英语常用介词和连词
介词
about 关于，对于，在附近，在…周围，在…范围；above 在…以上（标准），超过，过于；
across 越过，交叉，横穿，在…(对面) 那边；
after 在…之后（时间），在…后面；
against 相反，反对，逆着，靠着；
along 顺着，沿着，带着；
alongside 和…并肩，与…并排，在…旁边；
among 在…之中（三者以上）；
around 围绕，四处，在…周围，在…范围内；
as 当作，作为，以…身份；
at 在…方面，在…地点，在…时刻（短时间），对准；because of 由于，因为；
before 在…之前（时间），先于；
behind 在…之后（物体），落后于，不如；
below 在…下面（标准），到…下面；
beneath 在…之下（on的反义词），低于，劣于；
beside 在…旁边，和…比较；
besides 除…之外，在…之外；
between 在…之间（两者），介乎…之间，连接…；
beyond 在…那一边，超过，迟于，晚于；
but （用于nothing, nobody, who, all等词之后）除…之外；
by 在附近，在旁边，经，依据，按照，通过，用；despite 尽管，不管，不论；
down 在…下方，往…下方，尽头，沿着；
during 在…期间，在…的时候；
except 除了…之外，除非，若不是，但是；
for 为了，因为，至于，对于，适合于（一段时间）
from 从…开始，始于，今后，来自，由于；
in 在之内（敞开状态），从事于，在…期间（较长时间）；inside 在…之内（封闭状态），在…内部（时间），少于；
into 到…里，进入到…之内，深入…之中；
in spite of 尽管，不管，不论；
like 象，如同；
near 在…近旁，近似于；
of …的，由…制成的，关于，对于，属于；
off 从…离开，从…掉下，脱离；
on 在…之上，依附于，在…时候,(特定的时间)；opposite 在…对面；
out of 从…出来，出于，…中间有…；
outside 在…之外，向…之外；
over 越过，在…正上方；
past 过去（时间），超过，晚于，从…经过；regarding 关于，对于，就…而论；
round 在周围，环绕，在…一带，在…附近；
since 自从，自…以来，从…至今，既然，因为；through 穿过，通过，从头至尾，经由，凭借；throughout 遍及，贯穿，从头至尾；
till 直到…为止，直到…（才），在…以前；
to 向，往，给…，直到…为止，在…之前；toward 向，对于，为了，接近，将近；
under 在…正下方，在…之内，低于，未满；
until 到…为止，在…以前；
up 向上，在上，沿；
upon 在…之上，在…后立即；
with 与…一起，和…，带着…，偕同，一致；within 在…之内（时间），在…范围，不越出；without 在…外面，没有，如果没有，要没有；
连词
并列连词
and 和，那么，渐渐；
or 或，否则，不管是…，还是；
but 但是，而是，的确…但；
nor 也不
so 也是，因此，所以，那么，这样看来；
for 因为（表示推测），由于；
相关连词
both A and B 既是A又是B；
either A or B 不是A 就是B；
neither A nor B 既不是A也不是B ，两者皆非；
not only A but also B 不但A而且B；
A as well as
B 不但A而且B , 与，和；
准连词
而且besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition;
然而yet, still, however, nevertheless;
否则else, otherwise;
因此所以thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently;
引导名词从句的连词
从属连词that, whether, if;
疑问连词what, which, who/whom/whose;
疑问副词when, where, why, how;
复合关系代词whatever, whoever, whomever;
引导定语从句的连词
关系代词who (whom whose), which, that, as;
关系副词when, where, why;
关系形容词which, whose…
引导状语从句的连词
表示时间when, while, as, till, whenever, since, as soon as…表示条件if, unless, as long as, in case, if only, on condition…表示结果s o…that , such…that (如此…以至于);
表示目的that, so that, in order that; lest, for fear, in case;
表示原因as, because, now (that ), seeing (that), since…
表示让步whether…or, notwithstanding, though, for all that…表示地点where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere
表示方式as, as…so, as if, according as;
表示比较than, the more… the more…, as…as…, not so…as;
小学英语介词讲解及练习
小学英语总复习 小学英语介词总结 介词（Preposition） 一、概述 介词是英语中很活跃的词，一般置于名词之前。它常和名词或名词性词语构成介词短语。同一个介词常和不同的词语搭配形成固定搭配，表示不同意义。二、常用介词的基本用法 at ①表示时间：I go to school at seven every day 我每天早上7点去上学。 ②表示在某一具体地点：He is standing at the bus stop 他站在公共汽车站。 ③表示动作的方向、目标：Let me have a look at the picture 让我看看这幅图。 ④用于某些固定搭配：at once 立刻、马上at last 最后 at the same time 同时at first 开始时 not at all 一点也不 about ①表示大约时间：I's about six o'clock now. 现在大约6点钟了。 ②表示地点；在……周围：Everthing about me is so beautiful 我周围的一切都那么美好。 ③关于，对于：We are talking about the news. 我们正在谈论新闻。 after ①在……之后：After dinner I watch TV. 晚饭后我看电视。 ②在……后面：He came into the room after me. 他在我后面进了房间。 behind ①在……之后：There is a bike behind the tree. 树后有一辆自行车 ②比……晚，迟于：The train is behind time. 火车晚点了 by ①在……旁：He is sitting by the bed. 他正坐在床边。 ②到……时候：We have learned three English songs by now. 到现在为止，我们已经学会了三首英文歌曲。 ③以……方式：I go to school by bus. 我乘公共汽车去上学。 ④用于某些固定搭配：one by one 一个接一个by the way 顺便说一句 for ①为，给，替：I'll make a card for my teacher. 我要给老师做张卡片。 ②由于：Thank you for helping me. 谢谢你帮我。 ③表示给（某人）用的：There is letter for you. 这儿有你一封信。
高考英语专题练习（五） 介词与介词短语 1．The university started some new language programs to cater _______ the country's Silk Road Economic Belt. 2．The whole team count _______ Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down. 3．Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but _______ Thomas Edison. 4．Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes _______ animals both on land and sea? 5．Most people work because it's unavoidable. _______ contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy work. 6．We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or appeal _______ our emotions than for straight facts. 7．These comments came in response _______ specific questions often asked by local newsmen. 8．This meeting room is a non－smoking area. I would like to warn you _______ advance that if you smoked here you would be fined. 9．Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68℃_______ the average. 10．The little pupil took his grandma _______ the arm and walked her across the street. 11．Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68℃____ the average. A．below B．on C．at D．above 12．September 30 is the day ______ which you must pay your bill. A．by B．for C．with D．in 13．These comments came _______ specific questions often asked by local newsmen. A．in memory of B．in response to C．in touch with D．in possession of 14．What we expect from you is working hard hardly working? A．less than B．rather than C．as well as D．as much as 15．_______ a common memory they all have their school days is the school uniform. A．of B．on C．to D．with 16．Check carrots, potatoes, onions and any other vegetables ______ and immediately use or throw away any which show signs of rotting. A．in demand B．in store C．on loan D．on sale 17．Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered. She found some good quality pipes _______ sale. 18．But Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution _______ these villages without a local shop. 19．When Jane got home, with her small but well－chosen present in her bag, her parents were already _______ table having supper. 21．Going to college helps build a strong mind, which leads _______ greater success in one's life. 22．Respect is very important _______ home, at school, and everywhere you go.
高考英语语法填空连词和 介词 Last revision date: 13 December 2020.
