Selection of Services for Data-Centric Cloud Applications: A QoS Based Approach
Amit Kr Mandal, Suvamoy Changder, Anirban Sarkar
Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, INDIA
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Abstract— In recent days, the numbers of services deployed on the cloud are growing at a dramatic pace. At the same time, a cloud can host very larg e number of services with the similar functionality, provided by different providers. Moreover, many applications may use the same service to perform a specific type of task. Therefore, it is essential to select appropriate cloud service as per the applications requirements from a large pool of available services. Thus, selection of services for cloud based software applications is a challenging task and demand high level of research attention. From the computational perspective, the service selection mechanism is required to be optimum enough in order to increase the overall performance of the cloud. In this paper, a novel service selection mechanism has been proposed which is based on the “quality of service” (QoS) parameters of the cloud services. Beside the multi-objective optimization, the proposed algorithm is capable to explore multiple cloud services based on user specified QoS values.
Keywords— cloud computing, cloud service selection, QoS parameters, range searching.
I.I NTRODUCTION
The shift from traditional software models to the internet based services has steadily gained momentum now a day, with the advancement of cloud computing paradigm. Software as a service (SaaS) is a new software development and deployment model over the cloud. It offers Information Technology services dynamically as “on-demand” basis [1]. These characteristics fueled the large scale growth in SaaS based applications. The increasing number of services offers great opportunity for the consumers to find the best service and best pricing. However, on the other hand this growing number of services makes it difficult for the users to select the best suitable solutions from a large pool of available services with same functionality. This necessitates the use of tools and techniques to search the suitable services available over the web. Therefore, the effective service selection mechanism is a major research challenge as the requester is involved in the selection process may have a wide variety of requirements.
In order to select a SaaS based service from a large pool of similar type of available services it is important to differentiate the services provided by different service providers. In this context the “quality of service” (QoS) parameters can be taken as a decisive factor for distinguishing functionally similar services [2]. QoS describes the capabilities of a product or service to meet the user requirements. It serves as a benchmark to differentiate the services as well as the service providers. Usually for data centric cloud services, a massive volume of data are involved and the services required accessing these data in order to generate responses for client requests. For such services the essential invariant is the information exchange between systems and its components. It describes the exchange in terms of data model, data producer and consumer of data. Therefore for the data centric cloud applications, response time, throughput, reliability, security and cost are considered as most important quality parameters [3] for service selection. These can be defined as, (i) the response time is the elapsed time between a request and response; (ii) throughput is measured as the maximum number of requests which are successfully executed per unit time; (iii) reliability is the probability that a request successfully invoked the service; (iv) security is the ability to ensure nonrepudiation in data exchange as well as confidentiality and authentication of concerned user; and (v) cost defines the economic condition of using a service.
In literature, various selection techniques for cloud services have been proposed by many researchers. Majority have discussed the issues related with the service selection in cloud environment with the high level of abstraction. Only few of them explore the cloud service selection problem in depth. Moreover, several brokerage based conceptual cloud service selection frameworks also have been proposed by the researchers in recent literatures. Gartner [4] has proposed different types of cloud brokerage including arbitrage, aggregation and intermediation. Others [5, 6] have discussed possible responsibilities of cloud brokers. These literatures are only described, why service selection is important instead of how to select a service. However, few QoS based approaches are studied in literature. Bao et al. [2] used finite state machine (FSM) to prescribe the legal invocation orders of these web services. It also proposed a tree-pruning-based algorithm for the web service composition. But the efficiency of this method decreases when the number of services increased. Sundareswaran et al. [7] proposed a brokerage-based architecture in the cloud. In particular it described the design of an indexing technique for managing the information of cloud service providers. But in this approach the requester cannot be able to specify the order of preference for the QoS parameters. Cavalcante et al. [8] proposed a mechanism which excludes coincident services in the calculations. But this approach required running an additional algorithm for identifying the coincident services, which in turn increases the execution time. In Yang et al. [9] and Yu et al. [10] a QoS constraint dynamic resource selection algorithm for combined resources has been proposed. In this framework, the indexing service is created based on the most recently measured resource information.
2013 Second International Conference on Advanced Computing, Networking and Security
However, the primary bottleneck of these mechanisms is that, they required restructuring of the indexing system whenever a service is added or removed. Moreover, the cloud service selection is a demanding task from the computational perspective, and it may also happen that same computation requires to be executed repeatedly by multiple requester having similar requirements. Therefore, the service selection mechanism is needed to be optimum enough in order to increase the overall performance of the system. Beside this most of the selection algorithms have not accommodated the user preferences for selecting a service based upon the specific QoS attributes. Moreover, they also failed to provide multiple selection schemes to the requester.
To attain the qualities stated earlier, it is required that the data centric SaaS application should be supported by a good cloud architectural framework. It is also essential that the framework should be capable to provide support for high reliability, throughput, modest response time and cost along with maximum security. In this context the framework called “flexible cloud architecture for data centric applications” (FCADCA) [1] has been considered. FCADCA is capable of separating data from its behavior. The data and data transfer rules then become the primary constructs which helps application to attain fast response. In FCADCA, a cloud services is defined as a combination of one or more functional modules. A functional module is a part of the business process which performs a specific task as per the role of the users and governed by the business rules. The services can be used alone in an application or with other services to carry out a complex task or a business transaction. In practical business context it is quite likely that a single service provider is able to serve a large number of service consumers with different service needs. Moreover, the increasing interdependencies among services in service ecosystems result in a large number of variant services. Therefore, to select suitable service from functionally similar services the “quality of service” (QoS) parameters are taken as a decisive factor. The advantage of using QoS-based service selection is that it treats the referred services as independent one from each other, and in most of the cases their correlations are usually ignored [2]. The cloud service selection techniques rank the functionally similar cloud services based on the requirements of the requester and the services with the highest rank will be selected for the requester.
