《英语语言学》教学大纲
一、课程名称：英语语言学
二、课程类别：专业选修课
三、教学时数：周学时数2，总学时数34
四、学分：2
五、开课时间：第6学期
六、开课专业：英语专业
七、教学对象：英语专业本科三年级学生
八、教学目的：《英语语言学》是针对英语专业学生开设的限选课程。本课程的教学目的是使学生学习必要的语言学方面的基本理论和基本知识，掌握研究、运用语言的基本方法，为今后的工作打下坚实的基础。在课程结束时，学生需达到以下要求：
（1）了解语言的本质特征，语言的功能、语言学中的重要区别及普通语言学的主要分支。
（2）系统了解语言学各分支的知识，即语音学、音位学、词汇学、句法学、语义学、语用学等的基本内容及研究方法。
（3）了解语言学与其他相关学科交叉所形成的学科，如心理语言学、社会语言学、应用语言学等的基本知识与研究方法。
（4）了解语言学主要流派的基本观点。
九、课程内容：
语言学导论
内容：语言学的主要问题。语言的本质。语言的功能。语言学的主要分支。语言学中的重要区别。
重点：语言的design features和语言学中的重要区别。语言的起源只作简要介绍。
词汇学
内容：词的含义与分类。词的形成与变化。
重点: 词素、词根、词缀等概念以及词的形成与变化。
语义学
内容：“意义”的意义。涵义关系、成分分析及句子意义。
重点: 涵义关系、成分分析及句子意义。不同学派的观点只作简要介绍。
语言、文化和社会
内容：社会语言学的基本内容。语言和文化的研究，如萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说。从情景和社会变异视角研究语言与社会的关系。
重点：语言和文化的研究。语言与社会的关系只作简要介绍。
语用学
内容：语用学的研究范畴。言语行为理论。会话含义理论，后格莱斯时期的理论发展，关联理论、Q原则、R原则、I原则和M原则。
重点：言语行为理论、关联理论、Q原则、R原则、I原则和M原则。
母语与第二语言习得
内容：语言学和外语教学的关系。不同语言学理论以及它们在语言教学上的价值。语言学习、错误分析和测试。
重点：语言学习、错误分析和测试。语言学和外语教学的关系只作简要介绍。
十、教学时间安排：
十一、所用教材：
Dai, Weidong. 2005. A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
十二、教学参考书目：
Robins, R. H. 2003. A Short History of Linguistics, 4th ed.Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Reesmiller, J. & M, Aronoff. 2004. The Handbook of Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
十三、考核方式: 考试平时成绩（20%）+ 期末考试（80 %）
本大纲制定人：姜洁
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
《金融英语》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、熟悉金融行业基本的业务、常用术语及一般的业务程序与原理； 2、掌握一定的金融英语词汇，提高学生的英语运用能力，能听懂金融行业日常工作会话，能用英文介绍金融行业的基本概念、基本业务和基础理论，能阅读与金融业务有关的英文资料； 3、培养和提高学生的综合职业能力和素质。 三、课程目标、教学目标与毕业要求对应关系
Chapter 1 International Monetary Systems 1、基本要求 掌握与货币有关的英语专业词汇；能用英文对货币发展史进行简单介绍。 2、主要内容 Text 1 History of Modern Global Monetary Orders Text 2 International Monetary Systems and Historical Overview Listening: Call for a “New Bretton Woods” Oral English practice:：The correlation between a country’s economic power and its role in the international financial system. 3、作业：课后习题 Chapter 2 The International Monetary Fund 1、基本要求
了解国际货币基金组织的基本职能；掌握本单元英语生词；能用英文简单介绍国际货币基金组织的历史、成员及基本职能。 2、主要内容 Text 1 An Overview of the IMF Text 2 The Membership of the IMF Listening: Tackling Global Challenges Oral English practice:: How should the IMF help low-income countries? 3、作业：课后习题 Chapter 4 Balance of Payments 1、基本要求 掌握本单元生词；理解收支平衡的含义；能用英文对收支平衡、收支顺差、收支逆差、赤字等概念进行介绍 2、主要内容 Text 1 China's Balance of Payments Text 2 Balance of Payments Listening: Current Account Deficit? Not Necessarily a Bad Thing Oral English practice:: The disadvantages of current account deficits? 3、作业：课后习题 Chapter 5 Foreign Exchange and Exchange Rate 1、基本要求 掌握与外汇和汇率有关的英语专业词汇；了解外汇在国际金融与国际贸易中的重要性；能用英语对外汇汇率标价方法进行介绍。 2、主要内容 Text 1 The Basics of Foreign Exchange Text 2 Determinants of Exchange Rates Listening: Foreign Exchange Market Oral English practice:: Foreign Exchange rate 3、作业：课后习题 Chapter 7 Foreign Exchange Reserves 1、基本要求 了解外汇储备的含义及具体形式；掌握与外汇储备有关的英文专业词汇；能用英语对外汇储备及其重要性进行介绍。 2、主要内容 Text 1 The Reasons for Holding Reserves
