Unit 1
享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？
1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？
2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。
3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：―我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。‖有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。
4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：―啊哈，你又上了我的当。‖
5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。
6 我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。
7 ―滑稽剧‖是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过
下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：―昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？‖那位男士回答道：―那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。‖这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。
8 中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。
9 ―俏皮话‖不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：―这是Wembley (温布利)吗？‖―不，‖第二位绅士说：―是Thursday (星期四)。‖―我也是，‖第三位说道，―让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。‖我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。
10 著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说：―你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？‖那位年轻的学生回答道：―我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。‖在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里，一位生气的父亲问道：―告诉我，1加2等于几？‖儿子说：―我不知道。‖这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道：―比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个，傻瓜？‖儿子得意地回答道：―是三个傻瓜。‖ 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。
11 双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问：―什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？‖另外一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：―我不猜了。是什么呀？‖出谜语的人回答：―是报纸。‖如果你知道在英语中―red（红色）‖和―read（读）‖的读音一样但意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。
12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES （法语中的―一语双关‖）是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说；―我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。‖听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚，于是补充说：―我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻
子下面发生接吻这样的事了。‖当然，这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。
13 一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。
Reading comprehension
1略
2 BDCAC AADBB
Vocabulary
1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer
2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition
3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt
4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason
5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis
6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values
7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless
8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood
2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority
4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice
7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction
10) a sense of urgency
3. 1) Lively behavior is normal
2) Fast cars appeal to
3) diverse arguments
4) I asked my boss for clarification
5) sensitive to light
6) Mutual encouragement
7) made fun of him
8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint
9) to be the focus/center of attention
10) we buy our tickets in advance
4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed
7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice
13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble
Unit 2
便笺的力量
1 我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。
2 打开来信，我看到了下面的话：―关于老虎队的述评很不错，再接再厉。‖签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为每一竖栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起信心来。
3 后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说：―当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极了。‖
4 因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。
5 多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。
6 那么，这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远不如打电话方便。
7 当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。
8 尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在这么做，其中包括乔治?布什。有人说，他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信，内容亲切——一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。
9 那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。―我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后传递出去，‖他说道。―每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。‖
10 ―太多的时候，‖他发表自己的看法说，―那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上，我们靠这个取得进步，获得成功！‖
11 怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的―４S‖技巧。
12 １）真诚 (sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。
13 ２）简短 (short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。
14 ３）具体 (specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴―演讲精彩‖太笼统含糊；告诉他―关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩‖才是一语中的。
15 ４）自然 (spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气，洋溢着热情，并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。
16 当你非得到处找写信用品时，写出来的东西就难以自然，因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边，甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨，重要的是要表达的思想。
17 那么，你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢？一位邻居？为你服务的那位图书馆管理员？一位亲戚？你的市长？你的伙伴？一位教师？你的医生？你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由，就找一个生活中的重要事件，例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如，过去的25年里，我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡，而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围，就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。
18 不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像―最了不起的‖、―最聪明的‖、―最漂亮的‖这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系，记住，梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。
19 今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句，这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的：使别人充满信心，也就使我自己感觉很好。
Reading comprehension
1略
2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT
Vocabulary
1. Creating Compound Words
STEP ONE:
Column A Column B The compound words created
through day throughout
up man upbeat, uplift
draw eared drawback
teen ready teenage
hand conscious handout, handwritten
birth back birthday, birthstone
chair distance chairman
rag beat rag-eared
ever lift ever-ready
over age overdue, overage
long due long-distance, long-eared
self stone self-conscious
mile out mileage, milestone
type wishing typewriter, typewritten
well writer/written well-wishing, well-written
STEP TWO:
1) long-distance 2) upbeat 3) ever-ready 4) overdue 5) typewriter
6) milestone 7) handwritten 8) uplifted 9) self-conscious 10) rag-eared 11) birthday 12) throughout 13) drawbacks 14) chairman 15) teenage
2. 1) A. intrigued v. interest
B. intrigue n. the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power
2) A. straining v. try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength
B. strain n. a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something
3) A. savor n. taste; flavor
B. savored v. enjoy the taste or flavor of; enjoy as much as you can
4) A. treasure v. treat something as being very special, important, or valuable
B. treasure n. a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.
5) A. credited v. consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it
B. credit n. trust; faith
6) A. boost n. an encouraging act of cheering somebody up
B. boost v. make someone feel more confident and less worried
7) A. note n. a short, usually informal, letter
B. noted v. notice or pay careful attention to something
8) A. signed v. write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it
B. sign n. gesture used to express one‘s meaning, idea, etc.
9) A. totaled v. come to a certain amount
B. total n. the whole amount
10) A. stuffed v. fill something with a substance
B. stuff n. substance or material
11) A. count n. the number that is reached when something is being counted
B. count v. be important
12) A. last v. manage to remain in the same situation
B. last n. the remaining part of something
13) A. complimented v. express praise or admiration of somebody
B. compliment n. an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.
14) A. flood n. a large number or amount
B. flooding v. arrive in large numbers
15) A. contact n. communication with a person, organization, country, etc.
