How to Translate English for Science and Technology(EST) Materials
Contents
I.Brief introduction of EST translation
II.F eatures of EST in Vocabulary, Sentence, and Grammer and the specific translating methods
III.The conclusion
I.Brief introduction of EST translation
1.1 what is translation
Translation,essentially,is the faithful representation,in on language,of what is written or said in another language.(摘自钟述孔著，英汉翻译手册（增订版）)
1.2. Principles of Translation
The main principles of translation are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance which were first proposed by Y an Fu. The English for Science and Technology (EST) emphasizes particularly the principles of faithfulness and elegance.
1.3. The Characteristics of EST Translation
1.3.1The principle of EST Translation:
The translation target of EST is scientific documents. The scientific materials are characterized by preciseness. So EST translation is marked by objectivity, standardization, distinctive feature in literary form, regular syntax.
Objectivity means that the translator cannot change the original ideas, neglect the information or put own comments in the process of translation. He must translate the original into Chinese version accurately. standardization means that we should always use some professional
expressions like technical terms. As we know, newly created technical terms are pouring into English for science and technology. The accumulation of new words is quite important. The characteristics of EST will be discussed in following chapters.
1.3.2 The Characteristic V ocabulary of EST:
The most remarkable characteristic of EST is extensive use of technical terms. A great number of them come from the words used commonly in our daily life. But they have strict technical meaning in EST. EST borrows words in common use to explain the professional technical concepts.So during the translation we must pay attention to those common words.
1.4 The requirements for EST translator
1.4.1 lingustic prficiency: the translator must be good at both the English and Chinese. To cite a saying ― A good translator reads a foreign language but thinks in his own.‖ We have to bear always in mind that Chinese and English are two entirely diffenent languages, each having its own usage and idiom, its own grammar and stylistic devices,own cultural and social background.
1.4.2 encyclopedic knowledge: we all know that EST is different from generaly English for it has lots of technical terms, and relates to science and technology which is not familiar to us.Only when we have encyclopedic knowledge, can we fully understand the original material.
1.4.3 Having a konwledge about the features of EST Science material unlike essay ,narration,or any other kind of style has its own features, which we must bear in mind. Having a grasp of the features of EST will do good to EST translation.
II.Features of EST in V ocabulary,Sentence,and Grammer
The general features of EST is objective,accuracy,conciseness.In order to achieve such kind of features, there are some special devices such as general use of nominalization ,extensive use of the passive voice ,long and complicated sentences
,as well as more non-finite forms of verbs ,that we al should pay special attention during our translation.
2.1 Features of EST in V ocabulary,
2.1.1 As we have talked before some features of vocabulary before, now let us talk about the specific translation methods of EST vocabularies. Generally, there are two methods in the translation of EST vocabularies: literal translation and free translation. The literal translation includes transplant, transliteration and pictographic translation, etc. The free translation includes deduction, extension and explanation, etc.
2.1.2 General Use of Nominalization
Another striking feature of EST vocabulary is the gereral use of nominalation. Then, what is nominalizationn? In linguistics, nominalization is the use of a verb or an adjective as a noun, with or
without morphological transformation, so that the word can now act as the head of a noun phrase.
As we all know,English is static, and nouns are frequently used to replace verbs, while Chinese is dynamic, using more verbs in a single sentence.
Compared with general English, noun phrases are more frequently used in EST. This is because scientific literature contains more abstract concepts such as definitions, principles, laws, conclusions, etc., and manifold modification and restriction are required to elaborate these concepts or ideas. As the semantic meaning of a noun phrase that consists of several words is usually complicated, the translation should go beyond the surface structure.
There is a variety of nominalization ,for example:
a. Lexical nominalization
For example:
计算机在数据和信息处理中的应用
PC applications in data and information processing
声音识别设备
voice recognition equipment
b. Expanded Noun Premodifiers
水泵阀
例：water pump valve
3. 1) verb-noun
The paper analyzes the problem and solves it.
The paper gives an analysis of the problem and offers a solution.
2)adjective-noun
It is doubtful how accurate the results are.
The accuracy of these results is doubtful.
3) sentence-noun
Thus, we should have specific methods of translating in terms of differend kinds of https://www.doczj.com/doc/f610205512.html,ually ,we have some methods,as follows:
1.translate Nominalization into verb
All substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough.
只要有足够的电位差，电流便可通过任何物体。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
电视通过无线电波发射和接收活动物体的图像。
2.translat Nominalization into V-O constructure
As a small-scale illustration of the artificial modification of physical weather processes, take the frost prevention in an orchard.