全日制高级中学英语教学大纲(供试验用) 中华人民共和国教育部制订 外国语是学习文化科学知识、获取世界各方面信息与进行国际交往的重要工具。为提高中华民族的思想道德素质、文化科学素质和身体心理素质，把我国建设成富强、民主、文明的社会主义现代化国家，教育要面向现代化，面向世界，面向未来，要贯彻德、智、体等方面全面发展的方针，培养有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律，并在不同程度上掌握一些外国语的各方面的人才。外国语教学有助于对学生进行思想情感教育，有助于学生发展智力、开阔视野和提高文化素养，有助于学生发展个性和特长。因此，外国语被列为我国高级中学的一门基础学科。英语使用的范围很广泛，是高中外语课的主要语种。 一、教学目的 全日制高级中学英语教学的目的，是在义务教育初中英语教学的基础上，巩固、扩大学生的基础知识，发展听、说、读、写的基本技能，培养在口头上和书面上初步运用英语进行交际的能力，侧重培养阅读能力，并使学生获得一定的自学能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础；使学生在学习过程中受到思想品德、爱国主义和社会主义等方面的教育，增进对外国，特别是英语国家的了解；激发学生的学习兴趣；发展学生的智力，提高他们的观察、注意、记忆、思维和想象等能力。 二、课程安排 高中一年级(必修)4课时×35(周)=140课时 高中二年级(必修)3课时×35(周)=105课时 高中三年级(文理科选修)4课时×26(周)=104课时 高中三年级(实科选修)2课时×26(周)=52课时 三、教学目标和要求 全日制高级中学英语教学目标分为第一级目标和第二级目标。高中两年要求达到第一级目标，高中三年(文、理科选修)要求达到第二级要求。 高中英语教学的第一级目标应完成下列教学要求： (一)听 1.能听懂教学大纲词汇表(1、2)中不带＊号的词汇和短语。 2.能听懂课堂用语和教师用学生所学过的简单英语对新词语意义的解释。 3.能听懂教师用所学过的英语简要叙述已学课文内容，以及围绕课文内容提出的问题。 4.能听懂对方在学生所学过的语言范围内，用略慢的语速谈有关日常生活的内容，有时需要对方重
第一章 All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a systm of semantics. 语音系统，词汇语法系统和语义系统。 Language is a means of verbal communication. Design Features of language: the features that define our human languages. 决定了语言性质特征叫定义特征 Design Features: Arbitratiness(任意性)：the froms of liguistic signs bear no natural relationsip to their meaning.语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联 系。 1\ Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ists meaning语素音义关系的任意性 2\ Arbitrariness at the syntactic level 句法层面上的任意性。 Syntactic: the sentences are constructed according to the grammar of arrangement. 句法学，是依据语法规定构建句子结 构的方法。 3\ Arbitrariness and convention 任意性和规约性 Duality（二层性）: is meant the propertry of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特 性，上层结构的单位底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合 规则。 Sound-the only function is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning相互组合构成有意义的单位。 Creativity（创造性）：is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. 源于二层性和递归性 Displacement(移位性)：human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.人类语言可以让使用者在交往 时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体时间或 观点。比如现在说孔子。 语言功能： 1. informative, also called ideational function. 信息功能也叫概念功能 2) Performative施为功能，is to change the social status of persons. 改变人 的社会地位，比如仪式。 3) Emotive Function感情功能 4) Phatic communion寒暄功能 5) Recreational Function娱乐功能
