美国文学期末复习资料(完美版)

i.The Colonial Period1.关键词: America Puritanism2.Calvinism特点: total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement,Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints3.Anne Bradstreet( P17 ): a Puritan poet be known as “The Muse”4.Thomas Paine: one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man.works: “Common Sense”“American Crisis”“The Rights of Man”“The Age ofReason”理性时代5.Phillip Freneau(P22): 美国文学史上的重要人物dawning nationalism 代表人物Poems: The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花first modern American & the last medieval man6.Jonathan Edwards( Calvinism )a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakeningworks: “The Freedom of the Will”《自由意志论》“The Great Doctrine ofOriginal Sin Defended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“The Nature of True Virtue”“American Dream”“Self-made”7.Benjamin Franklin(puritanism)“Poor Richard’s Almance”“autobiography”新文学形式“18th century enlightenment”ii.Romanticism1.Washington Irving（1783-1859）①titles: “the father of American literature”“the American Goldsmith”②works: The Sketch Book (marked the beginning of AmericanRomanticism and the beginning of short stories as a genre in Americanliterature)Rip Van Winkle (P47—P48)The Legend of Sleepy Hollow2.James Fenimore Cooper（1789-1851）①One of the first writer to write American Westward movement②“The Leatherstocking Tales” (novel)first is “The Pioneers”---Plot:---theme conflict between Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple----character:Natty Bumppo---innocent, simple, honest and generous, for freedom,against civilization, wilderness is goodJudge Temple---just, reasonable, for civilization and law③Writing style:intriguing plotmajestic landscape descriptionsrich imaginationwooden characterizationnot authentic dialectiii.New England Transcendentalism---the culmination of American Romanticism Beginning of the Transcendentalism---1836, Nature, Emerson (1830s –the Civil War)Features：a:emphasizing on spirit or the Over-soul；b:stressing the importance of the individual；c:offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.1.Ralph Waldo Emerson：The founder of the Transcendentalist club and theeditor for a time of the journal the DialWorks:Nature --- “the Manifesto of American Transcen den talism” “the Bible ofNew England”:The Poet (from Nature)The American Scholar --- “Intellectual Declaration of Independence”2.Henry David ThoreauMasterpiece: Walden (Failure first, success in the 20th century)Content---a faithful record of his reflection in communicating with nature3.Nathaniel Hawthorne“The Scarlet Letter”Plot(P74)Theme:---(general theme) evil and sin exist in human heart and will be punishedone daymoral, emotional and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general---(specific theme) a hymn on the moral growth of the woman Hester whensinned againstsymbolism象征主义: “A”—Adultery—able—angel“pearl”—treasure4.Herman Melvilleworks: Moby Dick (1851)---little response, famous until the 20th centuryContent:---(general content) an encyclopedia of everything---(specific content) a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelmingpower in an indifferent even hostile world5.Edgar Allan PoeTheme: The death of beautySense of lossWorks:Poem--- “The Raven” “To Helen” “Annabel Lee”Writing style:MusicalRepetition of wordsParalleled structureMelancholy atmosphere(tone)Short story---The Fall of the House of UsherPlot: (P112)Theme: the fall of the house---the annihilation (disintegration) and of person6.Emily DickinsonSubject and theme:①(almost one third) Death and immortality“My life closed twice before its close”“Because I could not stop for death”theme: Everyone can’t live forever. Only after death can we getimmortality (immortality of soul)“ I heard a Fly Buzz- When I died”theme: skeptical & ambivalent about deathreluctance to death②Love“Wild Nights-Wild nights” (P99)③nature (both benevolent and cruel)“I’ll tell you how the sun rose”④emphasis of free will and human responsibility“To fight aloud”“A triumph may be”⑤soul ( conviction of her sovereignty)“I know that He exists”“The Brain is wider than the sky”Theme:influence of TranscendentalismHuman being’s mind (soul) is as divine as God⑥beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one“I died for beauty-but was scare”“Tell all the truth but tell it slant” (P102)Writing style: emotional, original, against traditionChoice of words, verbal construction (capitalized and dash), spelling, fullof fresh images, brief, direct, plain words but not easy to readInfluence: precursor to the Imagist movement7.Walt WhitmanWorks: “Leaves of Grass”草叶集(9 editions from 1855 to 1892, Famous untilthe 5th edition)Poems in Leaves of Grass:“Song of Myself”(most famous one)“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (1859)“When Lilacs紫丁香La st in the Dooryard Bloom’d” (1865)“O Captain My Captain!”Writing style: free verse( no regular rhyme, but musical)iv.过渡时期Harriet Beecher Stowework: Uncle Tom’s Cabin---The greatest manifesto of American anti-slavery (最有名的反奴隶制作品)Content: a faithful record of American black people's miserable life.v.Realism 镀金时代Gilded Age1.William Dean Howells豪厄尔斯①title: “champion of literary realism in US”“first president of AmericanAcademy of Arts and Letters”②works:essay--- Criticism and Fictionnovel---The Rise of Silas LaphamPlot: P120-121Character: Silas Lapham---common Bostonian of the late 19th century,average America happy with his family and proud of his success in the worldTheme:house---symbol of Lapham’s success (in material) an d aspiration for the polite societythe burning of the house---financial fall and moral rise2.Henry James①themes:exchanges between Americans and Europeans美国和欧洲文化的冲突②写作手法：a. eliminates the author and gives the reader the illusion ofbeing present at the scene of action让读者置身于情境中b. without comments or explanations: Dramatize, only dramatize, is hislesson作者只设定情境③Three distinctive periods:a. 1865-1882 novelsThe American (1877) 美国人The Europeans (1878) 欧洲人The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 淑女本色贵妇的肖像Daisy Miller(1878) 短篇小说b.1882-1895 playsc.1895-1990 novelsThe Turn of the Screw(1898)短篇小说碧庐冤孽（螺丝在旋紧）The Wings of the Dove (1902) 鸽之翼The Ambassadors (1903) 大使（奉使记）The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗3.Mark Twain(Local Colorism)①Works: The Adventure of Tom SawyerThe Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 汤姆索亚历险记的续集，海明威称赞“all modern American literature comes”②theme: racism& slaveryintellectual& moral educationThe hypocrisy of civilized” society③real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens④背景: Mississippi Rivervi.Naturalism(是现实主义的高级阶段)Time: at the end of the 19th centurySubject of naturalist: detailed description of lives of the low and the abnormal, frank description of human passion and sexuality, and portrayal of men overwhelmed by natureTheme of naturalists: pessimistic, deterministic自然主义的起源：Emile Zola “surrounding and heredity遗传can decide one’s destiny”写作手法：ironic讽刺, less sympathy, more serious than realism, deterministic决定论1.Stephen Crane①Works: (novels) Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge ofCourage (1895) (short stories) “The Open Boat”②Writing style: psychological description, visual beauty with symbols2.Frank Norris①works: (Novel) McTeague麦克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主义的作品the Octopus章鱼(best work) (1901) railwayWriting style:rich materialfresh imagerypoetic mode of fictionprecise and exact word(Essay of literary criticism) The Responsibilities of the Novelists (1903)3.O. Henry(a prolific American short-story writer)多产短篇小说家①Real name: William Porter②The Gift of the Magi③Writing style: short, interesting and clever plot, good-natured humor,surprising end, keen observation of details, slang and colloquialexpressions4.Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞works:Sister Carrie(1990)《嘉丽妹妹》Jennie Gerhardt (1911)《珍妮姑娘》（姐妹篇）The Financier (1912) 《金融家》“Trilogy of Desire” (欲望三部曲) The Titan (1914)《巨头》The Stoic(1947)《斯多葛》The "Genius" (1915) 《天才》--autobiographical novelAn American Tragedy--greatest and most successful Political commentary set5.Jack LondonWorks:---Reflection of his Involvement in the socialist movement:The Iron Heel, The People of the Abyss---Reflection of his belief in Darwinism:The Call of the Wild (1903)适者生存, The Sea Wolf (1904)---Reflection of the conflicting view :autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1909)vii.ModernismTwo literary periods•1920s --- The First World War (a decade of great joy and happenings )•1930s--- The Great Depression1.Ezra Pound--- the founder of Imagist movement(深受中国文化的影响)works: translations of Lipo’s poems “The River- Merchant’s Wife”翻译李白的《长干行》In a Station of the MetroThe apparition of these faces in the crowd ;Petals on a wet, black bough.—Ezra Pound2.T. S. EliotPoemsThe Waste Land (1922)---spiritual crisis of postwar Europe, like a manifestoof the “Lost generation”The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1917)--- a poem with a notable modernemotional color，意识流，现代主义情感色彩3.Wallace StevensBasic theme: interrelationship between reality and art, power of imaginationWorks: “Anecdote of the Jar”古坛轶事4.William Carlos WilliamsWorks: Famous poem: Paterson 帕特森(1946–58).Subject: everyday circumstances of life and the lives of common people.Writing style: unusual meters and styles, easy and enjoyable to read5.Carl Sandburg---One of The greatest poets in the “Chicago Renaissance”---Chicago Poems6.Robert FrostSubject: the people and landscape of New England.(Misconception of him as a lyric poet or as an authentic painter of locallandscape)Theme: (universal and abstract) the complexity of human existenceWorks:poem collection：A Boy’s Will (1913), North of Boston(1914)New Hamphshire(1923),Collected Poems(1930),A Further Range(1936),A Witness Tree(1942)Some famous poems:“After Apple Picking”“Mending Wall”“Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening”“The Road not Taken”“Design”“The Wood-Pile”Writing style:---formto retain traditional forms of poetry---themedeceptively simple (trivial subjects)---languagelucid, easy, fluent7.William Faulkner: one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers---one of the southern writers (fictional Yoknapatawpha County)---the Nobel Prize-winning novelist(1949)---a famous short story writerWorks: 19 novels, 3volumes of short stories•poem collection: The Marble Faun, 1924)•Novel:The Sound and the Fury, 1929喧哗与躁动As I Lay Dying, 1930Light in August, 1932Absalom, Absalom!, 1936Go Down, Moses, 1942•short story: “A Rose For Emily”Theme: general human situationWriting style: difficult and experimental•Vivid characterization( character with great independence)•Multiple narrators•Story-novel (emphasis on narrative)•Modern stream of consciousness (fragmentary and obscure)• A variety of English8. F. Scott Fitzgeraldwork: The Great Gatsby(1925)Themes: The decline衰落of American Dream in the 1920sThe Hollowness空虚of the upper classSymbols: The green light9.Ernest Hemingway①Nick Adams, a Hemingway hero, first appears in the novel In Our Time(1925)②The Sun Also Rises (1926)Jake BarnesA Farewell to Arms (1929)Frederick Henry & Catherine BarkleyDeath in the Afternoon (1932 )Green Hills of Africa (1935)For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)The Old Man and the Sea (1952)Manolin & Santiagoviii.American drama1.Eugene O’Neil(1888 – 1953)father of American dramaWorks:first published play, Beyond the Horizon (1920) on BroadwayThe Iceman Cometh (1946)Long Days Journey into Night (1956)：an autobiographical play and releasedafter O'Neill's death.2.John Steinbeckthe Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962Famous for The Grapes of Wrath (1939), a novel widely considered to be a20th-century classic.。