对天气的物理过程进行人工影响‖。此句译为：我们可举果园中防
霜作为说明对天气的物理过程进行小尺度人工影响的例子。
3.translate Nominalization into independent –clause
The slightly porous nature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to be colored with either organic or inorganic dyes
氧化膜表面具有轻微的渗透性，因此可以用有机或无极颜料着色。
2.2 How to translate Passive V oice
Probably one-third of the verbs in EST writings are in the passive voice. The tense of these passive verbs is the Present Simple or the verb is used with modals.Scientists and engineers use the passive much more frequently than most other writers.
2.2.1 Why does the passive most ferquently occur in EST
First,it is clearer in meaning.Since scientists are more interested in action and facts than the actors and,many references to people are unnecessary and confusing.Second ,it allows scientists to introduce the most inportant information at the beginning. Third, passive sentences are usually shorter and more concese than acctive ones.
2.2.2 The function of the passive voice
a.Stating rules or general principles.Examples:
All matter is made up of atoms
b.Describing procedures.Examples:
c.Passive infinitive is particularly used for reporting news and expressing simple statement of fact.Examples:
The new factory is said to be opened next month
d.The passive with modals is particularly common in written instructions,warnings and notices.Examples:
All library books should be returned by the end of June.
2.2.3 The specific methods
a.Change to Active V oice in Chinese V ersion
<1>. The Original Subject Unchanged
Sometimes, in English-Chinese translation of EST, the Chinese verbs can express the passive voice without using the passive structure and the subject of the original sentence will be unchanged in Chinese version.
E.g.:
(1)The same mould can be used over and over again.
同一模具能够反复（被）使用许多次。
(2) The water pollution should be paid attention to.
水污染问题应予以重视。
(3) The world health organization estimates that 1.7 billion people are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 世界卫生组织估计有17亿人感染上了肺结核。
b.Changing Original Subject into Object
In some cases, the passive sentences should be changed into the active voice in Chinese version to make it readable in Chinese. The subject of
the original sentence is changed to the object in the translated text. The agent (the performer of the action), prepositional phrase as adverbial modifier and other phrases in the original sentence will be translated into the subject accordingly. E.g.:
(1) Three-phase current should be used for large motors.
大型电动机应当使用三相交流电。（将状语译为主语，原句主语译为宾语）
(2) In chemistry, symbols are used represent elements.
化学用符号代表元素。
c. Adding a Proper Subject to Make the Chinese V ersion Smooth Some Chinese verbs cannot be properly used in the passive voice. In this case, the subject of the original sentence is changed to the object of the translated sentence with added subject. E.g.
(1) Bulb is known to be sometimes filled with an inert gas.
大家都知道灯泡有时会充入惰性气体。（增译泛指主语）
(2) Gases are frequently regarded as compressible, liquid as incompressible.
人们通常认为气体是可以压缩的，而其体则不可以压缩。
d. The Passive Structure Converted Into the Sentence with No Subject The original subject is changed to the object in the translated version. and there is no subject in the translated sentenc
e. E.g.:
The quality of heat which is radiated must be determined.
必须确定辐射出的热量。（译成无主语）
e. The Passive Structure Remaining Unchanged
In this conversion, there are two circumstances:
First, in order to emphasize the original passive meaning, the original passive sentence will keep its passive voice in Chinese version. We should add some words which carry passive meaning, such as “被”“受”“得到”“以”“加以”“予以”“为…所…”and so on.
E.g.:
Not everything in wastewater is trouble, and thus is not removed.
废水中的物质不全是有害的。因而也不会全部被清除掉。E.g. Attention must be paid to environmental protection in developing economy.
发展经济必须注意保护环境。
f.Sentence in form of ―It … that…‖
This is particular sentence structure used commonly in EST, which became the remarkable characteristic in the comparison with other kinds of English languages. It can be foreseen that…(可以预料出…), it cannot be denied that…(不可否认…). This kind of sentence could be translated into无人称或不定人称active sentence. E.g.
It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.
看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的。
g.sentence can be translated into “…的是…”或“…是…的”句式E.g.
Most scientists believe that crude oil is formed by the decomposed remains of billions of tiny plants and animals which lived in the sea millions or hundreds of millions of years ago.
多数科学家相信，石油是由数亿年前亿万个生活在海洋里的微小动植物遗体的分解物形成的。
2.3 How to translate Long and Complicated Sentences
2.3.1 Extensive Use of Long and Complicated Sentence in EST When dealing with the complex concepts, the long and complicated sentences are used more frequently in EST than the general English. This is decided on the characteristics of EST. Because, the EST’s target is to state a logic and describe an process. The definition, laws, theorems, concepts or the techniques in EST must be accurate and precise. So the sentence in EST has many modifiers, qualifiers and additional elements. This makes the sentence long and complicated.
2.3.2 specific methods
a. The prerequisites for correct handling of long and complicated sentences in English-chinese translation lie in the correct comprehension of the logic and structure of the original sentences.
b.subordination(分清主从法)
Subordination,the method of differentiating,and handling,of the
principal and subordinate parts of a complex sentence in the process of translation, is essential to achieveing adequacy in translation.The diffenentiation and correct handling of the principal and subordinate parts is very important in English-Chinese translation.
