界压力）: The pressure at which a gas at its critical temperature is converted to a liquid state.

11.5 Vapor Pressure

vapor pressure（蒸汽压）: The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase. dynamic equilibrium（动态平衡）: state of balance in which opposing processes occur at the same rate. volatile（挥发性）: T ending to evaporate readily. normal boiling point（正常沸点）: The boiling point at 1 atm pressure.

11.6 Phase Diagrams

phase diagram（相图）: A graphic representation of the equilibria among the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure.

triple point（三相点）: The temperature at which solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist in equilibrium.

normal melting point（正常熔点）: The melting point at 1 atm pressure.

normal boiling point（正常沸点）: The boiling point at 1 atm pressure.

11.7 Structures of Solids

amorphous（无定型的）: A solid whose molecular arrangement lacks a regular, long-range pattern. crystalline（晶型）: A solid whose internal arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions shows a regular repetition in any direction through the solid.

unit cell（晶胞）: The smallest portion of a crystal that reproduces the structure of the entire crystal when repeated in different directions in space. It is the repeating unit or "building block" of the crystal lattice. crystal lattice（晶格）: An imaginary network of points on which the repeating unit of the structure of a solid (the contents of the unit cell) may be imagined to be laid down so that the structure of the crystal is obtained. Each point represents an identical environment in the crystal.

hexagonal close packing（六方最密堆积）: A

close-packing arrangement in which the atoms of the third layer of a solid lie directly over those in the first layer.

cubic close packing（面心立方最密堆积）: A close-packing arrangement in which the atoms of the third layer of a solid are not directly over those in the first layer.

coordination number（配位数）: The number of adjacent atoms to which an atom is directly bonded. In a complex, the coordination number of the metal ion is the number of donor atoms to which it is bonded.

12. Modern Materials

12.1 Liquid Crystals

liquid crystal（液晶）: A substance that exhibits one or more partially ordered liquid phases above the melting point of the solid form. By contrast, in nonliquid crystalline substances the liquid phase that forms upon melting is completely unordered.

nematic liquid-crystalline phase（向列型液晶相）: A liquid crystal in which the molecules are aligned in the same general direction, along their long axes, but in which the ends of the molecules are not aligned. smectic liquid-crystalline phase（碟状结构液晶相）: A liquid crystal in which the molecules are aligned along their long axes and arranged in sheets, with the ends of the molecules aligned. There are several different kinds of smetic phases.

cholesteric liquid-crystalline phase（胆甾型液晶相）: A liquid crystal formed from flat, disc-shaped molecules that align through a stacking of the molecular discs.

12.2 Polymers

polymers（聚合物）: A large molecule of high molecular mass, formed by the joining together, or polymerization, of a large number of molecules of low molecular mass. The individual molecules forming the polymer are called monomers.

monomers（单体）: Molecules with low molecular weights, which can be joined together (polymerized) to form a polymer.

chain reaction（连锁或链式反应）: A series of reactions in which one reaction initiates the next. polymerization（聚合）: A large molecule of high molecular mass, formed by the joining together, or polymerization, of a large number of molecules of low molecular mass. The individual molecules forming the polymer are called monomers.

addition polymerization（加聚反应）: Polymerization that occurs through coupling of monomers with one another, with no other products formed in the reaction. condensation reaction（缩合反应）: A chemical reaction in which a small molecule (such as a molecule of water) is split out from between two reacting molecules, as for example between an organic acid and an amine function.

condensation polymerization（缩聚）: Polymerization in which molecules are joined together through condensation reactions.

plasticizers（增塑剂,增韧剂）: Organic molecules added to a polymer to reduce the intermolecular interactions between polymer chains. The effect of the plasticizer is to make the material more pliable.

cross-linking（交联）: The formation of bonds between polymer chains.

12.4 Ceramics

sol-gel process（溶胶—凝胶过程）: A process in which extremely small particles (0.003 to 0.1 m in diameter) of uniform size are produced in a series of chemical steps followed by controlled heating.

composite（复合物）: A complex solid mixture of two or more components. One component is usually present in much greater quantity than the others and acts as the primary host matrix for the other components. superconductivity（超导性）: The "frictionless" flow of electrons that occurs when a substance loses all resistance to the flow of electrical current. superconducting transition temperature（超导转变温度）: The temperature below which a substance exhibits superconductivity.

T c（临界温度）: The temperature below which a substance exhibits superconductivity.

piezoelectric material（压电材料）: A crystalline substance that generates an electric potential along its length when subjected to a mechanical stress. Quartz is a well-known piezoelectric material.

12.5 The Wave Nature of Light

thin film（薄膜）: A film deposited on an underlying substrate to provide decoration or protection from chemical attack or to enhance a desirable property, such as reflectivity, electrical conductivity, color, or hardness.

vacuum deposition（真空沉积）: A method of forming thin films in which a substance is sublimed at high temperature without decomposition and then deposited on the object to be coated.

sputtering（溅射）: A method for forming thin films in which the material that is to form the film is made the cathode in a high-voltage gaseous discharge of an inert gas.

chemical-vapor deposition（化学蒸汽沉积）: A method for forming thin films in which a substance is

deposited on a surface and then undergoes some form of chemical reaction to form the film.