Part I Fill in the blanks:(20 points, 2point for each)1. The First World War stands as a great dividing line between the nineteenth century and the contemporary American literature.2. American writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a "_Lost Generation" , devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.3. The most significant American poem of the twentieth century was The Waste Land.4. The publication of The Waste Land, written by Thomas Ste¬arns Eliot , helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.5. F. Scott Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the 1920s decade in his masterpiece novel The Great Gatsby .6. The Great Depression of the 1930s greatly weakened the American nation's self-con¬fidence.7. An American woman writer named Gertrude Stein who had lived in Paris since 1903, welcomed the young expatriates to her literary salon, and gave them a name "the Lost Generation".8. Ezra Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the " Imagist " movement.9. Ezra Pound's major work of poetry is the long poem called The Cantos .10. Robert Frost' s first book A Boy's Will brought him to the attention of influential critics, such as Ezra Pound, who praised him as an authentic poet.Part I Multiple choice :( 20points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty items. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. Dreiser’s naturalism and his choice of subject often echo his predecessor, __B____, but his style and method are very different.A. Mark TwainB. Stephen CraneC. Henry JamesD. Emerson2. Sister Carrie written by ___B___ is considered as one of the representative naturalistic novel in the American literature.A. Sinclair LewisB. Theodore DreiserC. F. Scott FitageraldD. H.L.Mencken3. Mark Twain’s ___B___ tells a story of his boyhood ambitious to become a riverboat pilot, up and down the Mississippi.A. Roughing ItB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer4. ___B___ is the scene of Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.A. New YorkB. ChicagoC. CaliforniaD. Washington5. Mark Twain created, in __A_____, a masterpiece of American realism that is also one of the great books of world literature.A. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnB. The Adventures of Tom SawyerC. The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgD. The Gilded Age6. American literature produced only one female poet during the 19th century. This was ____C___.A. Anne BradstreetB. Jane AustenC. Emily DickinsonD. Harriet Beecher7. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the scene, ___C___ became the major trend in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century.A. sentimentalismB. RomanticismC. realismD. naturalism8. Leaves of Grass has ___A____ editions.A. nineB. fiveC. sixD. seven9. ___D____ is not among the artistic features of Whitman’s writing.A. The use of th e poetic “I”B. Free verseC. Musicality or rhythmD. Allegory10. The realistic period is referred to as “the Gilded Age” by ____A___.A. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC. Emily DickinsonD. Theodore Dreiser11. ____C___ is regarded by H. L. Menken as “the true father of American national literature.”A. Emily DickinsonB. Henry JamesC. Mark TwainD. Theodore Dreiser12. ___B____, being a boy’s book specially written for the adults, is Mark Twain’s most representative book.A. Roughing ItB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer13. Henry James’s fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with __D______.A. the love and marriage themeB. the theme of humor and satire on lifeC. the theme of revealing the miserable life of the poor and criticizing the capitalismD. the international theme14. _____A______ showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas.A. Ezra PoundB. Robert FrostC. T. S. EliotD.E. E. Cummings15. With William Dean Howells, Henry James, and Mark Twain active on the scene, ___C____ became the major trend in the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century.A. sentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism16. Ezra Pound's long poem______B______ contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected.A. The Waste LandB. The CantosC. Don JuanD. Queen Mab17. In Paris, Ernest Hemingway, along with _____D________, accomplished a revolu¬tion in literary style and language.A. Gertrude SteinB. Ezra PoundC. James JoyceD. all of the above18. ____B______ tells the Joad family' s life from the time they were evicted from their farm in Oklahoma until their first winter in California.A. Of Mice and MenB. The Grapes of WrathC. The Great GatsbyD. For Whom the Bell Tolls19. The two areas on which the modem American writers concentrated their criticism were the failures of American society and ____A_______ .A. the failure of communication among AmericansB. the economic depressionC. the extreme prosperity of AmericaD. the paradise of New Land20. Who of the following is NOT a 20th century American poet? AA. Henry Wordsworth LongfellowB. Amy LowellC. Ezra PoundD. Robert FrostPart II Identification (20 points, 2 point for each)Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1.The sound of Whitman’s words casts a magic, romantic spell over readers. His tone isawesome, sad and melancholy. F2.Haiku, a form of traditional Japanese poetry, greatly influenced the Imagist movement. T3.Leaves of Grass is Whitman’s life work.T4.Thanks in part to the efforts of Ezra Pound, Robert Frost was published in England andquickly became recognized as a major American poet. T5.In 1954, T. S. Eliot was awarded a Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modernnarration.” F6.Hemingway believed that a man could find meaning in life by facing his death with dignityand courage. T7.Realists thought highly of individual status and role in the world. The romanticists preferredthe innate or intuitive perception by the heart of man. They thought that man was essentially of goodwill, only the civilized society made him degenerate. They pointed out, the means to uproot evils and to save mankind was habits, and to return to “natural primitive state”. F 8.Literary naturalism may be regarded as the new development of literary realism, and wassometimes called “pessimistic realism.” The naturalistic writers were philosophical pessimists.T9.Hemingway, Pound, Cummings, Dos Passos, and Fitzgerald, belong to the school of “BeatGeneration”. F10.F. Scott Fitzgerald is called the leader and poet laureate of the Jazz Age who wrote the novelsof the Jazz Age. T1 F2 T3 T4 T5 F6 T7 F8 T9 F 10 TPart III Appreciation (20 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there are two excerpts. Each of the excerpts is followed by several questions. Read the excerpts and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.Part AThe apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.Questions:1.Who is the writer of this poem? ____ Ezra Pound _____(2%)2.What is the title of this poem? ____ In A Station of the Metro ____(2%)3.What images in t his poem suggest Haiku poetry and what images are “modern”? (3%)4.What is the effect of the parallel between lines one and two of the poem? And whatfeeling and meaning does the poem express to you? (3%)Part BI shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the differenceQuestions:1. Who is the writer of this poem? (2%)2. What is the title of this poem? (2%)3. What kind of feeling does this stanza show? (3%)4. How do you appreciate this poem? (3%)Part A1. Ezra Pound2. In A Station of the Metro3. Answer should comment on the parallel between the “modern” imagery (description ofurban crowds and transportation, loneliness) of the first line and the traditional “Oriental” imagery (budding flowers on a tree, wetness) of the second line.4. What is the effect of the parallel between lines one and two of the poem? Describe thestylistic result of the parallel and the feelings it evokesPart B1. Robert Frost2. "the road not taken"3. This poem is written in classic five-line stanzas, with the rhyme scheme a-b-a-a-b andconversational rhythm. The poem seems to be about the poet, walking in the woods in autumn, choosing which road he should follow on his walk. In real¬ity, it concerns the important decisions which one must make in life, when one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess another. Then, whatever the outcome, one must accept the consequences of one' s choice for it is not possible to go back and have another chance to choose differently.4. In the poem, the poet hesitates for a long time, wondering which road to take, becausethey are both pretty. In the end, he follows the one which seems to have fewer travelers on it. Symbolically, he chose to follow an unusual, solitary life; perhaps he was speaking of his choice to become a poet rather than some commoner profession. But he always remembers the road which he might have taken, and which would have given him a different kind of life.Part AI celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I learn and loa, fe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.Questions:1. These are the first two stanzas in the first section of a long poem entitled (2)2. The name of the poet is___________ . (2)3. Who is the poet celebrating? Whom do lines 2 ~ 3 also include in the celebra-tion? (2)4. What is the verse, structure? (2)5. Take the fifth line as a hint, can you write out the name of the poet' s completed collections ofpoems? (2)Part BThey were careless people, Tom and Daisy—They smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made. . .Questions:1. Which novel is this passage taken from? (2)2. Who is the writer of this novel? (2)3. What is the author' s attitude toward such persons as Tom and Daisy? (6)Part A1. Song of Myself2. Walt Whitman3. The poet is celebrating himself, his own life. Lines 2-3 also include"you" , the readers and their lives in the celebration.4. free verse5. Leaves of GrassPart B1. The Great Gatsby2. F. Scott Fitzgerald3. The author criticized them as selfish, hypocritical persons.Part IV Comment. (40points, 20points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, you are given three topics. Choose TWO of them and give a comment on the Answer Sheet. Scores will be given according to the content, grammar and the completeness of the related knowledge. If you comment on all the three topics, additional points will be given to your final marks.ment on Earnest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, from the perspective ofthe theme, the plot, the characters, and the writing styles.ment on Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.3.Why is Mark Twain considered the central figure in American fiction?m ent on Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom's Cabin.1，Which writer or work do you connect with best, why?The American writer F•Scott Fitzgerald’s fiction, The Great Gatsby is the work I connect with best. The fiction described the disillusion of the "American dream"which pursued by a liquor upstart, Gatsby, and revealed the tragedy of American society. Gatsby and Daisy's love and the breakup could have been a very common love story. But the author compared the girl Gatsby fell in love with to the symbol of youth, money and status, as a means to the pursuit of material wealthy life, "American dream." Gatsby exhausted his feeling and intelligence to purse Daisy, and finally lost his life. He naively thought: the money can renew old dream and redeem the lost love. Unfortunately, he was wrong. He didn’t recogn ize Daisy the vulgar shallow woman. He misjudged the surface feasting and spiritual boredom society. He lived in his dream, then abandoned by Daisy, and snubbed by the society, and finally turned into a tragedy that can not be recovered. The fiction revealed social crisises deeply hidden behind the luxury through personal tragedy, criticized the essence of "American dream" and condemned Morality Undone and corruption prevailed in American society. It sounded the alarm to the world with Gatsby and Mattel's death, woke up people from the nothingness of the "American dream". It encouraged them to learn from the tragedy and come into the real lifewith clear-headed thinking to reality and a more firm belief. The fiction makes me think further. Success should be achieved by ourselves with our own hardworking, courage, creativity and determination instead of the particular social class and other aid.2. Choose one work and describe its theme and how it was related to society of that time.The theme The Sun Also Rise is the existentialism which hidden in the life pictures Hemingway described. The existentialists believe that life is full of suffering, violence and crime. Thus "The world is absurd, life is painful and meaningless. In 1914, the First World War burst out; many American young people came to Europe with the dream of fighting for people’s peace, freedom and happiness. But what they saw on the battlefield was brutal killings and terrible deaths. Many people buried their lives in the war, which almost destroyed the survivals in physically and mentally. For them, the prevailing moral standards, ethics, ideals, etc., had all been destroyed by war. The turbulent post-war capitalist world and the deepening crisis, but also increase their sense of emptiness and morbid rebellious. In order to escape the hellish reality, they indulged themselves in drinking, dancing, chatting and dissolute sex life, wishing the stimulating life can cheer them up. However, this didn’t make them satisfied but make them far away from their regular life, sinking deeper into despair and unable to extricate themselves. Obviously, "the author had painted a picture of the post-war wasteland. The people lived in the wilderness not only riddled their bodies, but also made their spirits lost their homes. They lived painfully with no direction. The picture of wilderness is consistent with the existentialists’ view of the world, namely, “The world is absurd, and life is painful.” Besides, the young people’s struggling to finding the meaning in an meaningless life reflected the existentialist ideology that “existence precedes essence", and "free choice".3.Why is Twain considered the central figure in American fiction?Mark Twain was one of the main founders of 19th century American realistic literature, have made outstanding contributions in the theory and the style of fiction to the development of American literature. He advocated the creation of literary works with local flavor and suggested writers to start from their own familiar regions and use the language of the people to describing their lives and portray their characters and souls,. In his view, supposing writers follow this principle, the American people and the whole picture of American life will be faithfully displayed before the world. And only then, "the great American fiction" will be written.In many years after the founding the United States, almost all American writers were under the influence of traditional English literature. However Mark Twain broke this situation, creating a new p ath by the masses’ humor in the western region, colloquial style of American slang and a special way to tell a story. Mark Twain is considered a master of humorous language. His writing style created a precedent of colloquial language in American fiction, which had a tremendous impact on the later writers. All of his works are full ofhumorous art. Mark Twain's humor is based on rich ideas and formed with the funny writing. It has not only rich philosophy about life but also strong artistic appeal, which shows his superb control on the language skills. He blends humor in with satire. There is not only filled with unique personal wit and witticism, but also no lack of profound social insight and analysis.。