Subordination is essential to comprehension and representation
E.g.
―Where weight is the major consideration,aluminium is used.A material's ability to conduct electricity slaso depends on its dimensions‖In translating these two sentences,one should pay attention to the relationship between them.The sentences should be rendered into ―凡是在重量是最要考虑因素的场合，就要用铝。这是因为材料导电的能力还取决于材料的尺寸。”
In Chinese the principal part of the sentence should normally be placed after the subordinate part.
E.g.
There is air all round us though we cannot see it with the naked eye.‖should preferably be rendered into ―虽然我们用肉眼看不见空气，但我们的周围到处都是空气。”
C．Division
Division ,as a translation technique, means the necessary splitting of a long sentence into shorter sentences.
To split a sentence at will is definitely a mistake in translation.But that
does not mean splitting the sentence is absolutely impermissible.Before we split sentences,we shoulde know (a)what the author is driving at (b) what his arguments or views are and what logic sequence there is in the original (c) what grammatical relations there are regarding the three ,four,five or even more modifiers in the long sentence to be translated.
There are a few rules to observe:
1.When the long sentence includes or implies the author's two or
more steps of reasoning,or his arrangement of facts in acertain
order
2.when the modifiers qualifying the subject are too long,generally
speaking,these sentences can be properly rendered into Chinese
by employing the techniques of division,amplification,and
conversion.
3.when a clause in a long sentence functions ,in effect,as a
transition to what is to follow.
E.g. The difficulties that(1) would have to be encountered by anyone
who(2) attempted to explore the moon —assuming that(3) it was possible to get there — would(4) be incomparably greater than (5)
those that (6)have to be faced in the endeavor to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
任何试图探索月球奥秘的人──假定他们可能到达那里的话─—
可能遇到的困难远非攀登珠穆朗玛主峰时遇到的困难所能比拟。In the course of designing a structure, you have to take into consideration what kind of load to above mentioned structure would be subjected, where on the structure the said load will do, what is expected or applied by degrees.
在设计建筑物时，必须考虑到建筑物将承受什么样的荷载，在建筑物的什么地方荷载将起作用，以及这荷载是徒然是假的，还是逐渐施加的。
III.conclusion
The translation of English for science and technology is quite a challenge for learners of English.However,if we grasp some translation method and practice a lot, we should be confident that we can be a qualified EST translator.
Reference
（1）<<科技英语翻译技巧》严俊仁编著
（2）professeur Wan 's PPT
1.请保持低调：please keep a low profile. 【点评】牛人在做事情上毫不含糊，但是在做人上总是非常谦和。所以当你下次看到你的朋友为了一点点小事而沾沾自喜、自鸣得意的时候，你可以对ta脱口而出这句话。profile可作“姿态”之意，low profile就是“低姿态”；而high profile则是“高姿态、高调”的意思。 2.我要续杯：I would like a refill. 【点评】“续杯”在当代生活中很多场景都适用。你知道吗，麦当劳的咖啡是可以续杯的。
3.我腿麻了：I can't feel my legs. 【点评】一个姿势坐久了，腿就发麻，“麻”这个字还真难翻，但是我们另辟蹊径，翻译成“无法感知”就OK啦。如果手麻了，就是I can’t feel my hands.
4.我去哄哄她开心：I am going to distract her. 【点评】哄某人开心，就是转移ta的注意力，从一件不爽的事情转移到开心的事情，其本质就是“distract”，下次会用了吗？ 5.好评如潮：They are all well received. 【点评】这里千万别说成good comments are like tide…。还得懂得转化，如潮的好评并不是“像潮水一般”，而是“很好地被接收”，所以，…is well received就很好理解了不是？想学习更多英语知识，请关注口袋英语aikoudaiyy
6.我要梳理一下我的思路：I have to organize my thoughts. 【点评】当一个人大喜大悲不够理智的时候，思绪总是混乱的，要想恢复理智的状态，就要理理思路。或者，当你想“静静”的时候，也可以用上这句话。
立志英语演讲稿 立志英语演讲稿 第一篇： 立志主题英语演讲稿 ladies and gentlemen , good afternoon! i?m ver glad to stand here and give ou a short speeh. toda m topi is “outh”. i hope ou ill like it , and found the importane in our outh so that more herish it. first i ant to ask ou some questions: 1、do ou kno hat is outh? 2、ho do ou master our outh? outh outh is not a time of life, it is a state of mind ; it is not ros heeks , red lips and supple knees, it is a matter of the emotions : it is the freshness ; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life . outh means a temperamental predominane of ourage over timidit of the appetite , for adventure over the love of ease. this often exists in a man of 60 more than a bo of 20 . nobod gros old merel b a number of ears . e gro old b deserting our ideals.
