2000年考研英语真题——阅读长难句
Part A Text 1
When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of
scale.
【分析】本句是一个主从复合句，主干是it had a market eight times larger than any competitor。When引导的是时间状语从句，分词结构giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale是伴随状语。
【译文】美国在二战结束后恰好进入了一个生机勃勃的时代，当时它拥有的市场是其任何一个竞争对手的八倍，使其工业具有空前的经济规模。
For a while it looked as though the making of semi-conductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer
age, was going to be the next casualty.
【分析】本句主干是it looked。as though引导的从句作系动词look 的表语。在表语从句中，the making of semi-conductors是主语，was going to be the next casualty是谓语。两个逗号之间是插入语，两个which分别引导的两个非限定性定语从句修饰
semi-conductors。
【译文】曾有一段时间，似乎半导体制造业也将面临灭亡，要知道半导体可是美国人所发明的并在计算机新时代起着核心作用的。Part A Text 2
There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.
【分析】这个句子的主干是三个并列句，分别由but 和and 连接，前两个句子之间是转折关系，最后的句子中有一个as…as…结构表示的比较。
【译文】出生时男女比例大约是105:100，但是到成年时，男女比例就下降到基本持平了，而在70岁的老人中，女性人数是男性的两倍。
The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
【分析】本句的主干是The grand mediocrity of today means that…。
两个破折号之间的部分是插入语，使用了独立主格结构，对主语补充说明，that引导的是宾语从句，其中compared to the tribes
是分词结构作状语。
【译文】可是在今天，一切都是平均的——每个人存活的机会相同，生育子女的数目也相同——这意味着，相对于部落人群来说，在印度的中上阶层自然选择已经丧失了80%的力量。
Part A Text 3
1. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is
advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however
farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is
possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
【分析】本句是一个因果关系的并列句，其主干是it is advisable to find out … for it is possible that … 。表表示结果的部分是
When…fashion，it is advisable to …aiming at，其中When 引导时间状语从句，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式结构to find out…，what引导名词性从句作find out 的宾语从句；表示原因的部分是连词for后面的部分，其中however引导的是让步状语从句，it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。
【译文】当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目的所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、毫无道理，将来都有可能被视为正常。
2. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a
certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian
officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the
weights of the officers : “ Pluff ! Pluff ! A hundred and eighty-five
kilograms.”
【分析】句子的主干是it is a little upsetting to read…。句首的it是形式主语，它指代的是to read 和to find 以及后面的两个that引导的宾语从句。前一个宾语从句中which引导定语从句修饰bridge，后一个宾语从句中“ Pluff ! Pluff ! A hundred and eighty-five
kilograms”是the line的同位语，说明其具体内容。
【译文】但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉进河里，而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着“扑通，扑通，185公斤重”这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免有点心烦意乱。
Part A Text 4
1. The coming of age of the postwar baby boon and an entry of
women into the male-dominated job market have limited the
opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy
personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder
to good schools and jobs.
【分析】本句是一个主从复合句，主干是The coming of age…and an entry of…have limited the opportunities…，其中主语是由and连接的两个并列成分The coming of age…和an entry of…，谓语是have limited，宾语是The opportunities of teenagers。后面who引导的是定语从句修饰限定teenagers，过去分词结构involved in…是
personal sacrifices的后置定语。
【译文】战后生育高峰期出生的一代人步入成年，以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场，这些都限制了青少年的发展机会。他们已经在质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷
的社会阶梯而做出的沉重的个人牺牲是否值得。
2. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama ,who was then education
minister ,raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms
introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱhad weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents”.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主干是Mitsuo Setoyama…raised eyebrows。插入成分是who引导的非限定性定语从句修饰主语，when引导时间状语从句，其中that引导的从句是argued的宾语，
宾语从句中introduced by…after World WarⅡ是liberal reforms的后置定语。
【译文】去年，当时担任教育部长职务的濑户光夫争辩说二战后由美国占领当局引入的自由主义革新削弱了日本民族“尊敬父母的道德观”，一时舆论哗然。
Part A Text 5
1. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now
more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American
materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of
radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the
journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life,
whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
【分析】本句的主干是we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles。
which引导一个非限定性的定语从句修饰spectacles。在冒号后面的是三个并列的名词性短语是对主句中hypocritical spectacles的举例说明，其核心词分别是critic，publisher和journalist。critic 后是with介词短语作后置定语，the publisher后面是who引导的定语从句，the journalist后面是现在分词结构advocatin g…life做后置定语，以及whose引导的非限制定语从句。
【译文】相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多得虚伪的景象：美国物欲主义的批评却在南安普顿拥有一幢避暑别墅；激进主义书籍的出版商却到三星级宾馆就餐；终生倡导参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。
2. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a
quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of young , is probably
lower than it has ever been in the United States.