13. Properties of Solutions

13.1 The Solution Process

solutions（溶液）: A mixture of substances that has a uniform composition; a homogeneous mixture.

solvent（溶剂）: The dissolving medium of a solution; it is normally the component of a solution present in the greater amount.

solute（溶质）: A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution; it is normally the component of a solution present in the smaller amount.

solvation（溶剂化）: The clustering of solvent molecules around a solute particle.

hydration（水合）: Solvation when the solvent is water.

13.2 Saturated Solutions and Solubility

saturated（饱和的）: A solution in which undissolved solute and dissolved solute are in equilibrium.

solubility（可溶性）: The amount of a substance that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature to form a saturated solution.

unsaturated solutions（不饱和溶液）: Solutions containing less solute than a saturated solution. supersaturated solutions（过饱和溶液）: Solutions containing more solute than a saturated solution.

13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility

miscible（混溶的）: Liquids that mix in all proportions. immiscible（不混溶的）: Liquids that do not mix. Henry's law（Henry定律）: A law stating that the concentration of a gas in a solution, C g, is proportional to the pressure of gas over the solution: C g = kP g.

13.4 Ways of Expressing Concentration

parts per million（ppm,百万分之一）: The concentration of a solution in grams of solute per 106 (million) grams of solution; equals milligrams of solute per liter of solution for aqueous solutions.

parts per billion（ppb,十亿分之一）: The concentration of a solution in grams of solute per 109 (billion) grams of solution; equals micrograms of solute per liter of solution for aqueous solutions.

13.5 Colligative Properties

colligative properties（依数性）: Those properties of a solvent (vapor-pressure lowering, freezing-point lowering, boiling-point elevation, osmotic pressure) that depend on the total concentration of solute particles present.

Raoult's law （Raoult定律）: A law stating that the partial pressure of a solvent over a solution, P A, is given by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent, P°A, times the mole fraction of a solvent in the solution, X:P = X P°

A A A A

.

ideal solution（理想溶液）: A solution that obeys Raoult's law.

molal boiling-point-elevation constant（沸点升高常数）: ( K b) A constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the change in boiling point as a function of solution molality:T b = K b m.

molal freezing-point-depression constant（凝固点降低常数）: ( K f) A constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the change in freezing point as a function of solution molality: T f = K f m.

osmosis（渗透）: The net movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane toward the solution with greater solute concentration.

osmotic pressure（渗透压）: The pressure that must be applied to a solution to stop osmosis from pure solvent into the solution.

13.6 Colloids

Colloids（胶体）: Mixtures containing particles larger than normal solutes but small enough to remain suspended in the dispersing medium.

colloidal dispersions（胶体分散）: Mixtures containing particles larger than normal solutes but small enough to remain suspended in the dispersing medium. hydrophilic（亲水性）: Water-attracting. hydrophobic（憎水性）: Water-repelling.

14. Chemical Kinetics

14.1 Reaction Rates

Chemical kinetics（化学动力学）: The area of chemistry concerned with the speeds, or rates, at which chemical reactions occur.

reaction rate（反应速率）: The decrease in concentration of a reactant or the increase in concentration of a product with time.

instantaneous rate（瞬时速率）: The reaction rate at a particular time as opposed to the average rate over an interval of time.

14.2 The Dependence of Rate on

Concentration

rate constant（速率常数）: A constant of proportionality between the reaction rate and the concentrations of reactants that appear in the rate law.

rate law（速率定律）: An equation that relates the reaction rate to the concentrations of reactants (and sometimes of products also).

reaction order（反应级数）: The power to which the concentration of a reactant is raised in a rate law.

overall reaction order（总反应级数）: The sum of the reaction orders of all the reactants appearing in the rate expression.

14.3 The Change of Concentration with Time

half-life（半衰期）: The time required for the concentration of a reactant substance to decrease to half its initial value; the time required for half of a sample of a particular radioisotope to decay.

second-order reaction（二级反应）: A reaction in which the overall reaction order (the sum of the concentration-term exponents) in the rate law is 2.

14.4 Temperature and Rate

collision model（碰撞模型）: A theory based on the idea that molecules must collide to react; it explains the factors influencing reaction rates in terms of the frequency of collisions, the number of collisions with energies exceeding the activation energy, and the probability that the collisions occur with suitable orientations.

activation energy（活化能）: The minimum energy needed for reaction: the height of the energy barrier to formation of products.

transition state (activated complex)（过渡状态）: The particular arrangement of reactant and product molecules at the point of maximum energy in the rate-determining step of a reaction.

activated complex (transition state)（活化络合物）: The particular arrangement of atoms found at the top of the potential-energy barrier as a reaction proceeds from reactants to products.

frequency factor（频率因子）: A term in the Arrhenius equation that is related to the frequency of collision and the probability that the collisions are favorably oriented for reaction.

14.5 Reaction Mechanisms

reaction mechanism（反应机理）: A detailed picture, or model, of how the reaction occurs; that is, the order in which bonds are broken and formed, and the changes in relative positions of the atoms as the reaction proceeds.

elementary steps (elementary processes) （基元反应）: Processes in a chemical reaction that occur in a single event or step.

molecularity（分子性）: The number of molecules that participate as reactants in an elementary reaction.

unimolecular（单分子反应）: An elementary reaction that involves a single molecule.

bimolecular（双分子反应）: An elementary reaction that involves two molecules. termolecular（叁分子反应）: An elementary reaction that involves three molecules.

rate-determining step（控制步骤）: The slowest elementary step in a reaction mechanism. intermediate（中间产物）: A substance formed in one elementary step of a multistep mechanism and consumed in another; it is neither a reactant nor an ultimate product of the overall reaction.

catalyst（催化剂）: A substance that changes the speed of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a permanent chemical change in the process.