Poems AnalysisA Psalm Of LifeThe poems consists of nine quatrains, rhymed abab, cdcd, efef.The poet begins this poem "A Psalm of Life" with enthusiasm that continues through most of the poem. And the final lines echo the beginning ones and offer perhaps the most important advice in a poem.The poem reminds us that life is not a dream, but very real, and urges us to live it to the full and not sit around waiting for death. It says that the purpose of life is not to have fun or indeed to suffer but to do something.To HelenIt is kind of Lyric Poetry. The theme of this short poem is the beauty of a woman.At beginning of the poem, the poet represents her as Helen of Troy–the quintessence of physical beauty, whileat the end of the poem, he represents her as Psyche–the quintessence of soulful beauty.The poet uses soothing, positive words and rhythms to create a fitting tone and atmosphere for the poem. The poet draws such a beautiful woman in lines.The Road Not TakenThe poem consists of four five-line stanzas, written by iambic tetrameter, with the rhyme scheme of abaad.The two roads not only refer to the real roads he takes while walking in the yellow woods, but also means two different ways of life when one hesitates before the life's crossroad. Different choices will lead to different futures. Before making your choice , thinkit carefully,do not follow the flow. After you taken the road ,just do your best to walk your road and enjoy the scenery on the road.In a Station of the MetroThe poem is critical on the great working pressure and the decade society, but at last, it shows the beauty of human beings. It is oneof the representative works of Imagism.The poet presents just a picture, but not his insight.And he uses a free verse to make a kind of musical phrase.There are four images in this poem : faces, petals, crowd, and bough. By using “Image superposition” and “Juxtaposition of images”, Pound make the poem very short but meaningful.。

美国文学复习资料美国文学复习资料一、TranslationThe shark was not an accident. He had come up from deep down in the water as the dark cloud of blood had settled and dispersed in the mile deep sea. He had come up so fast and absolutely without caution that he broke the surface of the blue water and was in the sun. Then he fell back into the sea and picked up the scent and started swimming on the course the skiff and the fish had taken.这条鲨鱼的出现不是偶然的。

当那一大片暗红的血朝一英里深的海里下沉并扩散的时候，它从水底深处上来了。

它窜上来得那么快，全然不顾一切，竟然冲破了蓝色的水面，来到了阳光里。

跟着它又掉回海里，嗅到了血腥气的踪迹，就顺着小船和那鱼所走的路线游去。

Sometimes he lost the scent. But he would pick it up again, or have just a trace of it, and he swam fast and hard on the course. He was a very big Mako shark built to swim as fast as the fastest fish in the sea and everything about him was beautiful except his jaws. His back was as blue as a sword fish‘s and his belly was silver and his hide was smooth and handsome. He was built as a sword fish except for his huge jaws which were tight shut now as he swam fast, just under the surface with his high dorsal fin knifing through the water without wavering. Inside the closed double lip of his jaws all of his eight rows of teeth were slanted inwards. They were not the ordinary pyramid-shaped teeth of most sharks. Theywere shaped like a man‘s fingers when they are crisped like claws. They were nearly as long as t he fingers of the old man and they had razor-sharp cutting edges on both sides. This was a fishbuilt to feed on all the fishes in the sea, that were so fast and strong and well armed that they had no other enemy. Now he speeded up as he smelled the fresher scent and his blue dorsal fin cut the water.有时候它迷失了那气味。