【分析】本句的主干是the support for ambition…is probably lower。
主句的主语是the support for ambition。谓语部分是is probably
lower。As a healthy impulse，a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young作方式状语，than后面连接的是比较状语从句。【译文】因此，作为一种健康的动力，一种应该令人称羡并扎根于青年人心灵的品质，在美国雄心壮志所得到的支持也许比以往任何时期都低。
Part C
1. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s
economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture
and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
【分析】本句的主干是it is obvious that…and that…。it是形式主语，真正的主语为两个that引导的并列的从句，即that the strength
of…and industry和that this in turn…all kinds。在第二个that从句中，主语this指代前面的efficiency。
【译文】再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则有有赖于各类科技人员的努力。
2. For example ,in the early industrialized countries of Europe the
process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in
social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century,
whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same
process in a decade or so.
【分析】本句的主干为the process of industrialization…nearly a century whereas nowadays…in a decade or so，也就是一个由
whereas连接的并列结构。in the early industrialized countries of
Europe作时间状语，两个破折号之间的部分with…followed是插入成分，对the process of industrialization作进一步补充说明，其中that followed是定语从句修饰changes。
【译文】例如，在早期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，工业化的进程以及随之而来的所有在社会结构方面的深刻变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。
2001年考研英语真题——阅读长难句Part A Text 1
1. Thus，in the nineteenth century, local geological studies
represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the
twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become
acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on,
the wider geological picture.
分析：该句的主干是but连接的一个并列结构，在这里表示一种转折关系。在后半部分中，only if引导的是表示条件的状语从句。
译文：因此，在19世纪，区域地质学研究版本身就代表了一种有价值的科学研究；而到了20世纪，区域地质学只有在能够体现或关注更广阔的地质风貌时，才能越来越被专业人员接受。
2. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional
geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been
reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by
national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
分析：全句的主干是The overall result has been to make entrance to。逗号后面的a result以及that引导的定语从句是前面句子的同位语。
定语从句中又含有两个并列状语first by …和then by…。
译文：其整体的结果是使业余研究人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果更加突出，这一制度起初19世纪的全国性杂志中推进，20世纪后在一些地方性地质杂志中也得到了认可。
Part A Text 2
1. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the
interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people
online, the more potential customers there are.
分析：本句的主干是破折号连接的一个并列结构，在前半部分中，主句是it is in the interest of business to universalize access。其中it
是形式主语，真正的主语是to universalize access；as引导的是时间状语从句；破折号后面的部分是对前面的进一步解释和说明，其中有包含了个the more…the more (越……越）的句型。
译文：随着互联网的日趋商业化，上网的普及对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网的人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。
2. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third
Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.
分析：本句的主干是The more…，the more…的结构，分词结构helping…Third Wave infrastructure作后置定语修饰foreign
capital。which today is an electronic infrastructure作为非限定性定语从句用以修饰Third Wave infrastructure。
译文：你拥有越多建造第三次浪潮基础设施（今天主要是指电子基础设施）的外国资金，那么你的情况就越好。
Part A Text 3
1. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are
more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own
Mercedeses, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer
work ,or put down roots in a community.
分析：本句的主干是Replies show that引导的从句show的宾语，其中包含一个and连接的并列结构作从句中的谓语。
译文：结果表明，与其他美国人相比，新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区，有女佣，有奔驰车及股票，而他们去教堂，参加志愿服务，或扎根于某一社区的可能性很小。
2. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused
narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ
broadly by outlook, values, education and class.
分析：此句的主干是it would open up program and look for reporters。
If it did ,it would open up …是虚拟语气，would后面有两个并列谓语open up和look for, now focused narrowly on race and gender 是program 的后置定语, 而who 引导的定语从句用以修饰
reporters。
译文：如果它能注意这个问题的话，就应该进一步开放其多样化项目(这个项目现在只是单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工)，进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭的记者。
Part A Text 4
1. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A
wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling
transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations
capable of meeting customers’ demands。
分析：本句的主干是I believe that…。第一个that引导了believe的宾语从句，第二个that引导一个定语从句。冒号后面的内容是the most important forces的同位语，其中that require enlarged
opera tions capable of meeting customers’ demands是markets的定语从句。
译文：我认为，推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量，也是推动全球化进程的力量，包括日趋下降的运输与通讯费用，较低的贸易与投资壁垒，以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产。
2. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today
could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared
nearly a century ago in the US, when the Standard Oil trust was
broken up.
分析：本句是复杂句，其主干是it is hard to imagine，其中it是形式主语，后面紧跟的that引导的从句作真正的主语。第二个that
引导的从句作the same threats的定语，定语从句中包含when引导的时间状语从句.
译文：但是很难想象当今的几个石油公司的合并是否会对竞争机制造成威胁，在100年前当美国标准石油公司托拉斯解体时，这种威胁曾令人担心。
Part A Text 5
1. I have discovered , as perhaps Kelsey will after her
much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a
build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling our life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social; status.