B. contact v. reach (someone) by message, telephone, etc.
3. 1) thrives 2) strategy 3) annual 4) deserve 5) spontaneous 6) sincere 7) investments 8) enterprise 9) follow up 10) characterized
11) lingered 12) acknowledged
4. column: 1) D 2) A 3) B 4) C
tough: 1) D 2) B 3) E 4) F 5) C 6) A
5.
1) A. complementary B. complimentary C. complimentary
complimentary: 1) expressing admiration, praise, etc.
2) given free of charge
complementary: making something complete or perfect; supplying what is lacking or needed for completion
2) A. stationery B. stationary C. stationary
stationary: not moving, or not changing
stationery: writing materials (e.g. paper, envelopes, etc.)
3) A. typist B. typewriter C. typist
typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper
typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so
4) A. vulgar B. vague C. vague
vague: 1) not clearly expressed, known, described or decided
2) not clear in shape; not clearly seen
vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners; not educated
5) A. pad B. pat C. pad
pad: 1) several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.
2) a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something
6) A. own B. owed C. owes D. owned
owe: 1) have to pay, for something already done or given
2) feel grateful
own: 1) a. belonging to oneself and to no one else
2) v. possess (something), especially by lawful right
6.
1) searched 2) clever 3) solution 4) wasted 5) tolerate 6) hidden 7) dumb 8) subject 9) noise 10) extra 11) purchased 12) replaced 13) appreciation 14) hurried 15) warrant 16) strange
Unit 3
从文化角度看性别角色
1 在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过程中，每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止，数量之多数以百计，这一切都带有文化的烙印，成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说，别人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不相同。
2 例如，最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示，在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的文化偏见。据研究人员反映，这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的，但它确实存在，并每年都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱，戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示，许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现，从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程，都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响，因为总的来说，那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事实上，在20世纪60年代末期，当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后，教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在―接管‖课堂讨论，而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。
近年来，在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况：与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。
3 赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示，教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任务，这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如，有位教师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时，不断地让小男孩去操作科学―实验‖，而让女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面，这些女孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历，这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。
4 美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅长数学和自然科学，这些学科都是―难懂的‖、―适合于男性的‖，而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题，而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强，但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是文化造成的，而非遗传的原因。例如，在德国，读书学习都被看作是―适合于男性的‖，于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性别，女孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。
5 在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如，有一项研究显示了这样一种情况：让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片，然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远，这时男孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范围很有限，而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力，尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的；对女孩灌输的结果是：对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧，且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是，在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师，更注重作业的形式和整洁而非内容，更在乎她们所给的答案是否―正确‖而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分时间，社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观，并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。
1 Understanding the Organization of the Text
(1) Introduction (para 1)
It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emotions, and
interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredity
and culture.
(2) There is a cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls. (para. 2-4)
Supporting evidence
A. Teachers called on males in class far more than on female students. (para 2)
i) Its consequence: This has a tremendous impact on the learning process.
ii) The reason for this: Active classroom participants develop more positive attitudes
and go on to higher achievement.
iii) Two examples:
a. In many of the former all-women‘s colleges, the boys were taking over the class-room discussions and active participation by women students had diminished noticeably.
b. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.
B. Teachers assigned boys and girls different tasks according to stereotyped gender roles. (para. 3)
i) Its consequence: This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class.
ii) An example: A teacher had the little boys perform the scientific experiment while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away.
C. Gender-biased education is also reflected in the typical American teacher‘ assumption. (para 4)
i) The assumption: Boys will do better in the hard, masculine subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills.
ii) Three examples:
a. American boys do develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on.
b. In Germany, all studies are considered masculine and it is girls who develop reading problems.
c. In Japan, where early education appears to be nonsexist, both girls and boys do equally well in reading.
