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Unit71) Whenever we start a new job, there are bound to be a lot of things we may not be familiar with. 我们刚开始一个新的工作，肯定会有很多东西不熟悉。
2)This new medicine/drug has successfully been used on animals, but this doesn’t mean that it can beapplied to humans.这种新药已经成功地用在动物身上，但这并不意味着它在人类身上也适用。
3) His failure to win the first prize in the speech competition is largely due to his lack of confidence. 他这次演讲比赛没能得第一名主要是因为他缺乏信心。
4)To the general public, depression can be easily confused with stress, as it may be a response to sometypes of stress.对于一般人来说，忧郁症很容易跟压力混淆，因为忧郁症也可以是某些压力的反应。
5） It is becoming increasingly difficult for world food production to keep pace with the continuing growth of the world’s population.世界粮食的生产将越来越难跟上世界人口的日益增长。
6)To successfully get a job, a lot of factors need to come into play, including your skills, diplomaand work experience.要成功地得到一份工作，需要很多因素一起发挥作用，这些因素包括你的技能、文凭和工作经验。
Unit1：1.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。
（illusion）Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves.2.在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运地保存了下来。
（devastate）That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived.3.他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情。
（fill with）The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake.4.那场大地震中，我们听到过太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了自己的生命。
（leave behind）In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives.5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才建成。
（off and on）The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money.6.1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。
目 录Unit 1一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 2一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 3一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 4一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 5一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 6一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 7一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 8一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 9一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 10一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 1一、词汇短语Part 1. Preparationby its very nature就其本质而言unconditional [5QnkEn5diFEnEl] adj.无条件的，无限制的，绝对的【例句】The victorious army demanded unconditional surrender. 胜方要求敌人无条件投降。
【搭配】unconditional surrender 无条件投降live up to不辜负；做到；实践【例句】In some ways, we failed to live up to one another’s expectations. 在某些方面，我们互相的期望都落了空。
do one’s duty尽职责Part 2. Reading-Centered ActivitiesIn-Class Readingseverely [si5viEli] adv.严格地，激烈地【例句】Those responsible for this crime will be severely punished. 犯下这宗罪行的人将受到严厉惩罚。
severe [si5viE] adj.严厉的，严格的；剧烈的；严重的，严峻的【例句】He’s suffering from severe mental disorder. 他患有严重的精神病。
大学综合教程2英语教材笔记第一章：Introduction to English本章主要介绍英语的起源、历史以及其在世界范围内的使用情况。
英语作为一种全球通用语言，对于大学生而言具有重要的学习和应用价值。
- 英语的起源与演变：英语起源于古英语，经历了中古英语和现代英语的发展阶段。
从盎格鲁-撒克逊人到如今的英语国家，英语逐渐成为全球交流的重要工具。
- 英语的国际地位：英语作为联合国的官方语言之一，广泛应用于商务、科技、文化等领域，是国际交流和合作必备的语言之一。
- 英语的变体：英语有着不同的变体，如英式英语和美式英语，它们在发音、词汇以及语法方面存在差异。
第二章：Vocabulary Expansion本章旨在帮助学生扩展词汇量，提高英语表达的准确性和多样性。
通过积累更多的词汇，学生能够在听、说、读、写的各方面表达得更加自如。
- 词汇分类：词汇可以分为基础词汇和高级词汇，学生需要从基础词汇开始逐渐扩展到高级词汇，同时要注重词汇的用法和搭配。
- 词根与词缀：学习词根和词缀能够帮助学生理解和记忆单词，加深对单词之间关联的理解。
- 词汇学习方法：学生可通过词汇卡片、词汇表、词汇记忆软件等工具进行词汇学习，同时通过阅读、写作等方法进行实际应用。
第三章：Reading Skills本章旨在提高学生的阅读理解能力，培养学生对于英文文章的理解和分析能力，帮助学生更好地应对大学阅读任务。
- 预测和猜测：在阅读过程中，学生可以通过标题、关键词等信息对文章的内容进行预测和猜测，以便更有针对性地进行阅读。
- 上下文推断：通过上下文的语境来推断词义和句意，帮助学生理解难点单词和句子的含义。
- 阅读速度和技巧：适当掌握阅读速度，并运用扫读、略读等技巧，可以提高阅读效率和准确性。
第四章：Listening Skills本章着重培养学生的听力理解能力，通过大量的听力材料训练，提高学生的听力水平，并帮助学生更好地应对听力考试。
- 听力题型理解：学生需要熟悉和掌握常见的听力题型，如听力选择题、填空题、笔记整理等。
Unit 11 Intel does it. So does Microsoft, Motorola, W. L. Gore & Associates, Southwest Airlines, Ben & Jerry’s Homemade, Hewlett-Packard, Lincoln Electric, and Starbucks. What is it? These companies pursue “people-first” strategies.(Para. 2a) There is an increasing amount of evidence that successful organizations put people first. Why? Astute managers have come to learn that their organization’s emp loyees are its only true competitive advantage. Competitors can match most organizations’ products, processes, locations, distribution channels, and the like.(Para. 2b) But what’s far more difficult to emulate is a workforce made up of highly knowledgeable and motivated people. The characteristic that differentiates successful companies from their less successful counterparts in almost every industry is the quality of the people they’re able to get and keep.(Para. 3a) What kind of practices differentiate people-first organizations? We can list at least four: (1) They value cultural diversity. They actively seek a diverse workforce based on age, gender, and race. (2) They are family friendly. They help employees balance work and personal responsibilities through programs such as flexible work schedules and on-site child care facilities. (Para. 3b) (3) They invest in employee training. These organizations spend heavily to make sure employee skill levels are kept current. This not only ensures that employees can handle the latest technologies and processes for the organization but that employees will be marketable to other employers. (4) People-first organizations empower their employees. They push authority and responsibility down to the lowest levels.(Para. 4) Organizations that put people first have a more dedicated and committed workforce. This, in turn, translates into higher employee productivity and satisfaction. These employees are willing to put forth the extra effort —to do whatever is necessary to see that their jobs are done properly and completely. Let’s take a look at one of those successful organizations that pursue “people-first” strategies: Starbucks. (Para. 5a) Wake up and smell the coffee —Starbucks is everywhere. The world’s number one specialty coffee retailer, Starbucks operates and licenses more than 8,000 coffee shops in more than 30 countries. The shops offer a variety of coffee drinks and food items as well as coffee and coffee accessories.(Para. 5b) Starbucks operates more than 4,700 of its shops in five countries, while licensees operate more than 2,800 units. In addition, Starbucks markets its coffee through grocery stores and licenses its brand for other food and beverage products.(Para. 6) From its modest beginnings in 1971, Starbucks Coffee Company’s reach today extends across the U.S. to Canada, Europe, Asia, and beyond, bringing the Starbucks coffee experience to the customer almost anywhere.(Para. 7a) Centra l to the company’s growth and success has been a constant dedication to offering Starbucks customers the highest quality products. While the company’s success was built upon the core product, coffee, Starbucks has become much more than coffee.(Para. 7b) It is a total coffee experience which encompasses everything from the decor of the retail locations and the music played within to the attitude of the Starbucks employees (known as “partners”), and even to the company’s desire to give back to the communities it serves.(Para. 8a) Since its inception, it has been the Starbucks employees who havehelped drive the success of the company.But it was probably Howard Schultz who started the ignition.(Para. 8b) Schultz joi ned the company in 1982, more than a decade after the company’s first retail bean store opened in Seattle’s Pike Place Market. As director of retail operations and marketing he was influential in the move to provide Starbucks coffee to fine restaurants and espresso bars throughout Seattle.(Para. 9a) A year after he joined the company a visit to Milan, Italy inspired Schultz to bring the Italian coffee-bar concept back to Seattle and put it into action in a new Starbucks location. It was a new foray for the company which previously had only provided freshly roasted beans for sale.(Para. 9b) However, the overwhelming success of the espresso bar concept led Schultz to found Il Giornale, an espresso bar which offered brewed coffee and espresso beverages made using Starbucks coffee beans. A few months later, the continued success of the Il Giornale concept led to Il Giornale acquiring the assets of Starbucks in 1987 with the backing of local investors. The new company changed its name to Starbucks Corporation.(Para. 10) At that time, Starbucks operated 17 stores and had begun to expand beyond Seattle to cities such as Chicago and Vancouver. For the next decade and beyond, the company experienced tremendous growth bringing specialty coffee to the everyday consumer, and in the process helped create and define the specialty coffee industry.(Para. 11) While the success of the company often is attributed to the persistence and vision of the company’s current CEO, Howard Schultz, it is also the employees, from management down to store level, who are at the heart of the company’s success(Para. 12) At the store level, Starbucks has been successful in bucking the norm at most retail service environments where employee turnover is high andcompetence or enthusiasm is waning. “When we first started our business, our attitude from the beginning was that the employees on the front line really have the most to do with our success,” said John Richards, Starbucks president, retail North America. (Para. 13) The challenges of a retail and foodservice environment have been overcome through a strong employee base. “We’re fortunate that the turnover of managers and hourly employees is probably one of the best in the industry,” explained Richards.(Para. 14) Richards takes this employee loyalty as a compliment, but attributes it to the company’s dedication to each employee’s needs. Investment in “partners” has helped build their loyalty to the company, to coffee, to customer service, and to each other.