I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only. 1. Clear ［1］and dark [?] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24) 2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32) 3. Consonant sounds can be either?voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16) 4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative?principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87) 5.??Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4) 6.?An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18) 7.?XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46) 9.??While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70) 11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70) 12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70) 13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70) 14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15) 16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70) 18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70) 19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)
经济学院经济类专业课程教学大纲 金融英语 课程名称：金融英语Financial English 课程编码：012099 学分：2分 总学时：32学时 适用专业：金融学 先修课程：基础英语、金融学、货币银行学 执笔人：曾江辉 审订人：王华明 一、课程的性质、目的与任务 金融英语是金融学专业选修课程，其目的是培养学生的金融专业英语语言能力和实际运用英语处理与金融有关业务的能力。金融英语不仅具有其独特的专业词语、常用句式和文体风格,而且具有金融行业的内在知识体系,具有融思想性、知识性、技术性为一体的特征。要求此课程以现代课程理念为指导，突出学生的主体和多学科知识的综合性，突出培养学生的学习能力。Financial English is a elective courses for Finance Major, which purpose is to cultivate the students' ability of using English language of Finance professional and practical use of English to deal with related financial business. Financial English not only has the professional words, but also has sentence patterns and unique style. It has the internal knowledge system and is melted with the thought and knowledge, technology as the characteristics. The requirements of this course is provided by modern curriculum ideas as a guide, the main highlight comprehensive for students and multi-disciplinary knowledge. It emphasizes the training of students learning ability. 二、教学内容与学时分配 Chapter 1 Money (2学时) 1.1 Definition of Money 1.2 Types of Money 1.3 Functions of Money 1.4 Interest and Interest Rate 1.5 Money Supply 1.6 China's Monetary System Exercises Chapter 2 Foreign Exchange （4学时） 2.1 Definitions and Quotations 2.2 Foreign Exchange Transactions Exercises Chapter 3 Balance of Payments （4学时）
高中英语教学大纲
附录：词汇表 注：本表共收约3300个单词和360个短语或词组 a (an) art. 一（个、件……） ability n. 能力；才能 able a. 能够；有能力的 about ad. 大约；到处；四处 prep. 关于；在各处；四处above prep. 在……上面 a. 上面的 ad. 在……之上 abroad ad. 到（在）国外
absence n. 不在，缺席 absent a. 缺席，不在 accent n. 口音，音调 accept vt. 接受 accident n. 事故，意外的事 according to ad. 按照，根据 account n. 账目；描述 ache vi.& n. 痛，疼痛 achieve vt. 达到，取得 across prep. 横过，穿过 act n. 法令，条例 v. （戏）表演，扮演（角色），演出（戏）；行动，做事action n. 行动 active a. 积极的，主动的 activity n. 活动 actor n. 男演员 actress n. 女演员 actual a. 实际的；现实的 AD n. 公元 ad (缩) = advertisement n.广告 add vt.添加，增加 addition n. 增加；（算数用语）加 address n. 地址 admire v. 钦佩；羡慕 admission n. 准入, 接纳 admit vt. 承认，准许（入场，入学，入会） adult n. 成年人 advance v. 推进，促进；前进 advantage n. 优点；好处 adventure n. 冒险；奇遇