分析：本句的主干是I have discovered …，that引导的从句作discovered 的宾语，as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized
resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress 放到了主句的谓语动词discovered 与that 引导的宾语从句之间，作
为插入的成分作状语，并列的动名词短语abandoning…and
making是宾语从句的主语，宾语从句的谓语为bring。
译文：我已经发现，放弃“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲学，转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。由于压力过大，凯茜已多次公开宣称要辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务，辞职之后她也许会和我有同样的发现。
2. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic
decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the
late-80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have
different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
分析：本句主干是一个连词while引导的并列结构，表示两者的对照，含有轻微转折的意思，阐述了美国和英国的情况。破折号之间插入语中过去分词结构caused by downsizing in the late-80s是the
mass redundancies 的后置定语。
译文：在美国，这种趋势开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应——出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模所引起的大量人员冗余之后——这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联；在英国,至少在我所认识的放慢生活节奏的中产阶级当中，我们有着不同的缘由使自己的生活简单化。
2002年考研英语真题——阅读长难句
Part A Text 1
1. If you are part of the group which you are addressing，you will be
in a position to know the experiences and problems which are
common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a
passing remark abou t the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s
notorious bad taste in ties.
分析：本句是复杂句，其主干是一个由and连接的并列结构you will be in a position and it’ll be appropriate。由if引导的从句作假设的条件状语，其中which引导定语从句修饰the group；并列句前半部分中which引导定语从句修饰先行词experiences and problems；
并列句的后半部分中；it是形式主语，逻辑主语是to make a
passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s
notorious bad taste in ties。
译文：如果你是听众中的一员，就能设身处地地了解你们大家所共有的经历或问题，你就可以随意的对食堂难以下咽的饭菜或是众所周知的总裁在选择领带方面的差劲品味进行评头论足了。
2.Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile，so
speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
分析：本句为复合句，主干是强调句型it’s the delivery。句中which 引导的定语修饰先行词delivery；由so引导的从句作结果状语，其中remember后面跟了一个宾语从句，从句中show后面也跟了一个that引导的宾语从句。
译文：逗人发笑的往往是讲话的方式，所以，要讲的慢一点，记住可以扬扬眉毛，或做出一种不相信的表情，这样会有助于表现出你是在开一个漫不经心的玩笑。
Part A Text 2
1.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it
appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able
to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010，researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.分析：本句主干是researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast。
Despite引导的介词短语表示让步；when引导的定语从句修饰the 1960s and 1970s，其中it是形式主语，逻辑主语是that引导的从句。
译文：尽管在20世纪60年代和70年代，人们起初很乐观，认为晶体管电路和微处理器似乎在2010年前就能够复制人脑的活动。
但是，研究人员最近已经把这一项预言推迟到了即使不是几百年也得是几十年之后。
2.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and
immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant，
instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding
forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
分析：本句主干是the human mind can glimpse…and disregard…，句中有两个并列的谓语。That is irrelevant是定语从句，修饰the 98 percent，现在分词短语focusing on 作伴随状语。
译文：但是人类的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除掉98%不相关的部分，瞬间把注意力集中到蜿蜒的森林小路边上的猴子或者一大群人中一张可疑的面孔上。
Part A Text 3
1. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that，if oil
prices averaged $ 22 a barrel for a full year，compared with $ 13 in 1998，this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by
only 0.25—0.5% of GDP。
分析：本句主干为The OECD estimates…that…。that后是estimates 的宾语从句，其中if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year 是条件状语从句，过去分词短语compared with $ 13 in 1998是状语，表比较。
译文：国际经合组织在最近一期《经济展望》中估计，如果油价持续一年维持在22美元左右，与1998年的13美元一桶相比，这也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加GDP的0.25—0.5%。
2. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is
that，unlike the rises in the 1970s，it has not occurred against the
background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.
分析：本句的主干是One more reason…is that…。That引导表语从句，unlike the rises in the 1970s作状语，it是指油价的上涨，of引导的介词短语作background的后置定语。
译文：另一个不必担心油价上涨的原因是，与20世纪70年代不同，这一次油价上涨并不是在普遍物价暴涨、全球需求过旺的背景下发生的。
Part A Text 4
1. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends
that the principle will shield doctors who “unt il now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient
mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death．”
分析：本句的主干是Nancy Dubler contends that…，director of Montefiore Medical Center是主语的同位语，that引导宾语从句，从句中又包含一个由who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词doctors，insisted紧跟的是that引导的宾语从句，从句中还有一个if引导的假设条件句。
译文：蒙特菲奥里医疗中心主任南希·杜布勒认为，这项原则将消除部分医生的疑惑，这些医生在此之前一直强烈坚持认为，如果给病人足够的药品来止痛会加速他们死亡，那就不能这样做。
2. George Annas，Chair of the Health Law Department at Boston
University，maintains that，as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for
a legitimate medical purpose，the doctor has done noting illegal even
if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.
分析：本句主干是George Annas maintains that…，Chair of the Health Law Department at Boston University是主语的同位语。that引导maintains的宾语从句，其中as long as引导条件状语从句，even if 引导让步状语从句。
译文：波士顿大学健康法系主任乔治·安纳斯则坚持认为，只要医生开药是为了达到正当的医疗目的，即使加快病人死亡速度，医生的行为也不违法。
3. On another level，many in the medical community acknowledge
that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical
agony of ding.
分析：本句的主干是many acknowledge that…。that引导宾语从句，谓语用的是被动语态，而其中由by引导的短语后面又有一个定语从句for whom…of dying来修饰前面的patients。
译文：另一方面，医疗界许多人士承认，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。
2003年考研英语真题——阅读长难句
Part A Text 1
1. horf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in
its strongest form，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching
consequences for the culture of a society.