(Para. 15) The heart of the Starbucks experience begins with employee training. For retail partners, the training program focuses on coffee knowledge, product expertise, customer service, and interpersonal skills —all necessary to understand the product they provide to customers on a daily basis in order to create the Starbucks experience.(Para. 16) New store-level partners are welcomed into the Starbucks community with a week-long indoctrination into the cultural aspects of the company. The technical aspects of the job — those that relate to beverage preparation, for instance — are covered. From there, it is the manager’s responsibility to follow up with in-store modules for ongoing training in specific areas.(Para. 17a) All full-and part-time partners who work at least 20 hours a week are offered a full slate of generous benefits. Among the benefits are full health and dental coverage,vacation, and participation in the company-wide stock option plan called Bean Stock. (Para. 17b) Loyalty and a sense of belonging are further emphasized in open forums where employees, regardless of position, are encouraged to bring their suggestions or concerns to the attention of corporate management. Often it is the barista who is the impetus for a change simply because he or she is the one on the front line dealing with customers on a daily basis.(Para. 18a) Since most partners are also owners, they are very interested in getting access to company information. To accommodate this desire, senior management conducts quarterly open forums in the company’s different sales regions. Partners are encouraged to share their ideas and suggestions with senior management at these forums.(Para. 18b) Starbucks also distributes annual Bean Stock reports to all partners and the company publishes Pinnacle, a newsletter that spotlights company performance as well as the activities of individual partners company wide. Starbucks is also taking advantage of videos and teleconferencing to reach out to its partners.(Para. 19a) Being on the front line requires communication, be it communication in training employees to perform their job properly, or communication with customers.“Starbucks partners are alwayson the go. Customer flow is quite steady, and they have to perform tasks requiring a bit of knowledge,” Richards explained(Para. 19b) “Because of the way the service line is set up, partners mustinteract with each other to complete a task, creating a sense of teamwork. Customers shift from station to station,coming into contact with several employees during one transaction. Therefore, communication is an essential part of our success.(Para. 19c) The positive customer experience is based on the communication between partners and their customers.” Human interaction is essential and constant in the Starbucks environment and Richards believes that this constant interaction is the reason employees don’t get bored with their job. “They’re always challenged,” he said.(Para. 20) Starbucks also uses self-managed work teams at its coffee bean roasting plants. Although plant managers and supervisors are responsible for the initial organization of the teams, partners are encouraged to take over the day-to-day workings of the teams including decision-making. Cross-functional teams of partners and supervisors are used to make hiring decisions.(Para. 21) Starbucks is a living model of employee learning, ownership, involvement, and communication. The result is a superior product, coupled with customer service that is truly caring and responsive. The icing on the cake is sales growth of 65 percent a year over the last years while net incomeskyrockets by 70 to 100 percent a year.(Para. 22) All in all, Starbucks offers an amazingly diverse range of opportunities and benefits to its partners. It’s little wonder that new stores continue to openat the rate of three to five every week, and employees are making careers at Starbucks instead of dropping out.。
Unit One Ways of LearningText A Learning, Chinese-StyleLanguage Focus1. attach: fasten or join (one thing to another) (used in the pattern: attach sth. to sth.)Examples: Scientists discovered they could measure wind speed by attaching a wind meter toa kite and sending it up.Attached to this letter you will find a copy of the document you asked for.四级大纲中动词后跟to 的类似词组还有：adapt…to使适应于add…to加到……上adjust…to(使) 适应于admit to承认agree to同意(某一建议、安排等) amount to总计达, 相当于, 等于apologize to向(某人)道歉appeal to向……呼吁; 诉诸于; 对……有吸引力apply to向(某人)申请attend to处理, 料理; 照顾, 照料belong to属于challenge…to向……挑战, 要求(比赛、决斗等)communi cate…to向……传达compare…to把……比作confess to承认, 忏悔confine…to把……限制在consent to同意, 答应contribute to捐献, 捐赠; 有助于correspond to 相当于; 相符, 符合devote…to为……而奉献entitle…to给……权利(或资格) lead to(路等)通向; 导致limit…to把……限制到object to反对occur to被想到, 出现在脑海中owe…to把……归功于prefer…to喜欢……胜过……propose to向……求婚react to对……作出反应refer to提到, 涉及; 查阅, 参考relate to有关, 涉及reply to对……作出回答resort to诉诸, 求助于respond to回答, 响应see to处理stick to坚持; 忠于, 信守subject to使遭受, 使服从submit to服从, 听从surrender to投降, 屈服turn to找(某人寻求帮助等) yield to投降, 让步2. not in the least: not at allExamples; I am not in the least touched by the Marilyn Monroe kind of beauty.Ann didn't seem in the least concerned about her study.3. find one's way: reach a destination naturally; arrive atExamples: Shanghai is not an easy city to find your way around.Drunk as he was, Peter still found his way home.Similar phrases:struggle one’s way; elbow one’s way; make one’s way; push one’s way, etc.4. phenomenon: (pl. phenomena) sth. that happens or exists and that can be seen or experiencedExamples: Hurricanes are a relatively common phenomenon in the Caribbean.Stress-related illness is a common phenomenon in big cities.Thunder and lightening are natural phenomena.5. Initial: of or at the beginning, first (adj., used only before n.)Examples: If a car suddenly pulls out in front of you, your initial reaction may include fear and anger.Their initial burst of enthusiasm died down when they realized how much work the job involved.6. assist: help (used in the pattern: assist sb. to do sth., assist sb. with sth.)Examples: The professor was assisting his students to prepare their project.The college student decided to assist the boy with his study.Word choice: help, assist, give/lend a hand, help out, come to sb’s aid/assistance, aid, give/send aidHelp and assist can both describe people or institutions helping each other do a job. However, assist is more formal and often suggests that the person assisting is doing a simple or unimportant part of what has to be done, e.g.My company assists businesses in all their office cleaning requirements.You will assist the administrative officer with day-to-day organization.In more informal English people often use give/ lend a hand or help out, especially where there is something practical to do and not enough people to do it:Can you give me a hand with the drinks?I sometimes lend a hand / help out at eh old folk’s home.If someone is in danger or trouble, you may help them or more formally come to their aid/ assistance:My car’s broken down, can you help?If you get into difficulties, the lifeguard will come to your assistance.If a person, charity, or government helps with money or other necessary things, aid (formal)or often give/ send aid may be used; help would be used informally:Many projects are aided by Oxfam.Aid will be sent to the area as soon as possible.Please help the homeless.7. insert: put, fit, place (in, into, between)Examples: Wait for a couple of minutes with your mouth closed before inserting the thermometer.The doctor carefully inserted the needle into my left arm.8. somewhat: to some degree, a little Examples:It is reported that conditions in the village have improved somewhat since November.____ "Are you concerned about your exam results?"____ "Somewhat."9. await: (fml) wait forAwait is a fairly common word in formal writing, but you do not usually use it in conversation.Instead you use "wait for." Examples:We must await the results of field studies yet to come.After I sent the letter asking for a job, I had nothing to do but await the answer.10. on occasion: now and thenExamples'. I was usually the only foreign participant, although on occasion I brought otherAmericans in as guests.Steve spent almost all his time doing his research, but, on occasion, he would take his son to see a film.11. neglect: give too little attention or care toExamples: He gave too much attention to his career, working long hours and neglecting his wife.Their investment turned out to be a failure and the manager was accused of neglecting his duties.Cf.: ignore: pay no attention to sb./sth. on purpose, or as if sth. has not happenedExample: I said "Good morning" to her, but she just ignored me and walked on.12. relevant: directly connected with the subject (followed by to , opposite irrelevant) Examples:Only a few people feel the debate about the cloning of human beings is relevant to their daily lives.While writing my term paper I was able to borrow all the relevant books from the school library.13. investigate: try to find out information about (used in the pattern: investigate sth., investigate +wh-clause) Examples:Police are still investigating how the car accident happened.We can assure you that your complaint will be fully and properly investigated.14. exception: sb./sth. that a comment or statement does not apply to Examples:Normally, parents aren't allowed to sit in on the classes, but in your case we can make an exception.We feel that all the students in this class, with one or two exceptions, support the educational reforms.Without exception all our youngsters wanted to leave school and start work.When you are mentioning an exception, you often use the expression "with the exception of”.Example: We all went to see the film, with the exception of Otto, who complained of feeling unwell.15. on one's own: 1) without anyone's helpExamples; You needn't give me any help. I am able to manage on my own.There are jobs your child can do on her own.2) aloneExamples: The child was left on her own for hours as her mom had to deal with the emergency.I'd rather not go to dance on my own. I do wish you'd come with me.