This paper has proposed a novel service selection algorithm for the cloud services. The algorithm has considered several QoS parameters as the decisive factors for selecting appropriate services. The proposed selection mechanism has used multi objective QoS parameter optimization. This algorithm is capable of accommodating any number of QoS parameters and the requester can be able to set priorities for the different QoS parameters in the selection procedure. The algorithm is also abled to explore multiple cloud services in selection procedure. Beside these, a detailed theoretical and experimental comparative analysis has been carried out between the proposed algorithm and the algorithms studied in the literature. This paper also shows the ability of the proposed algorithm in providing the suitable cloud services.
II.F LEXIBLE C LOUD A RCHITECTURE FOR D ATA C ENTRIC
A PPLICATIONS
The conceptual architectural framework called, Flexible Cloud Architecture for Data-Centric Applications (FCADCA) [1], is devised considering three core functionality of SaaS namely, Customizability, Scalability, and Multi-tenancy. Apart from these, the architecture is capable to provide the support for implementing data-centric cloud applications with heterogeneous data sets. As depicted in Figure-1, FCADCA is devised using four layers. (1) Application Layer: this is the outer most layers which directly interact with the user. It is responsible for providing services and managing service configurations.(2) Service Management Layer: it is responsible for providing services to the requester as per their requirements. Here several functional modules are combined together to define a service. Application customization can be done by defining the fields, formulas and work flows among the services. Service customization information is stored in an index system which helps to fasten the service discovery process. (3) Business Layer: this layer is consists of several business components and a set of business rules operating on the services and its components. With this kind of framework designer is able to achieve business oriented service grouping which are independent of the functional modules used to define them. Therefore the changes in business layer can be more readily accommodated since business components and business rules are separated. (4) Data Layer:in this architectural framework, the data layer is divided into two sub layers namely, metadata management sub layer and data management sub layer. Metadata management layer works as a bridge between business layer and the data management layer. Depending upon the types of data, metadata can be grouped as user data, application data, service data and event data. Data in cloud is highly evolving in nature. FCADCA framework supports heterogeneous representation and storage of large scale business data by using different database services such as structured database, semi-structured database or unstructured database. The layered architecture is helpful towards the proper conceptualization and abstraction of different components in SaaS. It also localize the changes to one part of the solution therefore minimizes the impact of changes on the other parts. Further, it eases application maintenance, and enhances overall application flexibility.
Figure 1.A multi-tenant SaaS Architrcture - FCADCA
III.S ELECTION OF S ERVICES FOR D ATA-C ENTRIC C LOUD
A PPLICATIONS
The goal of this research is to propose a general algorithm for selecting services for data-centric cloud applications based on QoS and capable of multi criteria evaluation. The quality driven cloud service selection mechanism involves requirements on multiple QoS properties such as response time, throughput, reliability, security and cost. But the selection mechanism is not limited to only these parameters, the algorithm can support any number of QoS parameter.
A.Normalization of QoS parameters
Usually QoS parameters differ from each other in value range and there is hardly any comparability among them. Therefore it is quite inefficient to calculate the weighted average of raw values of the QoS parameters. The parameters value should be processed in order to reflect the values within a range and make them comparable among each other [8]. Let S ={s1, s2 . . . s m} is the set of services and Q = {q1, q2 . . . q n} is the set of QoS parameters. E ach service s i has a set of QoS parameters {q i1, q i2, q i3…q in}.Let q imax and q imin are the maximum and minimum value of the i th QoS parameter among all the services. The overall quality factor of the services increases with the increasing value of some QoS parameters such as such as reliability, security etc. therefore those parameters are required to be maximized. So the normalized value ??? of the i th parameter for the all cloud service can be calculated as,
???? ?
????????
????????
??? ???????????
? ??? ???????????
?????
Again, for some parameters such as response time, cost etc. the minimization approach in normalization is followed, and the normalized values can be calculated as,
???? ?????????
???????????
??? ???????????
? ??? ???????????
?????
After normalization the QoS values of all services will be in the [0, 1] interval. Here ‘0’ represents the worst QoS parameter value of a service whereas ‘1’ represents the best QoS parameter value of a service. Therefore, whenever services QoS parameters’ value increases or decreases the overall quality of the service changes accordingly.
B.Overall quality factor of the services
Now, if an n-dimensional orthogonal space is considered, where each QoS parameter q i represents an axis. As discussed earlier that each normalized QoS parameters value lies in [0, 1] interval, so as the value range for each axis. Where ‘0’ is the worst QoS value and ‘1’ is the best QoS value for a cloud service. Therefore, the origin represents the worst quality service and the quality increases with increasing coordinate value and reaches maximum when all coordinate value reaches ‘1’. Therefore, if the services are treated as a vector in this space, then it can be represented as,
??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????
Where S is the service, ??? is the unit vector along the direction of q i axis and ??? is the normalized QoS parameters of the service S. Though normalization puts a limit on variability and it also provides a single directional way to improve overall quality factor of the services, but to select a suitable service one has to search for individual QoS parameter as provided by the requester, which is not desirable. To solve this problem it requires converting the n-dimensional search space to a linear search space consisting of only overall quality factor of the services for easier selection process and optimal performance. In this process it is also requires to be given importance that, the overall quality factor value of the services should possess least possible dependency on other services. To achieve this, it is calculated in reference with the average quality of the services, as the problem region is bounded. Suppose, ???? is the average quality service and if ?????
? is the average value of the i th QoS parameter then,
????
?????????? ?
????
??????????
??????????
????????????
???? ????Here, ?????
???????
???? ?????
????? as ???????. Therefore, a unit vector in the direction of ????
????????? can be defined as,
????? ?
?
ξ?
????? ???? ?????? ??????????
If the dot product between i th service ?????? and ????? is performed then it will provide the projection of ?????? over ????
?????????.
?????????????
?
ξ?
????? ???? ?????? ??????????
Therefore, the overall quality factor of the services can be defines as,
??????? ??????? ???????