第四集语法填空核心考点考点突破——连词与介词——语言学习的基础 ,【考向聚焦】 历年高考题中至少有一道题要考到连词或介词。介词的考查形式多样，除了单纯考查介词外，还常考查介词与其他词的搭配。此外，在定语从句中，也常考查“介词＋关系代词”的用法。有些介词的考查频率较高，如with，beyond。连词考查较多的有：but和while，“祈使句＋and/or＋并列句”中的and和or；另外，for作为并列连词的用法 也是一考点。 对应学生用书P12 用适当的连词或介词填空 1．(2013安徽，22)Before you pay a visit to a place of interest，look in your local library________a book about it. 解析考查介词。句意：在你去一个名胜旅行之前，在你当地的图书馆寻找一本关于它的书。本题关键在于认识到动词look与选项中的介词搭配构成固定短语的时候，其中 隔有短语in your local library。 答案for 2．(2013福建，29)Mrs.Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess，as her children are always ________ the way whenever she tries to. 解析考查介词短语。句意：史密斯太太发现想收拾一下那些乱七八糟的东西有困难，因为每当她想要做的时候她的那些孩子总是妨碍她。 答案in 3．(2013湖北，30)An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered________ chance a long lost antique Greek vase. 解析考查短语辨析。此处表示“偶然发现了一个遗失多年的古希腊花瓶”。 答案by 4．(2013北京，26)I have an appointment ________ Dr.Smith，but I need to change it. 解析考查介词。短语为have an appointment with sb，意为“与某人预约、约会”。 答案with 5．(2013新课标Ⅱ，11)A serious study of physics is impossible________some knowledge of mathematics. 解析考查介词。句意：如果没有一点数学知识，要认真研究物理是不可能的。 答案without 6．(2013?新课标Ⅰ，34)It was a real race________time to get the project done.Luckily，we made it. 解析考查介词。句意：为了完成这项工程，这真是与时间的一次赛跑。 答案against 7．(2013?新课标Ⅰ，32)There's no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery________another man，also intelligent，fails.
常用连词和介词 常用连词 as 1.一边.一边2.当...时3.因为as soon as 一…就… as(so) long as 只要 as(so) far as 据…所知as...as 像...一样 as-- 尽管 accordingly 因此所以although, though 虽然尽管After 在...之后 A as well as B 不但A而且B before 在...之前 besides 而且 because 因为，放在主句后。both A and B 既是A又是B but 但是，而是，的确…但consequently 因此所以either A or B 不是A是B even if 即使 even though 即使 else 否则 for fear that 以防万一
furthermore 而且 however 然而 hence 因此所以 however 不论 if 如果是否 in addition 而且 in order that 为了 in case 以防假使，如果 in that 因为既然 lest 以防万一 moreover 而且 not...until--直到...才 no sooner--than-- 一…就… not so(as)...as 不像... now that 既然 no matter(what, when, where, how) 无论(什么.何时,何地……) nor 也不 neither A nor B 既不是A也不是B not only A but also B 不但A而且B nevertheless 然而 once 一旦; 一度
小学英语语法连词、介词 （一）、Grammar Part one 介词 一、什么是介词 用来表示句子中某一个词或短语与另外一个词或短语之间的关系的词。 二、介词的用法 考点一：表示时间的介词 in, on, at的用法 in表示在某一时间段，常用在月、年、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或晚上如：in 2013 in January in summer in the morning on表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上 如：on Tuesday on February 5th on the morning of August 8th at表示在某一时间点 如：at 10:20 at night at lunchtime 考点二：表示地点的介词 in, at, on的用法 in表示较大的地方，也可表示“在......之内” 如：in Nanjing in America in the garden at表示较小的地方，也可表示“在......处” 如：at the station at the party at home on表示与某物表面接触，也可表示在某物之上 如：on the moon on the ground on the right on the farm 考点三：表示方向的介词 from, to, for from表示起点，意为“从......来” 如：Mr. Green comes from England. I’ve got a Christmas present from my parents to表示终点，强调动作的目的地 如：Let’s go to school. He is walking up to the door. for表示目的地的方向，意为“往.......去” 如：Is this train for Beijing？ 考点四：表示方式的介词 with, in with表示使用某种工具、身体某部位来做某事 如：I wash my hands with water. We see with our eyes and listen with our ears.
