大学英语语法汇总
一、名词
（一）以S结尾的名词做主语的主谓一致
1、以s结尾的疾病和游戏
arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,measles,mumps,diabetes,darts,marbles做主语时谓语动词应使用单数形式。例：Arthritis causes pain in the joints.
特殊情况：有一些疾病/游戏名词作谓语动词可单可复：measles,rickets
Cards做主语动词用复数；darts,marbles指游戏使用的具体的镖和弹子意义时，谓语动词marbles 可单可复，darts用复数形式。
例：Measles always cccur/occurs among kids.
Nine darts are thrown at each turn.
2、以s结尾的学科名称
physics,mathematics,optics,acoustics,politics,athletics,tactics,linguistics,etc做主语时谓语动词使用单数。
例：Mathematics is always a headache for girls.
Politics always attracts boys.
特殊情况：如果这些词并不是只带“学科”等意义，谓语动词便可做复数使用。例如，mathematics 运算能力,athletic体育运动,acoustics音响效果,tactics策略,economics经济学意义。
例:The acoustics in Bon Jovi’s Tulsa concert were beyond criticism last spring.
3、以s结尾的地理名称
The States,the united states,the Netherlands,the Philippines,the United Arab Emirates,the United Nation做主语时，谓语动词使用单数。
例：The Netherlands is a Euroupean country.The Sates is a developed country
特殊情况：如果主语是群岛archipelago,山脉mountains,海峡straits,瀑布waterfalls,运动会games等，谓语动词则使用复数。
例：The Nansha Islands (The Spratly Islands)are integral part of China.
The Wuyi mountains are picturesque.
The Olympic Games are held every four years.
4、其他以S结尾的名词
（1）成双成对出现的名词做主语时：例如jeans,compasses(圆规）
scissors,pincers,glasses,pants,shorts,trousers,slacks,suspenders等谓语动词使用复数.例：The slacks are so completeful.The Hengdali glasses are so pricey.但是加上单位词则使用单数。
例：One pair of glasses is far from enough when you travel abroad.
（2）英语中还有一些以s结尾的名词，如
archives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,firecrackers,goods,morals,thanks等，谓语动词使用复数。
例：The firecrackers are so loud.Many thanks go to my wife and her floks.
（3）Ings结尾的名词谓语动词一般使用复数。如，
clippings,diggings,earnings,fillings,sweepings,etc
例：His earnings are pretty good.
特殊情况：tidings(旧）做主语时谓语动词可单可复。
例Good tidings are cheerful.
（4）英语中有一些词，单复数同形，例如
barracks,headquarters,means,series,species,works,sheep,deer谓语动词根据实际情况而定。
These endangered species are well protected in mainland China.
（5）少数的名词做单数和复数时意义不一样。
例：What is the odds?(有什么要紧）
The odds are in our favors.(形式对我们有利）
特殊情况：Remains做“遗体”时，谓语动词使用复数，如果当“遗迹”“剩余物”时，谓语动词可单可复。
例：The prime minister’s remains were buried in the vicinity of the church.
There remains of the ancient capital has been reduced to debris after the massive quake.
The remains of the meal was/were fed to the dog.
（二）集体名词做主语的主谓一致
1、通常做复数的集体名词police,people,cattle,militia,poultry,personal,clergy,vermin等做主语时谓语动词使用复数。
例：The clergy remain divided on the issue of women priests.
The personal(总称：员工）are reluctant to alter the rules.
2、通常做单数的集体名词：foliage（叶子总称）,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,clothing(clothes),poetry(poem,poet),ba ggage,luggage,scenery,jewellery(jewel).
例：All the machinery is made in China.
The wooden furniture is unaffordable.
3、可单可复的集体名词：
congregation,family,government,public,crew,class,committee,audience,couple,nation,pop ulation等谓语动词根据实际情况对待。
例：The family is a large one.The family are eating salmon at table.
4、A committee/panel/board of +pl. ,谓语动词通常使用单数。例：A panel of experts is to give its opinion on ways to tackle congestion.
(三）problems of concord with a coordinate subjiect
1、and连接的是一个人/一件事
例：The teacher and interpreter has been laid up for a couple of days.
Early to bed early to rise makes a man healthy,wealthy,and wise.
2、and连接成对出现的名词：knife and fork,cart and horse,needle and thread,law and order,bread and butter,ham and eggs,cereal and milk,fish and chips,pancakes and syrup,etc. 例：Bread and butter is a tasty breakfast in western culture.
Fish and chips is a populary take-away food that originated in the United Kingdom.
3、and连接every/each/no/many a +单数名词，谓语动词使用单数。
例：Every male and every female has to evacuate from the power plant.
Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need.
No boy and no girl is playing tennis.
4、and连接专有名词：the Stars and Stripes,the Bat and ball.
例：The bat and Ball is a delightful Inn with lots of exposed beams,flagstone floors,roaring log fires & cathedral candles all creating a traditional village atmosphere.