分析：本句主干是Whorf came to believe in…。which引导的定语从句修饰determinism；in its strongest form为插入成分作状语；后面的两个that引导的是states的两个并列宾语从句。
译文：沃尔夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言中的语法结构能够对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
2. The winner，by a large margin，was a tiny Virginia company
called Open Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its
mastery of the electronic world．
分析：本句主干是The winner was a tiny Virginia company，紧跟其后的是一个过去分词短语called Open Source Solutions和一个由
whose引导的定语从句，两者都用来修饰company。
译文：以绝对优势赢得比赛的确是弗吉尼亚的一家名叫“公开渠道信息咨询公司”的小公司，它的明显优势在于对电子世界全面的把握。
3. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington
back-and-forthing，whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong．
分析：本句主干是逗号前边的部分，whereby(借以，凭此)引导的是定语从句修饰前面整个句子，其中they might be wrong也是一个定语从句，修饰chance。
译文：斯特拉伏特公司的简报看起来不同于华盛顿的常规往来公文，政府机构往往避免发布措辞激烈的言论，以避免出错的可能性。Part A Text 2
1. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates，
whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening
advances in health knowledge and care．
分析：本句主干是逗号之前的句子，即Scientists need to
respond …to…advocates。逗号后面是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰animal rights advocates，其中and把两个并列的谓语动词
confusing和threatening连接起来；thereby表示两者之间的因果关系。
译文：科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的回应，因为他们的言论混淆了公众的视听，威胁到保健和医疗的进步。
2. For example，a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights
booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that
encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat，no fur，no medicines.
分析：本句是主从复合句，主干是…a woman was distributing a brochure…。现在分词结构staffi ng an animal…recent street fair作主语的后置定语；Brochure后面跟了一个that引导的定语从句作限定修饰，其中anything后面又有一个由that引导的定语从句，其中包含comes和is tested两个并列的谓语，破折号后面的三个并列的短语是对anything的进一步解释说明。
译文：比如说，在最近的一次街头集市上，一位供职于动物权利宣传点的慈祥女士在向路人分发小册子，规劝人们不要使用任何动物制品和用于动物实验的制品——比如肉类、皮毛和药物。
3. Finally，because the ultimate stake-holders are patients，the health
research community should actively recruit to its cause not only
well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper，who has made
courageous statements about the value of animal research，but all
who receive medical treatment．
分析：本句是主从复合句，主干是the health research community should actively recruit…not only well-known personalities…but all…，其中recruit的宾语由not only…but连接，构成平行结构。由because
引导原因状语从句，Stephen Cooper后面紧跟由who引导的非限定性定语从句，all后面也紧跟着一个定语从句who receive medical treatment对其修饰限定。
译文：最后，因为最终起决定作用的是病人，所以医疗研究结构不尽应该积极争取像斯蒂芬·库柏这样的名人的支持－他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且还应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。
Part A Text 3
1. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to
appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board fo r rate relief，but the process is expensive，time consuming，and will work only in truly extreme cases.
分析：本句主干是由But连接的并列句。but之前句子主干是shippers have the right to appeal to…for rate relief，who引导的定语从句修饰限定
shippers，其中they are being overcharged是feel的宾语从句。but之后的句子的谓语由两个并列结构组成，其中前一个（is expensive，time consuming）是系表结构，后一个（will work）是动词的将来时态。译文：如果托运人感到他们被索价太高时，就有权利像联邦政府的地面运输委员会提出上诉，以降低费用。但是，上诉过程既耗财又耗时，而且只有在真正极端的情况下才奏效。
2. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate，they
argue，shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so，leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
分析：本句是主从复合句，主句是shippers would do so。句首是由if 引导条件状语从句；they argue作插入成分，顺便提及一下说这话的人；由who引导的定语从句who have…other forms of
transportation修饰限制shippers；leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line是现在分词作结果状语。译文：他们认为，如果铁路对所有客户都平均收费的话，那么，可以选择卡车或者其他交通工具进行运输的客户就会转移，这样一来，维持铁路正常运作的开销就由剩余的客户来承担了。
Part A Text 4
1. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and
fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
分析：本句主干是Physicians offer treatment。两个破折号之间的过去分词短语frustrated by their．．．和现在分词短语fearing loss of hope in the patient都作状语表示原因。f ar beyond what is…作后置定语修饰aggressive treatment，beyond后紧跟一个what引导的名词性从句作宾语。
译文：医生们因为对疾病束手无策而倍感灰心，同时又担心病人失去希望，所以他们常常采用极端大胆的治疗办法，这些办法远远超过了科学许可的范围。
2. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as
saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die an d get out of the
way” so that younger，healthier people can realize their potential.
分析：本句主干是Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying，其后紧跟着一个that引导的宾语从句the old and in-firm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”，说明saying的内容；宾语从句中包含一个由so that引导的目的状语从句。
译文：有人引用科罗拉多州前州长理查德·兰姆的话说，年老体弱的人“有责任死亡和让出位置”，这样更年轻、更健康的人才能有机会发挥他们的潜能。
3. As a nation，we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures
while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could
improve people’s lives.