14.6 Catalysis

catalyst（催化剂）: A substance that changes the speed of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a permanent chemical change in the process. homogeneous catalyst（均相催化剂）: A catalyst that is in the same phase as the reactant substances. heterogeneous catalyst（异相催化剂）: A catalyst that is in a different phase from that of the reactant substances.

active site（活性点）: Specific site on a heterogeneous catalyst or an enzyme where catalysis occurs.

enzyme（酶，酵素）: A protein molecule that acts to catalyze specific biochemical reactions.

substrate（基体）: A substance that undergoes a reaction at the active site in an enzyme.

lock-and-key（匙扣模型）: A model of enzyme action in which the substrate molecule is pictured as fitting rather specifically into the active site on the enzyme. It is assumed that in being bound to the active site, the substrate is somehow activated for reaction.

15. Chemical Equilibrium

15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium

chemical equilibrium（化学平衡）: A state of dynamic balance in which the rate of formation of the products of a reaction from the reactants equals the rate of formation of the reactants from the products; at equilibrium, the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant.

15.2 The Equilibrium Constant

Haber process（哈伯过程）: The catalyst system and conditions of temperature and pressure developed by Fritz Haber and co-workers for the formation of NH3 from H2 and N2.

law of mass action（质量作用定律）: The rules according to which the equilibrium constant is expressed in terms of the concentrations of reactants and products, in accordance with the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

equilibrium expression（平衡表达式）: The expression that describes the relationship among the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the substances present in a system at equilibrium. The numerator is obtained by multiplying the concentrations of the substances on the product side of the equation, each raised to a power equal to its coefficient in the chemical equation. The denominator similarly contains the concentrations of the substances on the reactant side of the equation.

equilibrium constant（平衡常数）: The numerical value of the equilibrium expression for a system at equilibrium. The equilibrium constant is denoted by K. When the concentrations are expressed in moles/liter, the constant is denoted K c; when concentrations are expressed in atmospheres, the constant is denoted K p.

15.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria

heterogeneous equilibrium （多相平衡，杂平衡）: The equilibrium established between substances in two or more different phases, for example, between a gas and a solid or between a solid and a liquid.

15.4 Calculating Equilibrium Constants

15.5 Applications of Equilibrium Constants reaction quotient（反应商Q）: The value that is obtained when concentrations of reactants and products are inserted into the equilibrium expression. If the concentrations are equilibrium concentrations, Q = K; otherwise

Q K.

15.6 Le Chatelier's principle

Le Chatelier's principle（勒·夏特列）: A principle stating that when we disturb a system at chemical equilibrium, the relative concentrations of reactants and products shift so as to undo partially the effects of the disturbance.

16. Acid-Base Equilibria

16.2 Br?nsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

hydrated（水化）: surrounded by water molecules. hydronium ion (H3O+)（水合氢离子）: The predominant form of the proton in aqueous solution.

Br?nsted-Lowry acid（Br?nsted-Lowry酸）: A substance that acts as a proton donor.

Br?nsted-Lowry base（Br?nsted-Lowry碱）: A substance that acts as a proton acceptor. amphoteric（两性物质）: Capable of behaving as either an acid or a base.

conjugate base（共轭碱）: A substance formed by the loss of a proton from a Br?nsted-Lowry acid. conjugate acid-base pair（共轭酸碱对）: An acid and a base, such as H2O and , that differ only in the presence or absence of a proton.

conjugate acid（共轭酸）: A substance formed by addition of a proton to a Br?nsted-Lowry base.

16.3 The Autoionization of Water

autoionization（自偶离解反应）: The process whereby water spontaneously forms low concentrations of

H+( aq) and OH-( aq) ions by proton transfer from one water molecule to another.

16.6 Weak Acids

weak acid（弱酸）: An acid that only partly ionizes in water.

acid-dissociation constant（酸离解常数）: K a An equilibrium constant that expresses the extent to which an acid transfers a proton to solvent water.

polyprotic acid（多元酸）: A substance capable of ionizing more than one proton in water; H2SO4 is an example.

16.7 Weak Bases

weak base（弱碱）: A base that only partly ionizes in water.

amine（胺）: A compound that has the general formula , where R may be H or a hydrocarbon group.

base-dissociation constant (K b)（碱离解常数）: An equilibrium constant that expresses the extent to which a base reacts with solvent water, accepting a proton and forming (aq).

16.9 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions hydrolysis（水解反应）: A reaction with water. When a cation or anion reacts with water, it changes the pH.

16.10 Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure

binary（二元的）: consisting of two different elements. oxyacid（含氧酸）: A compound in which one or more OH groups, and possibly additional oxygen atoms, are bonded to a central atom.

carboxylic acid（羧酸）: A compound that contains the –COOH functional group.

16.11 Lewis Acids and Bases

Lewis acid（路易斯酸）: An electron-pair acceptor. Lewis base（路易斯碱）: An electron-pair donor.

17. Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria 17.1 The Common-Ion Effect

common-ion effect（同离子效应）: A shift of an equilibrium induced by an ion common to the

equilibrium. For example, added decreases the solubility of the slightly soluble salt , or added decreases the percent ionization of

.