The Stars and Stripes was adopted as the flag of the United States on June 14,1777. 5、or/either...or.../not..but../not only..but also../neither..nor..连接的主语按The principle of proxiomity(就近原则）
例：Either you or I am wrong.Are either you or I wrong?
6、主语+as much as/rather than/more than/no less than/as well as/in addition to/with/along with/together with/except/but,etc.
His cousin rather than his parents is held responsible for this inhumane massacre (四）Problems of concord with experessions of quantity as subject
1、Definite Quantity（确定数量）
①时间、数量、金钱、距离、重量等做主语时作为整体看待
例：100 dollars means a lot to a kind of his age.300 pounds makes an obese guy.
②There be 句型例外:There are 10 dollares in his pocket.
③Fraction分数/percentage百分数+of，谓语动词和of后的名词保持一致
例：Two thirds of the apple is rotten.
Eight percent of the students have been mugged in this area.
④population例Fifty-five percent of China’s population live in the rural area
⑤operations运算
Addition加：plus，and Aubtraction减:minus，subtracted by
Multiplication乘:（multiplied)by,times Division除：divided by
都可以使用单数，但是加法和乘法有时候可以用复数。
Forty minus twenty leaves twenty.Two times equals sixteen.
⑥one in/out of n.一般使用单数，有时使用复数
例：One in ten girls dates in college.
2、Indefinite Quantity(不确定数量）
①all/some/none/half/most of +n.谓语动词根据of后面的名词来定
例：Most of the money has been spent on traveling abroad.
Most of the American high school boys have dates.
None but the best coffee is good enough for Lynne.
②a portion/series/pile/panel of,of后面的名词一般使用单数
例：A pile of logs is piling up.A panel of experts is unable to reach an agreement.
③a kind/type/sort of,of后面通常跟不可数名词或者单数名词，谓语动词使用单数。
This type of sports car is really costly.但Cars of this type are costly.
④these/those kind of+pl.谓语动词使用单数
例：These kind of birds are so rare for this high latitude.
⑤many a/more than one谓语动词使用单数
例:Many a student has filed complaints.
More than one car company has lodged claims against Kumho Tires.
3、Other problems of S-V concord
①Nominal Clause名词性从句谓语动词一般使用单数
例：How he came here was a mystery.
How he came here and why he came here were mysterious
②SVC结构中，如果C是名词复数，那么谓语动词可单可复。
例：What is of importance to me is/are the details of my wife’s life.
③Non-finite Clauses,doing/to do做主语谓语动词使用单数
例：To see is to believe.To take Mandarin takes courage.
④Relative Clauses,定语从句中的谓语动词和先行词保持一致。
例：Jane is one of the few girls who don’t like proms.
⑤***one of...，the(very/only)one of...
例：Jane is the only one of the few girls who does’s like proms.
⑥Cleft Sentences,强调句谓语动词和主语一致。
例：It’s I who am mistanken.
⑦Existential Sentences,The principle of proximity(就近原则）
①The +adj.:the dead/rich/living/wealthy/wounded/blind/deaf ect谓语动词复数
例:The dead are haunting the girls living on that cornor of the neighborhood.
②a(the)number of,a(the)total of区分
A number of farmers are protesting against building a new airport on the farmland.
③One and a half做主语时谓语动词常用单数形式。
例：One and a half bananas is left on the table.
④Large quantities of sand have been transported to the Yangtze River.
(四）Collective Nouns
1、有的集体名词只做复数：people,police,cattle,vermin ect.
有的集体名词只做单数：mankind,furniture,machinery,merchandise ect.
有的集体名词可单可复：family,crew,government ect.
特殊情况:有一些集体名词具有个体意义：
The cosseted couple have four families to support.
The family are eating lunch.
The family is composed of three people.
Before liberation,China used to have two governments for a while.
The government is trying to curb online crimes.
The government are negotiating the in-depth details with the foreign entyepreneur.
2、Material Nouns,物质名词一般为不可数名词，没有单数、复数之分。
例：Knowledge is power.Beauty is truth.Kindness is a virtue.
例：have too much family/winter/mouth
Have too little ear,make room for,feel the patriot rise
5、man,croward,coquette,politician,sportsman,scholar,poet,fool等词在某些搭配中成了不可数名词。
例：to be fool enough,more of a fool than,as much of a fool as,too much of a fool,enough of a man,something of a celebrity
6、专有名词有时候具有可数名词来使用。
例：The Songs used to hold sway in China.
I wish to become an Edison.I will buy a Ford/Lincoln.
The Two Chinas Policy cannot be brooked by the Chinese population.
（五）Independent Genitive(独立属格）：the door of the classroom/the dog’s ower/Tom and John’s room/Tom’s and john’s books/the map of the world
（六）Dounle Genitive(双重属格）：a friend of my mother’s
必须满足三个条件：of前不能特指，即不得加the，但是可以使用this/that/some/any etc;of
后面必须指人；of后必须特指。
例：some books of mine/a friends of mine/a car of tony’s
注意区别：a portrait of Chairman Mao/a portrait of Chairman Mao’s
this picture of Marvin/this picture of Marvin’s
例:Less and less students go abroad for the purpose of overseas education.
