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英语课文翻译

英语课文翻译
英语课文翻译

翻译(课本里)

1.With less money there was no less satisfaction with living, no less warmth of spirit, no less pleasure in one another’s company.虽然钱少一点,但是人们并不缺少对生活的满足、精神的温暖和心灵的契合。

So far so as happiness is concerned, it hardly matters whether one drives a BMW or, like so many of the Scots, walks or rides a bus.就快乐而言,无论一个人是开宝马还是像许多苏格兰人一样走路或搭乘公交车,他所获得的快感都不会有太大的差别。

Feeling the short-run influence of events, people use such events to explain their happiness, all the while missing subtle but bigger influences on their long-run well-being.人们感觉到这些事件的短期影响,并以这样的事来解释他们的快乐,却在此时忽视了那些对长期幸福有着更微妙但影响更显著的因素。

When the possessor becomes possessed by accumulating ever-more possessions, the adaptation, the adaptation-level phenomenon has run wild.当所有者被积聚更多的所有品这种方式所迷,适应水平这个现象就失控了。

Never has a culture experienced such physical comfort combined with such psychological misery. Never have we felt so free, or had our prisons so overstuffed. Never have we been so sophisticated about pleasure, or so likely to suffer broken relationships.从来没有一个文化经过这样的物质舒适和这样的心理伤痛.我们从未感到如此自由.监狱里却又人满为患.我们从没有对幸福的感情如此复杂.也从未这么容易关系破裂而受伤。Happiness is less a matter of getting what we want than of wanting what we have.珍惜

The conclusion is provocative, because it explodes a bomb-shell underneath our society’s materialism: Economic growth in affluent countries provides no apparent boost to human morale.结论是煽动性的,因为它在我们社会的物质主义下起爆了一颗炸弹:富裕国家的经济增长并没有明显地升华人的精神。Psychologically as well as materially, it is much better to be high caste than low castes.

2.During the 1930s, the most admired beauties were stars like Greta Garbo,Carole Lombard and Jean Harlow. Their beauty was of a very different kind. The total range of black and white filming favored a face with a good shape, with prominent cheekbones that cast shadows like a sculpture.20世纪30年代,最让人羡慕的美人是那些电影明星,例如葛丽泰嘉宝,卡罗尔.隆巴德以及简.哈洛。她们的美丽与上面所说的截然不同。黑白电影更适合那些具有优美线条的脸蛋,就像雕塑一样投射出迷人的阴影。

Call it nature or nurture, harmless fantasy or insidious indoctrination, but Hollywood is discovering that it still pays not to fight the royal urge.说本性也罢,后天教养也好,无害的幻想也罢,诱人的灌输也好,但是好莱坞发现满足人们对王室电影的迫切要求仍然有利可图。

You can have the girly dream of glass slippers and true love, these films say, as well as the womanly ideal of self-determination and independence-and any contradictions between them are no match for the mo vies’ magic.你可以拥有少女的梦想,憧憬着水晶鞋和真爱,也可以立志做一个坚决果断、自立自强的新时代女子。而这两者的矛盾冲突都无法与电影的魔力抗衡。

For the modern Cinderellas’ audience, which takes that freedom as a given, the wish is to also be able-unashamedly-to fall in love and go to the ball.对于现代灰姑娘的观众而言,她们认为这样的自由是与生俱来的。她们的愿望是还能毫无顾忌地谈恋爱、参加舞会、享受浪漫。

But to succeed on both the feminist and the fantasy level, the new Cinderella has developed rules and conventions as strict as a Joseph Campbell template.但是要想宣扬女权主义的同时又不失浪漫主义色彩,新版灰姑娘已经制定了像约瑟夫.坎贝尔模式一样的严格的条条框框。

I don’t want to sound like an arch-feminist, says Sherry Lansing, chairman of Paramount, ”but it really is important that imparts contemporary values. It’s a good love that allows both people to remain whole in it.”