17.2 Buffered Solutions

buffered solution (buffer) （缓冲溶液）: A solution that undergoes a limited change in pH upon addition of a small amount of acid or base. . Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

（Henderson-Hasselbalch 方程）: The relationship among the pH, p K a , and the concentrations of acid and conjugate base in an aqueous solution:

[base]

lg [acid]

H a p pK =+

buffer capacity （缓冲容量）: The amount of acid or base a buffer can neutralize before the pH begins to change appreciably.

17.3 Acid-Base Titrations

stoichiometri point or equivalence point （化学计量点）: The point in a titration at which the added solute reacts completely with the solute present in the solution. indicator （指示剂）: A substance added to a solution to indicate by a color change the point at which the added solute has just reacted with all the solute present in solution. titration curve （滴定曲线）: A graph of pH as a function of added titrant.

17.4 Solubility Equilibria

solubility product （溶度积）: A substance produced in a chemical reaction; it appears to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation.

solubility-product constant (K sp )（溶度积常数）: An equilibrium constant related to the equilibrium between a solid salt and its ions in solution. It provides a quantitative measure of the solubility of a slightly soluble salt.

17.5 Factors that Affect Solubility

common-ion effect （同离子效应）: A shift of an equilibrium induced by an ion common to the equilibrium. For example, added decreases the solubility of the slightly soluble salt , or added decreases the percent ionization of

.

17.7 Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements qualitative analysis （定性分析）: The determination of the presence or absence of a particular substance in a mixture.

quantitative analysis （定量分析）: The determination of the amount of a given substance that is present in a sample.

18. Chemistry of the Environment 18.1 Earth's Atmosphere

troposphere （对流层）: The region of Earth's

atmosphere extending from the surface to about 12 km altitude. stratosphere （同温层）: The region of the atmosphere directly above the troposphere.

18.2 The Outer Regions of the Atmosphere photoionization （光致电离）: The removal of an electron from an atom or molecule by absorption of light.

18.3 Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere

chlorofluorocarbons （氟氯碳化合物）: Compounds composed entirely of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. 18.4 Chemistry of the Troposphere

acid rain （酸雨）: Rainwater that has become excessively acidic because of absorption of pollutant oxides, notably SO 3, produced by human activities. photochemical smog （光化学烟雾）: A complex mixture of undesirable substances produced by the action of sunlight on an urban atmosphere polluted with automobile emissions. The major starting ingredients are nitrogen oxides and organic substances, notably olefins and aldehydes.

hemoglobin （血色素）: An iron-containing protein responsible for oxygen transport in the blood.

18.5 The World Ocean

salinity （盐分）: A measure of the salt content of seawater, brine, or brackish water. It is equal to the mass in grams of dissolved salts present in 1 kg of seawater.

desalination （除盐）: The removal of salts from seawater, brine, or brackish water to make it fit for human consumption. 18.6 Freshwater

biodegradable （生物降解）: Organic material that bacteria are able to oxidize.

19. Chemical Thermodynamics 19.1 Spontaneous Processes

spontaneous process （自发过程）: A process that is capable of proceeding in a given direction, as written or described, without needing to be driven by an outside source of energy. A process may be spontaneous even though it is very slow.

reversible process（可逆过程）: A process that can go back and forth between states along exactly the same path; a system at equilibrium is reversible because it can be reversed by an infinitesimal modification of a variable such as temperature.

irreversible process（不可逆过程）: A process that cannot go back and forth between thermodynamic states along exactly the same path; any spontaneous process.

19.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

second law of thermodynamics（热力学第二定律）: A statement of our experience that there is a direction to the way events occur in nature. When a process occurs spontaneously in one direction, it is nonspontaneous in the reverse direction. It is possible to state the second law in many different forms, but they all relate back to the same idea about spontaneity. One of the most common statements found in chemical contexts is that in any spontaneous process the entropy of the universe increases.

entropy（熵）: A thermodynamic function associated with the number of different, equivalent energy states or spatial arrangements in which a system may be found. It is a thermodynamic state function, which means that once we specify the conditions for a system--that is, the temperature, pressure, and so

on--the entropy is defined.

state function（状态函数）: A property of a system that is determined by the state or condition of the system and not by how it got to that state; its value is fixed when temperature, pressure, composition, and physical form are specified; P, V, T, E, and H are state functions.

19.3 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy translational motion（平移运动）: Movement in which an entire molecule moves in a definite direction. vibrational motion（振动运动）: Movement of the atoms within a molecule in which they move periodically toward and away from one another. rotational motion（转动运动）: Movement of a molecule as though it is spinning like a top.

third law of thermodynamics（热力学第三定律）: A law stating that the entropy of a pure, crystalline solid at absolute zero temperature is zero: S(0 K) = 0.

19.4 Calculation of Entropy Changes

standard molar entropy (S°) （标准摩尔熵）: The entropy value for a mole of a substance in it standard state. 19.5 Gibbs Free Energy

Gibbs free energy（Gibbs自由能）: A thermodynamic state function that combines enthalpy and entropy, in the form G = H – TS. For a change occurring at constant temperature and pressure, the change in free energy is G = H – T S.

free energy (Gibbs free energy, G) （自由能）: A thermodynamic state function that gives a criterion for spontaneous change in terms of enthalpy and entropy: G = H – TS.

standard free energy of formation

f

G

ΔD（标准生成

自由能）：The change in free energy associated with the formation of a substance from its elements under standard conditions.