分析：本句主干是we may be overfunding the quest…while underfunding research on humbler therapies。while的意思是“然而，却，反之”，由它引导的状语从句含转折的意思，其完整形式可以理解成while (we may be) under funding research on…。humbler therapies后紧跟了一个定语从句，修饰限定therapies。
译文：作为一个民族，我们可能在探索没有任何效果的治疗方法上投资过多，而在对能提高人民生活质量的更平常的疗法上的投资却过少。
2004年考研英语真题——阅读长难句
Part A Text 1
1. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have
signed up for its service，for example，it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches．
分析：本句主干是it includes only three potential jobs。When引导的是时间状语从句，其中who引导的定语从句修饰those，指的是job hunters；for example是插入语；it指的是CareerSite’s agent；破折号后面的内容是在解释potential jobs，其中的it considers the best matches是一个省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰those。
译文：比如，CareerSite的代理人给那些注册服务的用户发送信息时，只提供三个可能的职位，即那些它认为最符合其要求的职位。
2. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line
of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves
when negotiating for a raise．
分析：本句为简单句，其主干是．Some use them to keep…or gather…。
不定式to后的两个动词keep和gather并列作目的状语；when
引导的是时间状语。
译文：有些人利用他们密切关注自己所从事行业的需求情况，或为加薪收集相关的薪资信息。
Part A Text 2
1. Yet the result may be worse qualifications，because they get less
individual attention，as well as less confidence in speaking publicly．分析：本句主干是he result may be worse qualifications。because引导原因状语从句，其中由as well as连接的less individual attention 与less confidence in speaking publicly并列作宾语。
译文：但这可能会导致他们能力欠佳，这是因为他们得到的个人关注太少，在公众场合说话信心不足。
2. Shortlists for job interviews，election ballot papers，lists of
conference speakers and attendees：all tend to be drawn up
alphabetically，and their recipients lose interest as they plough
through them．
分析：本句主干是并列结构all tend to be drawn up alphabetically，and their recipients lose interest…。Shortlists for job interviews，election ballot papers，lists of conference speakers and attendees是all的同位语，对其作解释说明；as引导时间状语从句。
译文：求职面试、投票选举、会议发言以及列席会议等诸多名单，往往都是根据字母顺序制定的，当人们费劲的一个个往下翻阅时，越往后翻越没有兴趣。
Part A Text 3
1. Consumers seem only mildly concerned，not panicked，and many
say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening．
分析：本句是由and连接的并列句，主干是Consumers seem only mildly concerned and many say…。插入语not panicked是对mildly
concerned的进一步解释说明；后半部分有一个省略that的从句作say的宾语；even as引导让步状语从句。
译文：消费者看起来只是有些担心，并没有感到恐慌，许多人还说，即使稍微勒紧腰带，他们对于经济的长期繁荣仍持乐观态度。
2. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market
swings，which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a
sustained boom．
分析：本句主干是Many consumers seem…，不定式短语to have been…swings作表语；which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰前面的整个句子。
译文：许多消费者似乎受到股票市场波动的影响，而这些波动在今天的投资者看来是经济持续增长的必要因素。
Part A Text 4
1. Ravitch’s latest book，Left back：A Century of Failed School
Reforms，traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools，
concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American
distaste for intellectual pursuits．
分析：本句是复杂句，主干是…latest book traces the roots of…。书的名称被置于逗号之间作latest book的同位语；concluding到句尾是分词结构作伴随状语，其中they are anyt hing but…for
intellectual pursuits是concluding的宾语从句，省略了引导词that。
译文：瑞维茨的最新作品《倒退：一百年来学校改革的失败》探究了学校中反智主义的根源，并得出结论：认为学校根本没能制衡美国人对学识追求的反感。
2. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of
people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to
intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”
分析：本句是主从复合句，主干是Hofstadter says…。says后面是一个省略引导词that的宾语从句，从句的主干是our country’s
educational system is in the grips of people，who引导的定语从句修饰people，从句中还有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰
children。proclaim的两个并列宾语分别是their hostility和their eagerness。
译文：Hofstadter说，国家的教育体系被那样的一些人牢牢掌握，他们“兴高采烈而又咄咄逼人的宣扬自己对学识的敌视以及对最缺乏学时孩子的认同。”
2005年考研英语真题——阅读长难句
Part A Text 1
1. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but
adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly
different.
分析：本句的主干为their behaviour became markedly different。when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers是表示时间的状语从句，同时又是后面so that从句的原因；另一个状语从句so that each could observe that the other was getting in return for its rock则表示前面所导致的结果。
译文：但是当把两只猴子分别关在相邻的两个笼子里，他们能够彼此看到对方用石头换回来什么东西的时候，猴子的行为就会变得明显不同。
2. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently
in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common
ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an
unanswered question.