(3) The educational bias begins at home. (para 5)
A. Supporting evidence:
i) Boy preschoolers were permitted to go away from home in a much wider area than girl preschoolers.
ii) Boys were encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical skills, while girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of for their goodness and obedience to rules.
B. The consequence when these lessons carry over from the home to the classroom: Girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than its content, and more anxious about being right in their answers than in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original.
C. Conclusion: Through the educational process that occupies most of the child‘s waking hours, society reinforces its established values and turns out each sex in its traditional and expected mold.
2 CBDBCD
Vocabulary
1. 1) genetic 2) assign 3) noticeably 4) approved 5) Bias
6) deprived 7) constituted 8) participation 9) unintentional 10) postgraduate
2. conscious – unconscious positive – negative
encourage – discourage superior – inferior
directly – indirectly biased – fair
sexist – nonsexist limited – unlimited
dependent – independent appropriately – inappropriately
3. 1) C 2) D 3) A 4) E 5) B 6) C 7) F 8) B
4. 1) turn out 2) carry over 3) calling on 4) put away 5) fallen behind 6) take over
Unit 4
关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考
1 教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。
2 如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于―明尼苏达制造和矿业公司‖，通常称为3M 公司。在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质，黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训：现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。
3 现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。
4 受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。
5 创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。
6 遗憾的是，学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调阅读、写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。
7 然而，在有些学校里，教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题，并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约，情况会是如何。要回答这一问题，学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑，也毫无关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。
8 在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来
的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。
9 具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。
10 给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们作出错误的决定时，不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。
Reading Comprehension
1. 1) Introduction(para 1)
It is introduced in the article how teachers and parents can encourage
creativity in children.
2) An important strategy for parents and teachers to follow (para. 2-3)
A. The strategy:
To encourage children to spend time thinking and developing new ideas.
B. The significance for adopting the strategy:
If children can be taught to think creatively, they will be better able to
function in tomorrow‘s society.
3) The definition of creativity (para. 4-5)
A. Who successful students and adults are:
Those who can find a number of ways to approach problems.
B. What creative people can do:
They can use what they have to produce original ideas that are good for
something.
4) A big problem in school (para. 6)
The problem: Children can obtain and give back information, but can‘t figure out ways to apply what they know in new situations.
5) A new approach to teaching (para 7)
A. The approach: Combining the basics with the activities where students must use their imaginations.
B. How to do so: By asking questions and meanwhile praising their ideas and new thoughts.