等词和否定词连用表示部分否定。如果表示完全否定，则用no,none,neither,no one,never,not(never)..at all 例：All that glitters is not gold.This flower is not seen everywhere.
代词的排序问题：
单数人称代词并列做主语时，其顺序为you,his/she/it,I
例：You,he and I should return on time.
复数人称代词做主语时，其顺序为we,you,they
例：We,you and they are all supposed to defend our motherland in times of war.
特殊情况：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
①在承认错误，承担责任时：It was and John who upset the rowdy kids.
②在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称：I and you should try to get it finished by tomorrow evening.
(八）Present Perfect（现在完成时）:have/has done
1、for/since/already/just/never/ever/before/yet/lately/recently/so far/in the
last(past)few years/up till now etc.
2、Don’t confuse Have been to and Have gone to
例：Her great uncle has been to the Ivory Coast.(点动词、短暂性动词）
His mother-in-law has gone to the Baltic countyies（段动词、延续性动词）
3、点动词：but/borrow/leave/join/die/marry/come/go/lose/begin/stop/arrive/lend 但是，如果现在完成时的谓语动词是点动词的否定形式，那么这种动作是可以延续的。
例：He hasn’t left home for one month.I haven’t seen you for so long.
4、It’s(time)since...
例：It’s been 2 years since I left my home city.
It’s been 2 years since I lived in here.
It’s 2 weeks since I caught a cold.
It’s 3 months since I got married.
It’s been 6 weeks since I was married.
5、It is the first/https://www.doczj.com/doc/f85476216.html,st time+that clause从句一律使用完成时
例：It is the first time that I have ever been drug tested.
Last year was the first time that I had traveled to Oceania.
(九）Past Pwrfect(过去完成时）：had done,hardly/scarcely had...when,no sooner had...than 例：Hardly had we made it there when the bum began to file complints.
1、hope/think/expect/intend/mean/suppose/want使用过去完成时，可以表示过去未实现的希望、打算、意图。
例:I had hoped to seat myself without being recognized.
I had intended to come visit your family last week,but I got so sick.
3、Passive Voice
be done,am/is/are done,was/were done,will be done/be going to be done,has/have/had been done,be being done,be supposed to do
4、无被动语态：happen,look,appear,die,last,lie,break out,come true ect.
例：My dreams have come true.The car wreck happened this morning.
5、It’s+past participle+that:It’s said/believed/known that...
6、Causative Verbs:let/make/have
例：My school district makes the student government post ads on the billboards.The student government is made to post ads on the billboards.
7、Sense verbs:see/watch/observe/look at/hear/listen to/notice etc.
例：His stepmom hears him play the piano every mornong.
He is heard to play the piano every morning.
His sister heard him playing percussion instruments next door.
He was heard playing percussion instruments next door.
8、Passive Voice:need/require/want/demand/be wroth后跟ing可表示被动概念。例:The blockbuster is well worth watching.The rocking chair requires repairing.The diaper needs changing.
9、主动结构表被动。例：Tomatoes bruise easily.The window won’t shut.The door doesn’t lock.The food store closes at 5pm.The material won’t wear.Harry Potteer sells
well.Potatoes cook slowly.His works are prionting.
10、不及物动词无被动语态，但有时候be+vi.past partisiple是系表结构。
The gal is gone.The sun is already risen.The leaves are all fallen.The dog is returned. (十）Subjunctive Mood(虚拟语气）
英语中的三种语气：陈述、祈使、虚拟。虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood)表示说话人说的不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑、或推测。例：If there were no subjunctive mood,English would be a lot easier to learn.
例：Tf it were not raining now,we would go for a picnic.
If he knew English,he wouldn’t turn to me for help.
She would have gone to the party if she had been inveted.
If mum hadn’t called me,I would have overslept this morning.
If I had enough money,I would buy a new car.
If I should fail,I would try again.
If I were to be admitted to university next year,I would major in French
3、在省略If的条件状语从句的虚拟语气中的助动词提前
例：1.If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have seen him.
Had you come a few minutes earlier,...
3.If it were to rain tomorrow,we would not go out.
Were it to rain tomorrow,...
（十一）Ariant
1、含蓄条件句：虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文中，从句不表现。这时，必须根据句中表述的意义以及某些特定的信息词，如：介词without，but for；副词otherwise，连词or，or else等
句型：if it were not for...(现在或将来）if it hadn’t for...(过去）
例：Without electricity,human life would be quite different today.
Yesterday Jane walked away from the dission.Otherwise,she might have said sth she would regret later.
2、时间错综句：If the flower had been watered,it wouldn’t die now.
If his television set had not been stolen yesterday,he would be watching TV now.
3、虚实错综句：虚拟现象与客观事实错综交织在一起的句子。
例：They might have left earlier,but the car wasn’t ready.
We could have walked to the station;it was so near.
Yes .A taxi wasn’t at all necessary.
(十二）should+verb型虚拟语气
虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用：一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求及其他
inist,order,command,decree;suggest,propose,advise,move,recommend;demand,require,reque st,ask;resolve,decide,prefer,vote,resolve,desire,urge
1、用于宾语从句
例：The man isisted he should be sent to the front.