美国⽂学史期末考试复习资料Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’= 10’)1.In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ______ was the dominant.2.The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving’s work named______.3.Which of the following is not the characteristic of American Romanticism?4.The short story “Rip Van Winkle” reveals the ____ attitude of its author.5.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by _____.6.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in _____ and Thoreau.7.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?8.____ is considered Mark Twain’s greatest achievement.9._____ is not among those greatest figures in “Lost Generation”.10.Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing b ecomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more ____.1-5，BBACD 6-10 BADCDI.Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’=10’)11.______ is the father of American Literature.life.13._____ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.14.Which of following is NOT a typical feature of Mark Twain’s language?15.From Thoreau’s jail experience, came his famous essay, _____ which states his belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A. WaldenB. NatureC. Civil DisobedienceD. Common Sense16.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?17.Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and the ____ as well.18.What did Fitzgerald call the 1920s?19.Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more ____.20.For Melville, as well as for the reader and ____, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.1-5 D A B C C 6-10 A C C D CII. Identify Works as Described Below (1’×15 =15’):1.The novel has a sole black protagonist who tells his own story but whose name in unknown to us.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on theMountains2.The main conflict of the play is the protagonist’s false value of fine appearance and popularity with people and the cruel reality of the society in which money is everything.a.A Street Car Named Desireb. The Hairy Apec.Long Day’s Journey into Nightd. Death of Salesman3.It is an autobiographical play and Edmund in the play is based on the playwright himself.a. Long Day’s Journey into Nightb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. The Hairy Aped. The Glass Menageries4.The novel tells of how a black man kills a white woman by accident and how the society is responsible for the murder.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on theMountains5._________ is one of the best works in American literature about the Second World War.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Catcher in the Ryec.The Red Badge of Couraged. The Naked and the Dead6. The novel by Hemingway is the best of its kind about World War I.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Sun Also Risesc.The Old Man and the Sead. The Naked and the Dead7.The novel is about how a family of farmers cannot survive in Oklahoma and travel to California to seek a living and how they suffer hunger in California.a.The Grapes of Wrathb. U.S. A.c.Babbittd. The Adventures of Augie March8.It is a trilogy including The 42nd Parallel, 1919, and The Big Money, with such techniques as biographies, newsreels and camera eye.a.Babbittb. Light in Augustc. U.S.A.d. The Grapes of Wrath9.It is a novel which uses the stream of consciousness technique and whose title is taken from Shakespeare’s Macbeth.a. Absolom, Absolom!b. The Sound and the Furyc.A Farewell to Armsd. The Great Gatsby10. It is a naturalistic work about how a country girl is seduced and how she becomes a famous actress and how her lover falls into a beggar and finally commits suicide.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec. McTeagued.Maggie, A Girl of the Streets11. The novel is set on the Mississippi with the protagonist telling us the story in the local dialect. It is a representative work of local colorism.a.Sister Carrieb.The Adventures of Tom Sawyerc. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finnd.The Portrait of a Lady12.The novel is a psychological study of a soldier (Henry Fleming)’s reactions in the Civil War.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec.The Red Badge of Couraged. McTeague13. The poem is written in free verse in 52 cantos with the theme of the universality and equality in value of all people and all things.a.Cantosb. The Ravenc. Song of Myselfd.Chicago14. The novel is about how a group of people on a whaling ship kill a great whale butthemselves are killed by the whale, with the conflict between man and his fate.a.The Octopusb. Moby-Dickc. The Rise of Silas Laphamd. Leaves of Grass15. It is a philosophical essay in 8 chapters plus an introduction mainly concerned with thefour uses of nature.a. Waldenb. Naturec. The Scarlet Letterd. The American Scholar1-5.cdaad 6-10.aacbb /doc/2ac563ad77a20029bd64783e0912a21614797f92.html cbbI.Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following (1’×15=15’):1.An English ship brought 102 people from Plymouth, England on September 16, 1620 andarrived in the present Provincetown harbor on November 21 in the same year. This ship was named ____________.a. The Pilgrimsb. Mayflowerc. Americad. Titanic2._________ is father of American drama and in his dramatic career he wrote 49 plays.a. Tennessee Williamsb. Eugene O’Neillc. Arthur Millerd. Elmer Rice3._________ was the first American writer to write entirely American literature.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Washington Irvingc. Mark Twaind. Ernest Hemingway4. _______ was the leader of American transcendentalism.a. Benjamin Franklinb. Washington Irvingc. Ralph Waldo Emersond. Henry David Thoreau5._______was the greatest woman poet in American literature and she wrote about 1,700 shortlyric poems in her life time.a. Pearl S. Buckb.Harriet Bicher Stowec. Emily Dickensond. Walter Whitman6._________ is father of the detective story and of psychoanalytic criticism.a. Washington Irvingb. Ralph Waldo Emersonc. Walt Whitmand. Edgar Allan Poe7.William Dean Howells is concerned with the middle class life; ______ writes about the upper class society, and Mark Twain deals with the lower class reality.a. Stephen Craneb. Frank Norrisc. Theodore Dreiserd. Henry James8. Which of the following is a naturalistic writer?a. William Dean Howellsb. Mark Twainc. Ernest Hemingwayd.Theodore Dreiser9. His writings are characterized by simple, colloquial language and deep thoughts. He is______.a. Ernest Hemingwayb. William Faulknerc. F. Scott Fitzgeraldd. Mark Twain10. He wrote 18 novels all set in Jefferson Town, Yoknapatwapha County in the deep south.He is ______.a. William Faulknerb. John Steinbeckc. Ernest Hemingwayd. Mark Twain11. ________is Jewish in origin and in many of his novels the American Jews are majora. Sinclair Lewisb. Saul Bellowc. Norman Mailerd. Jerome David Salinger12._________ is often regarded as the greatest American woman poet and she wrote over 1,700 short lyric poems in her life time.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Robert Frostc. H.D.d. Emily Dickinson13.________ is father of American drama and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1936.a. John Steinbeckb. William Faulknerc. Euge ne O’Neilld. Arthur Miller14. He was the first black American to write a book about black life with great impact on theconsciousness of the nation and his masterpiece is one of the three classics about black Americans. Who is he?a.Richard Wrightb. Harriet Beecher Stowec. Langston Hughesd. Ralph Ellison15. Hemingway wrote about American compatriots in Europe whereas ________ wrote aboutthe Jazz age, life in American society.a.William Carlos Williamsb. William Faulknerc. John Steinbeckd. F. Scott Fitzgerald 1-5 bbccc 6-10.dddaa 11-15.bdcadI.Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following (1×15 %):2.The American Civil War broke out in 1861 between the Northern states and the Southstates, which are known respectively as the ______and the______.a. N, Sb. Revolutionaries, Reactionariesc. Union, Confederacyd. Slavery, Anti-Slavery2._____________was praised by the British as the “Tenth Muse in America”.b. Edward Taylorc. Thomas Pained. Philip Freneau3.Mark Twain was a representative of ________ in American literature.a. transcendentalismb. naturalismc. local colorismd. imagism4. _______ was the leader of American transcendentalism.a. Benjamin Franklinb. Washington Irvingc. Ralph Waldo Emersond. Henry David Thoreau5.The greatest American poet and the first writer of free verse is ____________.a. Washington Irvingb.Ezra Poundc. Walt Whitmand. Emily Dickinson6._________ is father of the detective story and of psychoanalytic criticism.a. Washington Irvingb. Ralph Waldo Emersonc. Walt Whitmand. Edgar Allan Poe7.Henry James is concerned with the upper class life; ______ writes about the middle class society, and Mark Twain deals with the lower class reality.a. Stephen Craneb. Frank Norrisc. Theodore Dreiserd. William Dean Howells8. Which of the following is a naturalistic writer?a. William Dean Howellsb. Mark Twainc. Ernest Hemingwayd.Theodore Dreiser9. ________’s writings are characterized by simple, colloquial language and deep thoughts.b. William Faulknerc. F. Scott Fitzgeraldd. Mark Twain10. ______ wrote 18 novels all set in Jefferson Town, Yoknapatwapha County in the deepsouth. .a. William Faulknerb. John Steinbeckc. Ernest Hemingwayd. Mark Twain11. ________is Jewish in origin and in many of his novels the American Jews are majorcharacters.a. Sinclair Lewisb. Saul Bellowc. Norman Mailerd. Jerome David Salinger12._________ is often regarded as the greatest American woman poet and she wrote over 1,700 short lyric poems in her life time.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Robert Frostc. H.D.d. Emily Dickinson13.________ is father of American drama and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1936.a. John Steinbeckb. William Faulknerc. Eugene O’Neilld. Arthur Miller14. _______ was the first black American to write a book about black life with great impact onthe consciousness of the nation and his masterpiece is one of the three classics about black Americans.b.Richard Wright b. Harriet Beecher Stowec. Langston Hughesd. Ralph Ellison15. ________ first used the “Jazz age” as the title of a collection of short storiesa. F. Scott Fitzgeraldb. William Faulknerc. John Steinbeck1-5.caccc 6-10.dddaa 11-15.bdcbaII. Identify Works as Described Below (1×15 %):6.The play is about a stoker whose identity as a human being is not recognized by his fellow human beings and who tries to find affinity with a monkey in the zoo and is finally killed by the animal.a. The Hairy Apeb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. Long Day’s Journey into Nightd. The Glass Menageries7.The protagonist in this play is a crippled girl named Amanda.a.A Street Car Named Desireb. The Hairy Apec.Long Day’s Journey into Nightd.The Glass Menageries8.The hero of this novel tells about his own story to us but his name is unknown.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on the Mountains4. It is an autobiographical play and Edmund in the play is based on the playwright himself.a. Long Day’s Journey into Nightb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. The Hairy Aped. The Glass Menageries5.The novel tells of how a black man kills a white woman by accident and how he is finally arrested and tried and sentenced to death.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on theMountains6._________ is one of the best works in American literature about the Second World War.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Catcher in the Ryec.The Red Badge of Couraged. The Naked and the Dead6. The novel by Hemingway is the best of its kind about World War I.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Sun Also Risesc.The Old Man and the Sead. The Naked and the Dead10.The novel is about how a family of farmers cannot survive in Oklahoma and travel toCalifornia to seek a living and how they suffer hunger in California.b.T he Grapes of Wrath b. U.S. A.c.Babbittd. The Adventures of Augie March11.It is a trilogy including The 42nd Parallel, 1919, and The Big Money, with suchtechniques as biographies, newsreels and camera eye.b.B abbitt b. Light in Augustc. U.S.A.d. The Grapes of Wrath12.It is a novel which uses the stream of consciousness technique and whose title is takenfrom Shakespeare’s Macbeth.a. Absolom, Absolom!b. The Sound and the Furyc.A Farewell to Armsd. The Great Gatsby10. It is a naturalistic work about how a country girl is seduced and elopes with Hurstwoodand how she becomes a famous actress and how her lover falls into beggary and finally commits suicide.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec. McTeagued.Maggie, A Girl of the Streets11. It is a novel with 135 chapters plus an epilog; in it a group of people on a whaling ship killa great whale but they themselves are killed by the whale in the end, except Ishmael thenarrator who survives by adhering to a coffin.b.Sister Carrie b.The Adventures of Tom Sawyerc. Moby Dickd. The Portrait of a Lady12.The novel is a psychological study of a soldier (Henry Fleming)’s reactions in the Civil War,in which wound is called the red badge which symbolizes courage.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec.The Red Badge of Couraged. McTeague13. The poem is written in free verse in 52 cantos with the theme of the universality andequality in value of all people and all things.a.Cantosb. The Ravenc. Song of Myselfd.Chicago14. The novel is about how a man falls economically and socially but who rises morallybecause he gives up the opportunity to sell his factory to an English Syndicate, which would otherwise mean a ruin to that syndicate.a.The Octopusb. The Rise of Silas Laphamc. Moby-Dickd. Leaves of Grass15. It is a speech delivered at Harvard University. It is often hailed as the “declaration ofintellectual independence” in America.a. The American Scholarb. Naturec. The Scarlet Letterd. Walden1-5.adcad 6-10.aacbb /doc/2ac563ad77a20029bd64783e0912a21614797f92.html cbaII. Match the following (1×20%)A. Match Works with Their Authors1.Hugh Selwyn Mauberly2.Walden3. Autobiography4. The Scarlet Letter5.Leaves of Grass6.The Raven7. The Rise of Silas Lapham8. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer9. Long Day’s Journey into Night10. The Old Man and the Seaa.Mark Twain b . Ernest Hemingwayc. Eugene O’Neilld. William Dean Howellse. Edgar Allan Poef. Walt Whitmang. Nathaniel Hawthorne h. Benjamin Franklini.Henry David Thoreau j. Ezra Poundk.Thomas Jefferson l. T.S. EliotB. Match the Characters with the works in which they appear.1.Hester Prynne2.Mrs. Touchett3.Frederick Henry4.Benjy Compson5.the Joads6.General Edward Cummings7.Holden Caulfield 7.Bigger Thomas8.Yank 9.Happya.The Portrait of a Ladyb. The Scarlet Letterc. The Hairy Aped. A Farewell to Armse.The Sound and the Furyf. The Grapes of Wrathg. The Naked and the Deadh. The Catcher in the Ryei. Native Sonj. Death of a Salesmank.Invisible Manl.Catch-22A. Match Works with Their Authors1-5.jihgf 6-10.edccbB. Match the Characters with the works in which they appear. 1-5.badef 6-10.ghicj III. Match the following (1’×20=20’)A. Match works with their authors1.Nature2.Rip Van Winkle3. Nature4. The Scarlet Letter5.Leaves of Grass6.The Raven7. The Rise of Silas Lapham8. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn9. Cantos10. The Old Man and the Seaa.Ezra Poundb. Ernest Hemingwayc. Mark Twaind. William Dean Howellse. Edgar Allan Poef. Walt Whitmang. Nathaniel Hawthorne h. Ralph Waldo Emersoni.Washington Irving j. Waldo Emersonk.T.S. Eliot l. Robert FrostB. Match characters with the works in which they appear.2.Captain Ahab and Starbuck 2.Isabel Archer3.Frederic Henry and Catherine4.Benjy Compson5.the Joads6.General Edward Cummings7.Holden Caulfield 8.Bigger Thomas9.The Tyrones 10.Willy Lomana.The Portrait of a Ladyb. Moby-Dickc. Death of a Salesmand. A Farewell to Armse.The Sound and the Furyf. The Grapes of Wrathg. The Naked and the Dead h. The Catcher in the Rye i. Native Son j. Long Day’s Journey into Nightk.Absalom, Absalom l. The Old Man and the SeaA. Match Works with Their Authors1-5.jihgf 6-10.edcabB. Match the Characters with the works in which they appear.1-5.badef 6-10.edcabV. Essay Questions (30%; c hoose only ONE of the following three topics and write a short essay of at least 200 words. Note: [1]Your essay should have at least 2 paragraphs; you are not simply to make a list of facts.[2] You may give a title to your essay, but you are required to indicate which of the 3 topics it belongs to. [3]You are not to write on a topic of your own.1.To the best of your knowledge, analyze and make comments on Emerson’s Nature/doc/2ac563ad77a20029bd64783e0912a21614797f92.html ment on any American poet you like.3.Analyze and/or comment on any one of the American novels or plays you have read.V. Essay Questions (30%; c hoose only ONE of the following three topics and write a shortessay of at least 200 words. Note: [1]Your essay should have at least 2 paragraphs; you arenot simply to make a list of facts.[2] You may give a title to your essay, but you are requiredto indicate which of the 3 topics it belongs to. [3]You are not to write on a topic of yourown.)4.Make comments on an American novel we have discussed in this course./doc/2ac563ad77a20029bd64783e0912a21614797f92.html ment on an American poet.6.Describe how your knowledge of American literature is improved after taking thiscourse..IV. Please answer the following questions briefly. (2 x 10’ = 20’)1.Why do people think Franklin is the embodiment of American dream?2.What is “Lost Generation”?V. Discussion. (1 x 20’ = 20’)State your own interpretations of Hemingway’s iceberg theory of writing?IV. Please answer the following questions briefly. (2 x 10’ = 20’)3.Wha t is Hawthorne’s style? Explain the style with examples.4.At the end of the 19th century, there were three fighters for Realism. Who are they?What are their differences?________True or False. (10 x 2’= 20’)1. American literature is the oldest of all national literature.2. Thomas Jefferson was the only American to sign the 4 documents that created the US.3. All his literary life, Hawthorne seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil.4. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about human psychology.5. Hurstwood is a character in Dreiser’s An American Tragedy.6. Faulkner’s region was the Deep North, with its bitter history of slavery, civil war and destruction.7. Placed in historical perspective, Howells is found lacking in qualities and depth. But anyhow he is a literaryfigure worthy of notice.8. Faulkner’s works have been termed the Yoknapatawpha Saga, “one connected story”.9. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.10. Emily Dickinson expr esses her deep love in the poem “Annabel Lee”.1-5 F F T F F 6-10 F F T F FII. Decide whether the statements are True or False. (10 x 2’= 20’)1. Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and began the main stream of what we recognizeas the American national history.2. American Romantic writers avoided writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements.3. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.4. “Young Goodman Brown” wants to prove everyone possesses kindness in heart.5. Henry James was a realist in the same way as one views the realism of Twain or Howells.6. The American realists sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtletiesof human personality.7. Frost’s concern with nature reflected his deep moral uncertainties.8. Faulkner’s works have been termed the Yoknapatawpha Saga, “one connected story”.9. Roger Chillingworth is a character in Dreiser’s An American Tragedy.10. After the Civil War, the Frontier was closing. Disillusionment and frustration were widely felt. What had been expected to be a “Golden Age” turned to be a “Gilded” one.1-5 T F T F T 6-10 F T T F TIII. Please explain the follo wing terms. (5 x 6’ = 30’)1. Puritanism2. Free verse3. International novel: 4．Romanticism 5. Naturalism 6. American Realism 7.American Naturalism Modernism Imagism1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.2.Free verse: It is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts toavoid any predetermined verse structure; instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech.3.International novel: IN brings together persons of various nationalities who representcertain characteristics of their own countries.4.Naturalism: It views human beings as animals in the natural world responding toenvironmental forces and internal stresses and drives, over none of which they havecontrol and none of which they fully understand. The literary naturalists have a majordifference from the realists. They look at a different spot to find real life.III. Please explain the following terms. (5 x 6’ = 30’)1. Puritanism2. international novel3. the lost generation4. free verse5.American transcendentalism Hemingway heroes1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.2.international novel: IN brings together persons of various nationalities who represent certain characteristics of their own countries.3.the lost generation: reveals the huge destruction of the wars to the young generation. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates”. They were lost in disillusionment.4.free verse: It is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure; instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech.5.transcendentalism: It stressed the power of intuition, believing that people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition. It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s presence. It emphasized the significance of the individual and believed that the individual was the most important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish. Transcendentalists envisioned religion as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “Oversoul”.。