?
ξ?
????
?
???
???????
From equation-7 it is clear that, the overall quality factor of a service is only depends on the normalized QoS values of the services. However it is also dependent on the number of QoS parameters, which intern indicates that it can be applicable to any number of QoS parameters. However, it may also possible that requester wants the maximum strength for a particular set of QoS parameters. This can be done by assigning some weight to the QoS parameters. If w i represents the weight assigned by the user for the i th QoS parameter, then equation-7 can be rewritten as,
???????? ??????? ??????? ???????
?
ξ?
???????
?
???
?????
Here, the value of the w i is chosen in such a way that it must satisfy the criterion σ????
?
???.
C.Data Structures
To improvement the performance of the system and to fasten the service selection procedure a one dimensional range tree [11] is considered for storing services, with the overall quality factors of the services as the key value. Each node of
the tree consists of three important attributes these are service Array provider ID, service ID and overall quality factor of the service. This approach will reduce the search complexity and it also supports the range query besides the usual best match approach. The performance efficiency comes from the fact that only a small fraction of subsets of the services are used in selection procedure. The range tree ‘T’ has the following properties,
(i)The leaf nodes of the tree store the key values.
(ii)The left sub-tree of a node contains all the values smaller than or equal to that node and the right sub-tree of a node contains all the values larger than or equal to that node. (iii)The intermediate node of the tree indicates the splitting values to guide the searching process.
(iv)It has space complexity of O(n) and it can be built in time O(n log n).
Range search is used to find the set of values that lie inside a given interval. Since the range tree is a balanced binary tree, the search paths to x1 and x2 have length O(log n). Reporting all of the values stored in the sub-tree of a vertex can be done in linear time using any tree traversal algorithm. It follows that the time to perform a range query is O(log n + k), where k is the number of reported nodes in the query interval.
IV.A N OVEL S ERVICE S ELECTION A LGORITHM FOR
D ATA-C ENTRIC C LOUD A PPLICATIONS
The service selection algorithm for data-centric cloud applications (SSADCA) is based upon the normalization mechanism, calculation of overall quality factor of the services, and data structures discussed in the previous section. The SSADCA algorithm is discussed here in two parts.
A.The Algorithm
In the first part all the available cloud services are considered and after the normalization of their QoS parameters using equation-1 and equation-2 it computes the overall quality of the services by using equation-7 or equation-8. This overall quality parameter is considered as the key to construct the range tree, which serves as an index of the all available cloud services. The algorithm is enlisted in Figure-2.
In the second part of the algorithm the services are searched according to the user requirements. Beside the best match techniques it also supports the range searching, which provides services between a given intervals. To report the services those lies in the interval [x1, x2], it is started by searching for x1 and x2 in the tree. However, at some vertex in the tree, the search paths to x1 and x2 will diverge. Let v split be the last vertex that these two search paths have in common. After searching for x1 in the range tree for every vertex v in the search path from v split to x1, if the value stored at v is greater than x1, every vertex in the right sub-tree of v is reported. If v is a leaf and if it is inside the query interval then value stored at v is reported. Similarly, the algorithm reports all of the values stored in the left sub-trees of the vertices with values less than x2 along the search path from v split to x2, and reports the leaf of this path if it lies within the query interval. The algorithm is enlisted in Figure-3 where x v denotes the value stored at the node v, and lc(v), rc(v) denotes the left and right
sub-tree of the node v respectively.
Figure 4. Range tree for the services of Table-1
B. Illustration
To illustrate how the service selection algorithm works the dataset of Table-1has been considered. Here all the services are of the same type and have their own set of QoS parameters. Firstly, as described in SSADCA-I the QoS parameters are normalized. Then the normalized QoS values are used to calculate the overall quality factor of the services as depicted in the last column of Table-1. These overall quality factors then used to construct the range tree which is depicted in Figure-4.
TABLE I. D ATA S ET FOR Q O S P ARAMETERS OF THE S ERVICES
S e r v i c e I D
R e s p o n s e T i m e
T h r o u g h p u t
R e l i a b i l i t y
S e c u r i t y
C o s t
O v e r a l l q u a l i t y f a c t o r
S1 563.85 600.91 87.53 3.11 65.09 1.00 S2 403.02 729.02 96.48 4.01 29.64 1.17 S3 761.15 821.89 86.83 3.76 68.34 0.79 S4 261.96 622.3 97.55 4.21 34.67 1.51 S5 864.98 629.92 87.41 4.97 72.55 1.27 S6 960.58 723.22 93.39 3.02 45.67 0.63 S7 763.35 925.96 98.46 4.12 54.98 1.06 S8 662.37 520.34 86.43 4.28 76.87 1.37
The second part of the service selection algorithm i.e.
SSADCA-II uses range tree constructed by SSADCA-I for searching of a service. In practical scenario most of the cases the requester may not have a concrete specification about the requirement of QoS values of services. And the requester may want to select a service which is lies within a QoS parameter value range. Therefore the algorithm is required to support the range searching, such that the requester can be able to choose a service which lies within a specific range. Let requester want to select a service for which the response time should be in between 400 to 700, for throughput it should be 500 to 800, reliability and security should be greater than 85% and 3.5 respectively irrespective of cost of the services. With the above requirements the SSADCA-II algorithm will suggest the services {S 1, S 2, S 8} to the requester. Here S 8 is the high quality service than the other suggested services.
V. E VALUATION
In order to evaluate the proposed cloud service selection algorithm it is compared with the other available selection
algorithms. The comparative study is performed in two ways. At first the proposed SSADCA is compared semantically with the algorithms studied in literature. Secondly the proposed selection procedure is analyzed based upon the experimental results and it is also compared with the other algorithms.