C. How to facilitate the process: To create an atmosphere in which there is no risk in being creative-- a place where wild ideas are honored and valued,
never scorned or dismissed.
6) Things parents can do at home to encourage creativity (para. 8-10)
A. To involve children in decision making.
B. To help children to understand the consequences of various decisions.
C. To encourage them to talk out loud about things they are doing. The reason for doing so: Talking out loud improves language skills and thinking skills.
D. To show a sense of humor. The reason for doing so: Children can see
creativity in its purest form.
E. To give children choices from their earliest age.
Examples:
a. When they are very young, let them choose between two food items for
lunch.
b. B. When they grow older, let them decide how to use their time or spend
their money
2 understanding specific information
TFFTTFFT
Vocabulary
1. 1) confused, confusion 2) intelligence, intelligent 3) humorous, humor
4) strategy, strategic 5) motivated, motivation 6) combination, combined
7) creation, creative 8) pursuit, pursuing 9) multiplication, multiply
10) employ, employment
2. 1) perfected 2) approaching 3) value 4) functions 5) approach
6) perfect 7) honor 8) function 9) honor 10) value
3. 1) dismiss 2) consequences 3) promoting 4) applies 5) vital
6) scorned 7) conventional 8) original
4. 1) consciously 2) innovative 3) unconsciously 4) determines 5) Imagination
6) aware 7) control 8) created 9) extension 10) technique
11) vulnerable 12) unfolding 13) joyful 14) gain 15) Apply
unit 5
运动员该成为榜样吗？
1. 我喜欢查尔斯·巴克利，就像他是我的亲兄弟一样，而且除了比赛中在篮板下彼此冲撞的时候（我在犹他爵士队；他在菲尼克斯太阳队），我们是很好的朋友。我们的爱好不一定完全相同：查尔斯酷爱高尔夫球，要是可能的话他中场休息时都会打，我却认为把优良的牧地造成高尔夫球场是浪费。而我们能很好相处的一个原因是，我俩都心里想什么就说什么，不管别人会怎么想——这也意味着我们时常会意见不一致。有一个例子能说明我的意思：我不同意查尔斯在他做的耐克广告中说的话。在那则广告里，他强调说：―我不是一个行为榜样。‖查尔斯，你完全可以否认自己是行为榜样，但是我认为这不是自己可以决定的。我们没想要做行为榜样，而是大家要我们做。我们唯一能选择的是做一个好榜样还是做一个坏榜样。
2 我认为成了著名运动员后，我们不能只接受随之而来的荣誉和金钱，却拒绝承担作为榜样的责任，或者没有意识到孩子们、甚至一些成年人正关注着我们，期望我们树立起一个榜样。我的意思是，首先为什么我们能有机会做广告呢？因为有人会以我们为榜样，他们买某种运动鞋或某种麦片，（仅仅）因为我们在用这些东西。
3 我喜欢成为榜样，并努力去做个好榜样。但这并不是说我总是做得很好。我决非圣贤，我会犯错误，而且有时还会做一些非常幼稚的事情。我并非每天早上醒来都具备了做榜样的好心情。有些日子，我并不想同遇见的每个球迷都摆姿势合影，不想抱起婴儿拥抱、亲吻（无论他们有多可爱）。处在这种时候，我就尽量避开公众。
4 但做个好榜样并不需要十全十美，而且人们也不应该期盼完美。如果由我来判定一个篮球运动员是否是个好榜样，我想知道的是：他在球场之外，是否给人们的生活带来了积极的影响？他自己付出了多少时间或金钱去帮助那些敬仰他的人？他显示出一个优秀者应具有的诸如诚实、毅力这些品格吗？但我不会问他是否以我的那种方式生活，或者是否以我处理事情的方式来应付每一个局面。
5 查尔斯在他的广告中所说的有一点我赞成，那就是―我能扣篮并不意味着我应该养育你们的孩子。‖但是，有时家长们也需要一点帮助。如果父母能对孩子说：―你想想卡尔·马龙、斯科蒂·皮蓬、查尔斯·巴克利或大卫·罗宾逊会那样做吗？‖有时候，这是很管用的。
如果有人这样提到我的名字，对我来说是一种荣誉。当然，父母应该成为自己孩子的行为榜样。然而实际情况是孩子们有许多其他的行为榜样——老师、电影明星、运动员、甚至其他孩子。作为运动员，我们不能取代父母，但是我们能协助他们去加强和巩固他们努力教给孩子的那些思想。
6 父母们一定不能做得太过火。他们有时把我们奉若神明，使我们感到是在走钢索——在这么细的钢索上我们最终必定会摔下来。这不是一件让我感到特别自豪的事：在犹他州曾经有孩子家长对我说过这样的话：―你要知道，卡尔，我们全家都对你崇拜得五体投地，在我们家里，我们把你的照片和基督画像一起并排挂在墙上。‖这就太过分了。
难怪有些运动员不愿做行为榜样。谁会愿意被拔得那样高呢，那是能达到的标准吗？
设想一下，有人把你真人大小的照片挂在墙上，而且每晚睡觉前都要对着你的照片倾诉一番，这是很可怕的。
7 时刻处在公众的注视之下有时令人难以忍受。我十分同情迈克尔·乔丹，他不得不对付有关他赌博的负面报道。我想大多数人都无法想象，分分秒秒、日复一日都被如此密切地注视着是什么滋味。曾经有人对我说，我个人的情况还不至于那么糟，因为出了犹他州就没人认识我了。但事实并非如此。自从我作为梦之队的一员参加了奥运会的比赛后，我无论到哪里都会成为人们注意的中心。这有时使人受到很大的限制。例如，我有好几次想买一辆哈利-戴维森牌的大摩托车，骑着它逛逛街。首先爵士队会大发雷霆，说这太危险。
其次，每个人都会盯着我，看我是否戴了头盔，是否按照限定的速度行驶，是否安全转弯，不一而足。
一旦我没有达到他们的期望，就会有人说：―这给其他骑摩托车的人树立了个什么榜样啊？‖
但是，
8 做一个行为榜样的好处要多于坏处。想到某个孩子决定在学业上再做一番尝试而不是辍学，或者碰到有人向他兜售毒品时，能从毒贩子身边走开，而这其中也有你的一小部分功劳时，那种感觉好极了。但是我要鼓励父母们去做一件事，那就是提醒他们的孩子无论他们敬仰哪位运动员，十全十美的人是没有的。这样一来，如果孩子们心目中的英雄犯了错误，他们就不会觉得世界末日到了。
9 我决不会因为某个人说了心里话而批评他。如果查尔斯认为他自己不是个行为榜样，这是他的权利。但我认为他是一个行为榜样，而且是一个好榜样。如果他能戴上NBA的冠军戒指，我也许会把他当作我自己的行为榜样。
Understanding the organization of the text
1) Introduction (para. 1)
Athletes are chosen to be role models, and they can choose only to be good or
bad ones.