dream英语演讲稿 Hello everyone! it is my great pleasure to share my dream with you today. My dream is to become a teacher. You know being a teacher is a thing that is very valuable and very interesting. i suggest that it must be a great fun to be with children all the day. and if i am a teacher, i can teach my students a lot of knowledge. they might become stronger and cleverer because of me. that is a very contented feeling. China is a developing country. chinese are not that excellent in their intellegent. so teachers in china might be very very important. they can provide the society with a lot of successful people, and make china a better place. Do you think that i have a good dream? i will work hard to make my dream become true! Thanks! s(“content_relate”);【dream英语演讲稿】
培养学生运用英语做事的习惯 在的英语学习和英语教学工作中，我觉得要学好英语，必须要培养自主创造力，但要培养创造力首先就是要培养的思维能力。著名教育家苏霍姆林斯基曾经过说过：“真正的学校是一个积极思考的王国。”可见，有效地利用多种途径和方法来启发学生的思维，促进学生智慧的发展，是目前构成课堂教学技巧的重要组成部分。并且对于培养学生更好的运用英语的语言能力及表达能力，以便将来在生活中灵活的应用，通过学习和实践，我对启发式教学有了一定的认识和体会： 一、启发 启发式教学是指教师在教学过程中根据教学任务和学习的客观规律，从学生的实际出发，采用多种方式，以启发学生的思维为核心，调动学生的学习主动性和积极性，促使他们生动活泼的学习的一种指导思想。教学启发方法与技巧思想及实践中外教育史上是源远流长的。 在我国，孔子启发教育的涵义是：教导学生，不到他想弄明白而又弄不明白的时候，不去启示他的思路：不到他想说而又说不出来的时候，不去开导他的表述。 德国民主主义教育第斯多惠认为“教育就是引导”，要调动学生的主动性。这是启发性教学的首要原理，也是教学成功的基础和标志，“教师只有在起引导作用时，才能在教学过程中发展儿童的主动性。”他建议：教学要启发学生的智力，使他们能够“探求、考虑、判断、发现。”他的名言是：“不好的教师是传授真理，好的教师是教学生去发现真理。” 通过学习发现，优秀教师教学总是注重启发诱导学生，使之明事理。引导学生而不牵着学生走；鼓励学生而不强迫学生走；启发学生而不代替学生。师生融洽，学习愉快，又能独立思考，这就叫做善于自发诱导。 综上所述，可见启发式教学在英语教学中发挥着多么重要的作用。教师充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性，遵循教学的客观规律，以高超精湛的技艺适时巧妙地启迪、诱导学生去学习，帮助他们学会动脑筋思考和语言表达，生动活泼、轻松愉快地获得发展。 二、启发教学的原则与要求
标志词巧解语法和改错 标志词 1. 逗号 在语法填空中，逗号隔开一个词；如果有提示词 , 提示词是 adj ，则填这个词的副词形式，大多加 ly ；如果提示词是 v, 则填写它的非谓语形式。 如果无提示词，则优先考虑 however ,therefore, 其次考虑 moreover ，otherwise 。 例： Luckily (luck), he escaped from the fire. Unfortunately (unfortunate) ， he fell off the bike. He earned a lot of money , however, he was addicted in the drug. 标志词 2. one of one of 之后若有形容词，一定要用最高级形式；若之后出现名词，则用复数形式；若既有名词又有形容词，则先填最高级，再填复数名词，最高级之前要加 the 例： The house is one of the cheapest (cheap) houses in the area. 标志词 3. when 与 while( 时间状语从句） when 之后一般要用过去式， while 之后一般要用过去进行时。 例： When I got home, my mother was cooking dinner. While my mother was cooking dinner, I entered the kitchen. 标志词 4. by 语法填空里，空格之后有“by” ” ，则空格里考虑填“be + 动词的过去分词”, 但是如果前面已经有了谓语动词，则空格里直接用“ 过去
【关键字】历史、英语、情况、环节、成绩、地方、问题、继续、充分、整体、合理、健康、发展、建立、发现、掌握、研究、突出、情绪、信心、信念、理想、思想、力量、工程、资源、能力、特色、标准、结构、力度、设置、吸引、培育、把握、丰富、鼓励、解决、实现、规范、不放弃、中心 英语演讲稿：内蒙古 篇一：英语演讲比赛时间 一、演讲比赛规则 1、参赛选手出场顺序按抽签决定，从小号到大号依次参加比赛。 2、成绩计算：评 委成绩中去掉一个最高分和一个最低分后的平均分为参赛选手的最终成绩。 3、参赛选手的最终成绩，从高分到低分依次排列名次，确定获奖等次。 二、英语演讲比赛评分标准按演讲内容、语言表达、流利程度、演讲技巧、仪表形象、时间把握、综合印象等七部分进行评分，满分为100分。演讲内容：15分。紧扣主题、充实生动、积极向上语言表达：20分。语言规范，口齿清楚。发音标准，语调自然流利程度：15分。脱稿演讲，口语自然流畅 演讲技巧：20分。表达生动，体态语言和表演技巧运用贴切仪表形象：10分。衣着 整洁得体，仪表大方 时间把握：10分。时间把握准确到位，时间控制在4-6
分钟综合印象：10分。由评 委根据演讲选手的临场表现作出整体评价 三、奖项设置 一等奖一名；二等奖二名；三等奖三名。四、评分表篇二：英语演讲比赛评分标准英语演讲比赛评分标准满分为10分。评分标准为以下五个方面： 一、语言能力及应用（满分4分） a. 语音语调标准，口齿清楚，语句流畅，用词正确，无明显语法错误，显示较强的语言 功底，记满分4分。 b. 发音有个别错误，语句偶尔有阻碍，或个别用词不当，或个别语法错误，得分在2-3 分之间。 c. 整体语言表达能力一般，或有一些词汇错误或语法错误，得分在1-2分之间。 二、演讲内容（满分2分） a. 演讲内容有较强的思想性、逻辑性和感染力，层次分明，引人入胜，记满分2分 b. 思想性较弱，逻辑性不强，或虽有一定思想性，但缺乏表现力度和深度，得分在1-1.5 分之间。 c. 整体演讲内容空洞，缺乏条理，逻辑性不强，得分不超过1分。