四级大纲中以on 开始的类似词组还有:on a large (small) scale大（小）规模地on account of由于，因为on an/ the average平均，通常on behalf of代表，为了on board在船（车、飞机）上on business因公，因事on condition that如果on duty当班，值班on earth究竟，到底on fire起火，着火on foot步行on guard站岗，值班on hand在场，在手边on one’s guard警惕，提防on purpose故意，有意on sale出售；廉价出售on schedule按时间表，准时on second thoughts经重新考虑，继而想on the contrary正相反on the grounds of根据，以……为理由on the point of即将……的时候on the road在旅途中，在……过程中on the side作为兼职，作为副业，正事以外on the spot在场，到场；马上，当场on the whole总的来说，大体上on time准时16. accomplish: manage to do (sth.)Examples: Unless you practice you'll accomplish nothing.Considering their capacity, the possibility of accomplishing the task is not high.If I work hard, I think I can accomplish my goal of getting 6 A's at the end of the semester. 17. in due course: at the proper time; eventuallyExamples'. Your book will be published in due course.Be patient. You'll get your promotion in due course.18. critical: 1) very importantExamples; Environmentalists say a critical factor in the city's pollution is its population.How well you accomplish this task will be critical to the success of your career.2) very serious or dangerousExamples: In yesterday's car accident, ten people were killed and five people are still in a critical condition.As the situation in Afghanistan became critical, the UN Secretary-General appointed a special representative to tackle it.19. principal: adj. (rather fml) main, chiefExamples; The couple's principal concern is to earn enough money to send their children to school.Her principal interest in life was to be a world-renowned pianist.n. The principal of a school or college is the person in charge of it.Example: Complaints from the students began arriving at the principal's office.Cf.: principle (see Confusable Words p.16 )A principle is a basic rule that explains or controls how something works or a guiding rule for behaviour.Examples: These machines work on the same principle.Mr. Ward is a man of high principles.20. make up for: repay with sth. good, compensate forExamples'- I didn't travel much when I was younger, but I'm certainly making up for lost time now.Her husband bought her a present to make up for quarreling with her the day before.21. in retrospect: on evaluating the past; upon reflectionExamples: The young man knew in retrospect that he should have married his first love Emily.In retrospect, I wish that I had chosen biology as my major.四级大纲中以in 开始的类似词组还有:in a sense从某种程度上，从某点上看in any case/ event无论如何，不管怎样in brief简单地说in common共同的，共有的in consequence因此，结果in debt 欠债，欠情in detail详细地in difficulty处境困难in effect实际上，事实上in favor of支持，赞成in general一般来说，大体上in hand在进行中，待办理in honor of为庆祝，为纪念in itself本质上，就其本身而言in line成一条直线，成一排in line with与……一致；与……符合in memory of纪念in no case无论如何不，决不in no time立即，马上in no way 决不in order按顺序，按次序；整齐in part部分地in particular特别，尤其in person亲自，本人in place在合适的位置in place of代替，取代，交换in practice在实践中，实际上in proportion to与……成比例in public公开地，当众in quantity大量in question正在谈论的in regard to关于，至于in relation to有关，与……相比in return作为报答in sight看得见，被见到；在望，在即in step齐步，合拍；一致，协调in tears流着泪，在哭着in the course of在……期间, 在……过程中in the event of如果……发生, 万一in the face of 不顾, 即使; 在……前面in the least丝毫, 一点儿in (the) light of鉴于,由于in the way挡道, 妨碍人的in the world究竟, 到底in touch 联系, 接触in vain陡然, 白费力22. extreme: very greatExample: The girls were afraid of snakes and walked along the mountain trail with extreme caution.n. the furthest possible limit, an extreme degreeExample: I know I always say that you eat too much, but there is no need to go to the other extreme.(phrase: go to extremes: do sth. so much, state sth. so strongly, that people consider your actions unacceptable and unreasonableExamples: John went to such extremes to get his promotion that everyone at the office hates him now.The film is not very good, but some critics have gone to extremes, saying it is the worst of the decade. )23. performance: 1) the standard achieved by a person or group of people in carrying out a particularjob or activityExamples: The athlete was awarded $10,000 for his good performance in the Olympics.After several bad performances, the soccer team found their form again.2) sth. performed in front of an audience, e.g. a play, a dance or other entertainmentExamples; Stevie Wonder fought back from the shadow of death and went on to give more performances.His performance in the new production of Hamlet received much praise.24. so much so that: to such an extentExamples; Americans treat their children as separate individuals, so much so that someone who remains dependent on their parents longer than the norm may be thought to be "immature."Some parents spoil their children, so much so that they never ask them to do an studying.25. Continual: happening again and again, repeatedExamples: The construction of the airport continued despite continual complaints from local residents.The dog's continual barking disturbed the whole neighborhood.Word choice: continual(ly), continuous(ly)Continual describes separate actions (often annoying actions you do not like) which are repeated over a period of time, e.g. :These continual interruptions are driving me mad.She’s continually flying off to different places.Continuous especially describes things and events that go on without a break, e. g. : The police formed a continuous line round the building.This product is the result of years of continuous development.We landed after flying continuously for 16 hours.26. apply: 1) be relevant (to sb./sth.); have an effect (used in the pattern: apply to sb./sth.)Examples: The new pension arrangements won't apply to people born before 1960.The advice given by the professor only applies to some of the college students.2) write a letter or fill in a form in order to ask formally for sth. (used in the pattern: applyfor sth., apply to do sth.)Examples: How many jobs had you applied for before you were offered this one?We went to the sports club so often that we decided that we might as well apply to join.27. work on/at: try hard to achieve or improve (sth.)Examples: Sophia needs to work at/on her typing speed.John came back ahead of time to continue working on his thesis.28. priority: 1) sth. that one must do before anything elseExamples: Being a qualified teacher is her first priority.Earning enough money to maintain his family is a high priority.2) sth. that holds a high place among competing claims6Examples: The school will give priority to English and computer studies.The proposals deserve support as they give priority to the needs of children.29. evolve: (cause to) develop gradually (followed by into/from)Examples; The story evolves into a violent tragedy.Popular music evolved from folk songs.As knowledge of genetic engineering evolves, beliefs change.If you want to be a poet, you must evolve your own style of writing.30. summarize: make a short account of the main points of (sth.)Examples: Basically, the article can be summarized in three sentences.The workers' demands can be summarized as follows: shorter hours and more pay.31. contrast: compare (two people or things) so that differences are made clear (used in the pattern:contrast A and/with B)Examples; Carrie contrasted the situation then with the present crisis.Students were asked to contrast Ernest Hemingway with Mark Twain.n. action of contrastingExamples: I was always reading when I was a kid, but my daughter, in contrast, just watches TV all day.In contrast to the hot days, the nights are bitterly cold.32. on the one hand ... on the other hand: to introduce two contrasting circumstancesExamples: On the one hand her temper was likely to cause trouble, but on the other hand we needed her expertise.On the one hand, we have good reason to feel pleased with our progress. On the other hand, we mustn't get complacent.33. promote: help to grow or developExamples: You don't have to sacrifice environmental protection to promote economic growth.Regular exercise will help promote physical and mental health.34. emerge: come out (followed by from)Examples: The postman emerged from his van soaked to the skin.The magician emerged from behind the curtain.n. emergence (pay attention to the difference between emergence and emergency)35. pick up: gain, learnExamples: He picked up quite a lot of English during his one-year stay in America.I had picked up a bit of data-processing from my son.36. enormous: extremely large (same as huge, immense)Examples: Catherine inherited an enormous fortune from her parents.The New Year's concert was an enormous success.37. exaggerate: make (sth.) seem larger, better, etc. than it really isExamples; In her resume, she has clearly exaggerated her talents a little.— "I am bleeding to death!"— "Don't exaggerate — it's only a little cut."Peter says he's seen "Titanic" at least 20 times but I think he's exaggerating.38. assuming (that):You use assuming that when you are considering a possible situation or event, so that think about the consequences.Examples: Assuming that we all work at the same rate, we should be finished by January.Assuming that this painting really is a Van Gogh, how much do you think it's worth?39. valid: based on truth or sound reasoningExamples; They put forward many valid reasons for not building the skyscraper.It is valid to consider memory the oldest mental skill.Scientific theories must be backed up with valid evidence.40. worthwhile: worth doing, worth the trouble takenExamples: It might be worthwhile to consider buying an insurance policy.A trip to the museum is always worthwhile.7Teaching is considered a worthwhile job.Cf.: worth: prep. & n.Worth is common only after the verb to be and after words for amounts of something, e.g.How much is the ring worth?The picture is worth about two thousand pounds.The balance sheet will not show the current worth of the company.Dick cashed about a thousand pounds’ worth of travelers cheques.There ‘s about a week’s worth of work left.41. superior: better than average or than others of the same type (followed by to )Examples: Long-term stock market investments have produced superior returns compared with cash deposits.The woman was greatly superior to her husband in education.