2) Athletes should be role models. (para. 2-5)
The author‘s arguments:
A. Athletes should not refuse the responsibility of being a role model while
accepting all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete.
(para. 2)
B. I try to be a positive role model, but that doesn‘t mean I am perfect. (para. 3)
C. Qualities of a positive role model: (para. 4)
a. He influences people‘s lives in a positive way.
b. He gives of himself in time or money to help those who look up to him.
c. He displays the values like honesty and determination.
D. Athletes cannot take the place of parents, but can help reinforce what parents
try to teach their children. (para. 5)
3) People sometimes expect so much that some athletes don‘t want to be role modes. (para. 6-7)
A. Sometimes people put athletes on a pedestal.
Example: I have had parents in Utah put my picture on the wall beside Jesus Christ. (para. 6)
B. Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times.
Example: 1: Negative publicity Michael Jordan received about gambling.
2. Ever since I played on the Dream Team, I can‘t go anywhere
without being the center of attention and I can‘t even buy a
motorcycle I really want. (para. 7)
4) Conclusion (para 8-9)
The good things about being a role model outweigh the bad.
A. It‘s a great feeling to think you are part of the reason that a id decided to try to be good.
B. But parents should remind their kids that there are no perfect human beings.
C. Charles Barkley is a good role model.
2、F T F T F F F F T F T F
Vocabulary
2. 1) is bound to 2) follow their lead 3) goes too far/is going too far
4) take the place of 5) dropped out 6) have a fit 7) measure up to
8) look up to 9) Let‘s face it 10) you name it
3. 1) outgrown 2) outdo 3) outwitted 4) outweigh 5) outlived
Unit 1 From her accent I guess she’s from the Northeast. 从她的口音我猜她是来自东北地区的。 It was very clever of her to turn his argument against himself. 她很聪明，使他对自己的论点 I found a couple of shoes under the bed but they don’t make a pair. 我在床下发现了一双鞋，但他们不做一双 4. Dr. Bright always takes his time as he examines his patients and treats them with extreme care. Bright博士总是把他的时间用于他检查他的病人，并把他们的极端护理 5. British companies are trying to avoid the fate their American counterparts have already suffered. 英国公司正试图避免他们的美国同行已经遭受的命运。 6. Wilfred’s remarks confirmed me in my opinion that he was an honorable young man. 威尔弗雷德的话证实了我在我看来，他是一个光荣的年轻人 7. The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. 检察机关的主要证人在收到死亡威胁后提供了警方的保护 8. I thought that was the end of the matter but subsequent events proved me wrong. 我认为这是事情的结束，但随后的事件证明我错了。 9. Having practiced for so long, the New York baseball team stands a chance winning the World Series this year. 经过这么长时间的练习，纽约棒球队赢得了今年的世界系列赛的机会。 10. At the trial , Bob’s teacher, who was called as a character witness, said he was a quiet boy who had never been in trouble before. 在审讯中，鲍伯的老师，被称为证人，说他是个安静的男孩以前从未惹过麻烦。 Unit 2 11. We’ve just had a very fruitful meeting with the management and we’re now much more hopeful about the pay rise. 我们刚刚与管理层有了一个非常富有成效的会议，我们现在对加薪的希望更大了 12. The book I’m reading explains the evolution of plant and animal life on earth. 我读的这本书解释了地球上动植物的进化
UNIT1 1.我们接到通知，财政部长将于次日接见我们。 We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience / receive us the next day. 2.我觉得很奇怪，他似乎不记得自己的生日。 I thought it odd that he didn’t seem to remember his own birthday. 3.学期论文最迟在下星期二交来，可是至今大部分学生却几无进展。 Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far. 4.看到学生人数不断减少，校长心里很难受。(pain) It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking. 5.在那个国家一般用现金付账，但支票变得普遍起来了，不久会代替现金作为人们结账的一种方式。 Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts. 6.该公司声称，这条河流的污染不是它造成的。 The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river. UNIT2 1.比尔已是个成熟的小伙子，不再依赖父母替他做主。 Bill is a mature young man who is no longer dependent on his parents for decisions. 2.这个地区有大量肉类供应，但新鲜果蔬奇缺。 There are abundant supplies of meat in this region, but fresh fruit and vegetables are scarce. 3.工程师们依靠工人们的智慧发明了一种新的生产方法，使生产率得以提高。 Drawing on the wisdom of the workers, the engineers invented a new production method that led to increased productivity. 