Dream梦想 Everyone have dreams, which are everybody yearning. The man who without dreams 每个人都有梦想，它是人人所渴望的。没有梦想的人 in his life will be empty, but dreams always be changing as your thought go forward. 的人生将是空白的，但梦想总是随着你思想的前进而改变的。 When I was in primary school, I had a dream. I hoped that I would have 当我小学时，我有一个梦想。我希望将来有一天可以没有 little homework in a day.But we had less and less time to play and we were imprisoned 太多作业。可玩耍的时间变得越来越少， in the classroom 1/3 in our day. so many time on study! 而我们一天中的三分之一被禁锢在教室, 太多时间在学习上。 And till I come to the junior high school, I had a dream, 直到我上初中我有一个梦想， I hope I can become a good student, I can be sure by teachers at school; 我希望自己能成为一个好学生；在学校能受到老师们的肯定； and I can have a outstanding performance among the classmates . 在同学之间能有出众的表现。 So shortly afterwards, I had learned to struggle，I worked hard, every day，所以不久后，我学会了奋斗，我会努力，每一天。 I got up early and went to bed late, grasp myself and never lighten up. 我都在为了梦想而起早赶晚，把握自己不再松散。 All day，all the time, I am searching hardly. With the dream, 每一天，甚至每一刻，我都苦苦探索。有了梦想， chase turned up, with the goal, power turned up. 也就有了追求；有了目标，就有了动力。
做事先做人的英文谚语 导读：本文是关于做事先做人的英文谚语，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 1、言者无罪，闻者足戒。 The speaker is innocent, the hearer is admonished. 2、穷则独善其身，达则兼善天下。 Poverty is good for itself, while attainment is good for the world. 3、批评别人要诚恳，听取意见要虚心。 Be sincere in criticizing others and modest in listening to their opinions. 4、力是压大的，胆是吓大的。 Force is strong, courage is frightening. 5、大路有草行人踩，心术不正旁人说。 The road is trampled by grass pedestrians and others say that their mind is not right. 6、君子动口，小人动手。 A gentleman talks and a villain acts. 7、小时偷针，大了偷金。 Stealing needles in an hour is bigger than stealing gold. 8、百闻不如一见，百见不如一干。
Seeing is better than hearing, doing is better than seeing. 9、打人两日忧，骂人三日羞。 Two days to worry about beating people, three days to shame cursing people. 10、君子和而不同，小人同而不和。 Gentlemen differ from each other, and villains differ from each other. 11、奔车之上无仲尼，覆舟之下无伯夷。 There is no Zhongni above the car and no Boyi below the boat. 12、过而不改，是谓过矣。 It's too late to change. 13、宁可玉碎，不能瓦全。 It's better to break a piece of jade than to finish it. 14、二人同心，其利断金。 The two of them are united, and their profits are cut off. 15、敬老得老，敬禾得宝。 Respect for old age, reverence for grains, reverence for treasure. 16、吃亏人常在，占便宜死得快。 Losers are always there and die quickly. 17、鸟惜羽毛虎惜皮，为人处世惜脸皮。
Independence Day 独立日总统战前演讲 G ood morning.In less than an hour, 早上好还有不到一小时的时间 aircrafts from here will join others from around the world. 这里的战机就将起飞去与来自世界其他地方的伙伴们会合 And you will be launching the largest aerial battle in the history of mankind. 而一场前所未有的宏大空战也将因你们而被永久镌刻在人类历史之上Mankind - the word should hold new meaning for all of us today. 人类——对于我们所有人而言这个词将从今天开始有了它新的意味。 We can't be consumed by our petty differences anymore. 我们将不会再因我们之间那些渺小的差异而自起干戈 We will be united in our common interest. 我们将为我们共同的利益而团结起来 Perhaps it's fate that today is the 4th of July, 七月四日，也许这就是宿命 and you will be once again be fighting for our freedom. 你们将再一次为了我们的自由而战 Not from tyrrany, oppression or persecution. 而这一回，我们面对的不是暴政，压迫，或迫害 But from annihilation. 而是攸关整个人类的生死存亡 We are fighting for our right to live. To exist. 我们将为我们的生存权我们的存续权而战 And should we win the day, 如果我们在今天凯旋 the 4th of July will no longer be known as an American holiday. 那七月四日将不再只被认为是美国的节日 For today is the day the world declare in one voice 'We will not go quietly into the night!而将成为全人类以一个共同声音来宣誓的伟大一天。他们将喊道：“我们不愿坐以待毙We're not going to vanish without a fight. 我们不能不战而亡 We're going to live on. We're going to survive. 我们要活下去我们会活下去 Today we celebrate our Independence Day! 今天，我们庆祝的是全人类的独立日 XTU一点点贡献