20. Electrochemistry

20.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

oxidation-reduction reaction（氧化还原反应）: A chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of certain atoms change.

electrochemistry（电化学）: The branch of chemistry that deals with the relationships between electricity and chemical reactions.

reducing agent or reductant（还原剂）: The substance that is oxidized and thereby causes the reduction of some other substance in an

oxidation-reduction reaction.

oxidizing agent or oxidant（氧化剂）: The substance that is reduced and thereby causes the oxidation of some other substance in an oxidation-reduction reaction.

20.2 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations half-reaction（半反应）: An equation for either an oxidation or a reduction that explicitly shows the electrons involved [for example, Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

Zn(s)]

20.3 Voltaic Cells

voltaic (galvanic) cell（伏打电池）: A device in which a spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction occurs with the passage of electrons through an external circuit. anode（阳极）: An electrode at which oxidation occurs. cathode（阴极）: An electrode at which reduction occurs.

20.4 Cell EMF

electromotive force (emf)（电动势）: A measure of the driving force, or "electrical pressure," for the completion of an electrochemical reaction. Electromotive force is

measured in volts: 1 V = 1 J/C. Also called the cell potential.

cell potential （电极电势）: A measure of the driving force, or "electrical pressure," for the completion of an electrochemical reaction; it is measured in volts: 1 V = 1 J/C. Also called electromotive force. standard cell potential (E °) （标准电极电势）: The emf of a cell when all reagents are at standard conditions at 25°C.

standard emf (E °) （标准电动势）: The emf of a cell when all reagents are at standard conditions at 25°C. standard reduction potential(E ored ) （标准还原电势）: The potential of a reduction half-reaction under

standard conditions, measured relative to the standard hydrogen electrode. A standard reduction potential is also called a standard electrode potential.

standard hydrogen electrode （标准氢电极）: An electrode based on the half-reaction 2 (1 M ) + 2 ?(1 atm). The standard electrode potential of the standard hydrogen electrode is defined as 0 V.

20.5 Spontaneity of Redox Reactions

faraday （法拉第常数）: A unit of charge that equals the total charge of 1 mol of electrons: 1 F = 96,500 C.

20.8 Corrosion

cathodic protection （阴极保护）: A means of protecting a metal against corrosion by making it the cathode in a voltaic cell. This can be achieved by attaching a more easily oxidized metal, which serves as an anode, to the metal to be protected.

20.9 Electrolysis

electrolysis reaction （电解反应）: A reaction in which a nonspontaneous redox reaction is brought about by the passage of current under a sufficient external electrical potential. The devices in which electrolysis reactions occur are called electrolytic cells . electrolytic cell （电解池）: A device in which a

nonspontaneous redox reaction is caused to occur by passage of current under a sufficient external electrical potential.

22. Chemistry of the Nonmetals 22.2 Hydrogen

protium （氕）: The most common isotope of hydrogen:

.

11

H 2

1H 3

1H deuterium （氘）: The isotope of hydrogen whose nucleus contains a proton and a neutron: . tritium （氚）: The isotope of hydrogen whose nucleus contains a proton and two neutrons:.

22.4 Group 7A: The Halogens

interhalogens （卤素互化合物）: Compounds formed between two different halogen elements. Examples include IBr and BrF 3.

22.7 Nitrogen

Ostwald process （Ostwald 过程）: An industrial process used to make nitric acid from ammonia. The NH 3 is catalytically oxidized by O 2 to form NO; NO in air is oxidized to NO 2 ; HNO 3 is formed in a

disproportionation reaction when NO 2 dissolves in water.

22.9 Carbon

charcoal （木炭）: A from of carbon produced when wood is heated strongly in a deficiency of air.

coke （焦煤）: An impure form of carbon formed when coal is heated strongly in the absence of air.

22.10 The Other Group 4A Elements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb

silicates （硅酸盐）: Compounds containing silicon and oxygen, structurally based on SiO 4 tetrahedra. glass （玻璃）: An amorphous solid formed by fusion of SiO 2, CaO, and Na 2O. Other oxides may also be used to form glasses with differing characteristics.

22.11 Boron

boranes （硼烷,硼氢化合物）: Covalent hydrides of boron.

23. Metals and Metallurgy

23.1 Occurrence and Distribution of Metals lithosphere （岩石圈）: That portion of our environment consisting of the solid earth. mineral （矿物）: A solid, inorganic substance occurring in nature, such as calcium carbonate, which occurs as calcite.

ore （矿石）: A source of a desired element or mineral, usually accompanied by large quantities of other materials such as sand and clay.

metallurgy （冶金）: The science of extracting metals from their natural sources by a combination of chemical and physical processes. It is also concerned with the properties and structures of metals and alloys.

alloy （合金）: A substance that has the characteristic properties of a metal and contains more than one element. Often there is one principal metallic

component, with other elements present in smaller amounts. Alloys may be homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature.

gangue （脉石）: Material of little or no value that accompanies the desired mineral in most raw ores.