I suggested that we should start out earlier.
当inist表示对已发生过的事物的看法，或当suggest为“说明”“暗示”时，从句用陈述语气而不用虚拟语气。
例：The Arab inisted that he hadn’t seen the camel.
His smile suggested that he was happy.
2、在主句从句中用以表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此，构成It is 过去分词
/natural/important/necessary/strange/advisable/vital/apity/ashame/inperative/desirabl e/appropriate/essential/fitting/impossible/obligatory/proper etc that句型
例：It’s natural that he make an apology to him.
It’s a pity that he be so careless.
It’s so strange that she thinks so.
3.表语从句：这类名词有suggestion，request，order，advice，resolution，motion，decision，decree，demand，instruction，requirement，idea等“坚持/命令/要求”。
例：The officer’s order was that his soldiers should go into the subject at full length.My advice is that no college student date in class.
4、同位语从句：suggestion，request，order，advice，resolution，motion，decision，decree，demand，instruction，requirement，idea等“坚持/命令/要求”。
例：I did not receive the order that you should depart at once.
His suggestion that you should keep silent sounds quite reasonable.
（十三）一般过去时句型：一般过去时表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。
1、使用could,would等过去式表示委婉语气。Could you please help me out?
2、用于so that，in order that，for fear that，in case，lest等引导目的状语从句。The meeting will be put off in case it(should)rain.
They climed higher so that/in order that they could see the whole city.
She is working hard for fear that she could/might lag behind others.
**从句若为否定，一般用shouldn’t.He locked the door of his room in order that he shouldn’t be disturbed by someone.
3、It is(high/about)time that...
例：It’s time that the problem were boss.
It’s high time that we shut down for bed.
4、as if/as though
He behaves as if he were my boss.They are staring at me as if I were crazy.
He delivered the speech as if to say that he was a pundit in this field.
It is as if he were not an alien.
5、Wish
I wish I were a bird.I wish you hadn’t got married.
I wish I could have gone to the movie last night.
6、If only
If only I could fly/If only I had remembered to get some gum for everyday.
7、would rather/had rather/would sooner/had sooner/would(just)as soon
I would rather that my cousin hadn’t been intoxicated last night.
I had rather the matter were not made public.I would rather not tell you.（十四）动词原型：该类虚拟语气谓语动词用动词原形，第三人称也不加s
1、表示强烈愿望：God save me.Long live Chairman Mao！
2、may放在句首表示说话人对对方的祝福。May you be happy.May you prosper.
3、让步虚拟语气：as或whether...or...谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,be they Christian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,and so on.
The business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly. （十五）Nominal Clause(名词性从句）
1、①Statement陈述句：Hi is honest.We believe that he is honest.Payment should be made within five days.The seller demanded that payment should be made within five days.
②陈述句变宾语从句：加that并且时态要发生变化。
③如果是客观真理，时态不用变化。The earth revolves round the sun.The geography teacher taught us that the earth revolves round the sun.
④否定前移：当主句的主语为第一人称且动词是think，believe，suppose，guess，imagine，expect，suspect等时，若从句是否定句，应当把否定词转移到主句上来。I don’t think you are right.I didn’t suppose you care.We didn’t guess the girl’s team would win.
⑤如果宾语从句是两个陈述句，那么第二个从句中的that不可省略。
He always says(that)he doesn’t take drugs and that he doesn’t mingle with the gang.
2、General Question(一般疑问句）：Are you a local?Mr.Han asked me whether/if I was a local.Do you still worked in that chemical plant?My spouse asked me whether/if I still worked in that chemical plan.
①加whether/if可以把一般疑问句变为宾语从句，保持陈述句语序，时态与主语一致。whether/if 区别：做介词宾语时只能使用whether(It depents on whether the rain will let up tomorrow);和不定式连用的时候只能用whether（I don’t know whether to vacation or not);和or not 连用时一般使用whether（It’s not certain whether he is a convict or not);如要表达“如果”的意思，只能使用if（I am wondering if we will have the sports meet if we have a dust storm tomorrow);在discuss，wonder后做宾语从句时，用whether引导（We are discussing whether we will put off the meeting);如果宾语从句放在句首，一般使用whether（Whether he will
question whether we have to dispatch forces is still pending in the Senate);wherter/if 和that（I doubt whether/if我怀疑。。。是否I don’t doubt that...我毫不怀疑。。。）
3、Special Question(特殊疑问句）
①How do you locate my house on google earth?
②He wanted to know how I located his house on google earth.
③Who is responsible for the cross-border crime?
④Interpol are wondering who is responsible for the cross-broder crime.
⑤sum-up:从句使用陈述句语序，从句语态和主语时态保持一致，从句人称要和主语保持逻辑上的一致。
4、Subject Clauses
①That the renowned professor will deliver a lecture is certain.
②It’s said that Anyang is one of the festest growing cities in Central China’s Henan Provine.
③Whether he will remary or not hasn’t been decied.