英语演讲稿开头：My dream 演讲稿频道为大家整理的《英语演讲稿开头：My dream》，希望大家喜欢。 更多相关内容请参考以下链接： 竞聘演讲稿国旗下演讲稿建党节演讲稿八一建军节演讲稿师德师风演讲稿三分钟演讲稿 I enter tile university after years of hardstudy and preparation(准备). But life in the university is not as satisfactory(满意) as what I had expected. I become lazy and don’t want to study.I become silcent. I become puzzled. I don’t know what I can do in the future. Then I become unhappy. Four years in the university is only a short period when compared my whole lifetime. Now it has passed a half. In this year, many people ,such as my parents,my friends, ask me what I want to do and tell me to map out a plan for my life. I don’t want to follow their suggestion, and I want to go my style. So I think carefully. I have been a young volunteer(志愿者) for five years.It’s very happy and significant. Then I have a dream.I want to join the
What are you trying to say?（你到底想说什么？） Don't be silly.（别胡闹了。） How strong are your glasses?（你近视多少度？） Just because.（没有别的原因。） It isn't the way I hoped it would be.（这不是我所盼望的。） You will never guess.（你永远猜不到。） No one could do anything about it.（众人对此束手无措。） I saw something deeply disturbing.（深感事情不妙。） Money is a good servant but a bad master.（要做金钱的主人，莫做金钱的奴隶。） I am not available.（我正忙着）Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.(脑中的知识比手中的金钱更重要） Never say die.it's a piece of cake.别泄气，那只是小菜一碟。 Don't worry.you'll get use to it soon.别担心，很快你就会习惯的。 I konw how you feel.我明白你的感受。 You win some.you lose some.胜败乃兵家常事。 Don't bury your head in the sand.不要逃避现实。 I didn't expect you to such a good job.我没想到你干得这么好。 You are coming alone well.你做得挺顺利。 She is well-build.她的身材真棒。You look neat and fresh.你看起来很清纯。 You have a beautiful personality.你的气质很好。 You flatter me immensely.你过奖啦。You should be slow to judge others.你不应该随意评论别人。 I hope you will excuse me if i make any mistake.如有任何错误，请你原谅It was most careless ofme.我太粗心了。 It was quite by accident.真是始料不及。 I wish i had all the time i'd ever wasted,so i could waste it all over again.我希望所有被我浪费的时间重新回来，让我再浪费一遍。 I like you the way you were.我喜欢你以前的样子。 You two go ahead to the movie without me,i don't want to be a third wheel.你们两个自己去看电影吧，我不想当电灯泡。 Do you have anyone in mind?你有心上人吗？ How long have you known her？你认识她多久了？ It was love at frist sight.一见钟情 I'd bettle hit the books.我要复习功课啦。 a piece of one's mind .直言不讳 He gave me a piece of mind,"Don't shift responsibility onto others."他责备道：“不要把责任推卸到别人身上。” a cat and dog life水火不容的生活The husband and his wife are always quarrelling,and they are leading a cat and dog life.这对夫妇老是吵架，相互之间水火不容。 a dog's life潦倒的生活 The man lived a dog's life.这个人生活潦倒。 A to Z从头至尾 I know that from A to Z. 我很了解这件事。 above somebody深奥 Well,this sort of talk is above me.我不懂你们在讲什么。 all ears 全神贯注地倾听着 When you tell Mary some gossip,she is all ears.跟Mary讲一些小道消息，她会听地仔仔细细。
英语听力的十大类标志词 1．级标志词 形容词、副词级、most / chief / primary / main / leading / …… 2．级标志词 only / unique / prefer / every / one / of all / perfect / …… 3．因果项标志词 cause / lead to / contribute to / thanks to / owing to / question / answer / why / reason / 其他形式的问句/ …… 4．转则项关键词 despite / in spite of / instead / while / from ~ to ~ / although ~ （yet）~ / not only ~ but also ~ / …… 5．序数项标志词 所有的序数词（first , second）/ another / the other / next / last / in addition / on the other hand / …… 6．时间项标志词 when / how / today / as / before / after / since / then / until / …… 7．解释项标志词 or / namely / in other words / that is / that is to say / …… 8．目的项标志词