23.2 Pyrometallurgy

pyrometallurgy（热冶学, 火法冶金）: A process in which heat converts a mineral in an ore from one chemical form to another and eventually to the free metal.

calcination（煅烧）: The heating of an ore to bring about its decomposition and the elimination of a volatile product. For example, a carbonate ore might be calcined to drive off CO2.

roasting（焙烧）: Thermal treatment of an ore to bring about chemical reactions involving the furnace atmosphere. For example, a sulfide ore might be roasted in air to form a metal oxide and SO2.

free metal（游离的金属）: Elemental metal smelting（熔炼）: A melting process in which the materials formed in the course of the chemical reactions that occur separate into two or more layers. For example, the layers might be slag and molten metal.

slag（熔渣）: A mixture of molten silicate minerals. Slags may be acidic or basic, according to the acidity or basicity of the oxide added to silica.

coke（焦炭）: An impure form of carbon formed when coal is heated strongly in the absence of air.

23.3 Hydrometallurgy

acid rain（酸雨）: Rainwater that has become excessively acidic because of absorption of pollutant oxides, notably SO3, produced by human activities. hydrometallurgy（湿法冶金学）: Aqueous chemical processes for recovery of a metal from an ore. leaching（浸取）: The selective dissolution of a desired mineral by passing an aqueous reagent solution through an ore.

Bayer process（Bayer过程）: A hydrometallurgical procedure for purifying bauxite in the recovery of aluminum from bauxite-containing ores.

23.4 Electrometallurgy

electrolysis reaction（电解反应）: A reaction in which a nonspontaneous redox reaction is brought about by the passage of current under a sufficient external electrical potential. The devices in which electrolysis reactions occur are called electrolytic cells.

electrometallurgy（电冶金学）: The use of electrolysis to reduce or refine metals.

Downs cell（ Downs 池）: A cell used to obtain sodium metal by electrolysis of molten NaCl. anhydrous（无水的）: Containing no water. Hall process（Hall过程）: A process used to obtain aluminum by electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten cryolite, Na3AlF6.

23.5 Metallic Bonding

bonding molecular orbital（成键分子轨道）: A molecular orbital in which the electron density is concentrated in the internuclear region. The energy of a bonding molecular orbital is lower than the energy of the separate atomic orbitals from which it forms. antibonding molecular orbital（反键分子轨道）: A molecular orbital in which electron density is concentrated outside the region between the two nuclei

of bonded atoms. Such orbitals, designated as

or , are less stable (of higher energy) than bonding molecular orbitals.

23.6 Alloys

alloy（合金）: A substance that has the characteristic properties of a metal and contains more than one element. Often there is one principal metallic component, with other elements present in smaller amounts. Alloys may be homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature.

solution alloy（固溶体）: A homogeneous alloy, with the components distributed uniformly throughout. heterogeneous alloy（非均相合金）: An alloy in which the components are not distributed uniformly; instead, two or more distinct phases with characteristic compositions are present.

intermetallic compound（金属键化合物）: A homogeneous alloy with definite properties and composition. Intermetallic compounds are stoichiometric compounds, but their compositions are not readily explained in terms of ordinary chemical bonding theory.

23.7 Transition Metals

diamagnetism（反磁性）: A type of magnetism that causes a substance with no unpaired electrons to be weakly repelled from a magnetic field. paramagnetism（顺磁性）: A property that a substance possesses if it contains one or more unpaired electrons.

A paramagnetic substance is drawn into a magnetic field.

ferromagnetism（铁磁性）:The ability of some substances to become permanently magnetized.

24. Chemistry of Coordination Compounds

24.1 The Structures of Complexes

complex ion (complex) （配离子）: An assembly of a metal ion and the Lewis bases (ligands) bonded to it.

ligand（配体）: An ion or molecule that coordinates to a metal atom or to a metal ion to form a complex. Coordination covalent bond（配位共价键）: A covalent bond in which one atom involved in the bond donates both of the electrons to be shared.

donor atom: （配位原子）The atom of a ligand that bonds to the metal.

coordination sphere（配位氛）: The metal ion and its surrounding ligands.

coordination number（配位数）: The number of adjacent atoms to which an atom is directly bonded. In

a complex, the coordination number of the metal ion is the number of donor atoms to which it is bonded.

24.2 Chelates

monodentate ligand（单齿配位体）: A ligand that binds to the metal ion via a single donor atom. It occupies

one position in the coordination sphere.

polydentate ligand（多齿配位体）: A ligand in which two or more donor atoms can coordinate to the same metal ion.

chelating agent（螯合剂）: A polydentate ligand that is capable of occupying two or more sites in the coordination sphere.

bidentate ligand（双齿配位体）: A ligand in which two coordinating atoms are bound to a metal.

chelate effect（螯合效应）: The generally larger formation constants for polydentate ligands as compared with the corresponding monodentate ligands.

24.3 Isomerism

isomers（异构体）: Compounds whose molecules have the same overall composition but different structures. structural isomers（结构异构体）: Compounds possessing the same formula but differing in the bonding arrangements of the atoms.

stereoisomers（立体异构体）: Compounds possessing the same formula and bonding arrangement but differing in the spatial arrangements of the atoms. linkage isomers（键合异构体）: Structural isomers of coordination compounds in which a ligand differs in its mode of attachment to a metal ion.

coordination-sphere isomers（配位氛异构体）: Structural isomers of coordination compounds in which the ligands within the coordination sphere differ. geometrical isomers（几何异构体）: Compounds with the same type and number of atoms and the same chemical bonds but different spatial arrangements of these atoms and bonds. optical isomers（光学异构体）: Stereoisomers in which the two forms of the compound are

non-superimposable mirror images.

enantiomers（手性分子）: Two mirror-image molecules of a chiral substance. The enantiomers are nonsuperimposable.

dextrorotatory（右旋性的）, or merely dextro or d: A term used to label a chiral molecule that rotates the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light to the right (clockwise).

levorotatory（左旋性）, or merely levo or l: A term used to label a chiral molecule that rotates the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light to the left (counterclockwise).

optically active（旋光的,起偏振转作用的）: Possessing the ability to rotate the plane of polarized light. racemic mixture（外消旋酸混合物）: A mixture of equal amounts of the dextrorotatory and levorotatory forms of a chiral molecule. A racemic mixture will not rotate polarized light.