A. Theoritical Analysis of Cloud Service Selection Procedures
The effectiveness [12] of the various QoS based cloud service selection mechanisms can be evaluated based upon the following characteristics.
a) The selection procedures ability to handle multiple QoS parameters.
b) Requesters’ ability to specify the desired QoS parameters in the selection procedure.
c) Requesters’ ability to set priorities for the different QoS parameters.
d) The ability to optimize the selection procedure based on the QoS parameters provided by the requester.
e) Ability to explore multiple cloud services in selection procedure.
f) Ability to provide the best suitable cloud services to the requester.
g) Ability to select services from a pool different type of services.
h) Ability to select services for work flow based service composition.
TABLE II. C OMPARISON OF Q O S B ASED S ERVICE S ELECTION M ECHANISM FOR C LOUD S ERVICES
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g ) (h) Sundareswaran et al. [7]
Y Y P N N Y Y N Bao et al. [2] Y N P N N P N Y Cavalcante et al. [8] Y N N N N P N Y Yu et al. [10] Y N N N N Y P Y Yang et al. [9] P N N N N P N N SSADCA (Proposed)
Y Y Y Y Y Y N N
Y: Supported; P: Partially Supported; N : Not Supported / Not Mentioned
After reviewing the existing QoS based service selection approaches, a theoretical comparison has been performed between the algorithms studied in literature and the proposed SSADCA with reference to the identified features. The result of the comparative study is depicted in Table – II. It shows that the existing cloud service selection algorithms do not support many important features.
B. Experimental Results and Discussion
To perform the experimental analysis, the proposed cloud service selection algorithm is simulated by considering five important parameters. These are cost per unit time, response time, reliability and security of the cloud services. The dataset for the QoS parameters are generated synthetically. For the cost per unit time data is generated randomly between the intervals 0 to 100, for the response time, 1 to 500 for throughput, it is
Figure 6. Searching time with varying number of services
between the interval 100 to 5000 millisecond, and for the reliability it is 0 to 100 percent, whereas for the security data’s are generated between the intervals 0 to 5, here higher value indicates higher security. The same set of generated synthetic dataset is used to perform simulated experiments for the proposed algorithm as well as for the algorithm studied in literature. The performance of the proposed algorithm is measured in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The efficiency is measured using the processing time.
Firstly, the accuracy of selection for the proposed cloud service selection algorithm is evaluated. In this process requester ask for the services which are lies within a particular QoS parameter range. It may also happen that the requester may like to select services for which any or all of the QoS parameters are within a particular range. In the Figure-5 the requesters specified lower limit, upper limit and average cost of the selected services are plotted. The graph shows that the average qualities of the services are always lies within the specified limits.
In the second set of experiments the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is compared with the algorithms studied in the literatures with varying number of services. Figure-6 shows the average processing time taken by the algorithm for the same data sets to search the service with the QoS parameters {45, 325, 500, 95, 4} for cost, response time, reliability and security respectively; when the number of services increased from 1000 to 10000. From the figure-6 it can be observed that the proposed cloud service selection algorithm performs better than the selection algorithm studied in [7].
VI. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, a novel cloud service selection algorithm has been proposed. The algorithm is capable to select services based on the quality parameters specified by the requester. It is also capable to accommodate users’ order of preferences of the QoS parameters. Beside the normalization of QoS parameters, in this selection approach, major emphasize has been given on the searching services within a particular range. A comparative study also has been performed among the existing cloud service selection algorithms and proposed algorithm. The study shows that proposed algorithm offers several advantages (Table II) over the existing algorithms. Later the performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The experimental result shows that the proposed algorithm is highly efficient for the cloud environment.
Future work includes the integration of service selection with the service composition in cloud environment. This also includes refinement of the proposed cloud service selection algorithm and incorporating service level agreement (SLA) in QoS based selection mechanism.
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(QoS) driven dynamic Web service selection techniques”, 2010 International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), pp. 201 – 206.
“的、地、得”的用法和区别 导入（进入美妙的世界啦~） “的、地、得”口诀儿歌 的地得，不一样，用法分别记心上， 左边白，右边勺，名词跟在后面跑。 美丽的花儿绽笑脸，青青的草儿弯下腰， 清清的河水向东流，蓝蓝的天上白云飘， 暖暖的风儿轻轻吹，绿绿的树叶把头摇， 小小的鱼儿水中游，红红的太阳当空照， 左边土，右边也，地字站在动词前， 认真地做操不马虎，专心地上课不大意， 大声地朗读不害羞，从容地走路不着急， 痛快地玩耍来放松，用心地思考解难题， 勤奋地学习要积极，辛勤地劳动花力气， 左边两人双人得，形容词前要用得， 兔子兔子跑得快，乌龟乌龟爬得慢， 青青竹子长得快，参天大树长得慢， 清晨锻炼起得早，加班加点睡得晚， 欢乐时光过得快，考试题目出得难。 知识典例（注意咯，下面可是黄金部分！） 的、地、得 “的”、“地”、“得”的用法区别本是中小学语文教学中最基本的常识，但在使用中也最容易发生混淆，再加上一段时间里，中学课本中曾将这三个词的用法统一为“的”，因此造成了很多人对它们的用法含混不清进而乱用一通的现象。
一、“的、地、得”的基本概念 1、“的、地、得”的相同之处。 “的、地、得”是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都读轻声“de”，没有语音上的区别。 2、“的、地、得”的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为“的”兼职过多，负担过重，而力主“的、地、得”严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材，一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看，“的”与“地”、“得”的分工日趋明确，特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中，如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等，更是将“的”与“地”、“得”分用。 “的、地、得”在普通话里都读轻声“de”，但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字：在定语后面写作“的”，在状语后面写作“地”，在补语前写作“得”。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、“的、地、得”的用法 1、的——定语的标记，一般用在主语和宾语的前面。“的”前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制“的”后面的事物，说明“的”后面的事物怎么样。结构形式一般为：形容词、名词（代词）+的+名词。如： ①颐和园(名词)的湖光山色（主语）美不胜收。 ②她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词，宾语)。 2、地——状语的标记，一般用在谓语（动词、形容词）前面。“地”前面的词语一般用来形容“地”后面的动作，说明“地”后面的动作怎么样。结构方式一般为：形容词（副词）+地+动词（形容词）。如： ③她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词，谓语)了这件礼物。 ④天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词，谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记，一般用在谓语后面。“得”后面的词语一般用来补充说明“得”前面的动作怎么样，结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+副词。如： ⑤他们玩(动词，谓语)得真痛快(补语)。
of与for的用法以及区别 for 表原因、目的 of 表从属关系 介词of的用法 （1）所有关系 this is a picture of a classroom （2）部分关系 a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of water a bottle of milk what kind of football，American of soccer？ （3）描写关系 a man of thirty 三十岁的人 a man of shanghai 上海人 （4）承受动作 the exploitation of man by man．人对人的剥削。 （5）同位关系 It was a cold spring morning in the city of London in England． （6）关于，对于 What do you think of Chinese food？ 你觉得中国食品怎么样？ 介词 for 的用法小结 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么?