to / for / …… 9．总结项标志词 all in all / in brief / to conclude / at last / in summary / in short / …… 10．强调项标志词 副词：especially / particularly / almost / always / usually / …… 动词：show / remember / note / notice / say / pronounce / ……
Unbroken(坚不可摧) You can’t connect the dots looking forward, you can only connect them looking backwards. 你无法把点滴与未来联系，这能通过回顾才能看见 So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. 所以你必须相信过去的点滴能串联未来 You have to trust in something: your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. 你必须有信念，不管那是你的胆识，命运，人生，还是因果报应。 Because believing that the dots will connect down the road, will give you the confidence to follow your heart, even when it lead you off the well worn path. And that will make all the difference. 因为把过去点滴串联起来，才能有信念忠于自我，即使你的选择和别人的不一样，这会使你与众不同 Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. 你的时间是有限的，不要浪费在其他人的生命中。 Don’t be trapped by dogma,which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. 别受教条约束，别活在其他人对你的期望之中， Don’t let the noise of others’opinions drown out your own inner voice.You’ve got to find what you love. 别让批评抹掉了你内心的声音，你得找到你所爱的东西 And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. 包括你热爱的事业和你的伴侣 Your work is going to fill a large part of your life and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. 你的工作占据了你的大量时间，相信你做的工作是对的，才能发自内心的得到满足 And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. 只有爱你所做的事业才能成就不凡 If you haven’t found it yet,keep looking, and don’t settle. 如果你还没有找到，继续找，别安逸下来 Have the courage to follow your heart and intuition, they somehow already know what you truly want to become. 有勇气顺才自己的心和直觉，你的内心早晚就知道你未来的梦想 You’re going to have some ups and you’re goning to have some downs. 但是你不可能一路顺遂
初中英语演讲稿： My Dream when i was in school, my teacher asked me what i want to be in the future, i had no idea at the time, because i didn’t think about the question before, now i have my dream, i have figured out what i want to be in the future, i want to be a teacher. this is my future ideal career, being a teacher not only fulfills myself, i also can implant my knowledge to my students. when i look at my teachers, i adore them so much, they learn so much knowledge, they can help us learn better, whenever we have questions, they can answer us immediately. i want to be one of them when i grow up, so i must study hard now. 当我上学的时候，我的老师问我你将来想成为什么样的人，那时候我还不知道怎么回答，因为我从来没有想个这个问题，现在我有自己的理想，弄清楚自己将来想成为什么，我想要成为一名老师。这是我将来理想的职业，成为一名教师不仅能充实我自己，我也可以把我的知识灌输给我的学生。当我看着我的老师时，我很崇拜他们，他们学习了很多的知识，帮助我们更好地学习，无论我们什么时候提出疑问，他们可以立刻回答。当我长大后我想要成为他们中的一员，因此我必须要努力学习。 最佳励志演讲稿：dream 全国英语演讲比赛冠军演讲稿：Our Future: A Battle between dreams and Reality 英语演讲稿：have a good dream 高中英语演讲稿3分钟：i have a dream 英语演讲稿：Everyone has a dream 大学生英语演讲稿获奖范文：Breathing with dreams 英语演讲稿： something about dreams and reality 初中英语演讲稿 My dream 英语演讲稿：i have a dream today 英语演讲稿：WHiTE dREAM