高考英语语法填空之介词及介词短语专项练习 1.I began ________ a calculating machine ________ France ________ 164 2. 2.Spielberg is such a famous director that we're all looking forward to ________(see)his new films. 3.Driving cars instead of taking buses is harmful ________ our environment. 4.As far as I know, the little boy has a strong desire ________ knowledge. 5.On the contrary, most electronic media such ________ television, recordings, and radio make fewer demands on their audiences. 6.People love to get together to eat, drink and have fun ________each other. 7.________ tradition, Chinese people will have a family reunion, admire the moon and share the mooncakes. 8.Nanjing is an old city which lies ________ the Yangtze River. 9.Ensure the guard is ________ place before operating the machine. 10.We must wake up to the fact that this kind of animal is ________ danger of dying out. 11.He was tired ________ the city life and hoped to move to the country. 12.He couldn't hold back his tears when he recalled what he had gone ________ during his childhood. 13.She adapted herself quickly ________ the new life in London. 14.The teacher came in________ a book in his hand. 15.________ memory of the dead soldiers, a grand memorial was built on the spot of the great campaign. 16.Doctors should be patient ________ their patients. 17.After I was programmed ________ an operator who used cards ________ holes，I could “think” logically and produce an answer quicker than any person. 18.Instead ________ going ________ a diet, she eats less fat and sugar and exercises more. 19.There were scores of scenes in this film where I was moved ________ tears. 20.With the Chinese people _______(unite) as one, any attempt to separate China is bound to fail. 21.As we approach our teenage years, we have to go ______ many physical and emotional changes.
介词 常用介词： in 2012，in October, in spring， in the morning， in the afternoon，in the evening 2、有了表示日期的词以后，就要改用on （on总是与日子有关，具体到某一天，人命关on天） on the 1st of October, On the 20th of October，on Monday，on Monday morning 3、在午间，在夜间，在开始，在末尾时要用at at noon，at night，at the beginning，at the end，at the weekend，at Christmas（on Christmas Day，on Christmas Eve） 4、at + 时刻表示钟点。At 9 o’clock 5、注意in time及时和 on time 准时的区别 …to…表示一段时间，从何时到何时。 二、表示地理位置的in, on, to in+方位词，表示在某范围内。如中国在亚洲的东部。 on+方位词，表示与其接界。如Shandong lies on the north of Jiangsu。山东位于江苏之北。 to+方位词，指在某环境范围之外。如Taiwan lies to the east of Fujian。台湾在福建之东。 三、表示地点的at，in，on 1、at 常指小地方，及具体的地点连用。at the gate在门口，at the table在桌旁，at Dalian Statium在大连体育馆 in 一般指大地方，及泛指的地点连用。in Beijing在北京in the sky在天空in American、in a university 四、表示空间：on 和beneath，above和below，over和under的区别 above在…（偏）上方，表示两者不接触，与below（在…下面）相对。 on在…上，表示两者接触，与beneath（在…下）相对。 over 在…正上方，表示两者垂直，但是不接触，也可指“笼罩、覆盖在上面”与under（在…正下方）相对。 五、．behind表示“在……的后面”，其反义词组“in front of”表示“在……的前面”，注意与in the front of 的区别。 We must keep our hands behind our backs.我们必须一直把手放在背后。 I was walking down the street when a friend stood in front of me.当一个朋友站在我面前时，我正沿着街道散步。 There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.。教室的前面是黑板．
常见介词及用法 (一)表示时间的介词 1.英语里最常见的时间介词有：at, in, on, before, after和from。 2.at , in和on这三个词都表示时间。 ?at主要指具体的钟点：at half past eight 在八点半 ?in一般指某一段时间：in January 在一月份 ?on指具体在某一天：on Monday 在星期一 3.before和after表示时间的先后顺序。 ?before表示“在……之前”。 You should wash your hands before eating. 吃饭前你应该洗手。 ?after表示“在……之后”。 They often play basketball after dinner. 他们放学后经常打篮球。 4.from作时间介词含有“从……开始”的意思，常和to连用，组成 “from…to…”的结构，表示“从……到……”的意思。 We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从周一到周五上学。 (二)表示方位的介词，也就是表示位置和地点的介词。 1.小学阶段常见的方位介词有：on, in, at, under, over, above, below, about, around, between等。 2.on, over和above 这三个词都有“在……上面”的意思，但它们所表示的方位还是有些不同。 ?on表示两个物体的表面相互接触。如： There is a book on the desk. 桌上有一本书。 The boy is sleeping on the desk. 那个孩子睡在地上。 ?over表示“在……的正上方”,两个物体表面没有接触。如： There is a light bulb over my head. 在我头顶上有一个灯泡。 ?above表示两个物体中一个在另一个的上方，如：