2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。 Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。
to与for的用法和区别 一般情况下, to后面常接对象; for后面表示原因与目的为多。 Thank you for helping me. Thanks to all of you. to sb.表示对某人有直接影响比如，食物对某人好或者不好就用to; for表示从意义、价值等间接角度来说，例如对某人而言是重要的，就用for. for和to这两个介词，意义丰富，用法复杂。这里仅就它们主要用法进行比较。 1. 表示各种“目的” 1. What do you study English for? 你为什么要学英语？ 2. She went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 3. These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 4. hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算，作最坏的准备。 2．对于 1．She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 2．She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋/ 3．表示赞成同情，用for不用to. 1. Are you for the idea or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个想法？ 2. He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 3. I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4 for表示因为，由于（常有较活译法） 1 Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。 2. France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5．当事人对某事的主观看法，对于（某人），对…来说（多和形容词连用）用介词to，不用for.. He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。 6．for和fit, good, bad, useful, suitable 等形容词连用，表示适宜，适合。 Some training will make them fit for the job. 经过一段训练，他们会胜任这项工作的。 Exercises are good for health. 锻炼有益于健康。 Smoking and drinking are bad for health. 抽烟喝酒对健康有害。 You are not suited for the kind of work you are doing. 7. for表示不定式逻辑上的主语，可以用在主语、表语、状语、定语中。 1．It would be best for you to write to him. 2．The simple thing is for him to resign at once. 3．There was nowhere else for me to go. 4．He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.
的、地、得的用法和区别 的、地、得的用法和区别老班教育 一、的、地、得的基本概念 1、的、地、得的相同之处。 的、地、得是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都读轻声de，没有语音上的区别。 2、的、地、得的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为的兼职过多，负担过重，而力主的、地、得严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材，一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看，的与地、得的分工日趋明确，特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中，如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等，更是将的与地、得分用。 的、地、得在普通话里都读轻声de，但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字：在定语后面写作的，在状语后面写作地，在补语前写作得。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、的、地、得的用法 （一）、用法 1、的——定语的标记，一般用在主语和宾语的前面。的前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制的后面的事物，说明的后面的事物怎么样。 结构形式一般为：形容词、名词（代词）+的+名词。如： 颐和园(名词)的湖光山色（主语）美不胜收。 她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词，宾语)。 2、地——状语的标记，一般用在谓语（动词、形容词）前面。地前面的词语一般用来形容地后面的动作，说明地后面的动作怎么样。 结构方式一般为：形容词（副词）+地+动词（形容词）。如： 她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词，谓语)了这件礼物。 天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词，谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记，一般用在谓语后面。得后面的词语一般用来补充说明得前面的动作怎么样。 结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+副词。如： 他们玩(动词，谓语)得真痛快(补语)。 她红(形容词，谓语)得发紫(补语)。 （二）、例说 的，一般用在名词和形容词的后面，用在描述或限制人物、事物时，形容的词语与被形容的词语之间，表示一种描述的结果。如：漂亮的衣服、辽阔的土地、高大的山脉。结构一般为名词（代词或形容词）+的+名词。如，我的书、你的衣服、他的孩子，美丽的景色、动听的歌曲、灿烂的笑容。 地，用法简单些，用在描述或限制一种运动性质、状态时，形容的词语与被形容的词语之间。结构通常是形容词+地+动词。前面的词语一般用来形容后面的动作。一般地的后面只跟动词。比如高兴地跳、兴奋地叫喊、温和地说、飞快地跑；匆匆地离开；慢慢地移动......... 得，用在说明动作的情况或结果的程度时，说明的词语与被说明的词语之间，后面的词语一般用来补充和说明前面的情况。比如。跑得飞快、跳得很高、显得高雅、显得很壮、馋得直流口水、跑得快、飞得高、走得慢、红得很……得通常用在动词和形容词（动词之间）。
For的用法 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。 尽管for 的用法较多，但记住常用的几个就可以了。 to的用法: 一：表示相对，针对 be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar) to This injection will make you immune to infection. 二：表示对比，比较 1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior 2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogous A is similar to B in many ways.