分析：本句为复合句，其主体是一个系表结构，由or连接的并列关系的两个whether引导的名词性从句作本句的主语，谓语是is，表语为an unanswered question。
译文：但是到目前为止，这样的公平感究竟是卷尾猴和人类各自独立演化而成的，还是源于3500万年前的共同祖先，依然是一个悬而未决的问题。
Part A Text 2
1. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the
future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning
the future consequences of present actions.
分析：本句的主干是并列句，主干是“science does provide us …, and it is critical …”。it在这里的形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的名词性从句。从句的主体是our nation and the world base important
policies on the best judgments, judgments后面跟有两个修饰说明部分：一个that引导的定语从句，第二个是介词concerning引导的介词短语。
译文：但是，科学的确为我们的未来提供了最好的指引，关键是我们的国家和其他各国在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供给我们的最佳判断为依据，这些判断关系到人类现在的行为对未来的影响。
2. Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters
insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that
it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.
分析：本句的主干是voices now come from many quarters…。后面的“insisting … for sure”部分是一个现在分词结构作定语，用以修饰说明主语voices。分词结构的主体是insist + that从句，后接
高中英语阅读英语长难句分析方法 在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。 一、长难句的分类 1、带有较多成分的简单句。如： Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used. 例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。 在这个有30多个词的简单句中，动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语，不定式to be used修饰的不仅是women’s magazine，而且还修饰television programs and stations. exact television同时修饰programs和stations两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语for instance把主语和谓语分隔开了。 2、含有多个简单句的并列句。如： In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很不开心。 在第二个并列句中，即在had前面省略了and he. Discrimination(歧视) isn’t their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age， and doctors can do nothing to help. 担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑，几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显现出来，而医生对此却无能为力。 三个分句均为简单句，分别用分号和and连接。 3、含有多个从句的复合句。如： I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our
如何克服高考英语阅读理解中的长难句障碍-A 高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。 1 When a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it was n’t unusual to hear a tan say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa． 2 He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill，in Bedfordshire，and thought that he must have tried the hare in a place he knew well，but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773． 一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能 任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的： 《 so that，for the purpose that，in order that等；表示结果：so…that…，such…that…，as a result，therefore，thus等；表示条件：if，on condition that，unless等；表示原因：because，since，as等。 【例l】Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better．(NMETl995 C篇) 析：这是一个含有that引导的表语从句的复合句。并且表语从句后接了which 引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句内有not only…but also…连接的并列结构。句意：噪音消除系统应用的另一好处就是没有必要使用消声器．这不仅减轻了轿车的重量。而且使发动机耗油更少，运转更好。 【例2】We even have different words for some tools, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating．(NMET2001D篇) 析：whether…or…表示判断选择的搭配结构，which 引出定语从句，指代前文中的事实，that引出同位语从句，while引出状语从旬，表示对比。句意：我们甚至用不同的词语来表示食物，特别是肉类，取决于它们是否还在田问里，还是即将就厨。这表明撒可逊农民干的是农活而上层的诺曼人干的是吃喝。 【例3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，even if your dog has been killed in the accident．(NMETl997 C篇)
高考英语阅读长难句 1 Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication —e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative, but that didn't necessarily mean people preferred positive news 2 Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. 3.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night. 4 CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM's Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music. 5 To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. 6 For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others. 7.But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. 8 The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley”of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. 9 The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. 10.We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back - he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. 11 TOKNOW makes complex ideas attractive and accessible to children, who can become involved in advanced concepts and even philosophy—and they will soon discover that TOKNOW feels more like a club than just a magazine.
I. For example, adolesce nt boys are more likely to buy computer games tha n any other group, so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group. 【句式翻译】例如，进入青春期的男孩子就可能比任何其他人群更愿意购买电脑游戏，因此，针对这个目标群体制作有吸引力的电脑游戏广告是有意义 【句式分析】本句是一个含有so引导的结果状语从句的复合句，同时又含有一个than 引导的比较状语从句。 【词语点拨】1)likely adj.可能的；常用于句型：sb/sth be likely to do= it is likely that…可能做 He' s very likely to send me an email tonight. =It ' s very likely that he ' ll send me an email tonight. 很可能他今晚会给我发电子邮件。 The company is likely to set up a branch in our city. =It ' s likely that the compa ny will set up a branch in our city. 这个公司可能要在我们的城市建立分公司。 2) make sense 有意义；讲得通；make sense of 理解 I can ' t follow these instructions -- they don ' t make sense. 我不理解这些指示--根本讲不通嘛。 We read the sentence through, but could not make sense of it. 我们把句子看了一遍，但不明白它说些什么。 3) appeal to 吸弓丨；appeal to sb. for sth/appeal to sb. to do sth 呼吁某人干 某事；求助于 Blue and red appeal to me, but I don ' t like gray or yellow. 我喜欢蓝色和红色，而不喜欢灰色或黄色。 Jack sin cerely appealed to his friends to support him. 杰克真切地向朋友请求支持。 We can appeal to the website for the in formatio n we n eed. 我们可以在网上查找我们需要的信息。 【语法点拨】本句中的than any other …，意为"比其他任何一个......... "，所谈论的 对象在比较的范围之内；若不在范围之内，则不用other。如： China is larger tha n any other country in Asia. 中国比亚洲任何别的国家都大。