美国文学复习资料Unit 3 Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫-华尔多-爱默生作品1 《论自然》 Nature2 《论美国学者》 The American Scholar3 《神学院致辞》 The Divinity School Address4 《论文集》 Essays : First Series5 《论文集：第二辑》 Essays: Second Series6 《人类代表》 Representative Men7 《人生的行为》 The Conduct of Life8 《英国特征》 English Traits9 《诗集》 Poems10 《五月节》 May-Day and other PiecesUnit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔-霍桑作品1 《范肖》 Fanshawe2 《故事重述》 Twice-T old Tales3 《古宅青苔》 Mosses from an Old Manse4 《红字》 The Scarlet Letter主人公：白兰（Hester Prynne）齐里沃斯（Chillingworth）狄姆斯台尔（Dimmesdale）5 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》 The House of the Seven Gables6 《福谷传奇》 The Blithedale Romance7 《玉石雕像》 The Marble FaunUnit 5 Herman Melville赫尔曼-梅尔维尔作品1 《泰比》 Typee2 《欧穆》 Omoo3 《玛地》 Mardi4 《雷德本》 Redburn5 《白外衣》 White Jacket6 《白鲸》 Moby Dick主人公：以实玛利（Ishmael）埃哈伯（Ahab）白鲸（Moby Dick）7 《骗子的化妆表演》 The Confidence Man8 《战士集》 Battle Pieces9 《克拉瑞尔》 Clarel10 《约翰-玛尔和其他水手》 John Marr and Other Sailors11 《梯摩里昂》 Timoleon12 《毕利-伯德》 Billy BuddUnit 7一、 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加-爱伦-坡作品1 《安娜贝尔-李》 Annabel Lee2 《乌鸦》 The Raven3 《十四行诗—致科学》 Sonnet---To Science4 《致海伦》 To Helen二、 Walt Whitman沃尔特-惠特曼1 《草叶集》 Leaves of Grass2 《我歌唱自我》One‘s Self Sing3 《噢，船长！我的船长！》 O Captain! My Captain!Unit 8 Mark Twain马克-吐温原名：萨缪尔-朗荷恩-克莱门Samuel Langhorne Clemens作品1 《卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County2 《傻瓜出国记》 The Innocents Abroad3 《镀金时代》 The Gilded Age4 《汤姆-索耶历险记》 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer5 《密西西比河上》 Life on the Mississippi6 《哈克贝里-费恩历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn7 《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国佬》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur‘s Court8 《傻瓜威尔逊》The Tragedy of Pudd‘ nhead Wilson9 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgUnit 9 Henry James亨利-詹姆斯1 《热衷游历的人》 A Passionate Pilgrim2 《罗德里克-赫德森》 Roderick Hudson3 《亨利-詹姆斯小说、故事集》The Novels and Tales of Henry James4 《一个美国人》 The American5 《黛西-密勒》 Daisy Miller6 《一个女士的画像》 The Portrait of a Lady7 《波士顿人》 The Bostonians8 《卡萨玛西玛公主》 The Princess of Casamassima9 《波音敦的珍藏品》 The Spoils of Poynton10 《螺丝在拧紧》 The Turn of the Screw11 《未成熟的少年时代》 The Awkward Age12 《鸽翼》 The Wings of the Dove13 《专使》The Ambassadors14 《金碗》 The Golden Bowl15 《小说的艺术》 The Art of FictionUnit 10 Stephen Crane作品1 《街头女郎麦姬》 Maggie : A Girl of the Streets2 《红色英雄勋章》 The Red Badge of Courage3 《海上扁舟》 The Open Boat4 《新娘来到黄天镇》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky5 《蓝色旅店》 The Blue HotelUnit 14 F. Scott Fitzgerald弗-斯科特-菲茨杰拉德作品1 《人间天堂》 This Side of Paradise2 《漂亮的冤家》3 《姑娘们与哲学家》 The Beautiful and the Damned4 《爵士乐时代的故事》 Tales of the Jazz Age5 《了不起的盖茨比》 The Great Gatsby主人公：盖茨比(Jay Gatzby)黛西 (Daisy)汤姆(Tom)故事叙述人：Nick Carraway6 《夜色温柔》 Tender is the Night7 《崩溃》 The Crack-UpUnit 15 William Faulkner威廉-福克纳作品1 《大理石牧神》 The Marble Faun2 《士兵的报酬》Soldier‘s Pay3 《蚊群》 Mosquitoes4 《喧嚣与骚动》 The Sound and the Fury5 《我弥留之际》 As I Lay Dying6 《八月之光》 Light in August7 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》 Absalom，Absalom!8 《沙多里斯》 Sartoris9 《村子》 The Hamlet10 《小镇》 The Town11 《大宅》 The Mansion12 《烧牲口棚》 Barn Burning主人公：阿伯纳（Abner）萨蒂（Sarty）哈里斯（Harris）Unit 16 Ernest Hemingway厄内斯特-海明威作品1 《在我们的时代里》 In Our Time2 《太阳照样升起》 The Sun Also Rises3 《永别了，武器》 A Farewell to Arms 主人公：亨利 Henry4 《丧钟为谁而鸣》 For Whom the Bell Tolls5 《老人与海》 The Old Man and the Sea6 A Clean ， Well-Lighted PlaceUnit 17Ezra Pound埃兹拉-庞德1 《狂喜》 Exultations2 《人物》 Personae3 《中国》 Cathay4 《诗章》Cantos5 《意象派诗选》 Des Imagistes6 《在一个地铁车站》In a Station of the Merto Wallace Stevens华莱士-斯蒂文斯1 《必要的天使》 The Necessary Angel2 《坛子的轶事》Anecdote of the JarUn it 18 Eugene Glastone O‘Neil尤金-格拉斯通-奥尼尔1 《东航加的夫》 Bound East for Cardiff2 《在这一带》 In the Zone3 《漫长的返航》The Long Voyage Home4 《加勒比的月亮》 The Moon of the Caribees5 《琼斯皇帝》 Emperor Jones6 《毛猿》 The Hairy Ape7 《大神布朗》 The Great God Brown8 《奇异的插曲》Strange Interlude9 《榆树下的欲望》Desire Under the Elms10 《悲悼》 Mourning Becomes Electra11 《送冰的人来了》 The Iceman Cometh12 《诗人的气质》 A Touch of the Poet13 《长日终入夜》Long Day‘s Journey Into Night14 《月照不幸人》 The Moon for the Misbegotten15 《休依》 Hughie16 《更庄严的大厦》More Stately MansionsUnit 21 Ralph Waldo Ellison拉尔夫-华尔多-埃利森作品1 《看不见的人》 Invisible Man2 《影子与行动》 Shadow and Act3 《走向领域》 Going to the TerritoryUnit 24 Saul Bellow索尔-贝娄1 《晃来晃去的人》 Dangling Man2 《受害者》 The Victim3 《奥吉-玛琪历险记》 The Adventures of Augie March4 《只争朝夕》 Seize the Day5 《雨王汉德森》 Henderson the Rain King6 《赫尔索格》 Herzog7 《塞姆勒先生的行星》Mr Sammler‘s Planet8 《洪堡的礼物》Humbolt‘s Gift9 《院长的十二月》 The Deans December10 《更多人死于悲痛》 More Die of Heartbreak11 《盗窃》 The Theft12 《真实的》 The Actual13 《拉维尔斯坦》 Ravelstein14 《奥斯比的回忆及其其他故事》Mosby‘s Memories and Other Stories15 《最后的分析》 The Last AnalysisUnit 25 Joseph Heller约瑟夫-海勒1 《第二十二条军规》 Catch-222 《我们轰炸了纽黑文》 We Bombed in New Haven3 《出了毛病》 Something Happened4 《像高尔德那样好》 Good As Gold5 《天晓得》 God KnowsUnit 26 Toni Morrison托尼-莫里森1 《在黑暗中游戏：白色与文学想象》Playing in the Dark : Whiteness and the Literary Imagination2 《最蓝的眼睛》 The Bluest Eye3 《秀拉》 Sula4 《所罗门之歌》Song of Solomon5 《柏油孩子》 Tar Baby6 《宠儿》 Beloved7 《爵士乐》 Jazz8 《天堂》 Paradise9 《爱》 LoveⅠ.Complete the following statemen ts with a proper word ora phrase according to the textbook.1.The arbiter of nineteenth-century literary realism in America was __________ ( William Dean Howells )2._______________had already pointed towards Mark Twain‘s uneasy acceptanceof the values of nineteen-century American society.( The Gilded Age)3._____________ (1878) which one American c ritic described as ―an outrage toAmerican girlhood‖ brought James his first international fame.( Dassy Miller)4.______________(1900), which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and thetragic decline of G.W.Hurstwood, was Dreiser‘s first novel.( Sister Carrie)5.In the years preceding World War I, nineteenth-century realism and_____________remained vital forces in American Literature. ( naturalism)6.Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a―______________‖, devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.( Lost Generation)7.Early in the 1920s the most prominent of the new American playwrights,_______________established an international reputation.( Eugene O‘Neil)8.Jazz music of the American ___________-- the mostinfluential art form tooriginate in the United States-spread throughout the world.( Negro)9.In London, Frost‘s first book, ______________, brou ght him to the attention ofinfluential critics(A Boy‘s Will)10.Frost employed the plain speech of rural ________________and preferred theshort, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.( New Englanders)11.In his finest novels, The Great Gatsby and_________________, Fitzgerald hadrevealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence.(T ender is the Night) 12.________________was the first American to be wounded in Italy during WorldWar I.( Hemingway)13.A Farewell to Arms portrayed a farewell both to ______and to _______ (war;love)14.In 1952, Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman____________ in The Old Manand the Sea.( Santiago)15.The only Faulkner novel that had come close to being a best seller in its daywas____________, a book more famous for its shock value than for its literary quality.( Sanctuary)16.*Oxford was with some fictional modifications, a prototype of Jefferson, in themythical county of Yoknapatawpha, the setting of ____________and most of Faulkner‘s subsequent works.( Sartoris)17.Emerson was recognized throughout his life as the leader of_____________movement, yet he never applied the term to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.( Transcendentalist)18.Emerson‘s truest disciple, the man who put into practice many of Emerson‘stheories, was_________.( H.D Thoreau)19._______________deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself isfiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author‘s family history.( The House of the Seven Gables )20.Hawthorne‘s unique gift was for the creation of strongly _________stories whichtouch the deepest roots of man‘s moral nature. The finest examp le is the recreation of Puritan Boston, _______________.( symbolic; The scarlet letter)21._____________ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of aseemingly supernatural white whale. (Moby-Dick)22.As we have seen, __________dominated the Puritan phase of American writing .____________was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.( theology; Politics)23.From 1732 to 1758 , Franklin wrote and published his famous_______________,an annual collection of proverbs(Poor Rich ard‘s Almanac)24.In 1828 the election of the frontier hero ________________as the seventhPresident of the United States had brought an effective end to the ―Virginia Dynasty‖ of American Presidents .( AndrewJackson)25.Washington Irving‘s ______________became the first work by an Americanwriter to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic .( Skwtch Book )26._____________________was the first great prose stylist of Americanromanticism , and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such contemporaries as Acott and Cooper ,and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative for the future .( Washington Irving)II. Define the literary terms listed below.1.*American NaturalismAmerican naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It had been shaped by the war and by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America‘s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with brutal realism, it also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.2.*Local ColorismLocal Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first exist in the late 1860s and early 1870s in America. It may be defined as the carefulattegogoms in speech, dress or behavior especially in a geographical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities which tells it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author.3.*Lost GenerationLost Generation or the Sad Young Men, which was created by F.S. Fitzgerald in his book All the Sad Young Men. It refers to the post-World War I generation, but a group of US writers who experienced the war established their reputation in the 1920s. It stems from a remark made by Ge rtrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, ―You are all a lost generation.‖ Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises, a novel that expressed the attitudes of a hard-drinking, fast living set of disillusioned young expatriates in postwar Paris. The generati on was ―lost‖ in the sense and its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from US, they seemed hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term includes Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings and so on.4.*ImagismImagism is a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by ―the directtreatment of the thing‖ and the economy of wor ding. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.5.*Hemingway Heroes―Hemingway Heroes ―refer to some protagoni sts in Hemingway‘s works. Such a hero is an average man of masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent .And usually he is a man of action and of few words .He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness .The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation. It must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives. This is the essence of a code of honor in which all o f Hemingway‘s heroes believe ,whether he is Nick Adams, Jake Barnes, Frederic Henry .But surely they differ some from others in their view of the world .The difference which comes gradually in view is an index to the subtle change which Hemingway‘s outlook has undergone.6.*The Jazz AgeWorld War1 was a tragic failure of old values, of old politics, of old ideas .The social mood was often one of confusion and despair. But during the 1920s American did not seem desperate, Instead, they entered a decade of prosperity and exhibitionism that prohibition, the legal ban against alcoholic beverages more to encourage than to curb. Fashions were extravagant; more land more automobiles crowded the roads, advertising flourished, and nearly every American home had a radio in it .Fads swept the nation. This was the Jazz Age, when New Orleans musicians moved ―up the river‖ to Chicago, and the theatre of New York‘sHarlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times . The roaring of the decade served to mask a quiet pain, the sense of loss that Gertrude Stein had observed in Paris. F. Scott.Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generatio n of ―the beautiful and damned‖, drowning in their pleasures.7.American TranscendentalismAmerican Transcendentalism is more of a tendency, an attitude, than the philosophy.To ―transcend‖ something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits.Transcendentalists took their ideas from the romantic literature of Europe, from new-Platoism, from German idealistic philosophy, and from the revelations of Oriental-mysticism. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. Features:1、they placed emphasis on spirit as the most important thing in the Universe.2、they stressed the importance of the individual..3、they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.8. SymbolismSymbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. A symbol conveys two kinds of meaning; it is simply itself, and it stands for something other than itself. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. People, places, things and even events can be used symbolically. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story.Hawthorn and Melville were the two masters of symbolism. For example, the scarlet letter ―A‖ on Hester‘s breast can give you symbolic meanings. If the symbol is obscure, then the very obscurity may also be part of the meaning of the story. Answer the following questions.III. Answer the following questions1.*What does Huck Finn reflect?Huck Finn is a veritable recreation of living models. Huck and his father, Jim, the swindlers, Colonel Sherburn and the drunkard Boggs—all these characters had prototypes in real life. The portrayal of individual incidents and characters achieved intense verisimilitude of detail. Serious problems are being discussed through the narration of a little illiterate boy. The fact of the wilderness juxtaposed with civilization, the people half wild and half civilized, many of whom are coarse, vulgar, and brutal; and the fact of brutal slavery an of human beings—Blacks—being sold in the market places like animals. All these and many other incidents are depicted in true-to-life detail as the background against which Huck Finn‘s awareness of good and evil develops. Though a local and particular book, it touches upon the human situa tion in a general, indeed ―universal‖ way: Humanitarianism ultimately triumphs.2.*What is Mark Twain‘s contribution to American Lit erature?One of Mark Twain‘s significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country. The style has swept American literature and made books before Huck Finn and after it quite different. Its influence is clearly visible in twentieth-century American literature. It iscontinued in both prose and poetry. Among the number of American authors who acknowledged their indebtedness to Mark Twain are Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, T.S.Eliot, William Faulkner, and contemporary authors such as J.D.Salinger,E.A.Robinson, Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, William Carlos Williams,E.E.Cummings and even Ezra Pound. The importance of the style in Americanliterature cannot be overrated.3.*What are the major features in American Realism?⑴ Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporarylife and everyday life scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner.⑵In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth.This is a major change, and it is one of the examples of the truthful treatment of material, because this is how real life is.⑶ Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material.⑷ Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people whoare customarily ignored by the arts.⑸Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than anidealistic view of human nature and human experience.⑹ Realism presents moral visions.Realists are aware of accepted social standards. In their works they recreatereal life and show the dilemmas that the people are havingas they try to understand what life means in an ethical way. They are able to probe deeply into these problems of the human conscience. Their method is completely objective and carries with it the whole theoretical meaning of why people choose to be objective.4.*What do you know about The Old Man and the Sea?It is a short novel ,a fable of a kind ,about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his battle with a great marlin . For 84 days Santiago does not catch a single fish but he does not feel discouraged .He goes far out into the sea and hooks a giant marlin. A desperate struggle ensues in which Santiago manages to kill the fish and tie it to his boat, only to find that on the way home he has to fight a more desperate struggle with other dangerous giant sharks, which eat up the marlin, leaving only a skeleton. The old man brings it home and goes to bed to dream, almost dead with exhaustion. Here in Santiago we see again the spirit of the noble—if tragic –Hemingway type of individualism, contending with a force he knows it is futile to battle with. He keeps on fighting because he believes that ―a man is not made for defeat …A man ca n be destroyed but not defeated‖.However ,the old man eventually comes to the re alization that in going far out alone, ―beyond all the people in the world ‖,he has met his doom ,and he feels good to be one of the human and the natural world .That he begins to experience a feeling of brotherhood and love not only for his fellowmen but. For his fellow creatures in nature is a convincing proof that Hemingway ?s vision of the world has undergone profound changed.5.*―Make a comparison between Hemingway and Fitzgerald.The world after the first World War was quite different. Allthe old certainties were gone, and everything was new. There was affluence and excitement on the one hand, and on the other, disturbing indications that the old world was simply dying. Against this background Fitzgerald and Hemingway wrote. Fitzgerald was an analyst. He stayed in the United States and wrote about the Jazz Age. We go to him know what this world was like. Hemingway, on the other hand, reacted to it; he did not describe it. He went away to Europe and wrote about the expatriates. His world was basically rootless. It is Fitzgerald who was so broken emotionally by their times. Both were talented writers; both lost the ability to write rather early in their career. Ultimately when the dust of time settles down and a clearer outline appears visible, it may be that both will remain great, the one as the other, but for different reasons: Hemingway predominantly for his style, and Fitzgerald for the fact that he tried to understand American culture at its roots and thus had more to say to posterity.6.*What are fe atures of Faul kner‘s language?Faulkner is a difficult writer. Like all modern authors his demand on the cooperative response of the readers is exacting. He always structures his stories in his own original fashion and is proficient in employing a distinctive narrative method of gradually fitting in and of withholding or even giving confusing information. Gradually confusions vanish as context and periphery are definedand the center is revealed. There is a lot of interior monologues; the modern stream of consciousness technique is frequently and skillfully used. Words are often run together, with no capitalization and no proper punctuation. Sentences are not always clearly indicated; many long ones are pushed together inpeculiar ways.One fragment runs into another without which often causes irritating perplexity.There is also Faulkner‘s handling of language to consider. His prose ranges from colloquial, regional dialects to highly charged courtroom rhetoric, covering a variety of ―registers‖ of the English language. Fa ulkner was a master of his own particular style of writing.第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学What are the characteristics of Colonial America?All of the works written during this period are utilitarian , polemical , or didactic .The purpose of literature for these Puritans was first of all usefulness . It should teach some kond of lesson . In content , the literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or both . The literary style of the earliest American writers , in fact seems to have been determined by a practical consideration of the sort of impression each writer wanted to make upon a selected group of readers . Puritans‘metaphorical mode of perception helped to develop literary symbolism as they saw the physical world a symbol of God . Hence symbolism as a technique was a common practice in writing . The Piritans placed unusual stress upon plainness in writing because they were unusually interested in influencing the simp;e-minded people . Bearing the direct influence fo the Christian Biblical poetics , the Puritan writings are fresh , simp;e ,direct , and with a touch of nobility . As it faithfully imitated and transplanted European forms to the new experience , early American literature was as much a product of continuities as an indigenous creation.第二部分理性文学和革命文学.1、EnlightementThe eighteenth –century England is also , and better , known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age fo Reason . The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe at the time , with France in the vanguard . The Enlightenment celebrated reason (rationality) , equality , science and human beings‘ ability to perfect themselves and their society . The movement was based on the basic theories provided by the philosophers of the age , which ranged from John Locke‘s materialism , Lord Shaftsbury‘s deism , and George Berkeley‘s immaterialism to David Hume‘s skepticism . Whatever philosophical beliefs they might have , they held the eommom faith in human rationality and the possibility of human perfection through education . They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and social relations , superstition , injustice , privilege and oppression were to yield place to ―eternal truth‖ ,‖eternal justice‖ , and ―natural equality‖ or inalienable rights of men . Everything was put under scrutiny , to be measured by reason . No authorities , political or religious or otherwise , were acepted unchallenged while almost all the old societies and governments and all the traditional concepts , including Christianity , were examined and criticized . The belief provided theory for the French Revolutionin 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776 .Alexander Pope (1688~1744) , Joseph Addison (1672~1719) , Richard Steele (1672~1792) , Jonathan Swift (1667~1745) , Daniel Defoe (1660~1731) , Henry Fielding (1707~1754) , Richard B. Sheridan (1751~1816) , Oliver Goldsmith (1730~1774) , Edward Gibbon (1737~1794) , and Samuel Johnson (1709~1784) wereamong the famous enlighteners in England . As England had already gone through its bourgeois revolution , what the English enlighteners were lege to do was to strive the bring the revolution to and end by clearing away the feudal remnants and rep;ace them with bourgeois ideology .第三部分美国的浪漫主义文学4 What are the unique features of American Romanticism?Although foreign influences were strong, American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. It was different from its English and European counterpart because it originated from an amalgam of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else. American romanticism was in essence the expression of ‖a real new experience ‖and contained ‖an alien quality‖ for t he simple reason that ―the spirit of the place‖ was radically new and alien. For instance, the American national experience of ―pioneering ―into the west proved to be a rich fund of material for American writers to draw upon. The wilderness with its virgin forests ,the sound of the axe cutting its way westward, the exotic landscape with its different sights, smells, and sounds(the robin rather than the nightingale is Emily Dickinson‘s ―criterion of tone,‖ for example), and the quaint, picturesque civilizati on of a primitive race—all these constituted an incomparably superior source of inspiration for native authors. A rude Natty Bumppo in buckskin, dwelling in a frontier blockhouse, treading a solitary bridle path through virgin forests was , perhaps , matter enough for any romantic genius. And indeed, American authors were quite responsive to the stimulus which American life offered. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow‘s tentive treatment of the frontier and the Indians in his works such as Hudson valley, William CullenBryant‘s sketches of the wi ld west prairie where no human being had ever set foot and James Fenimore Cooper‘s five Leatherstocking tales with‖their majestic descriptions of American‘s limitless forests and broad blue inland lake‖—these are but aafew instances whereby the new American sensibility began to make itself felt.And ,of course , we should not forget to mention Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville and Whitman, all people who were instrumental ,in one way or another ,in creating an indigenous American literature. Then there is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American moral values were essentially Puritan.Public opinion was overwhelmingly Puritan;social life and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan atmosphere of the nation.Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did Puritanism;no one has been so successful in imposing his way of thinking on the continent as the American Puritan.puritanical influence over Ameican romanticism w3as conspicuously noticeable.One of its palpable manifestations is the fact thatAmerican romantic authors tended more to moralize than their English and European brothers.It is true that Edgar Allan poe fough t vehemently against ―the heresy of the didactic‖,and writers like John Greenleaf Whittier tried to advocate both beauty and goodness.But the fact remains, nonetheless ,that many American romantic writings intended to edify more than theyentertained.There seemed to be areas of life which it was better for them to leave alone, taboos of a kind that most of the literary world agreed,however tacit it may have been, on not breaking.Sex and love werem for instance, subjects American。