四级大纲中形容词原形后跟介词to 表示比较的形容词(这类词来自拉丁语系) 还有:inferior, senior, junior, prior, etc. e.g. :Your thesis is superior to mine.She is three years senior to me.Text B Children and Money1.account: n . 1) an arrangement that you have with a bank to pay in or take out money, e.g.My salary is paid directly into my bank account.current account (BrE), checking account (AmE) 往来帐户，活期户（往往无利息）deposit account（可拿利息但需事先通知方可提取的）存款帐户savings account储蓄存款帐户（利息比deposit account 要高）credit account(BrE), charge account(AmE)（商店的）信用帐户expense account（有老板支付的）旅差费帐户2) description; a written or spoken description which gives details of an eventThere were several different accounts of the story in the newspapers.David gave us a vivid account of the his trip to Rio.her fascinating first-hand account of the Chinese Cultural Revolution2.furthermore: (sentence adverb) fml in addition to what has already been said; moreoverFurthermore, my aim is to provide the best service possible under these difficult circumstances.I suggest we go to the Italian restaurant--- it’s very good and furthermore it’s very cheap.3.intend: have something in your mind as a plan or purposeI didn’t intend her to see the painting until it was finished.He was insulted by my remark, but I hadn’t intended it to be offensive.It is intended that all new employees well receive appropriate training.4.access: n 1) the way by which you can enter a building or reach a placeAccess is by means of a small door on the right.Access to the restrooms is through the foyer.2) the right to do sthThe public don’t have access to the site.Access to the papers is restricted to Defense Department personnel only.My ex-husband has access to the children once a week.5.plus. prep. with the addition ofThree plus six equals nine.The unit deals with all lung and heart conditions, plus many other lesser ailments.6.devise: to plan or invent a way of doing something, especially something complicated and clever.She devised a method for quicker communications between offices.She is very good at devising language games that you can play with students in class.7.resource. (usu. pl) 1) something such as land, minerals, or natural energy that exists in a countryand can be used to increase its wealth:8Canada’s vast mineral resourcesBritain’s mineral resources include oil, coal and gas deposits.2) all the money or property , skills etc that you have available:We must make the best possible use of our limited financial resources.A big company like IBM have huge resources of money and skill.8.keep track of : follow the development of ; keep in touch withIt’s difficult to keep track of all the new disco veries in genetics.I always make sure I keep track of all the money I spend.9.deposit: n. a sum of money paid into a bank accountWe put down a deposit on a house last week.You’ll have to pay one month’s rent in advance, plus a deposit of $500.v. (fml) to put many in to a bank accountyou are advised to deposit your valuables in the hotel safe.If you deposit 20% now, you can pay the rest when the car is delivered.10.pace: n. speed or rate of development, movement etc.The troops marched at a steady pace.The pace of change in Eastern Europe has been breathtaking.Pensions and benefits have failed to keep pace with the rate of inflation.11.annual: adj. Happening or done every year or once a yearan annual conferenceSteel output reaches an annual figure of one million tons.Companies publish annual reports to inform the public about the previous year’s activities.12.protest: vi. Express strong disagreement or disapproval about sth.Several demonstrators protesting against cuts in health spending were arrested.All through the trial he protested his innocence, insisting he had not robbed the shop.13.fund: (usu. pl) sum of money saved or for a particular purposeThe hospital has set up a special fund to buy new equipment.She has a fund of knowledge about modern jazz.14.on demand: when demandedBabies should be fed on demand.The notes entitles the bearer to $20 on demand.15.from one’s point of view: from a particular way of thinking about or judging a situationFrom a purely environmental point of view, this is not a good decision.I respect your point of view, but I really don’t agree with you.16.fall apart: break, fall to piecesThese toys aren’t well made—they come/fall apart far too easily.17.end up (doing sth): find oneself in a situation that is not intended or expectedShe’ll end up penniless if she caries on spending as much as that./After working her way around the world, she ended up teaching English as a foreign language. 18.undoubtedly: certainlyIt is undoubtedly the best film of this year.Of course, she is good at her job--- that is undoubtedly true.19.adopt: take and use as one’s ownDr. Kenney has been adopted as the party’s candidate for South Cambridge.Roz has adopted one or two funny mannerisms since she’s been away.She adopted Indian dress during her stay in the country.The party has adopted a more pragmatic approach towards arms reduction.20.perspective: n. a particular way of thinking about sth.Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject.During the novel, there is a shift in perspective from an adult’s view of events to a child’s view.Due to its geographical position, Germany’s perspective on the situation in Eastern Europe is rather different from Britain’s.9Unit 2 ValuesText A The Richest Man in America, Down HomeUseful Expressions1. a little dime store 廉价商店2. discount chain store 打折的连锁店3. get away with 过着安稳的日子4. wait in line 排队5. blend in 融洽6. throw one’s weight around 盛气凌人7. hold firm to 遵守8. folksy habits 平民习惯9. steer clear of something 避开10 cut prices and margins to the bone 让利11 the stingy employer 吝啬的雇主12 a company handout 公司的宣传册Unit 3 The Generation GapText A Father Knows BetterLanguage Points1. Father/Dad, you know better than that: know better, to be wise or well-trained enough (not to) Shewas old enough to know better than to take sweets from a stranger.2. … attempts which somehow or other always end up embarrassing them:/to be in the enda) He ended up (as) head of the firm.b) We set off for London but ended up in Paris.c) We didn’t like it at first, but w e ended up cheering.3. Then he got a job at this fast-food place, OK? Waiting tables:“wait”, usu. a intransitive verb, buthere, it is seemingly used as a transitive one. However, when it is used as “to serve meals, esp. asa regular job”, it is more likely to be “wait at table (BrE)”, or “wait on table (AmE)”. So, weguess here it is an informal usage for that phrase.4. And I assure you that if there are any subjects that need to be addressed, Sean and I will have aman-to-man talk.Address:a) to direct speech or writing to (a person or group) The Secretary had to address a hostile crowdof workers.b) to direct (speech or writing) to a person or group She addressed her remarks particularly tothose people in the area of earthquake.5. Overall, I wouldn’t trade my dad for anyone else’s: exchange sth. for sth.6. Well, whatever it is, dear, don’t keep us in suspense: keep/leave sb. in suspense, delay telling sb.what they are eager to know Highly skilled story teller can keep his audience in suspense to the end of his performance.7. (Stage whisper to SEAN) Something Diane won’t want to know, I’ll bet.stagea) to perform or arrange for public show to stage a play/an art show/a charity football gameb) to cause to happen (esp. for public e ffect or draw someone’s attention) The union staged aone-day strike. The Japanese staged an unexpected attack on the American fleets in Pearl10Harbor.8. My treat, I told him. And of course, he was glad to accept.treat, stand someone a treata) Something that gives great pleasure or delight, esp. when unexpected He took his son to thezoo as a birthday treat.b) Something that the stated person will pay for, for other people This meal is my treat, so putyour money away.9. (Very short with her)I’m sorry: short (with), rudely impatient I was rather short with you on thephone this morning --- I was rather busy at that time. He was very short-tempered.10. Diane, what has come over you? I just don’t understand the you nger generation. come over sb: (asudden strong feeling) take hold of (someone)The old man fainted when the rage came over him. A wave of terror came over her when the siren sounded.Text B When Father Doesn’t Know Best1. embrace vt. n. 拥抱e.g. They embraced (each other) on the station platform.They greeted each other with a warm embrace..2．respond vi. 回答，答复；（to）做出反应，响应e.g. To every question the police officer asked, he responded“I don’t know.”How did she respond to the news?3．contrary a. (to)相反的，对抗的n. (the --)相反，相反事物to the contrary 相反的（地）on the contrary正相反e.g. “If I don’t hear to the contrary (=If I’m not told that the arrangements have been changed )I’ll see you at ten.”“Didn’t you find the film exciting?” “On the contrary, I nearly fell asleep half waythrough it.”4．notion n. 概念，观念；意图，想法，（怪）念头e.g. The programme makers reject the notion that seeing violence on television has a harmfuleffect on children.这个节目制作者拒绝接受在电视上观看暴力行为会对儿童产生不良影响的观点。