《“的、地、得”的用法》语文微课教案 一、教学背景 在语言文字规范化大背景下，帮助学生解决应用“的地得”的疑惑与困难。 二、设计思路 针对学生对于“的地得”的误用与忽视展开教学，规范结构助词“的地得”的使用。按照“问题的提出、问题的分析、问题的解决”的思路展开教学，总结归纳优化的方式方法。 三、教学目标 1、知道“怎么样的什么、怎么样地干什么、干得怎么样”三种固定搭配。 2、掌握“的、地、得”的区别与联系。 3、运用小儿歌“动前土、名前白、行动后面双人来”的口诀帮助正确使用“的、地、得”。 四、教学重难点 1、知道“的、地、得”的区别。 2、在实际情境中正确运用“的、地、得”。 五、教学时间 8分钟微课堂 六、教学适用对象 义务教育九年制内的学生 七、教学准备
多媒体课件、录屏软件 八、教学设计与过程 开场白： 同学们好！今天我们一起来学习“的、地、得”的正确用法。首先我们来了解一下它们的区别。 1、相同之处：原来它们都是念轻声“de”，都是结构助词，起连接作用。 2、不同之处：在书面语中要写成三个不同的字，而且它们的搭配及用法也各不相同。 （1）怎么样的什么 （2）怎样样地干什么 （3）干得怎么样 下面我们就来学习一下它们的正确用法。 白勺“的”的结构是用“形容词或名词或代词+的+名词”来表示，而我们最常见，用得最多的还是“形容词+的+名词”的结构。 而土也“地”的用法可以用“形容词+地+动词”的结构来表示。 双人“得”是用“动词+得+形容词”的结构来表示 3、练习巩固 （1）形近区分 静静（的）河面静静（地）写字欢乐（的）山谷
欢乐（地）歌唱满意（地）点头满意（的）作品 （2）类别区分 1）跑（得）飞快飞快（地）跑 2）愉快（的）旅行旅行（得）愉快 3）强烈（的）渴望强烈（地）渴望 （3）综合杂糅 小雏鹰飞到大树的上方，高兴地喊起来：“我真的会飞啦！而且飞（得）很高呢！” 小结：能填对这个句子的你肯定就已经学会它们的用法了！ 4、特殊情况 质疑：假如遇到特殊情况怎么办呢？ 我从书包里拿出书交给她们，她们高兴得．围着我跳起舞来。（出自二年级上册《日记两则》） （1）质疑：为什么这里要使用“得”呢？ （2）释疑：原来这里强调的是心情，动词在后，形容词在前，相当于后置，“得”修饰“跳舞”而非“围”。现在你明白了吧？ 5、小结归纳： 怎么样，你们学会了吗？为了让同学们能够更快的记住它们的用法，老师送给大家一首口诀来帮助你们熟记三个“的”的正确使用方法：动前土、名前白、行动后面双人来。
of 1....的,属于 One of the legs of the table is broken. 桌子的一条腿坏了。 Mr.Brown is a friend of mine. 布朗先生是我的朋友。 2.用...做成的;由...制成 The house is of stone. 这房子是石建的。 3.含有...的;装有...的 4....之中的;...的成员 Of all the students in this class,Tom is the best. 在这个班级中,汤姆是最优秀的。 5.(表示同位) He came to New York at the age of ten. 他在十岁时来到纽约。 6.(表示宾格关系) He gave a lecture on the use of solar energy. 他就太阳能的利用作了一场讲演。 7.(表示主格关系) We waited for the arrival of the next bus. 我们等待下一班汽车的到来。
I have the complete works of Shakespeare. 我有莎士比亚全集。 8.来自...的;出自 He was a graduate of the University of Hawaii. 他是夏威夷大学的毕业生。 9.因为 Her son died of hepatitis. 她儿子因患肝炎而死。 10.在...方面 My aunt is hard of hearing. 我姑妈耳朵有点聋。 11.【美】(时间)在...之前 12.(表示具有某种性质) It is a matter of importance. 这是一件重要的事。 For 1.为,为了 They fought for national independence. 他们为民族独立而战。 This letter is for you. 这是你的信。
1.两者都可以引出间接宾语，但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for：(1) 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。 如： 请把那本字典递给我。 正：Please hand me that dictionary. 正：Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正：She taught us music last year. 正：She taught music to us last year. (2) 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose,prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如： 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正：He sang us an English song. 正：He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正：Please find me the keys. 正：Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正：Can you spare me a few minutes? 正：Can you spare a few minutes for me? 注：有的动词由于搭配和含义的不同，用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如：do sb a favour＝do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harm＝do harm to sb 对某人有害
“的、地、得”的用法教案 教学目标： 1.能通过看视频知道“的、地、得”的用法区别。 2.能在小组合作中正确掌握“的、地、得”的用法。 3.能正确熟练地运用“的、地、得”。 教学重点：通过看视频知道“的、地、得”的用法区别。 教学难点：正确熟练地运用“的、地、得”。 教学过程： 一、导入（板书课题：“的、地、得”的用法“的、地、得”） 这三个字认识吧！虽然它们都有一个相同的读音de，但用法却不一样，可不能把他们用错了。究竟他们的用法有什么不同，我们来听听他们的故事吧！ 二、看微视频，学习“的、地、得”的用法区别。 三、小结： 1.孩子们，刚才看了视频知道他们是谁吗？（白勺的，土也地，双人得。） （1）白勺的是个杂货铺老板，她的店里都有什么？（彩色的毛巾美味的汉堡结实的帐篷舒适的儿童车捕捉风的网会唱歌的小树开个没完的花朵优美动听的歌曲飘来飘去的云……）还可能有什么？ 你们一定会发现，白勺的的用法有什么特点？（后面是名词。）板书：名词 （2）土也地是个运动男孩，他喜欢？（悠闲地散步欢快地跳舞兴奋地跳跃开心地捕蝴蝶看图书踢球骑自行洗澡吃冰淇淋……）他还可能喜欢干什么呢？你发现了吗？土也地的用法特点？（后面是动词。）板书：动词 （3）双人得呢？她是个总喜欢评价别人的小妹妹。（球踢得真棒舞跳得精彩长得好高呀……） 她可能还怎么评价别人？（歌唱得动听饭吃得很饱人长得漂亮）你们会发现，双人得的前面通常都是——动词。板书：动词 2.小结：所以，他们的用法也很简单，区别就在这里。 （白勺的用在名词前面；土也地用在动词前面；双人得用在动词后面。）你明白了吗？ 四、我来考考你们，看哪一组完成得又对又快！ 1.菜鸟级练习 2.老鸟级练习 3.大虾级练习 五、总结
for的用法： 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。 Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:
I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如:
1.表示各种“目的”，用for （1）What do you study English for 你为什么要学英语？ （2）went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 （3）These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 （4）hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算，作最坏的准备。 2．“对于”用for （1）She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 （2）She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋/ 3．表示“赞成、同情”，用for （1）Are you for the idea or against it 你是支持还是反对这个想法？ （2）He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 （3）I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4. 表示“因为，由于”（常有较活译法），用for （1）Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。
（2）France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5．当事人对某事的主观看法，“对于（某人），对…来说”，（多和形容词连用），用介词to，不用for. （1）He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 （2）To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 （3）They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。 6．和fit, good, bad, useful, suitable 等形容词连用，表示“适宜，适合”，用for。（1）Some training will make them fit for the job. 经过一段训练，他们会胜任这项工作的。 （2）Exercises are good for health. 锻炼有益于健康。 （3）Smoking and drinking are bad for health. 抽烟喝酒对健康有害。 （4）You are not suited for the kind of work you are doing. 7. 表示不定式逻辑上的主语，可以用在主语、表语、状语、定语中。 （1）It would be best for you to write to him. （2） The simple thing is for him to resign at once.