④It has not been decided whether he will remary or not.
⑤Why the girl is not interested in Caucasian guys is my question.
⑥What resulted in the big fire is still a mysrery.
⑦Whoever leaves the coffice has to shut the door.
⑧注意whoever/whatever/however的用法
5、Appositive clauses
①The idea that we will extend an invitation sounds pretty nice.
②The question whether we can go to the movies hasn’t been settled.
6、Subject complement
①That’s what we are supposed to do.
②The question is whether we can get there within 3 hours.
③What I am thinking is that we should leave for Beijing rigut away.
（十六）Modal Verbs:一般情况下，情态动词没有人称和数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加S。
1、can/be able to表示先天的能力；可能（过去时用could），只用于现在式和过去式（could）。be able to可以用于各种时态。They will be able to watch Fox news.I have been able to speak broken Japanese.
2、只用be able to:位于助动词之后；情态动词之后；表示成功地做了某事，只能用was/were able to,不能用could。He was able to flee Europe before WWII broke out.=He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.I may be able to afford a copter in the future.The lady should be able to have a baby next year.
3、could/can:提出委婉的要求（注意在回答中不可用could）；在否定/疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
4、may和might：表示允许或请求；没有把握的推测；may放在句首表祝愿。注意might表推测时，不表时态。只是可能性比may小。might as well,后面接不带to的不定式，意为“不妨”。Might （力量），mighty（力量大的），almighty（万能的）。May god bless you.He might be at home.We may as well try.
5、have to和must:两词都是“必须”的意思，have to表客观，must表主观；have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务；在否定结构中：don’t have to表“不必”，must表“禁止”。My brother threw up at school,so I had to call for a dpctor.He said that they must work hard.The doctor has to attend his sister after school.You don’t have to buy an LV for me.You mustn’t play soccer on the street.
6、Must表示肯定推测，否定推测用can’t/couldn’t,不可以使用mustn’t.
8、should和ought to都为“应该”的意思，可用于各种人称。
9、had better表示“最好”，相当于一个助动词，后面跟动词原形。Had better do,had better not do;had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为“本来最好”。It is pretty cold.You’d better put on my coat.She’d better not play with the dog.You had better have come earlier.
10、would rather表示“宁愿”，would rather do，would rather not do，would rather...than 宁愿...而不愿。还有would sooner，had rather，had sooner都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。If I have a choice,I had sooner not continue my sttudies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home=I would stay here rather than go home.
11、Will和would：would like to do=want to do;will/would you...?would you like...?表示肯定含义的劝说时，疑问句中一般用some而不是any；否定结构用will，一般不用would，won’t you是一种委婉语气；would比will更委婉。Would you like to go with me?Would you like some cake?Won’t you sit down?Would you please close the window for me?
12、Need和dare这两个词既可做实意动词，又可做情态动词。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句、否定句和条件句。Need作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词时，后面的to时常可以被省略。①实义动词：need（需要，需求），need+n./to do sth②情态动词：只用原形need后加do，否定式为need not。③need+doing可表被动，类似的词还有want，demand，require，be worth后面接doing也可以表被动：need doing=need to be done。④如何区分情态和实义动词：是否有s;是否可以直接加not；其后是否有to。
13、used to：didn’t use to=usen’t to;a used book/car(旧书、旧车）；be/get used to doing(习惯于做...）;be used to do（被用来做...);be used for（被用来...);be use as（被用作...);be used up（被用完）
14、Would和used to：would只与动态动词连用；而used to可以和动态动词、静态动词连用。I used to suspect he was a mugger.Girls would play softball in high school.
15、半情态动词：be supposed to do/be about to do/be able to do/be bound to do/be due to/be liable to/be sure to/be to/had better/had best/have to/fail to/get to/tend to/be certain to/be likely to/appear to/chance to/happen to/seem to/turn out to
(十七）Infinitive
1、ing/to do/done与have/get:have...do/doing/done补语，get...to do/doing/done补语，get going/moving
例：A cluster of misconduct allegations has the San Diego police chief fuming and officials scrambling for reform.
Mara had her fingers burned while cooking.I will get my Chrysler going.
2、不定式的被动式
The new play to be put on tonight will be a lot of fun.The laundry is to be washed as soon as possible.
3、不定式的否定式
（never/not to do):I warn them never to smoke in the facilities.I recommend people not to eat junk food.
4、不定式做主语
It’s up lifting to receive a message from my boss every once in a while.It’s so foolish of you to drop coins in the face of such brazen beggars.(如果形容词是说明逻辑主语的性格特征，应用of取代for：wise，clever，kind，nice，silly，rude，cruel，wrong，right，foolish，stupid，careless，natural，polite etc)比较：It’s natural(天性）of a dog to bite
a stranger.It’s natural(自然的）for people to help each other in times of difficulty.
5、不定式做宾语
agree/aim/apply/arrange/choose/claim/decide/demand/desire/determine/endeavor/ecpect/h
offered to give me a ride on a daily basis.The kids volunteered to feed the stray dog.I resolve never to see her https://www.doczj.com/doc/f85476216.html,den’s acolyte vowed to avenge his death.
