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辅助生殖技术的新进展——选择性单囊胚移植

·综述

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聂玲综述伍琼芳△审校

【摘要】辅助生殖技术既给不孕患者带来希望,同时也因为多胎妊娠的并发症给患者带来负担和

痛苦。为解决体外受精/胞浆内单精子注射(IVF/ICSI)治疗周期中低妊娠率及多胎妊娠的问题,生殖医学

专家一直在寻找一个平衡点。多个生殖中心研究发现,选择性单囊胚移植在降低多胎妊娠率的同时仍能

保持较高的临床妊娠率,故对多胎妊娠风险高的患者实行选择性单囊胚移植是目前辅助生殖技术发展的

必然趋势。

【关键词】受精,体外;选择性单囊胚移植;胚胎移植;妊娠,多胎;妊娠率

The Progress of Assisted Reproductive Technology——

—Elective Single Embryo Transfer NIE Ling,WU

Qiong?fang.Medical College of Nanchang University,Nanchang330006,China(NIE Ling);Reproductive

Medicine Center,Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital,Nanchang330006,China(WU Qiong?fang)Corresponding author:WU Qiong?fang,E?mail:wuqiongfang898@https://www.doczj.com/doc/f99246398.html,

【Abstract】Assisted reproductive technology which brings hope to infertility patients,but also brings

the risk for multiple pregnancy.To solve the low pregnancy rate and the problems of multiple births in IVF/

ICSI(In vitro fertilization/Intracyto?plasmic sperm injection)cycle,reproductive medicine specialists have been searching for the balance.Many reproductive center found that elective single embryo transfer,can reduce

multiple births and still keep high clinical pregnancy rate.Elective single embtyo transfer is the development

trend of assisted reproductive technology currently for the patients who have the high risk of multiple births.

【Key words】Fertilization,in vitro;Elective single embryo transfer;Embryo transfer;P regnancy,multiple;Pregnancy rate

(J Int Reprod Health∕Fam Plan,2011,30:108-110)

作者单位:330006南昌大学医学院(聂玲);江西省妇幼保

健院生殖中心(伍琼芳)

△通信作者:伍琼芳,E?mail:wuqiongfang898@https://www.doczj.com/doc/f99246398.html,

自1978年英国首例试管婴儿出生,体外受精?