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies
精心整理 《金融英语》课程教学大纲 一、课程性质与任务： 1、课程的性质 课程的性质是通过本课程的学习，可以使学生掌握国际金融的基础知识，了解国际贸易结算工具和期限因素对实际结算的影响，汇率、利率变动对国民经济和国际贸易的影响与作用。它的任务是使 能 2 美元疲3 国际金融相关知识的计算 二、教材及参考书 1、《商务英语》，狄芮鹏主编，清华大学出版社，2003年 2、《商务专业英语基础》，孙玉主编，上海外语教育出版社，2000年。 3、《商务英语基础教程》，李德荣主编，华中理工大学出版社，2005年 三、建议学时分配： 本课程共64学时，其中实践学时为12学时。
1、学时分配
四、课程考核 本课程定为考试科目，理论部分采用闭卷考试，考试成绩占70%、平时成绩占30%。 1 程， 2 （1 （2 第二章CareersinCommercialBanking CareersinFinance主要介绍金融行业的职业种类和职业要求，特别是职业能力和职业道德，以及结合学生专业和就业特点介绍求职面试和网络求职的基本知识，和外语专业人才的基本职业素质和能力。案例分析美国花旗银行的员工道德要求。计划4个学时。 教学目的：了解银行业的职业特点和要求 教学难点：花旗银行《员工准则》和《给员工的信》
教学重点：银行业员工招聘信息归纳――银行从业人员素质要求 第三章MoneyMarket MoneyMarket对金融市场的传统划分可分为货币市场和资本市场，货币市场上的金融工具包括短期的、可交易的、流动的、低风险的债券。货币市场工具有时被称为现金等价物或简称现金，投资收入一般比较固定。计划学时6个。 教学目的：了解我国国债的发展进程以及商业票据的操作流程 教 人的传奇故事和案例分析美国次级房贷危机处理情况以及中国人民银行调高存款利率和准备金率的案例。计划学时4个。 教学目的：解读当前中央人民银行和美联储应对各自国内市场表现所采取的不通货币政策和市场操作工具 教学难点：美联储的历史和货币政策 教学重点：中央银行调控流动性的手段 第六章TheForeignExchangeMarket
第一部分前言 当前我国社会发展和经济建设对公民的外语素质提出了更高的要求高中阶段的外语教育是培养公民外语素质的重要过程，它既要满足学生心智和情感态度的发展需求以及高中毕业生就业升学和未来生存发展的需要，同时还要满足国家的经济建设和科技发展对人才培养的需求因此，高中阶段的外语教育具有多重的人文和社会意义 英语是高中阶段外语教育的主要语种高中英语课程改革的主要目的是：建立新的外语教育教学理念，使课程设置和课程内容具有时代性基础性和选择性；建立灵活的课程目标体系，使之对不同阶段和不同地区的英语教学更具有指导意义；建立多元开放的英语课程评价体系，使评价真正成为教学的有机组成部分；建立规范的英语教材体系以及丰富的课程资源体系，以保障英语课程的顺利实施 根据普通高中课程总体改革的精神和要求，在义务教育英语课程标准（实验稿）的基础上，特制订本标准 一课程性质 语言是人类最重要的思维和交流工具，也是人们参与社会活动的重要条件语言对促进入的全面发展具有重要意义当今社会生活和经济活动日益全球化，外国语已经成为世界各国公民必备的基本素养之一因此，学习和掌握外语，特别是英语，具有重要意义 高中英语课程是普通高中的一门主要课程高中学生学习外语，一方面可以促进心智情感态度与价值观的发展和综合人文素养的提高；另一方面，掌握一门国际通用语种可以为学习国外先进的文化科学技术和进行国际交往创造条件开设英语课程有利于提高民族素质，有利于我国对外开放和国际交往，有利于增强我国的综合国力 第二部分课程目标 高中英语课程的总目标是使学生在义务教育阶段英语学习的基础上，进一步明确英语学习的目的，发展自主学习和合作学习的能力；形成有效的英语学习策略；培养学生的综合语言运用能力综合语言运用能力的形成建立在语言技能语言知识情感态度学习策略和文化意识等素养整合发展的基础上语言技能和语言知识是综合语言运用能力的基础情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素学习策略是提高学习效率发展自主学习能力的先决条件文化意识则是得体运用语言的保障 根据高中学生认知能力发展的特点和学业发展的需求，高中英语课程应强调在进一步发展学生综合语言运用能力的基础上，着重提高学生用英语获取信息处理信息分析问题和解决问题的能力，特别注重提高学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力；形成跨文化交际的意识和基本的跨文化交际能力；进一步拓宽国际视野，增强爱国主义精神和民族使命感，形成健全的情感态度价值观，为未来发展和终身学习奠定良好的基础 为此，高中英语教学要鼓励学生通过积极尝试自我探究自我发现和主动实践等学习方式，形
英语语言学练习题 Supplementary exercises Chapter 1 Introduction Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the st udy of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is calle d morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the lette r given: 21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. 22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communi t y while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.