II. Text AnalysisAn essay is usually made up of three parts: a beginning where the topic is introduced; the body part where the topic is elaborated on, and a conclusion.Besides stating the topic directly, there are many other ways to introduce a theme. In this text, an anecdote or an incident is used. The author of Text A, Unit 6, Book 1 (What Animals Really Think) introduces his topic by posing a question: "Do animals all have thoughts, what we call consciousness?" Text B, Unit 3, Book 1 (How to Make Sense out of Science) begins by quoting newspaper headlines:"New Drugs Kill CancerDevastation by El Nino -- a Warning6:30 p.m. October 26, 2028: Could This Be the Deadline for the Apocalypse?"Text B of this unit, Children and Money, begins with an imagined argument between a child and his parent over the control of pocket money. Discover other forms of introduction as you read on. However, the more important point is that you should learn to vary your own writing by adopting various types of topic introduction.Without a conclusion, an essay lacks a sense of completeness. A conclusion may be a restatement of the main points previously mentioned, a proposed solution, a quotation from some book or person, a prediction of future developments, a suggestion for further study, etc. Text B, Unit 3, Book 1 ends by giving a simile, comparing scientific research to mountain climbing, "a process filled with disappointments and reverses, but somehow we keep moving ahead." In this text, Howard Gardner makes a suggestion in the form of a question.III. Cultural Notes1. Education in the West: There is no common agreement in the West concerning the best method of education. A variety of views can be found among parents, teachers and students. Indeed, it might be argued that it is this very existence of contending points of view that is characteristic of Western education. This can be seen as far back as in the work of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates,who encouraged his students to question everything, even their most fundamental beliefs. Yet even then there was no general agreement that this was the best way to teach. Socrates, after all, was condemned to death by his fellow citizens for corrupting the morals of the young by his way of teaching. Many later periods of Western history were no more tolerant of encouraging students to challenge traditional beliefs: Darwin's theory of evolution, for example, was for a time banned from schools in some American states on the grounds of religious belief.Much of the current debate over education surrounds the extent to which learning should be teacher-based or student-based.Which of the two should decide what should be learned, how it should be learned, and when it should be learned? Comparing Western and Asian methods of learning it is generally true that Western methods are more student-centered, expecting students to discover things forthemselves rather than relying on their teachers to tell them. An extreme version of the student-centered approach can be seen at Summerhill, a school in England established by the educationalist A.S. Neill. There children have complete freedom to decide what they are going to learn and which lessons they will attend. If they wish they need not attend any at all. Mainstream education in England is far more strict, demanding that children attend lessons and follow a national curriculum. This curriculum and the importance of achieving good exam results tend to reinforce a more teacher-centered approach, as both teachers and students find the pressure of time, leaves less opportunity for an exploratory approach to learning.The extent to which learning is teacher-centered or student-centered also depends on differences between subjects. In recent years, for example, there has been a trend in the teaching of mathematics in school classrooms in England away from having pupils work on their own or in small groups back towards a more traditional approach, with the teacher guiding the entire class Step-by-step through a lesson. This followed research that suggested that, as far as maths was concerned, a more teacher-centered method was more effective.2. Standing on the shoulders of giants: a well-known phrase, frequently employed by inventors to express modesty about their achievements. The suggestion is that while they have been able to see further than those who came before them, it is not because they themselves are intellectual giants. Rather it is because they have been able to build upon the accumulated discoveries of their great predecessors.IV. Language Study1. attach v.:fasten or join (one thing to another) (used in thepattern: attach sth. to sth.)Examples: We can measure wind speed by attaching a windmeter to a kite and sending it up into the air.Attached to this letter you will find a copy of theagreement.2. not in the least: not at allExamples: I am not in the least touched by this kind of beauty.Ann didn't seem in the least concerned about herfamily.3. find one's way: reach a destination naturally; arrive atExamples: Shanghai is not an easy city to find your wayaround.Drunk as he was, Peter still found his way home. 4. phenomenon:(pl. phenomena) sth. that happens or exists andthat can be seen or experiencedExamples: Stress-related illness is a common phenomenon inbig cities.Thunder and lightening are natural phenomena. 5. initial: of or at the beginning, first (adj., used only before n.)Examples: If a car suddenly pulls out in front of you, yourinitial reaction may include fear and anger.Their initial burst of enthusiasm died down whenthey realized how much work the job involved. desirableadj worth having; to be wished for 【~ (that...)】a desirable residence, solution 称心的住所、解决方法It is most desirable that they should both come. 他们两人都来, 这最好不过了.n. v. desireCf. desirous渴望的; desired被要求做的Ex. 填空It is most desirable that he should attend the conference. Everybody is desirous of success [to succeed].6. assist v. help (used in the following patterns:assist sb. with sth. 帮助某人[做某事]assist sb. to do sth. 帮助某人[做某事]assist sb. in doing sth. 帮助某人[做某事].)Examples: The college student decided to assist the boy with his study.The professor was assisting his students toprepare their papers.We all assisted him in preparing their papers.7. somewhat adv.to some degree, a little, slightlyExamples: Conditions in the village have improved somewhat since November."Are you concerned about your exam results?""Somewhat."8. await v. (fml) wait forAwait is a fairly common word in formal writing, but you donot usually use it in conversation. Instead you use"wait for."Examples: We must await the results of field studies yet tocome.After I sent the letter asking for a job, I had nothingto do but await the answer.9. on occasion:now and thenExamples: Steve spent almost all his time doing his research,but,on occasion,he would take his son to see afilm.on one occasion曾经, 有一个时候on several occasions 屡次, 好几次on this occasion / on the occasion of … 在...的时候, 值此之际take/seize (the) occasion to do….抓住(做...)的好时机, 乘机.. 10. neglect v. give too little attention or care to忽视, 疏忽, 漏做Examples: The manager was accused of neglecting his duties.Don't neglect to lock the door.Compare.: ignore: pay no attention to sb./sth, on purpose, oras if sth. has not happened, 忽视, 不理睬; 抹煞(建议)Example: I greeted her, but she just ignored me and walkedon.I tried to tell her but she ignored me.11. relevant (to) : directly connected with the subject (oppositeirrelevant)Examples: The debate is closely relevant to their daily lives.I shall go to borrow all the relevant books from theschool library for my term paper12. exception: sb./sth, that a comment or statement does not apply toExamples: Normally, parents aren't allowed to sit in on theclasses, but in your case we can make anexception.All the students in this class, with one or twoexceptions, support the educational reforms.Without exception all the students wanted to leaveschool and start work.When you are mentioning an exception, you often use theexpression "with the exception of'.Example: We all went to see the film, with the exception ofOtto, who complained of feeling unwell.13. on one's own:1) without anyone's help 独立地, 主动地Examples: You needn't give me any help. I am able to manageon my own.Your child can do the work on her own.2) alone 独自地,I'd rather not go to dance on my own.I do wishyou'd come with me.14. in due course: at the proper time; eventually及时地, 在适当时Examples: Your book will be published in due course.Be patient. You'll get your promotion in due course.15. principal adj.: (rather frei) main, chief n. 负责人, 首长,校长adj. 主要的, 首要的Examples: Their principal concern / interest is to earn enoughmoney to send their children to school.n. The principal of a school is the person incharge of it.Example: Complaints from the students began arriving at theprincipal's office.Cf.: principle n. 法则, 原则, 原理They agree to the plan in principle.16. make up for: repay with sth. good, compensate forExamples: I lose much time last term, but I'm certainlymaking up for lost time now.Her husband bought her a present to make up forquarreling with her the day before.17. in retrospect: on evaluating the past; upon reflection回顾/回顾往事/检讨过去Examples: The young man knew in retrospect that he shouldhave married his first love Emily.In retrospect, I wish that I had chosen biology asmy major.18. extreme: adj. very greatExample: with extreme caution, extreme sports,.n. the furthest possible limit, an extreme degreeExample: I know I always say that you eat too much, butthere is no need to go to the other extreme.(phrase: go to extremes: do sth. so much, state sth. so strongly, that people consider your actions unacceptable and unreasonable19. so much so that: to such an extentExamples: Some parents spoil their children, so much so thatthey never ask them to do any studying.20. continual adj.happening again and again, repeated不停的；连续的，总是的一般指多次重复的动作，指中间有间断，但又持续很久，好像没有停止的意味Examples: He hates these continual arguments.The dog's continual barking disturbed the wholeneighborhood.Cf.: continuous adj.