24.4 Color and Magnetism

paramagnetism（顺磁性）: A property that a substance possesses if it contains one or more unpaired electrons.

A paramagnetic substance is drawn into a magnetic field.

24.5 Crystal-Field Theory

crystal-field theory（晶体场理论）: A theory that accounts for the colors and the magnetic and other properties of transition-metal complexes in terms of the splitting of the energies of metal ion d orbitals by the electrostatic interaction with the ligands. spectrochemical series（光化学序列）: A list of ligands arranged in order of their abilities to split the d-orbital energies (using the terminology of the crystal-field model).

系统功能语言学英汉对照术语表

系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 作者：翁素贤提供 转贴自：摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》 您要打印的文件是：系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 打印本文 系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表 ―――摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》 A Abitliy 能力 Actor 施动者 Addressee 受话者 Addresser 发话者 Agent 施事 Anaphoric 指前的 Antonym 反义词 Antonymy 反义意义 Autonomy 自治性 B Behavior 行为 Behavioral process 行为过程 Beneficiary 受益者 C Cataphoric 指后的 Categorical 绝对的 Categorization 范畴化 Central token 中心标志 Chain 链 Channel 渠道 Choice 选择 Clause 小句 Clause as theme 句项主位 Cleft sentence 分裂句 Closed system 封闭系统 Coclassisfication 相互区分

Coextension相互扩展Coherence连贯 Cohesion链接 Cohesive chain链接链Cohesive tie链接纽带Cohyponym共同下义词Collocation搭配Collocational chain搭配链Comeronym共同局部关系词Command命令 Comment述题 Competence（语言）能力Complementarity互补性Congruence一致性Conjunction连接，连词Consonant辅音 Consonant grammar协和语法Constructivism构建主义Context语境，上下文Context of culture文化语境Context of situation情境语境Continuity连续体Continuum连续体Conventional meaning常规意义Coocurrence同现Cooperative principle合作原则Coordination并列Coreference相互对应Correspondence对应 Critical linguistics批评语言学Cross-coupling交互匹配 D Decategorization非范畴化Declarative陈述的 Delicacy精密度 Dialect方言 Dialectal variety方言变体Diatypic variety功能变体Didactic教导性的 Direct speech act直接言语行为Discontinuity脱节，间断性Discourse话语 Discourse analysis话语分析

化学化工相关词汇整理

表2-1 中英文对照

CC

表8-1 中英文对照 常用玻璃仪器英文表示 adapter 接液管广口瓶air condenser 空气冷凝管beaker 烧杯boiling flask 烧瓶 boiling flask-3-neck 三口烧瓶burette clamp 滴定管夹 burette stand 滴定架台Busher funnel 布氏漏斗Claisen distilling head 减压蒸馏头 condenser-Allihn type 球型冷凝管 condenser-west tube 直型冷凝管

crucible tongs 坩埚钳 crucible with cover 带盖的坩埚distilling head 蒸馏头 distilling tube 蒸馏管 Erlenmeyer flask 锥型瓶evaporating dish (porcelain) 瓷蒸发皿filter flask(suction flask) 抽滤瓶florence flask 平底烧瓶fractionating column 分馏柱 Geiser burette (stopcock) 酸氏滴定管graduated cylinder 量筒 Hirsch funnel 赫氏漏斗 long-stem funnel 长颈漏斗medicine dropper 滴管 Mohr burette for use with pinchcock 碱氏滴定管 Mohr measuring pipette 量液管mortar 研钵 pestle 研杵 pinch clamp 弹簧节流夹 plastic squeeze bottle 塑料洗瓶reducing bush 大变小转换接头rubber pipette bulb 吸耳球 screw clamp 螺旋夹 separatory funnel 分液漏斗stemless funnel 无颈漏斗 test tube holder 试管夹 test tube 试管 Thiele melting point tube 提勒熔点管transfer pipette 移液管 tripod 三角架 volumetric flask 容量瓶 watch glass 表皿 wide-mouth bottle 广口瓶 【分享】有机物英语单词后缀表 有机物英语单词后缀表 -acetal 缩醇 acid 酸 -al 醛 alcohol 醇 -aldehyde 醛 -aldechydic acid 醛酸

中英文化工元件对照表.