高考英语介词知识点专项训练及答案(4) 一、选择题 1．For students who don't intend to improve themselves in study and always participate in various social activities, college is______ a social center. A．at lowest B．at best C．at least D．at worst 2．In the dancing party, my dress is out of ________, so I feel a bit embarrassed. A．order B．date C．control D．reach 3．You say the manager might not agree to the plan? ________, I will not put it forward in the meeting tomorrow morning. A．In no case B．In any case C．In case D．In that case 4．We can communicate________people in every part of the world ________the Internet. A．with；with B．with；through C．through；through D．through；with 5．_______ the right decision _______ our future is probably the most important thing we will ever do in our life. A．Making, concerned B．Make, concerning C．To make, concerned D．Making, concerning 6．The comments which he made _________ marketing bothered his boss greatly. A．being concerned B．concerned C．be concerned D．concerning 7．Rose was wild with joy the result of the examination. A．to B．at C．by D．as 8．When a bird spots a hunter, _____ just flying away, it calls out in alarm and warns other birds. A．regardless of B．other than C．instead of D．rather than 9．As far as she could _______, there was nothing ______ low huts. A．turn out; besides B．make out; besides C．turn out; but D．make out; but 10．______ figure skating and gymnastics, there are no subjective votes made by judges in swimming. A．In contrast to B．In proportion to C．In association with D．In defense of 11．In case you feel nervous during the interview, you can make full preparations . A．in return B．in time C．in common D．in advance 12．Many video websites announce that viewers can watch shows and movies for free ________ watching advertising. A．in spite of B．on behalf of C．with the purpose of D．in exchange for 13．He helped me when I was in trouble, but asked for nothing . A．in relief B．in return C．in addition D．in charge 14．Running a company calls for intelligence, patience and a lot of experience._______, it's not an easy thing.
高中英语语法练习介词和连词（5） 1.The doctor will be free _______. A. 10 minutes later B. after 10 minutes C. in 10 minutes D. 10 minutes after 2.Did you have trouble ______the post office ? A. to have found B. with finding C. to find D. in finding 3.We offered him our congratulations ______ his passing the college entrance exams. A. at B. on C. for D. of 4.If you keep on , you ’ll succeed _______. A. in time B. at one time C. at the same time D. on time 5. —How long has this bookshop been in business? —______1982. A. After B. In C. Form D. Since 5.The train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station ______5:40 pm. at the latest. A. until B. after C. by D. around 7.Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard; _______, you failed. A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time 8.I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some _______. A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time 9.______production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 10.Faced ______serious flooding , the victims got aid from all parts of the country. A. with B. by C. to D. about 11.It took them long to be accustomed ______the local food and customs. A. to B. of C. in D. for https://www.doczj.com/doc/f69883002.html,e and see me ______two or three _______. A. for…days B. after…days C. in…days’ time D. during…day time 13.For miles around me there was nothing but a desert , without a single plant or tree ______. A. in sight B. on earth C. at a distance D. in place 14.I wanted two seats ______Madame Curie for Friday night , so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets. A. of B. about C. to D. for 15.______ most students, she was always well prepared and never came to class late. A. Like B. As C. For D. To 16.Washington , a state in the US, was named _____one of the greatest American presidents. A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of 17.The number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to 1,200 . This means it has risen ______20 percent . A. by B. at C. to D. with 18.The suit fitted him well ______the color was a little brighter. A. expect for B. except that C. except when D. besides 19.—You seem to show interest in cooking . —What ? ______, I’m getting tired of it . A. On the contrary B. To the contrary C. On the other hand D. To the other hand 20.The lady is not in the mood ______going on a sightseeing trip. A. of B. for C. in D. to 21.Beijing is an ancient capital ________ a history of 3000 years. A. on B. of C. for D. with 22.We need fifteen more people ______our team to do the job.