继续的；连续的；延伸的指中间没有间断continuous rain all day 下了一整天的雨3 days' continuous flight 连续三天的飞行Ex.Please stop your continual questions.The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.21. apply v . 1) be relevant (to sb./sth.); have an effect (used in thepattern apply to sb./sth.)Examples: The advice given by the professor only applies tosome of the college students.2) write a letter or fill in a form in order to askformally for sth. (used in the pattern: apply to sb.for sth., apply to do sth.)Examples: He applied to the company for the position of a sales manager.We went to the sports club so often that we decidedthat we might as well apply to join.22. contrast pare (two people or things) so thatdifferences are made clear (used in the pattern: contrastA and/with B)Examples: Carrie contrasted the situation then with the present crisis.Students were asked to contrast Ernest Hemingwaywith Mark Twain.n. action of contrastingExamples: I was always reading when I was a kid, but my daughter, in contrast, just watches TV all day.In contrast to the hot days, the nights are bitterlycold.23. on the one hand ... on the other hand:to introduce twocontrasting circumstancesExamples: On the one hand her temper was likely to causetrouble, but on the other hand we needed herexpertise.On the one hand,we have good reason to feelpleased with our progress. On the other hand, wemustn't get complacent.24. assuming (that): = ifYou use assuming that when you are considering a possible situation or event, so that you can think about the consequences.Examples: Assuming that this painting really is a Van Gogh, how much do you think it's worth?25. valid:（法律上）有效的, 有根据的, 正当的, 正确的Examples: Scientific theories must be backed up with validevidence.The contract is valid for three months.Compare: efficient有效的；效率高的: an efficient secretary/ methods/ machineeffective有效果的, 有作用的,生效的, 得力的The medicine is an effective cure for a headache.take effective measures采取有效措施effective forces 实有战斗兵力26. worthwhile:adj. 值得出力的, 值得做的; 值得花时间[精力]的worth doing, worth the trouble taken Examples: It is worth while to discuss [discussing] the problem.It is a worthwhile job.Compare: worth 和worthy有价值的, 值得的,worth + n/ doing : How much is this bicycle worth?It's worth ￡50.The book isn't worth reading.of great worth价值很高的of little worth 价值很少的of no worth没有价值的The painting is of great worth.worthy of n/ doing (to be done):He is worthy of our praise.This book is worthy of being read [to be read].a worthy cause 正义的事业 a worthy life 有价值的生活a worthy man 高尚的/可敬的人a worthy opponent 劲敌(相称的)a worthy gentleman 可敬的先生Ex. 填空Her achievements are worthy of the highest praise.It is a worthwhile job.It isn’t worthwhile waiting for him.改错：F: The place is not worth visiting it.F: The place is worthwhile visiting.T: The place is not worth visiting.T：Visiting the place is worthwhile.27. superior adj. 优良的/ 优势的, 胜过...的(to; in); 超越... 的(to)Examples: They are superior in numbers.This machine is superior to that machine in manyrespects.Compare inferior: (to; in); adj.下级的, 差的, 次的, 自卑的His work is inferior to mine in many respects.The products are inferior to t he sample.Notes to Text A:reflect on:1.To throw or bend back (light, for example) from asurface.Example: A mirror reflects a picture of you.2.reflect on(回忆/仔细考虑): To form or express carefullyconsidered thoughts about（常与on, upon连用）: Example: He reflects on his country's place in the world .Approach:1.vt. To come near:2.vt. work at, cope withExample: We approached the museum.approach a problem from different angles 3.n. method:Example: a new approach to the problem18-month-old:Example: the five-year-plana ten-pound baby,a 1000-word reporttelling lesson: Having force and producing a striking effect. 有力的,生动的,有效的Example: the most telling passages in that novelHistory is the most telling witness.turn in: return, hand in (交还; 上缴)fit into To make suitable; adapt, To equip;:使适合, 安装；Example: These shoes fit me.fit a handle on a doorwould do (expresses a habit or tendency in the past)Example: He would get up late those days.Whenever he had time he would come over to see me. shed/throw light on: make sth clear, state clearly 使清楚，阐明Example: The investigation ~ the cause of the accident.may well : most likely, 完全/很可能Example: You may well say so.When you see him you may well notrecognize him.may/might as well不妨，还是…的好Example: There is nothing to do here, I might as well go home.succeed in doing: be successful in doingExample: They succeeded in completing the project on time.so/as long as: if, on condition that, provided that Example: You can use the book ~ you keep it clean.--whether it be placing a key in a key slot, drawing a hen or making up for a misdeed…(line 52-53)be-型虚拟的一种，意为“不管（不论）是…还是…”，表示让步，其省略结构为be it…, be he… or…等，必须倒装。
Unit 1成功机构，以人为本“我们公司的经营模式是公司和每一位员工共同成功，绝不落下任何人，这也是成功经营一个企业的典范??”——霍华德·舒尔茨1. 英特尔公司奉行它。
微软、摩托罗拉、戈尔、西南航空公司、班杰瑞、惠普、林肯电气以及星巴克也都奉行它。
它是什么？它就是这些公司所奉行的“以人为本”的策略。
2.越来越多的例子证明，成功的组织都是以人为本的。
为什么？因为精明的经理人们已经认识到他们企业的员工才是它们唯一真正的竞争优势。
竞争者可以在产品、工艺、选址、销售渠道等诸多方面与其不相上下，但却很难效仿的是拥有一支由专业素质高和工作动机强的人组成的劳动力队伍。
几乎在所有的行业，那些成功的公司之所以超越它们的对手们，主要的区别就在于他们所能够得到和留住想要的人。
3. 哪些做法才能区分以人为本的公司呢？我们至少可以列出四条：第一，它们重视文化的多样性。
它们根据年龄、性别和种族积极寻求一支多元化的员工队伍。
第二，它们具有家庭氛围。
公司通过为其员工提供灵活的工作时间以及现场托儿服务设施等帮助员工平衡工作和个人职责之间的关系。
第三，它们对员工培训进行投资。
这些公司花费巨资以确保员工的技能水平始终保持最新状态。
这不仅确保员工可以处理该公司的最新技术和工艺，而且还使这样的员工极具市场竞争力。
第四，以人为本的公司将权力下放给员工。
它们将权力和义务下放到公司的最底层。
4. 那些奉行以人为本的组织拥有一支更敬业、更忠诚的工作团队。
因而这样的团队精神转化成了高生产率和工作满意度。
这些员工会愿意做出更大的努力——为了准确彻底地完成他们的工作，他们会全力以赴。
我们来看一看其中的一个因奉行“以人为本”而取得成功的公司：星巴克。
星巴克的卓越成就5. 让你在咖啡中醒来！——星巴克无处不在。
作为世界首屈一指的专业咖啡零售商，星巴克在世界上30多个国家开设和授权开设了8000多家咖啡店。
这些咖啡店销售各种各样的咖啡饮品、食物、咖啡及咖啡用品。
希望英语综合教程2重点Allocate give something officially to somebody/somethingAccess way in; entranceCousequence result; something that follows from an actionExplore examine carefully in order to learn more Tendency a natural likelihood of developing in a particular way Unrealistic not showing or accepting things as they are Excesed be greater thanHarsh cruel or unkindEliminate get rid ofIn lontant with in the act of communicating with somebodybeneficial producing favorable effects or useful results house contain or coverintegrated formed or united into a wholeoptimistic expecting the best in all possible ways promote help in the growth or development of recreate cause to be seen or experienced again sustainable capable of continuing or lasting for a long time unprecedented without previous instance varied of different kindswind go in a circular course1. The only __access__ to the school is across the bridge.2. They _explored_ all the possibilities, but couldn’t find the right answer.3. In order to gain the contract, he had to accept the __harsh____ terms.4. According to the latest report, the storm is showing a __tendency___ tomove eastward.5. The government __has allocated____a large sum of money for a new hospital.6. You should consider the ____consequences___ before you make the choice.7. I couldn’t help crying because the bad news ___exceeded__ my worst fears.8. She lived in a (n)___unrealistic___ world and was unwilling to face the reality.9. If you want to ___eliminate___ the mistakes from your writing, you should dosome careful reading.10. Since I left home for college, I ___have been incontact with__most of my high school classmates. 01、The fall in prices will be greatly _beneficial_ to small businesses.2、Our school library __houses_ 1 million books.3、They are still __optimistic__ despite manyfailures of their experiment.4、The play ___recreates_ the life before World WarII.5、People were frightened by the __unprecedented_power of the recent earthquake in this area.6、The path winds through the woods and up theside of the mountain.7、She is very interested in studying the variedcultural traditions of this country.8、The organization works to promote the friendshipbetween nations.9、A(n) integrated course in English unites listening,speaking, reading and writing into a whole.10、The local government attaches great importanceto the sustainable development of the city. 1. 新鲜空⽓有益于⼈们的健康。
Unit 6奥巴马获胜演讲1.2.是那些今天在学校和教堂排着长队、数不胜数的选民做出了同――他们的声音会让这次不同。
3.这个回答来自青年、老人、穷人、富人、民主党、共和党人、黑皮肤、白皮肤、拉美人、亚裔、印第安人、同性恋和非同性恋者、残疾人和健全——美利坚合众国。
4.望的新的一天。
5.6.象的。
这位勇敢而无私的领袖的付出会让我们的国家更强大。
7.8.他一道乘火车上下班的特拉华州人民的声音。
现在他将是美国的副总9.如果不是我过去十六年间最亲密的朋友、我的家庭的基石和是如此爱你们。
我们会带着你们刚赢得的小狗一起搬进白宫。
10.在看着呢——想念他们。
我知道我欠他们的难以偿还。
11.感谢我的竞选经理——David PlouffeDavid Axelrod牲我永远感谢。
12.13.我从来都不是总统的最佳人选。
刚开始时我们没有太多经费也没有很多要人的支持。
我们的竞选不是孵化自华盛顿的会议大厅Iowa普通人家的客厅、以及查尔斯顿的某个前廊。
14.拿出五元、十元来支持我们的理念。
15.我们的胜利来自于年轻人——那些远离家人承担辛苦但收入微薄的竞选工作的年轻人。
他们反驳了关于他们是冷漠的一代的谬中走街串巷向完全陌生的选民进行宣传。
我们的胜利来自数以百万计民有、民治、民享的政府仍然长存。
16.17.我。
你们这样做是因为你们知道我们面临的任务之艰巨。
即便我们今——两场战争、一个奄奄一息的星球、和一场百年不遇的经济危机。
18.国人明早会在伊拉克的沙漠或是阿富汗的山地中醒来——他们在为我们冒生命危险。
19.我们知道父母们在孩子睡下后辗转难眠付按揭、医疗账单、或是为孩子上大学筹款。
我们需要去开发新能源、创造新就业机会、建设新学校、面对新挑战、和修复我们的战略联盟。
20.题。
21.前面会有挫折和弯路。
很多人不会完全同意我作为总统做出的政策和决定。
而且我们知道政府不会解决所有问题。
但关于面对的——特别是当我们意见相左时。
22.——穿。