4.他花了许多时间准备数学考试，因此当他获知自己只得了个B时感到有点失望。 He spent a lot of time preparing for his disappointed to learn that he got only a B. 5.我们有充实的时间从从容容吃顿午饭。 We have ample time for leisurely lunch. 6.地方政府不得不动用储备粮并采取其他紧急措施，以渡过粮食危机。 The local government had to draw on its grain reserves and take other emergency measures so as to pull through the food crisis. UNIT3 1.萧伯纳在他一个剧本的前言中提出这样的看法：今天人们比在中世纪时更加迷信。 In the preface to one of his plays, Bernard Shaw advances the idea that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Ages. 2. 丈夫死后，她只好独自挑起扶养五个孩子的经济重担。 After her husband died, she had to bear the severe financial burden of raising five children by herself. 3.证明或驳斥某个论点的最好办法之一是从亲身经历中举出例子。 One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examples from your own experience. 4.亨特说贝蒂老是夸大他的缺点，这话很可能会引起一场争吵。 Hunt’s statement that Betty always exaggerates his faults may well lead to a quarrel. 5.我当时对她绝对信任，无论她告诉我什么，我都会相信。 I trusted her so much that I would have swallowed any story she told me.
U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。
Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words
新视野大学英语课后习 题翻译答案 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
新视野大学英语（第二版）读写教程2 1至7单元课后翻译答案总结 IA：她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn’t take a drink , much less would she stay for dinner. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 He thought I was lying to him , whereas I was telling the truth. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎样解释 How do you account for the fact you have been late every day this week 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 The increase in their profits is due to their new market strategy. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率得提高。 Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency.
我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们 只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project , so we have to carry on. IIA: 尽管她是家里的独生女，他父母也从不溺爱她。 Despite the fact that she is the only child in the family , her parents never baby her . 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没有给我打电话作任何解 释。 Mike didn’t come to the party last night , nor did he call me to give an explanation. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但绝不是什么 大作家。 The man sitting next to him did publish some novels , but he is by no means a great writer. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。 He is not interested in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses.
第四册 Unit 1 1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3.Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4.We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it. 5.Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. l.出入除自己家以外的任何场所时，如果你带有宠物，一定要了解有关宠物的规定。 2一些女性完全可以不待在家里，而是去工作，挣一份不错的工资。但是为了家庭，她们放弃 了工作。 3.你怎么为这样粗鲁的行为辩护？你将会为此付出沉重的代价，因为他们己经以低毁名誉的罪 名起诉你了。 4.批评有其重要作用；我们可能当时不喜欢它，但是它能激励我们去做更伟大的事情。 5.他毫不让步的行为遭到公众的反对，这使得他陷人了精神上崩溃、经济上破产的境地。6．即使你失败了，也不要被失败伤害，更不要被失败左右。记住：失败是学习过程中必要的一 步；它不是学习、的结束，而是学习的开始。 Uiny2 1 ．If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous，it would have attracted a larger audience．‘ 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3 ．I never had formal training，I just learned as I went along· 4. As their products find their way into the international market，their brand is gaining in popularity. 5 ．She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone，but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable. 6 ．No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him． 1.如果没有查理·卓别林，世界电影史就会不一样了。 2.令人感到宽慰的是，他的努力最终给予了他长期渴望的结果—他成功地发现了这种疾病的原因。 3.查理·卓别林是最伟大、最广受热爱的电影明星之一。从《流浪汉》到《摩登时代》，他拍 摄了许多他那个时代最有趣、最受欢迎的电影。他最出名的是他扮演的一个人物—年轻可