胚胎移植(IVF?ET)助孕术为全球的不孕夫妇带来

了新的希望,但IVF周期治疗的低妊娠率一直是困

扰医生和患者的难题。为提高妊娠率实行多胚移植

已是惯例,但这导致多胎妊娠率明显增加,相应的产

科及新生儿科的并发症也明显增多,增加了患者及

社会的经济负担。多胎妊娠已是现代辅助生殖技术

(ART)中最常见的并发症之一。现将目前ART中为

减少多胎妊娠率、改善妊娠结局的观点综述如下。

多胎妊娠对母亲及新生儿的影响

临床妊娠率与胚胎移植数密切相关。通过移植

多个胚胎来提高妊娠率曾是多数生殖中心普遍接受

的观点。Baruffi等[1]收集了1995—2008年的相关文

献资料进行Meta分析,单胚移植(SET)和双胚移植

(DET)的临床妊娠率分别是28.3%和44.5%(P<

0.0001),活产率分别是28.4%和42.5%(P<0.0001),

DET明显高于SET。新鲜移植周期DET的继续妊娠

率是SET的1.64~2.60倍,活产率是SET的1.44~

2.42倍。但妊娠胎数与不良妊娠结局有着明显的相

关性,多胎妊娠时母亲并发症[2]如妊娠期心脏病、羊

水栓塞、子痫前期、妊娠期糖尿病和产后出血的发生

率均明显增高,不仅延长住院时间,同时产科介入、

子宫切除及输血治疗的机会也大大增加。有研究报

道,双胎的低出生体质量儿的概率比单胎高8倍;双

胎的死胎率比单胎高5倍,新生儿病死率比单胎高

7倍;双胎婴儿出现脑瘫概率比单胎高4倍[3]。因此,

为减少多胎妊娠的发生,提高优生优育的水平,最佳

的办法是1次只移植1个胚胎。

选择性单囊胚移植对妊娠结局的影响

不孕夫妇治疗的最终目的是单个活婴的顺利出

生。IVF/胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)治疗周期中早产

儿出生率及围生期病死率增高与移植多个胚胎导

致多胎妊娠率增高有关[4]。为减少IVF/ICSI周期中万方数据

多胎妊娠对妊娠结局的不良影响,有研究提出对多胎妊娠风险较高的患者实行选择性单囊胚移植(elective single embryo transfer,eSET)。即:选择卵巢储备功能较好、预后良好的患者[5]:①年龄35~38岁。②行IVF/ICSI周期治疗后至少有2个以上优质胚胎(受精第2天3-细胞期~5-细胞期或第3天6-细胞期~9-细胞期,碎片率<50%,无多核卵裂球)。③第1次IVF/ICSI周期选择单个着床潜能最佳的胚胎进行移植,提高SET的妊娠率。多个国家先后研究表明,eSET与DET比较不会降低每个取卵周期的累积妊娠率,但能避免双卵双胎的发生,能明显减少辅助生殖治疗的多胎妊娠率[4-7]。法国的Leniaud等[5]研究发现,新鲜胚胎移植eSET组及DET组的妊娠率分别为43.9%和57.5%(P=0.07);但每个取卵周期的累积妊娠率分别为63.6%和61.6%,两者差异无统计学意义;累积双胎妊娠率分别为2.9%和15.6%(P=0.02)。结果表明,联合良好的胚胎冷冻技术,eSET是减少多胎妊娠的有效手段之一。当然,如果不考虑胚胎的质量所有患者均行SET,则其妊娠率较低,并非减少双胎妊娠的有效策略[8]。

在大多数国家,IVF/ICSI治疗费用昂贵,且尚未纳入医保范畴,属自费治疗项目。为探讨eSET是否增加患者的医疗费用,加重患者经济负担而不被患者接受,Ledger等[9]分析在英国直接用于IVF治疗到胎儿出生后1年的医疗保健费用后发现,每个IVF周期中多胎及双胎妊娠的费用明显高于单胎妊娠。Gerris等[10]比较第3天胚胎的eSET与DET的总费用发现,DET组高于eSET组,主要是新生儿治疗费用(比利时法郎)明显增高(eSET:451±957vs DET:3453±8154,P<0.001),2组产妇治疗费用差异无统计学意义。因此,eSET与DET比较不仅能有效减少双胎妊娠率,而且能降低总的治疗费用,减轻患者的经济负担。另有报道,eSET与DET比较异位妊娠率明显减少,分别为1.2%和4.4%(P<0.05)[11]。

囊胚移植可提高胚胎的种植率

IVF/ICSI治疗周期中与胚胎种植率相关的因素众多,如患者的年龄、种族、子宫内膜厚度及胚胎质量等,其中胚胎质量是与妊娠结局相关的最重要因素[12]。在常规IVF/ICSI治疗中,一般在胚胎受精后第2天或第3天移植。在这个时期移植胚胎的后期发育潜力还很难预料,仅根据第3天胚胎发育的形态学标准来衡量胚胎的种植潜力不够科学和准确。而囊胚移植培养时间延长到第5~6天,可自然淘汰无

发育潜能的胚胎,选择生存能力强、质量好的胚胎,这种自然选择过程中,那些具有更大发育潜能的胚胎存活下来。体外培养发现,4-细胞期~8-细胞期的胚胎发育存在阻滞现象,当胚胎没有发育潜能或携带有异常的染色体和基因时,在培养至囊胚期的过程中可因自身发育异常被自然筛选掉,只有质量最好的胚胎才能发育至囊胚期[13]。体外培养时,胚胎逾越8-细胞期的发育阻滞而成为具有生命力的胚胎。同时由于囊胚培养使胚胎与女性生殖道的发育更同步,更符合生殖生理的自然环境,移植这些胚胎可以得到较高的种植率。Fanchin等[14]观察43例不孕妇女的43个卵巢刺激周期发现,在注射人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)日患者的平均子宫收缩频率(uterine contraction,UC)为(4.4±0.2)次/min,hCG日后第5天的UC减少为(3.5±0.2)次/min(P<0.003),hCG日后第8天的UC显著降为(1.5±0.2)次/min(P<0.001),表明囊胚移植时子宫近乎静止的状态可避免胚胎在宫腔内移位,从而更有利于胚胎种植。