破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 高考英语阅读理解的文章大都选自英语原版材料，文中含有一些长难句，比较难以理解，对做题会有影响。没关系，看看突破高考英语阅读长难句的5大招，再瞅瞅历年高考长难句精析，10分钟就能教你搞定高考英语中的那些长难句。 英语句子之所以难以理解，有许多原因，其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。句子过长或者复杂通常是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分，如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。下面我们来谈谈几种英语阅读长难句的处理方法。 方法1：找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语)，我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。如：
People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations. 【句意】二十一年来，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人们担心削弱这一禁令会助长非法捕猎，导致大象数量减少。 【分析】that引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是encourage 和hurt，根据逻辑意义，可知encourage和hurt 的主语是动名词短语weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。 方法2：提主干，去枝叶(从句、状语和定语等) 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings
3月5日 【长难句】 Native American languages are indeed different，so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World WarⅡto send secret messages. 【句子分析】 1. 句子主干为主系表结构= Native American languages / are/ indeed different. 美洲土著/本土语言非常与众不同. 2. so much so in fact that ….预计很多同学会逐字翻译进行理解，但逐字翻译显然不通，一般这种情况，都考虑为一种类似固定的说法或搭配，翻译理解时不要死盯该部分，只要能区分出该部分是修饰成分，抓住主要意思即可。例如：so much so 所指内容较虚，但in fact 表“事实上”，取该部分的主要意思即可。 so much so in fact that = so much different / in fact/ so that = 如此与众不同/事实上/以至于= 调整汉语的语序表达为：事实上如此与众不同以至于 3.that从句为结果状语从句。 【词的处理】 native adj. 本国的；土著的；天然的；与生俱来的；天赋的 indeed adv. 的确；实在；真正地； military adj. 军事的；军人的；适于战争的 code n. 编码；密码；代码 【参考译文】 Native American languages are indeed different，so much so in fact that Navajo
在阅读中，尤其是在试卷阅读理解C、D篇中，长难句是必然会出现的，而对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读成绩。那么，一定的长难句分析训练是必须的，具体该怎么做呢？老师分享一些示例来帮助大家学会分析长难句！ 01 For example, adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any other group, so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group. 【句式翻译】例如，进入青春期的男孩子就可能比任何其他人群更愿意购买电脑游戏，因此，针对这个目标群体制作有吸引力的电脑游戏广告是有意义的。 【句式分析】本句是一个含有so引导表示结果的复合句，同时又含有一个than引导的比较状语从句。 【词语点拨】 1)likely adj. 可能的，常用于句型：sb/sth be likely to do= it is likely that…可能…… He’s very likely to send me an email tonight.=It’s very likely that he’ll send me an email tonight. 很可能他今晚会给我发电子邮件。 2) make sense 有意义；讲得通；make sense of 理解 I can’t follow these instructions -- they don’tmake sense.
我不理解这些指示--根本讲不通嘛。 We read the sentence through, but could not make sense of it. 我们我们把句子看了一遍, 但不明白它说些什么。 3) appeal to 吸引； appeal to sb. for sth/appeal to sb. to do sth 呼吁某人干某事；求助于 Blue and red appeal to me, but I don’t like gray or yellow. 我喜欢蓝色和红色, 而不喜欢灰色或黄色。 Jack sincerely appealed to his friends to support him. 杰克真切地向朋友请求支持。 We can appeal to the website for the information we need. 我们可以在网上查找我们需要的信息。 【语法点拨】本句中的than any other…，意为“比其他任何一个……”，所谈论的对象在比较的范围之内；若不在范围之内，则不用other。如： China is larger than any other country in Asia. 中国比亚洲任何别的国家都大。 China is larger than any country in Africa. 中国比非洲的任何国家都大。 02
高考英语阅读理解长难句分析详解 第一节：找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为“he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。 句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 第二节：提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and
高考英语阅读理解长难句的处理技 巧 高考英语考试的关键在与理解，很多学生在长难句理解方面有所欠缺，下面就是给大家带来的高考英语阅读理解长难句的处理技巧，希望大家喜欢！ 一、处理长难句的原则方法 如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的单句，可这样处理：跳读修饰成分，迅速找出主谓结构。这样一来，我们便可以将长句化为短句，将难句化为易句。具体步骤是：先跳读修饰成分或附加成分，找出句子的主干并理解其意义；然后再分段理解修饰成分或附加成分。 如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的并列句，可这样处理：先找出其中的并列连词，然后再根据并列连词的意思理清句子前后是顺连关系还是反连关系，是因果关系还是转折关系等，最后再根据不同的语境关系正确理解句意。 如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的主从复合句，可这样处理：先分清主句与从句，然后弄清从句的性质，即弄清它是什么
从句——名词性从句，还是状语从句，或是定语从句。注意，弄清从句性质对于理解复合句的意思至关重要。 另外，有一点要提醒同学们，在处理长难句时，如果既能正确理解句意，又能将其准确地译成中文，那是最好了。但是，对于有些长难句，要在较短时间内（如在参加考试时）将其译成中文比较困难，此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了，如果硬要勉为其难地译成中文，不仅会浪费时间，而且在许多情况也没有必要。 二、经典高考真题实例分析 下面这篇*共有194个单词，却只有9个句子，平均每个句子大约有22个单词，是近几年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的*。*内容如下： Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close second——and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island——is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles
高考英语阅读长难句分析100句 1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from dise ases linked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。 2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associa tions with homework. 最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。 3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. 没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。 4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation. 越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study. 说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。 7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a p erson's physical fitness. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history f rom the harmful effects of international tourism. 应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业 的不利影响。 9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questio ned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have bro ught many serious problems like crime and prostitution. 越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀 疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。 10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowde d with a larg e number o f passengers.