6、不定式做补语
think/consider/believe/suppose/feel/find/imagine/prove/declare/find/discover/feel/jud ge/understand等动词后可以使用to be结构作补语，也可省略。We all consider our motherland to be influential in the world atena.Taiwan is thought to be an inalienable part of China.We inagine/suppose her to be over 50.
7、不定式结构中的省略
①I shall come if I want to.He doesn’t dance now,but he used to.
②to被省略的情况：why not...Why not take a pair of rain boots with you?
③使役动词（causative verbs):make/let/have;感官动词(sense verbs)：
see/hear/observe/notice/feel/watch/listen to/look at.Let me measure you,sir.We felt the house shake at lunchtime.
④使役、感官动词的被动变被动语态时需要加上toThe kid is made to finsh up his assignment.We saw Lee weep.Lee was seen to weep.We saw Lee sobbing.Lee was seen sobbing.
⑤to被省略的情况had better do/had better not do,would rather do/would rather not do 等情态动词后I had better put on my gloves.
⑥have known+宾语之后I have never known that lady smile.Have you ever known Marvin tell
a lie.
⑦but/expect句型中如果前面有do，后面要省略to.He does nothing but complain.I couldn’t do anything else except sit there and pray.I couldn’t say anything but to listen. 8、SVC句型中，如果主语部分有do的某种形式，那么表语可带to也可以不带。All you have to do now is (to) wait and see.The least I can do is (to) drive everybody else closer to the issue whether Bin Laden has been killed.
9、不带to的叠加结构make believe/make do with/make do on/let drop/let fall/let fly (at)/let silp/let go (of)/leave go of/hear tell (of)/(let...)go hangIt’s hard to let go of my exgirlfriend.The man makes believe he is a multimillionaire.
10、不定式符号to与介词to的辨别when it comes to,submit to,admit to,cling to,resort to,be reduced to,be devoted to,get down to,with a view to,owing to,as to,thanks to,with an eye to,in addition to,be resigned to(听任），be reconciled to(安心于） etc.When it comes to traveling,I’d rather share my thoughts.We adhere to the rules.He admitted to having stolen the offerings.The Baptist church was reduced to debris after the devastating tornado in Norman.He is resigned to losing the game.I am now quite recomciled to living in the historical city.
(十八）-ing participle ,-ed participle
1、只能接ing做宾语的动词
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
14. 倒装 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, com e, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之部分倒装
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
语法课教案 I. Teaching aim . 1.Aims on the knowledge : Enable students take in the grammar and related knowledge; 2.Aims on the ability : Develop their abilities of speaking and can use new knowledge to communicate with others in daily life . 3.Aims on the emotion : develop Ss' interest in English and let them love their life. II. Important points: Ss understand the grammar and learn about other related sentence structure . III.Difficult points. Ss take in the grammar and put it into practicing speaking about their daily life and use in express their ideas . IV.Teaching procedure . Step1: Warm-up : at the beagining of class,we can start a game, gusing words . Step2: Presentation . 1. Show students new sentences of grammar and explain for them ; 2. Show students related sentences and words . Let Ss read it by themselves . Step3: Practice. 1. Group member talk about “look, there is a…in/on/nea r…” “look, there are some…in/on nea r…” 2. Everyone can hand up and express their ideas sentences structures . Step4: Product . Combine grammar and some related sentences which teacher show to Ss . Ss have a try to have a dialogue in class with their partners . V. Blackboard design. 1.Show new sentence students at the lift side on the blackboard ; 2.Show some related sentence at the right side on the blackboard . VI. Homework. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f85476216.html,municate with classmates about their Sunday or Saturdays using new sentences structure ; 2.Finish some tasks on the workbook which is about grammars . VII.Summary. 1.Ss may feel difficult about the grammar, teacher need to pay much attention to focus on the reflection of Ss and take actions to help them to understand grammar ;
专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very imp ortant. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English well. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important.