英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 7、介词： 7.1、介词的主要用法： 介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如： out of(从…中出来), because of(因为), away from(距离…), on top of(在…顶上), ever since(自从…), next to(在…隔壁), according to(根据…), in front of(在…前方)等。 7.2、介词的分类表：(见下表) 地点(位臵、范围)介词：above在…前, about在…附近, across在…对面, after在…后面, against倚着..., along在…近旁, among在…中间, around在…周围, round在….周围, at在…处, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁边, between在...之间, by在...旁, down在...下面, from来自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...顶部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中间, at the end of在...的末端,等等。 方向(目标趋向)介词：across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着..., round环绕..., at朝着..., behind向…后面, etween…and…从…到...,by路过/通过..., down向…下, for向..., from从/离..., in进入..., into进入..., inside到...里面, near 接近..., off脱离/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to向/朝..., towards 朝着..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from远离... 时间介词：about大约..., after在…以后, at在… (时刻), before在…以前, by到…为止, during在…期间, for有…(之久), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了…(时), since自从…(至今), through 贯穿…(期间), till直到…时, until直到…时, to到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning of在...开始时,at the end of在...末, in the middle of在...当中,at the time of在...时 方式介词：as作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(语言), like与…一样, on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), over通过(收音机), through通过..., with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有… 涉及介词: about关于..., except除了…, besides除了…还... for对于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有关..., on关于/有关..., to对…而言, towards针对..., with就…而言 目的介词: for为了..., from防止…, to为了… 原因介词: for因为..., with由于…, because of因为... 比较介词: as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比, unlike与…不同 伴随/状态介词: against和…一起(比赛),at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on在(值日), with与…一起,有/带着/长着..., without没有/无/不与…一起 7.3、介词短语的句法作用： 介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如： The man came
腾飞辅导中心 小学英语语法（第22期） 第四讲介词和连词 Name Mark ★重点讲解 一、介词的用法 （一）时间介词 （1）at ①表示具体的时刻：at seven （o’clock ） ②表示人的年龄：at the age of eleven ③表示一段时间，“在...... 期间”：at night （在夜里） at Christmas（在圣诞期间） ④与结尾为festival的节日连用，如：at Spring Festival （2）in：表示一段时间，常与月份和季节连用，也可用在习惯用语中。如： in spring in January in February in the morning （3）on：表示具体的某一天，常与day和表示星期、节日的词连用。如： on October the tenth on Christmas Eve on Christmas Day on a cold day on Wednes day on Tree Planting Day （4）before 和after：表示时间的先后顺序。如： They have to finish the work before Thursday. The boys often play football after dinner. We sometimes take a walk after supper. （5）from ... to ...：“从...... 到......”。如： We have classes from Monday to Friday. She worked in the garden from morning to evening. This train is from Beijing to Tianjin. （二）方位介词 （1）on ：“在..... 上面” ，两物体有接触。