Unit1ankleｎ．踝，踝节部bankｎ．银行，储库boltｖ．逃跑，猛冲buttｎ．屁股calf ｎ．小腿肚careen ｖ．使倾斜colleague ｎ．同事confusionｎ．混乱descent ｎ．下降devastatingａ．毁灭性的dilemmaｎ．困难的选择drawstringｎ．拉绳flightｎ．一段楼梯或阶梯gaspｎ．喘气声heavysetａ．体格魁伟的illusionｎ．幻觉lash ｖ．猛烈地冲击lobby ｎ．大厅，休息室pandemonium ｎ．喧嚣；极端混乱嘈杂的地方purgatoryｎ．灾难；涤罪ripｖ．撕rumbleｎ．隆隆声sap soakｖ．浸，泡spasmｎ．抽筋stairwellｎ．楼梯井swayｖ．摇晃ultimateａ．极端的cast into 卷入find one’s way to找到guinea pig豚鼠off and on断断续续wade into 涉入window shade 百叶窗1.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术，令观众仿佛身临其境Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves.2.在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运地保存了下来That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived.3.他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake.4.那场大地震中，我们听到过太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了自己的生命In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives.5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才建成The construction of the Y u Y uan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money.6.1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来In 1980, when I met up with her, she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree.7.这是我第一次来纽约，但我还是设法找到了那家小公司It was my first visit to New Y ork, but I managed to find my way to the little firm.8.在电影界要达到顶峰是非常困难的，但是作为一名导演谢晋做到了It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry, but as a director Xie Jin did it.unit2accomplished ａ．完成的adolescent ａ．青春期的ｎ．aging 老龄化过程agony ｎ．痛苦aptａ．有???倾向，易于???aspectｎ．方面awaitｖ．等待blazer contentmentｎ．满足contradict ｖ．反驳，同???矛盾contrastｎ．明显的差异convinceｖ．使信服criticalａ．决定性的，关键的delayｖ．使耽搁，延期devilｎ．邪恶diet ｖ．节食distinct ａ．明显的，显著的feverishlyａｄ．激动地frame ｎ．框架；体格freak ｎ．怪人jogｖ．慢跑lanklyａ．瘦的，细长的loose-fittingｑ．宽大的megadoseｎ．（维生素等）大剂量muscularａ．肌肉的pleadｖ．央求，恳求premise ｎ．前提pursueｖ．从事quirkｎ．怪癖saint ｎ．圣经sanity ｎ．神智健全；头脑清楚sliceｎ．片tailorｖ．缝制teen ｎ．青少年though ａｄ．但是un-American unsettlingａ．使人不安的waist ｎ．腰wiry ａ．瘦而结实的worshipｖ．崇拜be obsessed with 痴迷于keep score 记分milk shake奶昔pecan pie 山核桃馅饼take up with 开始于???来往；开始产生兴趣work out 锻炼1.如今许多爱慕虚荣的年轻人，尽管还不富裕，但却迷上了漂亮的小轿车Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not yet rich enough to afford them.2.当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后，他们的婚姻终于破裂了Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife. 3.那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感，在农村住了三年，放弃了生活上的许多享受For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself many comforts of life.4.我不知道明天去崇明岛的远足活动能不能成行，因为这要取决于会不会下雨I’m not sure if we can have the excursion to Chongming Island tomorrow. It is at the mercy of the weather.5.他早年到日本学医，回国后却改变了主意，一辈子从事文学创作When he was young he went to Japan to learn medicine, but after he returned to China he changed his mind and pursued a career as a writer all his life.6.她最近和足以做他父亲的老头好上了。
Unit 1But one of the most telling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and America n ideas of education came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stay ed in Nanjing.然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。
Benjamin was not bothered in the least. He probably got as much pleasure out of the soundsthe key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot.本杰明一点也不在意。
他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多With a few exceptions my Chinese colleagues displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel.我的中国同行，除了少数几个人外，对此事的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。
Why not show him what to do? He will be happy, he will learn how to accomplish the task sooner, and then he can proceed to more complex activities, like opening the door or asking for the key -- both of which accomplishments can (and should) in due course be modeled for him as well.为什么不教他怎么做呢？他会高兴，他还能早些学会做这件事，进而去学做更复杂的事，如开门，或索要钥匙——这两件事到时候同样可以（也应该）示范给他看。
应用型大学英语第二册学习参考资料Unit 2StarterB. Listen to a passage and write down the words expressing negative feelings. TapescriptIt is said that the worst enemy can be in one's family. Having been born into a family does not mean everyone in your family will treat you as family. Sometimes, some people in your family may treat you as an enemy. There are some reasons for this.One reason would be jealousy, like a brother or sister being jealous of the other's achievements or attention one sibling is getting more than the other from their parents.Another reason would be spite, due to some family members feeling the need to hurt someone they want to see in a humble or inferior position in life.Some family members may be controlling and resent the person they are trying to control for resisting their influence over him/her.Sometimes, people just hate for no reason.Text AHarboring Ill Feelings1 There was once a little boy who dreamed of sailing around the world. He shared his dream with his mother and father, his teachers and schoolmates, his minister and his friends. But instead of embracing his dream and encouraging him to follow his heart's desire, they made fun of him, laughed at him and belittled his vision.2 "You will never sail around the world," his father scoffed. "When you are of age, I will get you a job at the factory where I work and you will follow in my footsteps."3 "But I don't want to follow in your footsteps, I want to sail on the open seas and visit new lands," the little boy protested. The father just laughed and shook his head, showing no faith in his son or his dream.4 The kids at school also made fun of him, so much so that he stopped sharing his thoughts and desires and kept them hidden within his heart, until the time arrived, when he could make them a reality.5 It seemed that the world's thumb was pressing the boy down throughout his adolescence. Within fifteen years, the boy became a man. He had worked two jobs night and day saving his money, so he could put a down payment on a sailboat.6 He answered an ad in the newspaper and set up a meeting with the owner of a sailboat at the local harbor. The young man bought the boat on site and immediately paid the down payment and signed the sales agreement. He was so happy he began to share the news with everyone he knew. They were surprised, to say the least, and wished him well, while never admitting they were wrong. But he didn't care, because now, he owned his own sailboat.7 The next day, he went to the harbor intending to take his boat out on the water, when he saw official-looking men surrounding his newly purchased sailboat. The men were federal agents who were preparing to seize the boat. The man who sold the boat was a con man and drug runner and the boat was now being confiscated in a federal drug sting operation.8 The young man had lost his life's savings. He was horrified! The federal agents said they would be back in the morning to take possession of the boat and left without even showing concern for the young man's loss. As the young man was leaving, the harbormaster presented him with a bill in the amount of twelve hundred dollars for past docking fees, owed by the previous owner.9 This was the last straw. The young man cursed the harbormaster and left. He came back later with a can of black spray paint and painted over the sign on the boat, which displayed the boat's name, " Serenity". He then wrote the new name he was now giving the boat, "Ill Feelings". He got on the boat and started to sail out to sea. If he could have the boat for only one night, then he was going to sail it.10 The harbormaster waved his arms and yelled for the young man to stop, that there was a storm coming. But the young man just cursed him again and continued heading out to sea.11 Sure enough, after sailing ten miles out a storm overtook the boat, tossing it from side to side. The young man frantically headed the boat back to shore. When he was a mile from the harbor, he radioed the harbormaster and asked him to prepare for his docking. The harbormaster told him no, that he wouldn't let him dock at his harbor.12 "Was it because of what I said," the young man said in desperation.13 "No, I never hold a grudge," the harbormaster said. "One thing is for sure… I never harbor ill feelings!"心怀怨恨1 有一个小男孩梦想着驾船环游世界，他把自己的梦想告诉给父母、老师、同学，告诉他的牧师和朋友们。
aboardad.prep. on or into (a ship, train, aircraft, bus, etc.)come aboard (fig) become a new member of an organizatione.g. New employees who came aboard in the last six weeks have not been tested.barbern.e.g. I'm going to the barber's (shop) to get my hair cut.billionnum.e.g. This country is more than two billion US dollars in debt.billionaire n.blendv. mix together thoroughlyblend in mix harmoniouslye.g. As a newlly-appointed manager, he was not sure whether he could blend in.by/from all accountsaccording to what everyone sayse.g. The Chinese football team will play the Koreans tonight. It should be a match worth watching, by all accounts.carry onbehave in a wild or improper way conduct continuee.g. There's nothing unusual about them. They carry on just like everybody else.celebrityn. famous persone.g. celebrities of stage and screencheerfula. (of a person) happy in a lively way; (of sth.) making one feel happye.g. They are both very cheerful in spite of their colds.corporatea.e.g. Corporate executives usually have high salaries.courtn.e.g. Are the players on court yet.cultivatevt. improve by care, training or study; develope.g. They encourage students to cultivate special interests in theoretical physics.democratn.e.g. This is the time for democrats and not dictators.deservevt. be worthy ofe.g. I am only partly responsible for the success of this book. My collaboratordeserves more credit.dimen.10discountn. amount of money, which may be taken off the full pricee.g. Traditional retailers who've opened cyberstores may offer special discounts to online shoppers.employeen.e.g. The manager sacked 3 employees.employern.e.g. We need a reference from your former employer before we can give you a definite job offer.executiven., a.e.g. She's an executive in a computer company.flashya. attracting attention by being too smart and decorated ,e.g. a flashy sports carfolkn. (usu. pl) people in generale.g. They got married and had kids and lived like other folks.folksya. simple and friendlye.g. Steven comes from a folksy town in South California.generosityn. the quality of being willing to give money, help, etc.e.g. There are stories about his generosity, the massive amounts of money he gave to charities.get away withdo (sth.) without being caught or punished ()e.g. They claimed that they knew how to play the system and get away with it.handoutn. information given out in the form of a printed sheet, leaflet ,e.g. Official handouts describe the headlinen.e.g. The headlines in the newspapers were to please millions of people in China:president as "particularly noted as ascholar".Beijing to host the 2008 Olympic Games.hold tokeep to ,e.g. John holds to his belief that you can be successful as long as you work y downestablishe.g. Conditions for