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
大学英语语法教学初探 提要：英语语法的掌握是英语能力的基本功,而目前中国学生的英语语法的学习效果并不令人乐观。改进教学方法,有机整合语法内容,加强文化对比,进行有效的语法练习是改善英语语法教学的重要途径。 关键词:语法教学;有机整合;文化对比;语法练习 语法是语言赖以形成和发展的要素,是语言组织的纽带,它和词汇、语语音共同构成语言的基本要素。在英语教学中,语言的三要素都是学生要掌握的基础知识。其中语法是研究用词造句的规则体系,它是为培养技能,形成语言交际能力服务的,并且对高效率的交际起着制约的作用。因此教学中应重视语法教学,决不能排斥。 一、语法教学现状及其学习的重要性 目前教学中存在两种不利语法教学的现象:其中之一,由于受传统教学的影响,很多老师先强调理论,孤立地讲完语法规则后再让学生做一定的练习,这样就形成了教师滔滔不绝地讲,学生辛辛苦苦地练,而最终的结果是学生笔试能力、做题能力提高了,相反口试能力,语言交际能力却差了;第二种现象,由于受教学改革的影响,很多老师在果断的摒弃旧的教学理念的同时又步入了另一个极端:强调注重人们语言学习的自然规律,英语课上大部分时间进行口语操练,废弃语法。即使有的教师会在上课时讲解语法,但大多采用的是那种就事论事的阻断式、割裂式的讲解和翻译模式,往往给学生造成一种“雾里看花”的感觉。致使许多学生到了大学之后其语法知识薄弱、语言运用能力差。他们所写、所译的东西错漏百出,让人啼笑皆非。在正确推进大学英语教学改革的今天,语法教学的薄弱使得提高学生的英语运用能力便只是空中楼阁。因此“让语法教学重返课堂”的呼声在英语教学上越来越强烈。对中国学生学习英语而言,他们毕竟没有使用目的语的环境,那么他们就很难及时、准确地辨别母语和目的语之间的语义特征和差异。因此就中国学生而言,希望不学语法便能牢固地掌握英语,提高其英语运用能力是不切实际的。换言之,在大学英语教学过程中,重视语法教学,改善语法教学是提高学生英语运用能力必不可少的。 二、关于语法教学的一些想法 很多学生进入大学之后,意识到了缺乏语法知识对其英语提高的限制,便买来语法书,夜以继日地研读,结果发现越来越糊涂。要想在短时间让学生加深对语法现象的了解,使学生对语法的认识豁然开朗,大学英语教师可从以下方面着手: 首先,有机整合语法内容。为了让学生能完整地了解语法的基础知识,在原理相通的情况下,删除一些过于琐碎的部分,采用联系、归纳、演绎、对比等多种方法将语法内容进行适当的有机整合。例如:将主语从句、宾语从句及表语从句联系起来讲解;将定语从句和同位语从句一同加以讲解及区别;将动名词和现在分词
【学术英语】（4） 【College English】(Band 4) 一、基本信息 课程代码：【2020009】 课程学分：【4】 面向专业：【信息技术学院14级部分专业学生】 课程性质：【学术英语必修课】 课程类型：【理论教学课】 开课院系：【外国语学院】 使用教材：主教材：【新核心《综合学术英语教程(4)》，蔡基刚总主编，上海交通大学出版 社，2014 《全新版大学英语（第二版）听说教程(4)》，虞苏美主编，上海外语教育 出版社，2014 参考教材：【《大学英语语法手册》，张成袆主编，上海外语教育出版社，2004】 【《12句作文法与3步翻译法》，王长喜主编，外语教学与研究出版社， 2013】 先修课程：【大学英语2】 后续课程：【学术英语4】 二、课程简介 大学英语教学是高等教育的一个有机组成部分，大学英语课程是大学生一门必修的基础课程。大学英语教学是以英语语言知识与应用技能、学习策略和跨文化交际为主要内容，以外语教学理论为指导，并集多种教学模式和教学手段为一体的教学体系。本课程目的是：培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和实用有效的听、说、写、译能力，帮助学生从通用英语顺利过渡到用英语进行专业学习，使他们能用英语交流信息。大学英语教学应帮助学生打下扎实的语言基础，掌握良好的语言学习方法，具有较强的英语应用能力和相应的综合文化素养，以适应社会发展和经济建设的需要。 大学英语(4)是大学英语第四学期（共4学期）的课程，经过大学英语前三个学期的训练，学生在词汇、结构、翻译与写作方面都有了长足的进步。此阶段以微技能为主线组织各个单元，以学术阅读和写作技能为每单元的主题组织阅读、听力、口语、和写作的课文和练习并采用任务或项目驱动的方法编写练习。六个单元分别为“定义”、“分类”、“比较”、“因果”、“举例”、和“引证”，每单元分为4个任务，共计3000字左右。其中第一个任务300字左右，旨在让学生阅读和了解本单元的阅读和写作技能；第二个任务500字左右，旨在通过听讲座、做练习，让学生进一步了解本单元的技能；第三个任务涉及两篇长度约1000字左右的文章。这些文章从不同角度阐述主题。第四个任务就是进行学术写作。要求学生根据单元结构特点进行仿写并引用出处，
大学英语语法教学初探 作者：韩莹 来源：《现代交际》2010年第06期 [摘要]近几年来,大学英语教学更加注重培养学生英语的听说能力和综合运用能力,削弱了语法教学,语法似乎成了可有可无的项目,忽视了语法是语言的一个重要组成部分,是语言的组织规律这一现象。本文将对大学英语语法教学的现状进行分析,并进一步探讨如何进行语法教学,将语法知识融入大学英语的教学中,并使其与听说能力互相促进提高。 [关键词]大学英语听说能力语法教学 [中图分类号]G642[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-5349(2010)06-0129-01 根据教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》,大学英语的教学目标在于全面提高学生英语综合素质,注重培养学生在英语听说读写译方面的应用能力。增强学生自主学习能力、提高综合文化素养。基于这一原因目前大学英语教学出现了“淡化语法”的现象,英语课程设置的重点多放在了培养和提高学生听说技能上,忽视语言点(词汇,语法)教学。 一、大学英语语法教学现状 (一)随着大学英语改革的不断深入,各类高校英语教材在内容上也随之发生了变化,由原来以体现语言知识为编写宗旨转向了现在以提高学生听说技能为主。很多教材都增加了听说练习的内容,通过练习培养学生语言的实用性和实践性。同时由于英语课堂教学模式实现了由以教师为中心到以学生为中心的转变,在英语课堂上教师越来越多的是使用交际教学法和听说教学法,激发学生开口说英语的兴趣,这就阻碍了以语法知识为中心的语法翻译教学法的实施,很大程度上削弱了语法教学。交际法的使用大大提高了学生口语表达能力,学生敢于开口说英语,喜欢开口说英语,但是在进行语言交流的过程中很多学生却不能准确表达自己的思想,这是因为大学英语对学生的词汇量和信息量有很高的要求,只注重听说训练,忽视语言点(词汇、语法)的教学不能很好地牢固学生英语基础,在这种情况下培养出来的学生英语听说水平是有限的。 (二)2006年大学英语四、六级考试实施改革,改革后的四级考试中听力的分值由原来的20%上升到现在的35%。同时,考查的方式也变得多样化,增加了复合式听写题型。尽管阅读的比重由原来的40%减为35%,但出现了两种新的阅读考查方法:快速阅读和选词填空。针对新四级的变化,我们不难看出听力部分的增加要求在英语学习的过程中更加强调听说为重。同时,新四级中取消了老四级考查语法词汇的“结构与词汇”部分,取而代之的是更加灵活的考查方式。这就导致了很多教师把主要精力放在对学生听说能力和阅读速度的提高上,更加忽略语法教学。但是从学生的考试成绩反馈来看,学生在听力和阅读题的准确率上存在很大问题。 二、对大学英语语法教学的建议
大学英语语法与练习——u n i t14倒装
14. 倒装 14.1 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, com e, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes.Away they went. 14.1 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 14.2 倒装句之部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, n ot until… 等。 Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance. The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 （2021最新版） 作者：______ 编写日期：2021年__月__日 【导语】要想取得好的学习成绩，必须要有良好的学习习惯。习惯是经过重复练习而巩固下来的稳重持久的条件反射和自然需要。建立良好的学习习惯，就会使自己学习感到有序而轻松。以下是小编为您整理的《八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结》，供大家查阅。 【篇一】 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，