目前,囊胚体外培养体系逐渐优化,囊胚率逐渐提高;同时囊胚冷冻技术也逐渐成熟,如玻璃化冷冻技术的实现,使得囊胚移植作为常规移植技术成为可能。Papanikolaou等[15]对取卵后第3天有4个以上优质胚胎患者行囊胚移植发现,其继续妊娠率及活产率均明显高于卵裂期胚胎移植者,表明囊胚移植对患者更有利,更有机会获得活胎分娩。Gardner等[16]对年龄<36岁,卵巢储备功能良好的IVF治疗患者行前瞻性随机化研究发现,单囊胚与双囊胚移植的胚胎种植率分别为60.9%和56%,继续妊娠率分别为60.9%和76%,两者差异均无统计学意义。但SET无双胎妊娠,DET的双胎率为47.4%。表明单囊胚移植是保持高妊娠率和减少多胎妊娠的有效方法。Yanaihara等[11]通过比较冻融囊胚移植得出了同样结果。

为减少多胎妊娠,行eSET时囊胚的选择非常重要,4级囊胚(扩展后囊胚)较3级囊胚(完全扩展囊胚)的种植率更高,受精后第3天的碎片率与囊胚的种植潜能呈负相关,碎片率越低,种植潜能越高[17]。根据囊胚的扩张程度、内细胞团和滋养层细胞的平衡在第5天发育≥3AA级(囊胚开始扩张并向前发展,透明带变薄,内细胞团清晰,细胞数目多,滋养层细胞铺展良好,结合紧密),第6天的胚胎评分≥5AA级(囊胚完全扩展并开始孵出)为理想的囊胚[18]。

万方数据

(下转p114)

另外,IVF 、体外培养和冷冻保存可能使透明带硬化,影响囊胚孵出,特别是透明带厚度超过15μm 以上的胚胎,很难发育成孵出囊胚。辅助孵化技术有利于囊胚从透明带中孵出,对胚胎质量较好而多次妊娠失败的患者进行辅助孵化可明显改善其妊娠结局[12]。

如何实行eSET

在澳大利亚及欧洲许多生殖中心,SET 已提倡并实施多年,近年来美国和日本也在积极探讨并鼓励实施SET 。中国大多数生殖中心也已经认识到IVF/ICSI 治疗周期中多胎妊娠的不利影响。eSET 不仅不会降低整体妊娠率,而且可以大大减少多胎妊娠率、流产率及异位妊娠发生率。值得在IVF/ICSI 治疗中常规采纳和推广。

但IVF/ICSI 治疗费用昂贵,实施SET 政策有些患者尚难以接受。另外,即便是在发达国家许多不孕夫妇都将双胎妊娠作为理想的治疗结局,尤其是无生育史并对双胎妊娠风险认识不足的患者[19]。因此,加强对患者的宣教及劝导并制定相关的法律条例来限制胚胎移植数,才能进一步促进SET 实行。Hope 等[20]认为接受DVD 视频宣教的患者较手册宣教的患者可能更容易接受eSET 。2003年7月1日比利时政府为了减少多胎妊娠率制定法律控制移植数:①对42岁以下的不孕女性全额补偿,为其提供6个IVF 周期的治疗。②36岁以下首次IVF 时不论什么情况均行SET ;第2次IVF 时,原则上行SET,如果未得到良好囊胚,允许DET ;第3次IVF 及以后允许DET 。③36~39岁首次和第2次IVF 时无限制条件,允许DET ;第3次IVF 及以后最多允许移植3个胚胎。④40岁以上不限制移植胚胎数。

综上所述,在IVF/ICSI 治疗中,多胎妊娠不仅增加了患者的经济负担,更增加了妊娠妇女和胎儿的风险。对多胎妊娠率风险高的患者实行eSET 是避免双卵双胎的唯一办法。为增加SET 的种植率及活产率,配合适当的辅助孵化技术,对预后良好的患者选择种植潜能较高的囊胚进行移植是实施这一技术的前提。但在中国,辅助生殖治疗费用昂贵,未纳入医保范畴,且患者大多对双胎妊娠的风险认识不足,要普遍推广SET ,尚需加强对患者的宣教和劝导,必要时制定相应的法律条例加以限制。

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(收稿日期:2010-07-06)

[本文编辑李淑杰]

万方数据

辅助生殖技术的新进展——选择性单囊胚移植

作者:聂玲, NIE Ling

作者单位:南昌大学医学院,330006

刊名:

国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志

英文刊名:JOURNLA OF INTERNATIONAL REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH/FAMILY PLANNING

年,卷(期):2011,30(2)

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transfer following in vitro fertilization:a two-year French hospital experience[外文期刊] 2008(02)

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after cleavage-stage embryo transfer when at least four embryos are available on day 3 of embryo culture.A randomized prospective study[外文期刊] 2005(11)

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