执导《王子与我》的帕拉蒙特总裁切里.兰欣说:“我并不想听起来像一个头号的女权主义者,但它反映了当代的价值,这点是真正重要的,这是一个美丽的爱情,并在生活中使两人继续保持这份完整的爱。”As silent movies came to an end, body language was no longer the key point in movies. The audience were

attracted by the exciting scripts, and body language was somewhat ignored. In fact, body language and scripts are e qually important for a movie. In movies like “The red mill” or “Chicago”, singing and dancing are dominant. They all stand for high ranking art and enjoy ability. There are also some movies that impressed the audience a lot because of a period of classical dancing, for example: Son of the Mask. Actually, dancing is a kind of body language. Slow Nobel is the most typical example of body language movies.自从默片时代结束,肢体语言已不是电影中的重点,观众被精彩的台词所吸引,于是就忽略了肢体语言。其实肢体语言在电影中与演员对白是同等重要的。想《红磨坊》、《芝加哥》都是以歌舞为知道的影片,他们都有很高的艺术水准和观赏性,还有很多电影因为有一段经典的舞蹈而个人留下深刻的印象,比如《变相怪杰》,要知道,舞蹈就是肢体语言的一种。其中《低俗小说》是应用肢体语言的经典。

3.Having a great idea or being a charismatic visionary leader is “time telling”; building a company that can prosper far beyond the presence of any single leader and through multiple product life cycle is ”clock building”拥有一个伟大的构想,或身为高瞻远瞩的魅力型领袖,好比是“报时”;建立一家公司,使公司在任何一位领袖身后很久、经历许多次产品生命周期仍然欣欣向荣,好比是“造钟”。

We came upon this finding when the evidence from our research punched holes in two widely held and deeply cherished myths that have dominated popular thinking and business school education for years: the myth of the great idea and the myth of the great and charismatic leader. 得出这个结论时,正是在我们的研究找出了两个倍受珍视、多年以来主导一般人思想和商学院教育的神话之后。这两个神话便是----伟大构想和魅力型领袖之说。

They brainstormed a wide range of initial product and market possibilities, br they had no compelling ”great ideas” that served as the founding inspiration for the fledging company. 他们大动脑筋,想出很多种产品及想象中的市场潜力,但是他们没有令人激赏的“伟大构想”,来启发他们创建这家新的企业。

HP, Sony, and Wal-Mart put a large dent in the widely held mythology of corporate origins-a mythology that paints a picture of a far-seeing entrepreneur founding his or her company to capitalize on a visionary product idea or visionary market insight. 惠普、索尼和沃尔玛使深入人心的公司起源神话遭到沉重打击,这个神话描绘着一位高瞻远瞩的企业家创办公司,并利用一种高瞻远瞩的产品构想或市场洞察力。

If you are a prospective entrepreneur with the desire to start and build a visionary company but have not yet taken the plunge because you do not have a great idea, we encourage you to lift from your shoulders the burden of the great idea myth.如果你是个有前途的企业家,有意创立和构建一家高瞻远瞩公司,但是因为没有“伟大的构想”还没有采取行动,我们鼓励你卸下伟大构想这个神话的负担。

Tariff Protection—The infant-industry argument contends that protective tariffs are needed to allow new domestic industries to establish themselves. Temporarily shielding young domestic firms from the severe competition of foreign firms will give infant industries a chance to develop and become efficient producers.// This argument for protection rest on all alleged exception to the case for free trade. The expectation is that all industries have not had, and in the presence of mature foreign competition, will never have, the chance to make long-run adjustments in scale and efficiency. Tariff protection for infant industries will therefore correct a current misallocation of world resources.// Counterarguments hold that although the infant-industry argument has logic validity, these qualifying points must be noted.// (1) In the less developed nations it is very difficult t determine which industries are the infants capable of achieving economic maturity an therefore deserving protection.(2) Protective tariffs may persist even after industrial maturity has been realized.(3) Most economists feel that if infant industries are to be subsidized, there are better means than tariffs for doing it. Direct subsidies, for example, have the advantage of making explicit which industries are being aided and to what degree.// In recent years the infant-industry argument has taken a modified form in advanced economies. The contention is that the government should use trade barriers strategically to reduce the risk of product development borne by domestic firms, particularly products involving advanced technology. Firms protected