美国文学复习材料Washington IrvingThe legend of sleepy hollowThe story is set circa 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, New York, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer (Baltus Van Tassel). As Crane leaves a party he attended at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night, he is pursued by the Headless Horseman, who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head". Ichabod mysteriously disappears from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was "to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related".The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'' takes place in Sleepy Hollow, New York, a snug rural valley near Tarry town in the Catskill Mountains. Constructed from German tales but set in America, it is a classic tale of the conflict between city and country, and between brains and brawn. Ichabod Crane courts Katrina Van Tassel, but is frightened away by his rival, Brom Bones, masquerading as the headless horseman. The story demonstrates the two qualities for which Irving is best known: his humor, and his ability to create vivid descriptive imagery.Irving discovered and helped satisfy the raw new nation's sense of history. His numerous works may be seen as his devoted attempts to build the new nation's soul by recreating history and giving it living, breathing, imaginative life. For subjects, he chose the most dramatic aspects of American history: the discovery of the New World, the first president and national hero, and the westward exploration. His earliest work was a sparkling, satirical History of New York (1809) under the Dutch, ostensibly written by Diedrich Knickerbocker (hence the name of Irving's friends and New York writers of the day, the "Knickerbocker School").Your faithful correspondent has spent a good deal of his earthly allotment meandering (some would say aimlessly) about the Hudson River Valley, to his tastes one of the most beautifully scenic places in the multi-landscaped United States. I only wish, dear readers, that you could see through my eyes the tranquility and the expanse of that winding waterway as the seasons put it through their splendorous and bre athtaking changes. Do you know I‘ve never seen the Mississippi, but perhaps only it, thanks to one Samuel Langhorne Clemens, could take pride of place to the mighty Hudson in my dream life‘s eye. The Hudson is a legendary river, and the villages and towns that have sprung up alongside its banks — places with names such as Croton-on-Hudson, and Dobbs Ferry, and Piermont, and Nyack — have engendered myths and legends of their own that have, in their turn, gone on to stitch themselves quietly into the quilt of the American Imagination.I have over the years been a frequent visitor to those riverbank villages and towns, replete as they are with eccentrics, and old houses, and antiques, and bookshops. I have taken my anonymous ease in their out-of-the-way pubs and taverns, and been made to feel welcome by their local residents, listening to their stories and their music, and, from time to time, their gossip. But they‘re a river people and, time march so resolutely forward as it may, a river people they will remain,perhaps always keeping that little extra something to themselves, to be revealed, if at all, only among themselves alone, and in my absence.The Author and the SettingWashington Irving was born in New York City (well within striking distance of the Hudson River Valley) on April 3, 1783. Perhaps you‘ve heard of the infamous Diedrich Knickerbocker and his bawdy tales of early 19th Century New York. If so, then we‘re talking about the selfsame Mr. Irving, who penned those tales under that pseudonym in the year 1809. He loved the majesty and the mystery of the Hudson River and came to immortalize both in the Halloween classic, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (the official title of which was The Legend of Sleepy Hollow — Found Among the Papers of the Late Diedrich Knickerbocker). Diedrich, or Washington, knew the ways of the river people of that area, and that time, and felt himself compelled to pass along some of their Halloween magic, thanks be to God, to us in the present day, and to future generations in prospe rity. I‘ll let him set the scene….―In the bosom of one of those spacious coves which indent the Eastern shore of the Hudson, at that broad expansion of the river denominated by the ancient Dutch navigators the Tappan Zee, and where they always prudently shortened sail, and implored the protection of St. Nicholas when they crossed, there lies a small market town or rural port, which by some is called Greensburgh, but which is more generally and properly known by the name of Tarry Town. This name was given, we are told, in former days, by the good housewives of the adjacent country, from the inveterate propensity of their husbands to linger about the village tavern on market days.‖ Nearby to Tarrytown (its modern spelling), only about two miles, is a little valley that Mr. Irving describes as ―one of the quietest places in the whole world.‖ The name of that little valley is, of course, Sleepy Hollow, the locus of our legend.The StoryShall I provide you with a brief recounting of the principal elements of the story and the principal characters? Yes? (It saddens me to worry that these most important things are drifting slowly, but steadily, into oblivion. Perhaps we can help to put a stop to that trend, you and I.) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is essentially the story of three people: Ichabod Crane, Katrina Van Tassel and Abraham Van Brunt, known popularly as Brom Van Brunt, and, more popularly still, by the nickname ―Brom Bones.‖ Ichabod, as his peerless name would suggest, is the bookish schoolmaster, the super stitious (yet impeccably innocent) student of Cotton Mather‘s History of New England Witchcraft, and the lover of ease and comfort who is, all too predictably, possessed of a ―soft and foolish heart‖ when it comes to creatures of the opposite sex. Katrina, as Mr. Irving describes her, is a ―blooming lass of fresh eighteen, plump as a partridge, ripe and melting and rosy-cheeked as one of her [prosperous] father‘s peaches, and universally famed, not merely for her beauty, but her vast expectations. She was w ithal a little of a coquette….‖ Brom Bones is, well, the way you would expect someone known as Brom Bones to be —―broad-shouldered and double-jointed,‖ ―having a mingled air of fun and arrogance,‖ and ―always ready for either a fight or a frolic,‖ having ―more mischief than ill will in his composition,‖ with ―a strong dash of waggish good humor at bottom.‖And how do these three principal characters interact? It‘s a semi-comic (what James Joyce used to call a ―joco-serious‖) love triangle. Yes, a love tria ngle, yet again! Ichabod loves Katrina, and the ―country squire‖ life she represents; Brom loves Katrina; and Katrina loves … it‘s not, I suppose, entirely clear. It‘s a classic predicament that the author sets up for us: the Beautiful Woman, butfickle, facing the choice of Brains versus Brawn, and in a rural society, no less, that naturally leaned toward Brawn. Against the backdrop of that familiar situation, however, the author sets the chilling and eponymous Legend of Sleepy Hollow, complete with its sinister, anatomically-challenged ghoul. As we all know: ―The dominant spirit … that haunts [that] enchanted region and seems to be commander-in-chief of all the powers of the air is the apparition of a figure on horseback without a head. It is said by some to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper, whose head had been carried away by a cannon ball, in some nameless battle during the Revolutionary War, and who is ever and anon seen by the country folk, hurrying along in the gloom of night, as if on the wings of th e wind.‖ (A nice touch —don‘t you think? —the ―namelessness‖ of the battle.)Legend vs. TextYou can see, no doubt, where this is going. Or can you? I have a sneaking feeling that the populace at large has forgotten what the ―real‖ Legend of Sleepy Hollo w (that is, Washington Irving‘s Legend of Sleepy Hollow) really has to say. Don‘t take my word for it, you‘ll have to satisfy yourself by recourse to the actual text, but I think that the Legend of Sleepy Hollow persists as a much darker ―legend‖ than ―what‘s-really-in-the-book.‖ The legend, in the popular mind, has it that Ichabod was run down by the Headless Horseman — and killed by a well-aimed Jack-o‘-Lantern to the head — on his way home one fateful night from a soiree at Old Man Van Tassel‘s. But is t hat the reality, as Mr. Irving actually tells it? I quote a much-overlooked passage of the author at length: ―It is true an old farmer … brought home the intelligence that Ichabod Crane was still alive; that he had left the neighborhood … partly in mortifi cation at having been suddenly dismissed by the heiress [Katrina]; that he had changed his quarters to a distant part of the country [and become successful]. Brom Bones too, who shortly after his rival‘s disappearance conducted the blooming Katrina to the altar, was observed to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related, and always burst into a hearty laugh at the mention of the pumpkin, which led some to suspect that he knew more about the matter than he chose to tell.‖ You, dear readers, tell me what we are to deduce from such lines.Your faithful correspondent knows what he deduces from them. And it is consistent with his own personal experience of the area and its people — as I said at the beginning, and I believe it still, a river people to the end. There is, at the end of the day, no new thing under the sun, only new ways of describing, of expressing, what we find there. To that end, the great Washington Irving on this our season: ―As Ichabod jogged slowly on his way, his eye, ev er open to every symptom of culinary abundance, ranged with delight over the treasures of jolly autumn. On all sides he beheld vast store of apples, some hanging in oppressive opulence on the trees, some gathered into baskets and barrels for the market, others heaped up in rich piles for the cider press. Farther on he beheld great fields of Indian corn, with its golden ears peeping from their leafy coverts and holding out the promise of cakes and hasty pudding; and the yellow pumpkins lying beneath them, turning up their fair round bellies to the sun, and giving ample prospects of the most luxurious of pies; and anon he passed the fragrant buckwheat fields, breathing the odor of the beehive, and as he beheld them, soft anticipations stole over his mind of dainty slapjacks, well buttered and garnished with honey or treacle, by the delicate little dimpled hand of Katrina Van Tassel.‖Alas, it didn‘t turn out that way for old Ichabod, but perhaps it didn‘t turn out so badly for him either. I suppose that‘s what legends are all about. In any case, do have a Happy Halloween, and God bless!Edgar Allen PoeTo Helen1.In To Helen, the speaker sees pure idealized beauty, both physically and spiritually. He thinksthat she is so beautiful that it is a relief to just be with her and you are calmed by her extraordinary beauty. She has beautiful hair and a classic face, and her inner beauty is also tremendous. The speaker sees Helen as very poised and perfect and ideal. The words that characterize the beauty most clearly are ―gently‖, ―perfumed‖, ―hyacinth hair‖, ―classic face‖, ―statue-like‖, and ―brilliant‖.2.The speaker says that Helen‘s beauty has ―brought me home/ To the glory that was Greece/And the grandeur that was Rome‖ because Poe had opened the poem with the simile ―Helen, thy beauty is to me / Like those Nicean barks of yore‖ and this compares the beauty of Helen, with small sailing boats (barks) that took travelers home in ancient times. He extends this boat imagery into the lines above, when he says Helen brought him home to the shores of these great civilizations, classical Greece and Rome. Helens beauty inspires the speaker and calms him to a great extent. Just her presence is a blessing to him and being with her gives the speaker relief.3.The words or phrases that make the reader believe that Helen may not be an actual person arein stanza two, where the speaker says that she has ―hyacinth hair‖ and a ―classic face‖. This is where the poem begins to describe her immense beauty. Later on in the poem, in stanza three, the speaker compares Helen to Psyche, who in fact wasn‘t a real woman, but from Greek mythology. The poems allusions are in reference to Greek mythology and the classical ages are moderated before posted.Annabel LeeThis poem is simply dedicated to Poe's dead wife, Virginia. Their love for one another allows them to create their own fantasy world, where they live in a castle by the sea. The speaker says that the angels in Heaven envied how blissful the two lovers were and drew them apart by death. This leads to "Annabel Lee's" "high kinsmen", or wealthy relatives, placing her in a tomb by the sea. Here Poe lies next to her, trying to bring back the times when they were together, and reflecting on the moments they shared. My theory is that he might be lying next to Annabel Lee waiting for the tide to come in, and kill him, so he could join her in Heaven with the jealous angels. However, I am not entirely sure of that.Literary techniques include end rhymes, rhyming meter, alliteration, and imagery. The end rhymes have a unique pattern, yet unlike a sonnet's, which is unusual for Poe's writing.Here is the conclusion to my "brief" summary, and I hope it helped and got your minds to work. If you have anything else to add, please add it, so I can reflect on it and have something to chew on. And remember; don't get caught up in the past!The philosophy of compositionMany people have argued that Edgar Allan Poe‘s writing is morally ambiguous. Even Poe suggests that moralisms are not a consideration when he writes. He begins with the effect he intends to impress upon the reader and methodically works out the entire structure of his writing to produce the desired effect. He focuses on the effect and eliminates everything that doesn‘t culminate in the desired effect.Naturally, if one has studied Poe‘s The Philosophy of Composition, it would seem obvious that his writing is simply an exercise in effect and has no consequence. However, to believe that th ere are no moral conclusions in Poe‘s work is to suggest that not only did he live in a moral void but that we too live in a place void of moral considerations. Poe clearly understands the depraved nature of man, a nature that humans use all sorts of civilized conventions to buffer themselves against so that they can forget that they are no better than the serial murderer whose deeds they so avidly read about in the morning paper.We are hopelessly depraved and unable to free ourselves from our own bondage. Yet we rail against and play games with God trying to deny our own futility. Poe reveals to us our frailty in these enclosed incidents. Poe writes in his essay The Philosophy of Composition that ―A close circumscription of space is absolutely necessary to the effect of insulated incident:—it has the force of a frame to a picture.‖ Poe gives us the key to his stories – unlike traditional stories with motive, plot, moral which move us from an original image of the object of the story to a new image of the ob ject of a story (otherwise known as a moral), Poe‘s stories are a photograph. He begins with the obvious details and moves inward to the less obvious details until we find that we have moved behind the photograph into the mind of the subject. Yet we still deal with the same image, it never changes or grows. Yes, there is plot, otherwise we wouldn‘t be drawn inexorably forward for deeper and deeper examination of the horror before us but the plot is not motivated by the need to create a turn point in the story and reader—it is there simply to draw us further into the portrait.His object from beginning to end, it would seem, is to give us an intimate and intricate portrait of depravity or of a lost soul. When discussing composition, Poe uses his poem The Raven as an example of his method. He tells us that his intended effect is beauty with a tone of melancholy. Yet while, theoretically, the poem carries out its mission of beautiful melancholy (as many Goth fans would avidly declare it has), it still unravels s ufficiently to show us man‘s inability to escape from the self-destruction of his own mind. Poe describes the lover as excited to the point of querying the bird in a ―species of despair which delights in self-torture—propounds them not altogether because he believes in the prophetic or demoniac character of the bird...but because he experiences a frenzied pleasure...‖ Beauty and melancholy have flown and the story is that of a person enclosed in the despairing and inescapable wishes of his own mind.At this point, Poe admits to placing before us a teaser. Near the end of the poem, the despairing lover implores the bird to ‗Take thy beak from out my heart.‘ Poe points out that this is the first metaphorical expression in the poem and ―disposes the mind to see k a moral in all that has been previously narrated.‖ Poe says that the Raven is emblematical of the ‗Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance.‘ Perhaps, the effect is more emblematical of the mind enclosed and lost in its own despairing memories – of a mind never able to break through to freedom on its own. We see the photo of a man closeted in his chamber lost in memory and by the end of the poem, we see a man enclosed in a trap that he will never escape on his own.It is clear that intentionally or unintentionally what Poe repeatedly gives us is a series portraits showing depravity and despair in various forms. Perhaps these portraits are a mirror in which he subconsciously hopes that society will look into and in one of the portraits recognize itself for what it is—depraved and hopeless. Perhaps, once society has viewed itself in Poe‘s mirror we will understand that we cannot hide our own lost souls not even behind walls or doors.Ralph Waldo EmersonNatureEmerson's philosophy has been called contradictory, and it is true that he consciously avoided building a logical intellectual system because such a rational system would have negated his Romantic belief in intuition and flexibility. In his essay "Self-Reliance," Emerson remarks: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." Yet he is remarkably consistent in his call for the birth of American individualism inspired by nature. Most of his major ideas -- the need for a new national vision, the use of personal experience, the notion of the cosmic Over-Soul, and the doctrine of compensation -- are suggested in his first publication, NatureThe RhodoraPoem SummaryIn the heading, "Whence" does not mean when, but from what place, or from what origin or source. Thus, the heading of the poem implies that someone asked the speaker where the flower came from. Which might be another way of asking, what is so special or important about this ordinary flowering shrub?Lines 1 – 4The speaker begins by noting the season and the general weather. It is May, when flowers are just beginning to bloom; an off-shore breeze has inspired him (and, noting the plural use of "solitudes," possibly a companion) to take a walk. He then describes coming upon the rhodora and its immediate surroundings, which seem to indicate that the plant is alone in an otherwise none too thrilling spot: it is a damp nook or corner; the brook is not babbling happily, but sluggishly. He even uses the word "desert," which seems oddly misplaced for this part of the world, especially given the description of the nook. However, the New England spring comes notoriously late, following several months of very muddy conditions, so perhaps it is the desert of mud — with no other blooms in sight — that Emerson is referring to. As line 3 reveals, the rhodora is a shrub that blooms before its leaves appear, meaning that the petals stand out in stark relief.Lines 5 – 6With the alliterative "P's" in line 5, Emerson uses the most musical line in the poem to describe the flower itself. Notice, though, that the petals have fallen into a pool of black water, which might mean that it is really more of a stagnant puddle, an image that is consistent with the sluggish brook of line 4. Perhaps the speaker was particularly struck by the purple blooms because they were in such an otherwise unattractive water, just as the water brought a special beauty to the otherwise simple petals.Lines 7 – 8Emerson continues to add colors, as "red-bird" joins the purple petals and black water. The bird's plumes will be outdone, says the speaker, by the flower's color. He also uses the word "court," which hints at the fertility of spring.Lines 9 – 10As the second half of the poem starts, the speaker shifts and addresses the flower, rather than the companion whose question inspired the poem. He even uses an exclamation point to add a celebratory verve to the line. The rest of this couplet, and the two lines that follow, have an implication of Emerson's impatience with those who would elevate Man above Nature. Readers might even hear a certain sarcasm for the so-called sages who fail to appreciate the flower's charmor beauty, as well as the majesty of the earth and sky.Lines 11 – 12The use of the affectionate term "dear" personalizes the flower even more. The speaker also cleverly plays off those who would ask, and have asked, "what's the purpose of this flower?" by pointedly remarking that the purpose of one's eyes is to appreciate beauty for its own sake, without asking the flower to justify its existence.Lines 13 – 14Continuing the thought of the previous lines, the speaker declares that it never even occurred to him to ask the simple rhodora what purpose it served. Furthermore, he considers it the rival of the rose, the most poetically celebrated flower of all.Lines 15 – 16The "simple ignorance" is probably written with a dash of irony since the rest of the poem seems to argue that the speaker's view is more knowledgeable, or at least more encompassing and tolerant, than that of those who question the flower's purpose. The last line openly suggests that since the rhodora was made by God as surely and as expertly as He made Man, the flower — and by extension all living things — should be granted a deserved respect and honor. The flower might just as easily have asked, and have a God-given right to ask, whence is this man? For Emerson, the answer to both questions might be that man and flower both came from the self-same Power — the Creator — and that power brought each of them to this meeting as equals.To better understand this final point, it is helpful to consider what Emerson said of himself as a poet, in an 1862 entry in his journal: "I am a bard because I stand near them [flowers, rocks, trees, etc.], and apprehend all they utter, and with pure joy hear that which I also would say." In other words, Emerson and nature not only speak the same language, but they speak for each other.This poem reflects Emerson's deep appreciation for nature and the beauty that he constantly found in it. He prefers the wild and natural rhodora to the pruned, indoor, and tamed rose.There is a great emphasis on color and imagery in this poem as well.According to the statement that prefaces this poem, the poem attempts to explain what is special about this ordinary plant. In the heading, ?whence? doesn?t necessarily mean when, but from where, or from what origin. Therefore, the heading of the poem implies that someone asked the speaker where the flower came from. This is another way of asking what is so special about this ordinary shrub.Nathaniel HawthorneYoung Goodman BrownWhat created Goodman Brown? A man so tormented by what even he considered to be a dream that it changed his life in a profound negative way forever. Goodman Brown was man plagued by his own conscious; he was someone who believed himself to have committed grave sin by meeting with the devil and participating in a witches meeting in his dreams. This spoke of an era where people were overcome with religious guilt and superstition. As a result of Brown's dream he suspected everyone in the town of being cohorts with the devil, in addition his superstition and questioning of his own self overcame his ability to trust or believe in anyone else. He died a bitter, unhappy, miserable man.In order to fully understand the character of Young Goodman Brown we must firstunderstand the era he comes from. Although Hawthorne does not state directly whether or not the plot of this story takes place in Salem in the seventeenth century, his references to other characters clearly imply it does. His references to Martha Carrier, Martha Cory, and Sarah Cloyse, all women hanged as witches in 1692; as well as his reference to King William who ruled England from 1650-1702 tell of this horrid time where people killed, tortured, burned, executed and suspected that everyone from their sister to there neighbor might be in contact with the devil. As a result of this environment of suspicion and paranoia Goodman might have felt as though his dream was in reality a lack of faith on his part. He may have felt so guilty for experiencing this dream that he thought he, as well as the people in his life were guilty of coercing with the devil.Goodman Brown might have been Hawthorne's expression of his own struggles with his faith in humanity and himself. Hawthorne was a guilt ridden person and I believe that he had many instances when his faith was tested. Brown is Hawthorne to a lesser extent. Goodman Brown starts out as a good, happy, decent man; he seems very content. All of this changes when he decides against the advice of his wife faith (the symbolism is obvious here) that he should go out on a journey into the woods to meet with the devil. I believe path in the woods to be his continued decent into metaphorical as well as literal darkness. As he continues down the woods he reaches the pinnacle of his journey when he comes upon the witches meeting. Once Brown reaches this point he loses his faith despite his last ditch effort to save his wife. He never knows if he was able to save her. This doubt is what destroyed him.Brown's motivation for meeting with the devil is never made absolutely clear and can only be speculated by the devil's references to others that have come into his fold. He speaks of the King, Goodman's father and grandfather, the deacon, minister and mayor. The devil makes it appear that everyone with any power, success or for that matter anyone that means anything to Goodman is in fact allied with Satan. Although Goodman resists the devils temptations at first; as more and more people are brought to his attention as being followers of the dark one, the idea becomes more acceptable. I believe Brown's motivation to meet with the devil was power; he wanted an advantage over others to achieve his goals. This may have contributed to his last ditch effort to save faith when he shouted "Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One". When he arrived at the witches meeting he discovered that everyone already had the advantage of being on the wicked side and had already sold there souls for money, power, or prestige. He was able to see that nothing would put him ahead of anyone else by following through with his original task. He had nothing to win and everything to lose by making an alliance with the devil. Unfortunately for Young Goodman Brown it was too late for his soul to be saved. He reached the point of no return and not only didn't he reap any benefit from his ordeal but lost every bit of happiness he previously possessed.Goodman Brown was a man destroyed by his own obsession. He lived a miserable life as a result of the guilt he felt for embarking on a dark journey in his dreams; which resulted in his suspicion of everyone and a lack of trust for individuals in his community, himself and humanity. The only way Goodman Brown would have been able to save his faith would have been to never embark on the dark path.The Scarlet LetterPublic Guilt vs. Private Guilt:Perhaps the foremost purpose of The Scarlet Letter is to illustrate the difference between shaming someone in public and allowing him or her to suffer the。