流体设备相关英汉对照表 2008-11-14 13:55 1 管道组成件Piping component 1.1 管子Pipe 管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe 管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube 钢管steel pipe 铸铁管cast iron pipe 衬里管lined pipe 复合管clad pipe 碳钢管carbon steel pipe 合金钢管alloy steel pipe 不锈钢stainless steel pipe 奥氏体不锈钢管austenitic stainless steel pipe 铁合金钢管ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管wrought-iron pipe 无缝钢管seamless (SMLS) steel pipe 焊接钢管welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管electric-resistance welded steel pipe 电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe 镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe 热轧无缝钢管hot-rolling seamless pipe 冷拔无缝钢管cold-drawing seamless pipe 水煤气钢管water-gas steel pipe 塑料管plastic pipe 玻璃管glass tube 橡胶管rubber tube 直管run pipe; straight pipe 1.2 管件Fitting 弯头elbow 异径弯头reducing elbow 带支座弯头base elbow k半径弯头long radius elbow 短半径弯头short radius elbow 长半径180°弯头long radius return 短半径180°弯头short radius return 带侧向口的弯头（右向或左向）side outlet elbow (right hand or left hand)

化学英语单词汇总

LESSON11NEUTRALIZATION–ACIDSREACTWITHBASES 中和——酸碱反应 生词 neutralization [,nju:tr?lai'zei??n,li'z-] n.[化学]中和；[化学]中和作用；中立状态 Drano Drano是一个排水管清洁剂的品牌，主要成分是氢氧化钠。 《绯闻女孩》-YouarenotusingBlairassexualDrano. lye [lai] n.碱液vt.用碱液洗涤；sodalye：氢氧化钠 oven ['?v?n] n.炉，灶；烤炉，烤箱 Sodiumchloride chloride ['kl?:raid] n.氯化物 add [?d] vi.加； vinegar ['viniɡ?] n.醋 hydrochloric [,haidr?u'kl?rik] adj.氯化氢的，盐酸的 chapter ['t??pt?] n.章; recognize ['rek?ɡnaiz] vt.认出，识别；承认vi.确认，承认；具结 shortcut ['??:tk?t] n.捷径；被切短的东西；快捷键 -desktopshortcut：桌面快捷方式；桌面捷径 beneath [bi'ni:θ]prep.在…之下adv.在下方 literally ['lit?r?li] adv.照字面地；逐字地 coefficient [,k?ui'fi??nt] n.[数]系数；率；协同因素adj.合作的；共同作用的calcium ['k?lsi?m] n.[化学]钙 electriccharge n.电荷（等于charge，electricity）；电费 assimpleamanneraspossible attachedto 附属于；系于；爱慕 incontactwith 接触；与…有联系

英汉语言学词汇对照表

英汉语言学词汇对照表 abbreviation ablative abrupt accent accusative acoustic phonetics acquisition action verb active active chart parser active knowledge active verb actor-action-goal actualization acute address adequacy adjacency pair adjective adjunct adjunction adverb adverbial idiom affective affirmative affix affixation affricate agent agentive-action verb agglutinative agreement AI (artificial intelligence) AI language Algebraic Linguistics algorithm alienable alignment allo- allomorph allophone alpha notation alphabetic writing alternation 缩写[省略语 ] 夺格 (的) 突发音 口音 /{Phonetics} 重音 受格（的） 声学语音学 习得 动作动词 主动语态 活动图句法剖析程序 主动知识 主动动词 施事 (者)-动作 -目标 实现 (化) 锐音 地址 { 信息科学 }/ 称呼（语） { 语言学 } 妥善性 邻对 形容词 附加语[ 附加修饰语 ] 加接 副词 副词词组 影响的 肯定（的；式） 词缀 加缀 塞擦音 施事 施事动作动词 胶着（性） 对谐 人工智能[人工智能 ] 人工智能语言[人工智能语言 ] 代数语言学 算法[算法 ] 可分割的 对照 [多国语言文章词；词组；句子翻译的 ] 同位 - 同位语素 同位音位 alpha 标记 拼音文字 交替

有机化学常用词缀及单词

有机化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀 acetal 醛缩醇 acetal- 乙酰 acid 酸 -al 醛 alcohol 醇 -aldehyde 醛 alkali- 碱 allyl 烯丙基 [propenyl(丙烯基)] alkoxy- 烷氧基 -amide 酰胺 amino- 氨基的 -amidine 脒 -amine 胺 -ane 烷 anhydride 酐 anilino- 苯胺基 aquo- 含水的 -ase 酶 -ate 含氧酸的盐、酯 -atriyne 三炔 azo- 偶氮 benzene 苯 bi- 在盐类前表示酸式盐 bis- 双 -borane 硼烷 bromo- 溴 butyl 丁基 -carbinol 甲醇 carbonyl 羰基 -carboxylic acid 羧酸 centi- 10-2 chloro- 氯代 cis- 顺式 condensed 缩合的、冷凝的 cyclo- 环 deca- 十 deci 10-1 -dine 啶 dodeca- 十二

-ene 烯 epi- 表 epoxy- 环氧 -ester 酯 -ether 醚 ethoxy- 乙氧基 ethyl 乙基 fluoro- 氟代 form 仿 -glycol 二醇 hemi- 半 hendeca- 十一 hepta- 七 heptadeca- 十七 hexa- 六 hexadeca- 十六 -hydrin 醇 hydro- 氢或水 hydroxyl 羟基 hypo- 低级的，次 hyper- 高级的，高 -ic 酸的，高价金属 -ide 无氧酸的盐，酰替胺，酐-il 偶酰 -imine 亚胺 iodine 碘 iodo- 碘代 iso- 异，等，同 -ite 亚酸盐 keto- 酮 ketone 酮 -lactone 内酯 mega- 106 meta- 间，偏 methoxy- 甲氧基 methyl 甲基

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