常用介词用法(for-to-with-of)
For的用法 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。
5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。
加入收藏夹 主题： 介词试题It’s + 形容词 + of sb. to do sth.和It’s + 形容词 + for sb. to do sth.的用法区别。 内容： It's very nice___pictures for me. A.of you to draw B.for you to draw C.for you drawing C.of you drawing 提交人：杨天若时间：1/23/2008 20:5:54 主题：for 与of 的辨别 内容：It's very nice___pictures for me. A.of you to draw B.for you to draw C.for you drawing C.of you drawing 答：选A 解析：该题考查的句型It’s + 形容词+ of sb. to do sth.和It’s +形容词+ for sb. to do sth.的用法区别。 “It’s + 形容词+ to do sth.”中常用of或for引出不定式的行为者，究竟用of sb.还是用for sb.，取决于前面的形容词。 1) 若形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的，如kind，good，nice，right，wrong，clever，careless，polite，foolish等，用of sb. 例： It’s very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我，真好。 It’s clever of you to work out the maths problem. 你真聪明，解出了这道数学题。 2) 若形容词仅仅是描述事物，不是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价，用for sb.，这类形容词有difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，（im）possible等。例： It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. 对孩子们来说，穿过繁忙的街道很危险。 It’s difficult for u s to finish the work. 对我们来说，完成这项工作很困难。 for 与of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for. 如： You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for.) 由此可知，该题的正确答案应该为A项。 提交人：f7_liyf 时间：1/24/2008 11:18:42
的、得、地的用法：动词前提土旁、动词后双人旁、一动不动白字旁 （一） 的地得，不一样，用法分别记心上， 左边白，右边勺，名词跟在后面跑。 美丽的花儿绽笑脸，青青的草儿弯下腰， 清清的河水向东流，蓝蓝的天上白云飘， 暖暖的风儿轻轻吹，绿绿的树叶把头摇， 小小的鱼儿水中游，红红的太阳当空照， 左边土，右边也，地字站在动词前， 认真地做操不马虎，专心地上课不大意， 大声地朗读不害羞，从容地走路不着急， 痛快地玩耍来放松，用心地思考解难题， 勤奋地学习要积极，辛勤地劳动花力气， 左边两人就使得，形容词前要用得， 兔子兔子跑得快，乌龟乌龟爬得慢， 青青竹子长得快，参天大树长得慢， 清晨锻炼起得早，加班加点睡得晚， 欢乐时光过得快，考试题目出得难。 （二）“的、地、得”快板 的地得、的地得，用作助词都读de. 作文写话用不准，朗读往往会念错。 有趣的活动、绿的树，活动是事，树是物。 事物前面用的字，小朋友们都记着。 认真地想、快快地跑，想跑看摸是动作。 动作前面用地字，位置千万不要挪。 看得清，记得准，唱得好，飞得高。 动作后面用得字，补充说明要记牢。 （三）“的、地、得”用法简要口诀 名词前面“白勺”“的”， 动词前面“土也”“地”， 形容动后“双人”“得”， 当作助词都读“de”。 二、“的、地、得”用法小析 “的”后面跟的都是表示事物名称的词或词语，如：敬爱的总理、慈祥的老人、戴帽子的男孩、珍贵的教科书、鸟的天堂、伟大的祖国、有趣的情节、优雅的环境、可疑的情况、团结友爱的集体、他的妈妈、可爱的花儿、谁的橡皮、清清的河水...... “地”后面跟的都是表示动作的词或词语，如：高声地喊、愉快地唱、拼命地逃、疯狂地咒骂、严密地注视、一次又一次地握手、迅速地包围、沙沙地直响、斩钉截铁地说、从容不迫地申述、用力地踢、仔细地看、开心地笑笑......” “得”前面跟的多数是表示动作的词或词语，后面跟的都是形容事物状态的词或词语，表示怎么怎么样的，如：走得很快、踩得稀烂、疼得直叫唤、瘦得皮包骨头、红得发紫、气得双脚直跳、理解得十分深刻、乐得合不拢嘴、惊讶得目瞪口呆、大得很、扫得真干净、笑得多甜啊...... 三、“的、地、得”的用法补充说明：
to和for的用法有什么不同（一） 一、引出间接宾语时的区别 两者都可以引出间接宾语，但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for，具体应注意以下三种情况： 1. 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。如： 请把那本字典递给我。 正：Please hand me that dictionary. 正：Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正：She taught us music last year. 正：She taught music to us last year. 2. 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose, prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如： 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正：He sang us an English song. 正：He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正：Please find me the keys. 正：Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正：Can you spare me a few minutes?