from foreign competition can grow more rapidly and therefore achieve greater economies of scale than unprotected from foreign competitors. Thus, the protected firm can eventually dominate world markets because of lower costs. Supposedly, dominance of world markets will enable the domestic firms to return high profits to the home nation. These profits allegedly will exceed the domestic sacrifices caused by trade barriers. Also, specialization in high-technology industries supposedly is beneficial because technology advances achieved in one domestic industry often can be transferred to other domestic industries.// Japan and South Korea, in particular has been accused of using this form of strategic trade policy—the problem with this strategy and therefore this argument for tariff is that the nation put at a disadvantage by strategic trade policies tend to retaliate with tariffs of their own. The outcome may be higher tariffs worldwide, reductions in world trade, and loss of the gains from specialization and exchange.译文:幼稚企业认为新兴的国内产业需要关税来发展自己。对幼嫩的国内企业进行暂时保护可以使其避开与国外公司的严酷竞争,从而给幼稚产业一个发展壮大的机会。// 这一保护是基于自由贸易中一种假象的例外情况,即对成熟的国外竞争,所有的产业从来没有,而且也不会有机会在规模和效率上进行长远的调整,因此对幼稚产业的关税保护会改变改变目前世界资源分配不当的状况。// 相反观点认为,尽管幼稚产业论有一定的说服力,但下列言之有理的几个论点也值得注意:1.再不发达国家,很难确定哪些幼稚产业有发展前途因而值得保护。2..幼稚产业成熟起来以后关税保护很难消除。3.大多数经济学家认为有比关税保护更好的办法资助幼稚产业。例如,直接补贴就可以清楚地表示哪些幼稚产业在接受帮助,这些帮助达到了什么程度。// 近年来幼稚产业论在一些经济发达国家已经改变了形式。这一观点认为政府应该战略性地使用贸易壁垒来减少国内公司在产品开发方面承担的风险,尤其涉及新近技术的产品。按照这一观点,国内公司因避开国外公司的竞争会迅速成长起来,其经济发展规模会大大超过未保护的情形。这样,受保护的公司最终会因其低廉的成本控制世界市场。对世界市场的控制让国内公司为本国带来高额的利润回报,据称这些利润会超过因贸易壁垒而造成的损失。这一理论还认为,高技术产业的专业化也会带来好处,因为在一种国内产业中取得的技术进步常常会转化到国内其他企业中去。//日本和韩国因推行这种战略性的贸易政策而备受指责。这一策略以及关税保护论带来的问题是:受到战略性贸易政策影响而处于不利地位的国家会相应的提高自己的关税进行报复。随之而来的结果是世界范围的关税增长,世界贸易的消减,专业化与商品交换利益的丧失。

4.With thousands of years of cultural accumulation and a country as big as China, an outsider cannot hope to catch every potential pit fall.在中国这样大的国家,有着几千年的文化积累,一个局外人是无法搞清楚每个潜在的错误的。

On the other hand, a few generalizations apply to across Asia. Most seasoned business travelers from the United Stated and Europe caught on long ago to the tradition of indulging in small talks and meandering toward the main point rather than getting down to business right away.另一方面,一些推论适用于整个亚洲。大多数来自美国和欧洲的有经验的商务旅游者很久以前明白不是直奔主题而是纵情谈论小事迂回到正题的传统。

Journalists are not immune. This reporter once made a gaffe by suggesting in a way intended to be complimentary that a central government official across the table was “ probably to young to remember” some minor even in the past,新闻记者也不例外,一位记者曾经以一种本意是赞美的方式提到坐在桌子对面的一位中央政府官员可能太年轻了而无法想起过去的一些小事情而失礼了。

If we were to break each of these categories down into their components, we would have quite a long list of qualities and characteristics that make humans appear to be different from each other.如果我们将这每一项进一步细分,我们将列举出一长串使人与人之间从表面上看似乎不同的品质与特点来。

Each culture has its own distinctive ways of seeking, felling, thinking, speaking, believing and just as no two humans are identical in all respects, so no two cultures are identical in all respects.每一种文化有它自己的独特的观察、感觉、思考、说话、信仰的方式,正如没有在所有方面都一样的两个人,没有在所有方面都

一样的两种文化。

If we understood our differences as culture variations of our basic, universal humanity it could restore sanity and peace to this often turbulent world.如果我们把差别理解为我们基本的、普遍的人性的文化差异,这样就能重建这个动荡不安的世界的理智和安宁。

Our analysis of this triangle in the history of glass production and application reveals that glass contributed to the rampant changes that swept through western Europe between 1200 and 1850.我们对该三角在玻璃制造和应用的历史所做的分析显示,玻璃对1200年到1850席卷西欧的巨变中做出了贡献。