membership are laid down in the soccer club rules.liablea. likely (to do sth.)e.g. The sports meeting is liable to be postponed until next week because of the bad weather.locala. of a particular placee.g. Three-quarters of the investment needed to host the Olympics would be borne by central and local government.loyaltyn. being true and faithful (to)e.g. My father is a soccer fan. His loyalty to the local team has taken him all over the country to see them play.make upform; constitutee.g. Women make up nearly 50% of university entrants.mansionn. a large house, usu. belonging to a rich person ()e.g. His mansion is located up a small hill.mayorn.e.g. The mayor cut the ribbon for the opening ceremony.memon. a note of sth. to be rememberede.g. an inter-office memo muddya. covered in mude.g. When it rains the ground becomes very muddy.on the runin flight; continuously activee.g. I have been on the run all day and I am exhausted.open up(infml)e.g. Open up, or I break in.opening optionn. the act of becoming or making open, esp. officiallye.g. The minister made a speech at the opening of the bridge.n.stock optione.g. We have an option on the piece of land.pastor n.pepn. (infml) keen activity and energye.g. The young man is full of pep.pep rallya gathering intended to encourage the listeners pickupn. a light van having an open body with low sidesqualifyv.e.g. Highly trained staff are well qualified to give practical advice to students when they select courses. rallyn., v.e.g. They held an antiwar rally.rankv. ()ranking n.;e.g. He is currently ranked second in the world as a tennis player.remotea. far away in space or timee.g. The supply of electricity to remote mountainous villages is one of the local development projects in Yunnan province.reportern.e.g. The reporter finished the news article just before the deadline.reservevt. keep for a special use; book (a seat, room, table, etc.)e.g. Some seats on the buses are reserved for the old.retirev. ()retired a. (of a person) having stopped working, usu. because of agee.g. Although their careers are important they plan to retire at 50.rewardv. give (sth.) to sb. in return for work or servicese.g. The officer is to be rewarded for his efforts with promotion to the rank of inspector.schemen.schemer n.e.g. All the schemes and intriguesare doomed to failure.scholarshipn.e.g. Some companies have set up scholarships for both students and teachers at our university.shelln. (AmE)e.g. Shells burst over the city.sighvi.e.g. He sighed for the days of his youth.steerv.steer clear of keep away frome.g. Children are told to steer clear of troublemakers.stingya. unwilling to spend moneye.g. He tried to save money without being stingy.stockn.e.g. You'd better get professional advice before buying stocks or bonds.stunvt. make (sb.) very surprisede.g. We were completely stunned by her hostile reaction.systemn.e.g. the nervous system throw one's weight around (infml)e.g. Mr. Smith is not much of a manager. He always throws his weight around.tornadon.e.g. The town was hit by a tornado.treatmentn.e.g. Like everyone else, I resent his cruel treatment of his old father.walletn.e.g. I keep my driver's license in my wallet.yellv. shout loudlye.g. He yelled with pain.Proper Names Arkansas ()Art Harris·Benton CountyBentonvilleFerold F. Arend· F· ForbesFordGordon Garlington III· Jamie Beaulieu·Jim Hendren·Jim Von Gremp· · Johnny Baker·MayhallRichard Hoback·Rolls-Royce-Sam Moore Walton· · Wal-Mart。
⼤学英语综合教程2第三版unit4PassageA⼤学英语综合教程2 第三版 unit4 Passage A 答案译⽂语⾔点重点Read the Text:Death of a Dream1Answer:No, I don’t often travel by air, but I wish I could. As a student, I can’t afford to travel by air, as it is too expensive. The reason I like traveling by air is that it is fast and comfortable2Answer:According to statistics, the rate of air disasters is much lower than that of any other traffi c accidents. We know more about air crashes simply because they are reported worldwide.3Answer:I will surely feel sad or grieved for a few days, for an air disaster usually results in many deaths at the same time. Read and think1. Work with your partner and answer the following questions.1 Answer:Laurie was a better skater.2 Answer:The weather was very good. It was warm and sunny with no storms or high winds.3Answer:The pilot tried to land twice but failed.4Answer:They sensed that something must be wrong when the pilot lost contact with the control towerduring the last few minutes before the scheduled landing5 Answer:Open2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.Anwser: 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. TRead and complete3. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.Anwser:1. signal 2. crash 3. distress 4. grace 5. exploded6. collision7. lowered8. beamed9. scatter 10. Destruction4. Complete the following sentences with phrases or expressions from the passage.Change the form where necessary. Anwser: 1. combed through 2. in any case 3. ended in 4. bound for5. on board5. Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word given in the brackets.Anwser: 1. crew 2. to embrace 3. reared 4. scheduled 5. was gracedRead and translate6. Translate the following sentences into English.1.她在公共汽车站⼀直等到末班车进站。
1 / 4 硕士英语综合教程2考试重点句子 Astute managers have come to learn that their organization’s employees are its only true competitive advantage. But what’s far more difficult to emulate is a workforce made up of highly knowledgeable and motivated people. People-first organizations empower their employees. Organizations that put people first have a more dedicated and committed workforce. These employees are willing to put forth the extra effort — to do whatever is necessary to see that their jobs are done properly and completely. Since its inception, it has been the Starbucks employees who have helped drive the success of the company. But it was probably Howard Schultz who started the ignition. A year after he joined the company a visit to Milan, Italy inspired Schultz to bring the Italian coffee-bar concept back to Seattle and put it into action in a new Starbucks location. It was a new foray for the company which previously had only provided freshly roasted beans for sale. At the store level, Starbucks has been successful in bucking the norm at most retail service environments where employee turnover is high and competence or enthusiasm is waning. Often it is the barista who is the impetus for a change simply because he or she is the one on the front line dealing with customers on a daily basis. Starbucks also distributes annual Bean Stock reports to all partners and the company publishes Pinnacle, a newsletter that spotlights company performance as well as the activities of individual partners company wide. “Starbucks partners are always on the go. The icing on the cake is sales growth of 65 percent a year over the last years while net income skyrockets by 70 to 100 percent a year. A recent simulation of a devastating cyberattack on America was crying for a Bruce Willis lead: A series of mysterious attacks crippled much of the national infrastructure, including air traffic, financial markets and even basic email. 最近一场模拟美国遭受毁灭性网络攻击的演习急需布鲁斯·威利斯（曾在小电脑客马特福斯特的专业帮助下，打破了一个异国客天衣无缝的电脑系统入侵计划）这样的一个具有高精尖电脑技术的人的帮助：由于一系列神秘的攻击，国家基础设施陷入瘫痪，包括航空运输，金融市场，甚至是基本的电子通信。 The past few months have been packed with cyber- jingoism from former and current national security officials. 这几个月以来，到处充斥着来自前任和现任国家安全官员的网络主战论。 The murky nature of recent attacks on Google—in which someone tricked a Google employee into opening a malicious link that eventually allowed intruders to access parts of Google’s password-managing software, has only added to public fears. 近期对于谷歌的隐形侵袭过程只能加重公众的担忧。因为，在侵袭途中有人欺骗谷歌员工打开了未经允许的链接使得入侵者们进入了谷歌密码运行软件的部分区域。这些针对谷歌的恶性攻击事件增加了公众的恐慌情绪。 Google should be applauded for going on the record about the cyber-attacks; most companies prefer to keep quiet about such incidents. 谷歌应该为其声称自己受到网络攻击的行为得到掌声，而大多数公司面对这些事件时倾向于保持沉默。 Both Messrs. McConnell and Clarke—as well as countless others who have made a successful transition from trying to fix the government’s cyber security problems from within to offering their services to do the same from without— are highly respected professionals and their opinions should not be taken lightly, if only because they have seen more classified reports.
麦克·麦可科奈尔与克拉克，甚至那些数不胜数的实现了成功过渡的人们，由于他们先确认了政府
的网络安全问题紧接着为这些问题提供帮助，因此他们被誉为备受尊敬的专业人士，除此之外，如果仅仅因为他们见识过更加专业化的报道，他们的想法也不该被轻视。 Back then, those working in weapons labs and the military tended to hold more alarmist views than many academic experts, arguably because the livelihoods of university professors did not depend on having to hype up the need for arms racing.
当时，从事武器与军事研究的人员比许多理论专家更倾向于杞人忧天的观点，显然是因为大学教授2 / 4
不需要依赖大肆宣传军备竞赛以谋求生计。 Today’s hype, he says, leads us to believe that “we need to develop an offensive capability in order to defend against an attack that isn’t coming—it’s the old ‘bomber gap’ all over again: a flimsy excuse to militarize.”
他进一步说明今天关于网络战的大肆宣传会导致我们认为为了防御一个尚未到来的攻击，我们需要
发展攻击能力。这是冷战时期“轰炸机代差”的重演。它只是一个为扩大军事化的脆弱的借口。 But just as it is wrong to conclude that the amateurization of media will bring on a renaissance of high-quality journalism, so it is wrong to conclude that the amateurization of cyberattacks will usher in a brave new world of destructive cyberwarfare. 但是正如错误地推断媒体的成熟将会带来高质量新闻业的复兴，网络攻击的成熟将会带来一个具有破坏性网络战争的新的世界的推断也是错的。 When in 2008 the U.S. military decided to dismantle a Saudi Internet forum—initially set up by the CIA to glean intelligence but increasingly used by the jihadists to plan on attacks in Iraq — it inadvertently caused disruption to more than 300 servers in Saudi Arabia, Germany and Texas. A weapon of surgical precision the Internet certainly isn’t, and damage to civilians is hard to avoid. Military commanders do not want to be tried for war crimes, even if those crimes are committed online.