Unit 7 The Joy of Travel Transformative Travel Twenty-five years ago I felt like a wreck. Although I was just 23, my life already seemed over. The future appeared as much like a wasteland as the emptiness I could see while looking back to the past. I felt lost, without choices, without hope. I was stuck in a job I hated and trapped in an engagement with a woman I didn't love. At the time, both commitments seemed like a good idea, but I suppose it was the fantasy of being a successful, married businessman that appealed to me far more than the reality. I decided to take a class just for the entertainment value. It happened to be an introductory counseling course, one that involved personal sharing in the group. We were challenged to make commitments publicly about things we would like to change in our lives, and in a moment of pure impulsiveness, I declared that by the next class meeting I was going to quit my job and end my engagement. A few days later I found myself unemployed and unattached, excited by the freedom, yet terrified about what to do next. I needed some kind of transition from my old life to a new one, a sort of ritual that would help me to transform myself from one person into another. So I did something just as impulsive as my previous actions: I booked a trip for a week in Aruba. In spite of what others might have thought, I was not running away from something but to something. I wanted a clean break, and I knew I needed to get away from my usual environment and influences so as to think clearly about where I was headed. Once settled into my room on the little island of Aruba, I began my process of self-change. I really could have been anywhere as long as nobody could reach me by phone and I had the peace and quiet to think about what I wanted to do. I spent the mornings going for long walks on the beach, the afternoons sitting under my favorite tree, reading books and listening to tapes. Probably most important of all, I forced myself to get out of my room and go to meet people. Ordinarily shy, I now decided that I was someone who was perfectly capable of having a conversation with anyone I chose. Since nobody knew the "real" me, the way I had always been, I felt free to be completely different. It took me almost a year to pay off that trip, but I am convinced that my single week in Aruba was worth three years in therapy. That trip started a number of processes that helped me to transform myself. This is how I did it: I created a mindset that made me ready for change. I expected that big things were
新视野大学英语（第二版）读写教程2 1至7单元课后翻译答案总结 IA：她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn’t take a drink , much less would she stay for dinner. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 He thought I was lying to him , whereas I was telling the truth. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎样解释? How do you account for the fact you have been late every day this week？ 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 The increase in their profits is due to their new market strategy. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率得提高。 Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project , so we have to carry on. IIA: 尽管她是家里的独生女，他父母也从不溺爱她。 Despite the fact that she is the only child in the family , her parents never baby her .
unit1 1.The people in the flooded area are hungry for provisions, food, clothes and medicine. 2.As he sat up late watching TV, (it's) no wonder that he looks so tired. 3.If I were you, I wouldn't get involved with/in those complicated affairs. 4.Her skills are so excellent that the cakes she makes are simply works of art. 5.I know it was my fault but there is no need to rub it in. 6.This sort of work calls for a lot of patience. 7.The government declared that its foreign currency reserve is strong enough to resist the financial crisis unit2 1. The rescue team set off at the first light of day to search for the missing child. 2. Although the goalkeeper tried his best, he missed the ball. 3. The news was so unexpected that she caught her breath in surprise. 4. Seeing the footballer score a goal, the spectators burst into thunderous applause. 5. Who do you think you are? –You’re the last person I would like to talk to about this matter! 6. The girl fixed her eyes intently on the telephone when she was waiting for her boyfriend's call