As the industrial revolution gathered momentum, new manufacturing technologies enabled the mass production of glass scientific instruments, bottles, window panes, an many other items.随着工业革命的逐渐发展,新的制造技术使玻璃质地的科学工作器具、瓶子、窗玻璃以及其它物品得以大规模生产。Improvements on glassmaking and the production about the natural and physical worlds, which fed back into refinements in glass manufacture and, hence, in glass quality.玻璃生产及更复杂的玻璃工具制造上的进步带来了对自然物理世界更精确的认识,这些认识反馈在玻璃制造的精炼上,从而提高玻璃的质量。Glass literally opened people’s eyes and minds to new possibilities and turned wes tern civilization from an aural to a visual mode of interpreting experience.毫不夸张地,玻璃开拓了人们认识新的可能存在的事物的眼界和心智,并让西方文明由“听”的经验理解模式转变为“看”的经验理解模式。

That the knowledge revolution of the last 500 years took place in western Europe and not elsewhere, can be attributed in part to the collapse of glass manufacturing in Islamic civilizations and its diminished importance in India, Japan, and China.500年前的知识革命发生在欧洲而不是世界上其它任何地方的一部分原因就是:玻璃制造在伊斯兰民族的崩溃,在印度,日本,中国的衰弱。

Glass windows wrought changes not only in private homes, but also in shops with shopkeepers eventually placing much of their produce and merchandise behind glass windows and under glass cabinets.

玻璃窗不仅为家庭带来变化,也让商店店主的橱窗以及玻璃柜台里摆出更多的产品和商品。

The rich set of interconnections of this largely invisible substance has made glass both fascinating and powerful, a molten liquid that has shaped our world.这种很大程度上不可见的物质(融化的液体)的丰富的内在联系让玻璃既让人着迷又影响重大。这种融化的液化塑造了我们的世界。

He builds with a Reality Tough Material;There are a few ineluctable facts about buildings. They are expensive, time consuming and labor intensive to make. They are strongest if built from the sturdiest material. Well, no, on all counts.关于建筑有一些不可避免的事实。他们昂贵、耗时需要高强度的劳动力。用坚固材料建起来的是最结实的。然而不是在所有条件下。

Japanese architect Shigeru Ban first turned to paper tubes because they were cheap but then discovered they had other qualities: strength, recyclability and most improbably, beauty. He has built homes, pavilions and churches, some of them permanent, using little more than cardboard tubes. “I was interested in weak materials,” says Ban, 42. “Whenever we invent a new material or new structural system, a new architecture comes out of it” Ironically, Ban may be closer to the old modernist ideals than many who build today in glass and steel. He wants beauty to be attained by the masses, even the poorest.日本建筑师SB首先转向使用纸管道因为他们便宜,但后来发现他们有别的性质:强度,可回收性和最不容易的特质,美观。他已经建了家居房子,阁亭和教堂,有一些是永久的,使用极少处纸板管之外的材料。我对弱质的材料很感兴趣。42岁的SB说。任何时候我们发明了一种新材料都会随之产生一种新结构。讽刺的是,比起很多后来建起来的玻璃钢铁建筑,B可能是最早的现代风格。他想要用最大众的和便宜的东西达到展现美的目的。

Ban first began to use the tubes in the 1980s’,in exhibitions. Impressed by the material’s load-bearing capacity(he calls cardboard ”improved wood”),he thought of them again in 1995, after the Kobe earth-quick, and used donated 34-ply tubes to build a community hall and houses. Working with United

Nat ions, Ban has shipped paper log houses to Turkey and Rwanda. “Refugee shelter has to b beautiful,” he says. “Psychologically, refugees are damaged. They have to stay in nice place” B首先在1980年代的展览中使用纸管。惊讶于这种材料的负重载荷性(他称为改进的木头),他1995年Kobe地震后又想起了这种材料,并且使用捐助的34层板建造了一个社区礼堂和许多房子。和联合国合作,B已经用船运输这种材料到土耳其和卢旺达。避难所应该漂亮,他说,心理上难民是受了伤害的。他们应该住在漂亮的地方。