大学英语语法 (CET--4) 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)
Unit1 Ways of Learning Part II Reading Task Comprehension Content Question Pair Work 1.They were studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools in Nanjing. 2.Their 18-month-old son Benjamin was fond of trying to place the key into the slot of the key box during their stay at the Jinling Hotel. 3.They would come over to watch Benjamin and then try to teach him how to do it properly. 4.Because he realized that this anecdote was directly relevant to their assigned tasks in China: to investigate early childhood education and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity. 5.Most of them displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel. 6.He emphasized that the most important thing is to teach the child that on can solve a problem effectively by oneself. 7.He means that this incident pointed to important differences in educational and artistic practices between China and the USA. 8.The manner in which the Chinese staff saw the need to teach the child by guiding his hand in the characteristic of a broader attitude to education, one that stands in contrast to the Western preference for leaving the child to explore and learn unaided. 9.One example is of children at the age of 5 or 6 painting flowers, fish and animals skillfully and confidently; in a second example, calligraphers 9 and 10 years old were producing works; and in a third, young artists work on perfecting their craft for several hours a day. 10.Americans think that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge, and skills can be picked up later. Chinese think that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired, and there is no hurry to promote creativity. 11.This is mainly due to the difference in their way of thinking. 12.The author makes the suggestion that we should strike a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills. Text Organization Working On Your Own 1.
高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第01章名词性从句 第02章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象 第04章主谓一致 第05章动词不定式 第06章倒装结构 第07章定语从句 第08章被动语态 第09章祈使句 第10章感叹句 第11章疑问句 第12章名词 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语
法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
八年级上册英语语法归纳 【篇一】 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的? 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father’s job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如： ---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特? ---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。 2. What...?是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制;而Which...?是特指，所指的事物有范围的限制。如： What color do you like best? (所有颜色) 你最喜爱什么颜色? Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? (有特定的范围) 你最喜爱哪一种颜色? 3. what 与which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如：Which pictures are from China? 哪些图片来自中国? 4) 频度副词的位置 1.常见的频度副词有以下这些： always(总是，一直) usually(通常)
often(常常，经常) sometimes(有时候) never(从不) 2.频度副词的位置： a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如： David is often arrives late for school. 大卫上学经常迟到。 b.放在行为动词前。如： We usually go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天经常在7：10去上学。 c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。如：Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike. 有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。 3.never放在句首时，主语、谓语动词要倒装。如：Never have I been there. 5) every day 与everyday 1. every day 作状语，译为“每一天”。如： We go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天7：10去上学。 I decide to read English every day. 我决定每天读英语。 2. everyday 作定语，译为“日常的”。 She watches everyday English on TV after dinner. 她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。