正：Can you spare a few minutes for me? 3. 有的动词由于用法和含义不同，用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如： do sb a favor＝do a favor for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harm＝do harm to sb 对某人有害 在有的情况下，可能既不用for 也不用to，而用其他的介词。如： play sb a trick＝play a trick on sb 作弄某人 请比较： play sb some folk songs＝play some folk songs for sb 给某人演奏民歌 有时同一个动词，由于用法不同，所搭配的介词也可能不同，如leave sbsth 这一结构，若表示一般意义的为某人留下某物，则用介词for 引出间接宾语，即说leave sth for sb；若表示某人死后遗留下某物，则用介词to 引出间接宾语，即说leave sth to sb。如： Would you like to leave him a message? / Would you like to leave a message for him? 你要不要给他留个话？ Her father left her a large fortune. / Her father left a large fortune to her. 她父亲死后给她留下了一大笔财产。 二、表示目标或方向的区别 两者均可表示目标、目的地、方向等，此时也要根据不同动词分别对待。如： 1. 在come, go, walk, move, fly, ride, drive, march, return 等动词之后通常用介词to 表示目标或目的地。如： He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 They walked to a river. 他们走到一条河边。
“的、地、得”的用法和区别（一） “的、地、得”的用法和区别（一） “的”、“地”、“得”的用法区别本是中小学语文教学中最基本的常识，但在使用中也最容易发生混淆，再加上一段时间里，中学课本中曾将这三个词的用法统一为“的”，因此造成了很多人对它们的用法含混不清进而乱用一通的现象。 结合实例，谈谈“的、地、得”的用法。 一、“的、地、得”的基本概念 1、“的、地、得”的相同之处。 “的、地、得”是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都读轻声“de”，没有语音上的区别。 2、“的、地、得”的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为“的”兼职过多，负担过重，而力主“的、地、得”严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材，一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看，“的”与“地”、“得”的分工日趋明确，特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中，如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等，更是将“的”与“地”、“得”分用 “的、地、得”在普通话里都读轻声“de”，但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字：在定语后面写作“的”，在状语后面写作“地”，在补语前写作“得”。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、“的、地、得”的用法 1、的——定语的标记，一般用在主语和宾语的前面。“的”前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制“的”后面的事物，说明“的”后面的事物怎么样。结构形式一般为：形容词、名词（代词）+的+名词。如： ①颐和园(名词)的湖光山色（主语）美不胜收。 ②她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词，宾语)。
2、地——状语的标记，一般用在谓语（动词、形容词）前面。“地”前面的词语一般用来形容“地”后面的动作，说明“地”后面的动作怎么样。结构方式一般为：形容词（副词）+地+动词（形容词）。如： ③她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词，谓语)了这件礼物。 ④天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词，谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记，一般用在谓语后面。“得”后面的词语一般用来补充说明“得”前面的动作怎么样，结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+副词。如： ⑤他们玩(动词，谓语)得真痛快(补语)。 ⑥她红(形容词，谓语)得发紫(补语)。 三、“的、地、得”用法的常见错误 一般而言，在特约记者和通讯员来稿中常见的“的、地、得”用法错误，主要表现在该用“地”、“得”的地方全部用了“的”。如： ① 这两年，该公司的职工不断的（地）转变观念。 我们说“地”是状语的标记，用在谓语的前面。此例中主语是“职工”，谓语是“转变”。很显然，用“的”是错误的，应该用“地”。 ②该项目不仅创下了该公司单项工程总产值之最，更为重要的是成功的（地）闯进了上海的国际石油化工项目建设市场，踏上了一个更高的平台。 这个例句虽然比较长，但谓语“闯”前的“的”明显用错了，应该改为“地”。 ③各项安全工作做得很到位，安全防范措施都落实的（得）很好。 补语一般回答“怎么样”的问题，前面一句回答“做”得怎么样，用了“得”，很对；可接下来回答“落实”得怎么样问题时，作者却用了“的”。这个错误非常明显，可惜作者没有发现，正确的用法应该是“得”。 ④身体更不敢碰到被太阳炙烤的(得)滚烫的铁车梯。 如果我们问“炙烤”得怎么样，就知道例句里用错了，应该用“得”。
keep的用法 1. 用作及物动词 ①意为"保存；保留；保持；保守"。如： Could you keep these letters for me, please? 你能替我保存这些信吗？ ②意为"遵守；维护"。如： Everyone must keep the rules. 人人必须遵守规章制度。 The teacher is keeping order in class.老师正在课堂上维持秩序。 ③意为"使……保持某种(状态、位置或动作等)"。这时要在keep的宾语后接补足语，构 成复合宾语。其中宾语补足语通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词和过去分词等充当。如： 例：We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.(形容词) 我们应保持教室整洁干净。 You'd better keep the child away from the fire.(副词)你最好让孩子离火远一点。 The bad weather keeps us inside the house.(介词短语)坏天气使我们不能出门。 Don't keep me waiting for long.(现在分词)别让我等太久。 The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.(过去分词) 班上其他同学都闭着眼睛。 2. 用作连系动词 构成系表结构：keep＋表语，意为"保持，继续(处于某种状态)"。其中表语可用形容词、副词、介词短语等充当。如： 例：You must look after yourself and keep healthy.(形容词) 你必须照顾好自己，保持身体健康。 Keep off the grass.(副词)请勿践踏草地。 Traffic in Britain keeps to the left.(介词短语)英国的交通是靠左边行驶的。 注意：一般情况下，keep后接形容词较为多见。再如： She knew she must keep calm.她知道她必须保持镇静。 Please keep silent in class.课堂上请保持安静。 3. ①keep doing sth. 意为"继续干某事"，表示不间断地持续干某事，keep后不 能接不定式或表示静止状态的v-ing形式，而必须接延续性的动词。 例：He kept working all day, because he wanted to finish the work on time. 他整天都在不停地工作，因为他想准时完成工作。 Keep passing the ball to each other, and you'll be OK.坚持互相传球，你们就