But it is not all about utility. Ban has managed to turn ugly-ducking cardboard into some gorgeous swans. The Japanese pavilion he created for this year’s EXPO 2000 in Hannover, Germany, is a huge undulating grid of paper tubes enclosed, like a covered wagon, with a paper canopy. An eight-ton, 27-m-long lattice arch of tubes currently swoops over the garden at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, casting a thatch of even changing shadows.但这不仅仅是关于使用性。B还设法把难看的鸭板做成漂亮的天鹅板。他在德国Hannover,2000EXPO中建造的日本帐篷就是由一个大的纸板波动网格围起来的。一个8吨重,27宽的格子拱桥现在正罩着纽约的现代艺术博物馆,甚至产生一种变幻窗户的屋顶。Ban’s designs touch the earth lightly in more ways than one. After EXPO 2000, his pavilion will be shipped to a recycling center to be returned to the pulp from whence it. Just try that with bricks. B的设计在不只一个方面轻触地球(touch the earth lightly--普利茨卡奖获得者- Glenn Murcutt给自己的座右铭)在EXPO2000后,他的帐篷将被运到一个循环中心,返回曾生产出来它的泵中。就拿转头试试它吧。

5篇英语精读文章+翻译

1.Can We Know the Universe? - Reflections on a Grain of Salt Carl Sagan Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge. Its goal is to find out how the world works, to seek what regularities there may be, to penetrate to the connections of things - from sub-nuclear particles, which may be the constituents of all matter, to living organisms, the human social community, and thence to the cosmos as a whole. Our intuition is by no means an infallible guide. Our perceptions may be distorted by training and prejudice or merely because of the limitations of our sense organs, which, of course, perceive directly but a small fraction of the phenomena of the world. Even so straightforward a question as whether in the absence of friction a pound of lead falls faster than a grain of fluff was answered incorrectly by Aristotle and almost everyone else before the time of Galileo. Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to challenge old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is. Accordingly, science sometimes requires courage-at the very least, the courage to question the conventional wisdom. But to what extent can we really know the universe around us? Sometimes this question is posed by people who hope the answer will be in the negative, who are fearful of a universe in which everything might one day be known. And sometimes we hear pronouncements from scientists who confidently state that everything worth knowing will soon be known - or even is already known. Let us approach a much more modest question: not whether we can know the universe or the Milky Way Galaxy or a star or a world. Can we know ultimately and in detail, a grain of salt? Consider one microgram of table salt, a speck just barely large enough for someone with keen eyesight to make out without a microscope. In that grain of salt there are about 1016 sodium and chlorine atoms. This is a 1 followed by 16 zeros, 10 million billion atoms. If we wish to know a grain of salt, we must know at least the three-dimensional positions of each of these atoms. (In fact, there is much more to be known - for example, the nature of the forces between the atoms - but we are making only a modest calculation.) Now, is this number more or less than the number of things which the brain can know? How much can the brain know? There are perhaps 1011 neurons in the brain, the circuit elements and switches that are responsible in their electrical and chemical activity for the functioning of our minds. A typical brain neuron has perhaps a thousand little wires, called dendrites, which connect it with its fellows. If, as seems likely, every bit of information in the brain corresponds to one of these connections, the total number of things knowable by the brain is no more than 1014, one hundred trillion. But this number is only one percent of the number of atoms in our speck of salt.