殖民时期的美国: Colonial America 17c早——18c末1. 从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始，描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。

2. 另一类为清教作品Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺：第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“Father of American Poetry”(美国诗歌之父)Puritanism: 清教主义American Puritanism influences on American literature:1. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义2. Symbolism 象征主义3. Simplicity. 简洁1.Edwards爱德华兹：the first modern American can the country’s last medieval man.“the current of Transcendentalism, originating in the piety of the Puritans, vecoming a philosophy in Jonathan Ed wards, passing through Emerson.”超验论由清教徒的虔诚演变而来在乔纳森·爱德华兹的哲理得到发展继而传给爱默生4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。

矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。

如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。

㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。

(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。

如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。

对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。

二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。

2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。

㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。

2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。

三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。

2、矿区矿产资源概况。

3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。

㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。

2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。

美国文学史复习资料10.Herman MelvilleBut it is better to fail in originality than to succeed in imitation. He who has never failed somewhere, that man cannot be great.(1819-1891)Teaching ObjectivesMelville‘s Life and Main WorksMelville‘s masterpiece Moby DickThe Main Plot, Major characters, theme, SymbolsSocial significance of Moby DickLife Experienceborn on August 1, 1819 in New York City into an established merchant family, the third of 8 children. His father became bankrupt and insane, dying when Melville was 12. His sea experiences and adventures furnished him with abundant materials, and resulted in five novels that brought him wide fame as a writer of sea stories.In 1850, he met Hawthorne and they became good friends. He read Hawthorne‘s books and was deeply impressed by Hawthorne‘s black vision.His fame was recognized after his death.Melville‘s Major Works1) Typee ?泰皮?2) Omoo ?欧穆?3) Mardi ?玛地?4) Bedburn ?雷得本?5) White Jacket ?白外衣?from his adventures among the people of the South Pacificislandsan account of his voyage to Englandhis life on a United States man-of-war6) Pierre ?皮埃尔?7) Billy Budd 《比利?巴德》(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God) Clarel 《克拉莱尔》( a poem)Moby-Dick ?白鲸?，?莫比?狄克?an encyclopedia of everythinghistory, philosophy, religion, the whaling industrya Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fatesHis Tragic Influence from Literary TraditionAt the time of writing, Melville was reading Greek tragedy, especially the Orestia (奥瑞斯提亚）of AeschylusImmersed in the tragedies of Shakespeare –King Lear, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth Epic poetry, HomerMoby Dick (1)This book is dedicated to Hawthorne, for Hawthorne encourged Melville to change this novel from a story full of details about whaling, into an allegorical novel.Moby Dick (2)Epic in scope.It consists of 135 chapters.- the long and arduous journey- the great battleDefined as an epic, which contains a tragic drama, a tragedy of pride, and pursuit and revenge, which is also a tragedy of thought与白鲸有关的背景对爱斯基摩人来说，白鲸也是非常重要的，不仅因为其肉好吃，而且它们的油用来点灯不仅明亮，还能释放出大量热量，使简陋的冰屋保持温暖。