Unit1 1、任何年满18岁得人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote、 2、每学期开学前，这些奖学金得申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester、 3、遵照医生得建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking、 4、公园位于县城得正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town、 5、这所大学提供了我们所需得所有材料与设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire、 1、她们花了多年得时间寻找内心得平静，但就是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success、 2、这种新药得成功研制已经使许多疾病得治疗发生了根本性得变革。(revolutionize) The successful development of the new drug has revolutionized the treatment of many diseases、 3、由于这个国家得经济不景气，这家公司濒于破产。(on the edge of) The company is on the edge of bankruptcy due to the economic depression in the country、 4、大学毕业后她成为了一名护士。她认为护士这一职业可能很有发展前途。(rewarding) He became a nurse after college、He thought nursing could be a very rewarding career、 5、她像往常一样在文件上签了名。(just as) He signed his name on the paper just as he has always done it、 Unit2
Unit 9 Music In-Class Reading Music to Your Gear 参考译文 音乐与开车 安迪·埃利斯 1 尽管音乐能使你胸中的怒气平息，但是开车时听音乐也会损害你的健康。近期研究表明，听声音很响的音乐会严重地影响司机的注意力，而且心理学家也提醒人们，不断地在车里放这种音乐是很危险的，尤其是处于车流中或在高速公路上开车时。 2 音乐有两个极端，任何一个极端都有可能带来危险。重金属音乐以其强烈的节奏会使人莽撞驾驶，而聆听处于另一个极端的优美的、令人舒心的音乐，会使司机过分放松，以至于丧失安全意识，陷入迷迷糊糊的欲睡状态。 3 英国汽车协会一直关注道路安全，它委托搞了一个项目，研究严重车祸与音乐之间的关系。这项研究发现，17至25年龄段的男人是最危险、最易产生车祸的群体。研究还发现，这个群体的人70%的开车时间都在听音乐。 4 快节奏或重金属音乐要是放得很响，会使人易怒好斗，开起车来就会冲劲十足，这种司机也就更容易去冒险。开车的速度受到了音乐的速度和节奏的控制。 5 在试验中，给那些自愿参加实验的司机听声音很响的音乐，他们说尽管他们不一定感到非要开快车，但的确发现自己换档更快了，加速也快了，刹车更急了。若是让这些司机听慢节奏的抒情曲，他们承认经常感到自己走神，他们在高速公路上长途开车时，至少有两位参试的司机发现自己不知不觉地在跨越车道标记。 6 这些自愿参试的司机（有些刚刚拿到驾驶执照）所发表的意见非常说明问题。十八岁的西蒙告诉英国汽车协会，“《走出地狱的蝙蝠》里的快节奏摇滚乐真会让人送命的。我发现自己不知不觉地越开越快。” 7 另一名自愿参试的司机一直在听ZZ Top乐队最流行的曲子，他说，“我一直在快速行驶，扯着嗓门唱歌，没有看见也没有听见那辆一直想超过我的消防车。” 8 还有些人说：“我陷入了深思”…… “人的感觉会变得麻木” …… “听不见别的汽车是个问题”，“我一直在随着音乐的节奏加快速度。” 9 一些慢节奏的背景音乐，如肖邦的音乐，会刺激人的大脑，使思维模式发生变化，激发阿尔法脑波，使人有一种舒服愉快的感觉。处于放松状态在大多数情况下对我们有好处，但开车时则不然。心理学家雪利?费希尔教授提醒人们说：“最大的危险是疲劳驾驶。有些音乐会使你无法集中注意力，甚至陷入轻度睡眠状态，那样就会造成可怕的惨祸。” 10 “问题的关键在于根据具体情况选择合适的音乐。刺激性的音乐适合在漫长、枯燥的道路上听，但是当交通状况糟糕时，或是交通拥挤时，这种音乐会分散你的注意力。” 11 然而，音乐也有其好的一面，正如英国汽车协会的心理学家罗伯特?韦斯特所指出的那样：“如果有些音乐影响我们安全行驶，那么反过来也是有道理的。
1. 坚强意志的驱动下，他终于完成了他所承担的任务。 Driven by a strong will, he eventually fulfilled the task he had undertaken. 2. 他许诺一到那儿就给我写信，但至今杳无音讯。 He promised to write to me as soon as he got there, but nothing has been heard of him so far. 3. 老板从来没有对任何员工如此满意过，这个年轻人确实是个难得的人才。 The boss has never been so pleased with any employee before. The young man is a real find. 4. 在医生和护士的帮助下，病人再一次站了起来，不久便重新开始工作。 With the help of the doctors and nurses, the patient was able to stand on his feet once more and soon resumed working. 5. 老人那张布满皱纹的脸表明了他一辈子所忍受的苦难。 The old man’s wrinkled face spoke of the hardships he had endured in his life. 6. 当她身体恢复了一些，她就倚在窗口，望着孩子们在草地上玩耍。 When she recovered somewhat, she leaned on the window watching the children play on the lawn. Unit2 1. 他没有通过考试，但这是他自己的过错，他从来就不用功。 He failed the test but it was his own fault; he never did any work. 2. 她告诉我她被一个自称（claim）为银行家儿子的年轻人骗了。 She told me she had been deceived by a young man who claimed to be the son of a banker. 3. 玛丽离开了她的丈夫，因为她再也无法忍受他的残酷无情了。 Mary left her husband because she couldn’t stand his cruelty any longer. 4. 妈妈坚持的一点是，约翰必须做完作业才能看电视。 One thing that Mom insisted on was that John finish his homework before watching any TV programs. 5. 当比尔过分痴迷于网上聊天时，事情开始变了。他不再是那个初进大学时勤奋学习的学生了。 When Bill became overly obsessed with online chatting, things began to change. No longer was he the hard-working student he was when he first came to college. 6. 我一开始就告诉过你，网上约会与实际在一起生活根本不是一回事。 I told you from the beginning that there was a world of difference between online dating and actually living together.
课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4) Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？ 1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。 3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。 4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。” 5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。 6 我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。 7 “滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。 8 中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。 9 “俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