能用英语做事情之目的教学方式 一、引言 英语课程标准是教师在基础教育阶段执行英语学科教学的纲领性文件。从新中国成立至今,我国基础教育英语课程改革已经进行了多次,最近一次从20XX年开始的基础教育课程改革算起,也已历经十余年。在此期间,各地中小学的英语教学取得了一定的成绩,但同时广大教师和学者对各种版本的英语课程标准的理解和解读争议不断,有时争议还十分激烈。依据笔者研读和观察发现,争议的焦点大多集中在英语课程的目的和方法这两方面,教育目的、教学[ 第一论文]目的、课程目的经常被混为一谈,英语教学存在目的不清、方法单一的现象,只提倡“做中学”。英语教师对语言本质的认识影响着语言教育模式,而执行和理解英语课程标准更是直接关系到如何实施课堂教学。目前针对基础教育阶段的英语课程标准主要有20XX年出版的《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准(实验稿)》、20XX年出版的《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》和20XX年出版的《义务教育英语课程标准(20XX年版)》,为叙述方便,以上分别称为《课标》(20XX、20XX、20XX)。三个《课标》力图实现目的多元化、方法多样化,使学生掌握英语的基础知识和基本技能(“双基”),这是值得肯定的。本文通过对“目的”的界定和英语教育目的历史的回顾,对用语言做事的方法进行探讨,指出教育目的是课程标准规定的总目标,用英语做事情是课程目的,教学目的要聚焦语言本身。为实现语言“双基”的教学目的,教师要正确区分教育目的、课程目的和教学目的,深入研究能用英语做事情的本质特征。落实语言“双基”的教学在某种意义上也是用语言做事,是实现英语教学目的的有效途径。 二、教育目的、教学目的和课程目的 我们探讨外语教育首先要明确教育、教学和课程的基本含义和相互关系。广义的教育指以影响人的身心发展为直接目的的社会活动,狭义的教育指由专职人员和专门机构进行的学校教育。可以说,教育随社会的产生而产生,是作为个体的人与社会发展必不可少的手段,为一切社会所必需,又随社会的进步而发展;受社会政治、经济、文化等方面的制约,也对社会整体及其诸多方面产生影响;教育还受制于个体的身心发展规律;社会主义社会的教育是建设社会主义和促进个人全面发展强有力的工具。教学指学校工作中由教师的教和学生的学共同组成的活通过教;是学校的中心工作,是学校进行智育、德育、美育和体育的主要途径,动．学,学生在教师有目的、有计划和有组织的指导下,积极、主动地掌握系统的文化、科学、技术等各类知识和技能,发展智力和体力、独立学习和创造的能力,陶冶性情和审美情趣,形成良好的思想品德(辞海编辑委员会,1999:4176、4177)。教育本身就包括教学,而外语教育可以解释为与外语相关的一切社会和教学活动,其中始终渗透着中外文化价值观的学习和民族身份感的树立。在实践中,外语教育和外语教学经常被混用,因为这两个概念的内涵不同,就容易在教育目的和教学目的理解和解读方面出现误解和误读。关于课程和教学的概念,张传燧和纪国和
一般现在时标志词： every day, evry Sunday, often, always, usually, sometimes , on Sundays, on weekdays等等。 一般过去时标志词： ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/year/night/month..., in 1989, just now, at the age of , one day, ago, long ago, once upon a time,（从前，很久 以前）then(那时), on that day（在那天）, 一般将来时标志词： soon, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow（后天），this evening/afternoon/year before long(不久以后），next year/month/week/summer，in the future, some day(将来的 某一天) ，in two weeks/days/years 现在进行时标志词： now. Look. Listen. these days ，at that time. at that moment. this time ，yesterday evening 过去进行时标志词： at that time. at that moment. this time yesterday evening等；或者与when, while, as引导 的过去时间状语连用。 现在完成时标志词： already（用于肯定句）, yet（用于否定，疑问句）, just, before, recently, still, lately, never, ever, never, twice, on several occasion, in the past few days/weeks/months/years, (up to)these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, up to present, so far, up to now, till now, since+时间 过去完成时标志词： by, by the time (of), by the end of + 过去时间； when. before. after…….+过去时间； up till then (直到时); up until last night(直 到昨晚）等； already, just, ever, yet 等。 过去将来时标志词: the following month (week…), the next time/ Friday/ term/ month
奔跑吧兄弟在联合国英文演讲—中英文版 李晨、陈赫——（经济实用的清洁能源） 李晨 Hello everyone，good evening．I'm Li Chen． 大家晚上好，我是李晨 陈赫 I'm Chen He．Good evening． 我是陈赫，晚上好 李晨 Before we began our speech today ，we would like you to first watch this video．在我们开始今天的演讲之前,我们希望你先看这个视频。 This is Baffin Island Canada．A polar bear is walking to us． 这是加拿大巴芬岛。一只北极熊正在向我们走来. He's looking for food，but there is nothing for him except a dry bone． 他正在寻找食物，但是除了一块干骨头外，什么都没有 The polar bear is helpless．He has no choice but to wait for death． 这只北极熊很无助，他别无选择,只能等待死亡。 We stood there crying filming with tears rolling down our face． 我们站在那里哭，每个人的脸上都是泪水 陈赫 Climate change caused by human activities threatens all beings on earth and future of our planet． 人类活动引起的气候变化威胁着地球上所有的生物和我们的地球的未来。 The clock is ticking！ 时间紧迫! The sustainable development goal number 13 Climate Action calls on everyone of us to take urgent action against climate change and its impacts． 可持续发展13号气候行动目标，就是为了呼吁我们每个人都采取紧急行动，对抗气候变化及其影