高中英语选修7课文逐句翻译40387

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1.2 总线互连 总线是连接两个或多个设备的通信通路。总线的关键特征是,它是一条共享传输介质。多个设备连接到总线上,任一个设备发出的信号可以为其他所有连接到总线上的设备所接收。如果两个设备同时传送,它们的信号将会重叠,引起混淆。因此,一次只能有一个设备成功地(利用总线)发送数据。 典型的情况是,总线由多条通信通路或线路组成,每条线(路)能够传送代表二进制1和0的信号。一段时间里,一条线能传送一串二进制数字。总线的几条线放在一起能同时并行传送二进制数字。例如, 一个8位的数据能在8条总线线上传送。 计算机系统包含有多种不同的总线,它们在计算机系统层次结构的各个层次提供部件之间的通路。连接主要计算机部件(处理机, 存储器, I/O)的总线称为系统总线。系统总线通常由50~100条分立的(导)线组成。每条线被赋予一个特定的含义或功能。虽然有许多不同的总线设计,但任何总线上的线都可以分成三个功能组:数据线、地址线和控制线。此外可能还有为连接的模块提供电源的电源线。 数据线提供系统模块间传送数据的路径,这些线组合在一起称为数据总线。典型的数据总线包含8、16或32根线,线的数量称为数据总线的宽度。因为每条线每次传送1位,所以线的数目决定了每次能同时传送多少位。数据总线的宽度是决定系统总体性能的关键因素。 地址线用于指定数据总线上数据的来源和去向。例如,如果处理机希望从存储器中读一个字的数据,它将所需要字的地址放在地址线上。显然,地址总线的宽度决定了系统最大可能的存储器容量。 控制线用来控制对数据线和地址线的访问和使用。由于数据线和地址线被所有部件共享,因此必须用一种方法来控制它们的使用。控制信号在系统模块之间传送命令和定时信息。定时信息指定了数据和地址信息的有效性,命令信号指定了要执行的操作。 大多数计算机系统使用多总线,这些总线通常设计成层次结构。图1.3显示了一个典型的高性能体系结构。一条局部总线把处理机连接到高速缓存控制器,而高速缓存控制器又连接到支持主存储器的系统总线上。高速缓存控制器集成到连接高速总线的桥中。这一总线支持连接到:高速LAN、视频和图形工作站控制器,以及包括SCSI 和FireWire的局部外设总线的接口控制器。低速设备仍然由分开的扩充总线支持,用一个接口来缓冲该扩充总线和高速总线之间的通信流量。 PCI 外部设备互连是流行的高带宽的、独立于处理机的总线,它能够作为中间层或外围设备总线。当前的标准允许在66MHz频率下使用多达64根数据线,其原始传输速率为528MB/s, 或4.224Gbps。PCI被设计成支持各种各样基于微处理机的配置,包括单处理机和多处理机的系统。因此,它提供了一组通用的功能。PCI使用同步时序以及集中式仲裁方案。 在多处理机系统中,一个或多个PCI配置可通过桥接器连接到处理机的系统总线上。系统总线只支持处理机/高速缓存单元、主存储器以及PCI桥接器。使用桥接器使得PCI独立于处理机速度,又提供快速接收和传送数据的能力。 2.1 光存储介质:高密度存储器 2.1.1 光盘 光盘技术最终可能使磁盘和磁带存储淘汰。用这种技术,磁存储器所用的读/写头被两束激光代替。一束激光通过在光盘上刻制微小的凹点,对记录表面进行写;而另一束激光用来从光敏感的记录表面读取数据。由于光束容易被偏转到光盘上所需要的位置,所以不需要存取臂。 对用户而言,光盘正成为最有吸引力的选择。它们(光盘)对环境变化不太敏感,并且它们以每兆字节比磁盘低得多的存储器价格提供更多的直接存取存储器。光盘技术仍在出现,并且还需要稳定;然而,目前有三种主要类型的光盘。它们是CD-ROM、WORM盘和磁光盘。 CD-ROM 1980年引入的,非常成功的CD,或紧密盘是设计来提高音乐的录音重放质量的光盘。为了制作一张CD,把音乐的模拟声音转换成等价的数字声音,并且存储在一张4.72英寸的光盘上。在每张光盘上可以用数字格式(用20亿数字位)记录74分钟的音乐。因为它的巨大存储容量,计算机工业的企业家们立刻认

(完整版)高级英语2第三版_张汉熙_课文翻译

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English 人类的一切活动中,只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊,而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流,不论其方式何等复杂,也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌,时而奔腾起伏,时而火花四射,时而热情洋溢,话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”,那定会大煞风景,使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论,不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上,真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲,但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了,插话的机会随之而失,他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧,我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解,他们只是临时凑到一起来的,彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂,或恋爱失败,或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿,但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样,虽然日夕相处,却从不过问彼此的私事,也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉,从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题,事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处,中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的,那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前,我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语,指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出,谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成,也有人怒斥,还有人则不以为然。最后,当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样,由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是,问题便解决了。不过,酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题,大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情,有些人便说起刻薄话来了,说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样,在五分钟内,大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里,“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时,总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错,并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知,但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词,而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig,饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore);地里放牧着的牛叫cattle,席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf);Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet);calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语,我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜,自己出产的肉自己却吃不起,全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜,诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此,活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit 这个词表示,而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。 当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时,我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想,新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言,从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时,他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。 那晚闲聊过后,第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”(Queen’s English)的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说:

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