破解高考英语阅读理解长难句的方法 高考英语阅读理解的文章大都选自英语原版材料，文中含有一些长难句，比较难以理解，对做题会有影响。没关系，看看突破高考英语阅读长难句的5大招，再瞅瞅历年高考长难句精析，10分钟就能教你搞定高考英语中的那些长难句。 英语句子之所以难以理解，有许多原因，其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。句子过长或者复杂通常是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分，如插入语、同位语、分隔现象、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。下面我们来谈谈几种英语阅读长难句的处理方法。 方法1：找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如： People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations. 【句意】二十一年来，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人们担心削弱这一禁令会助长非法捕猎，导致大象数量减少。 【分析】that引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是encourage和hurt，根据逻辑意义，可知encourage和hurt 的主语是动名词短语weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。 方法2：提主干，去枝叶（从句、状语和定语等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s. 【句意】来自萨塞克斯大学的经济学家们分析了国家青少年健康纵向研究的研究结果，这项研究是一个历时15年的课题，它记录了数千名在美国20世纪90年代中期上中学的一组青少年的财产情况。 【分析】句子主干为Economists analysed findings。from the University of Sussex 作economists 的定语；from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 作findings的定语；a
精品文档 高考英语阅读理解长难句分析详解 吉林市第一中学孙家宁 一、找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如：Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. ［简析］此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：was opposed-he，ordered-he，（should）not be used-federal-funds，had proposed-no one，asked-he（asked前面有and，说明asked 与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列）。这一句的主干为“he ordered...and asked...”，“Declaring that...”作状语。句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 二、提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如：First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Eco-lab Polytechnique. ［简析］本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。“First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语；“including...”为介词短语作状语；“who made...and who had to...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Ecolab Polytechnipue理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。 三、寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to 精品文档
1.Indeed, what is called body language is so much a part of us that it’s actually often unnoticed. 的确，所谓的“肢体语言”是我们自身如此大的一部分，以至于在实际中我们经常忽视它的存在。 2.To this day I know that it was because I changed my way of thinking that I completely changed my life. 到现在我才知道，因为我改变了思维方式，所以才彻底改变了我的生活。 3.Though Rita admits she often gets tired, she says she will continue with her work because she likes the feeling of having made a difference in the world. 尽管Rita 承认常常感觉很累，但她说她会继续她的工作，因为她喜欢那种在世界上能起作用的感觉。 4. was growing up in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s, when children from races and religions played and studied together in harmony. 在20世纪60年代早期，我在吉隆坡长大，当时不同种族和宗教信仰的孩子一起玩耍、念书，和睦相处。 4.Oscar talked his grandparents into going by Mrs. O’Brien’s house on their way home. 奥斯卡说服了他的爷爷奶奶在回家路上的时候路过奥布丽太太的家。 5.If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be easy for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white” view. 如果人们只是遵守规则而不考虑其他问题，他们很容易就形成了有时被称为“黑白分明”的观点。 6.Sibson’s house was three kilometers off the main road and was so well hidden by trees that he knew calling for help would be fruitless. Sibson的房子离主干道三公里的距离，被树木深深地隐藏着，因此他明白，呼救是徒劳的。 7.To my mother’s displeasure, I put in her vase my real roses which, in her eyes, were simply weeds rather than flowers. 让我母亲感到不快的是，我把我的玫瑰放在她的花瓶中，这些玫瑰花在她眼里只不过是一些杂草而不是鲜花。 8.He saw himself, perhaps, as inviting his students to start an exciting voyage into an unknown world invisible to the eye, which can be discovered only through scientific methods. 也许他认为自己在引导学生们开始一次令人兴奋的航行，这次航行将驶入一个对于学生们来说未知的、肉眼看不见的世界，而这个世界只能通过科学的方法来找到。 9.After the performance, I became a Black Wednesday fan too for a few years before getting into other kinds of music. 在演出之后，在我喜欢其他音乐之前的好几年时间里，我也成了一名“黑色星期三”的粉丝。 10.I watched as you faced the challenges of completing your studies. Starting companies with Dad, while still being a model and a Mom of five kids. 我看到你面对完成学业和同爸爸开办公司的挑战，同时，你还做模特，又是五个孩子的妈妈。 11.Whoever said babysitting was an easy way to make money obviously hadn’t met the three boys, she thought. 她想，无论谁认为照看孩子是个容易挣钱的方式，很明显他们以前从没遇到过这三个男孩。 12.He was still traveling quickly, but his wagons, instead of the gold and valuables they had been carryi4g, were now full of farming tools and bags of seeds.